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2018-02-02 04:25:06 |
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<L1> diseases_conditions
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2018-02-02 05:02:49 |
ARDS |
<div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-ards-sec1-d1e36_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Is ARDS?</h2><p>ARDS, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acute respiratory distress syndrome</a>, is a lung condition that leads to low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> levels in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. ARDS can be life threatening because your body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> need oxygen-rich blood to work well.</p><p>People who develop ARDS often are very ill with another disease or have major injuries. They might already be in the hospital when they develop ARDS.</p><div id="nhlbi-ards-sec2-d1e45"><h3>Overview</h3><p>To understand ARDS, it helps to understand <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hlw/">how the lungs work</a>. When you breathe, air passes through your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025667" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nose</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a> into your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022078" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">windpipe</a>. The air then travels to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>' air <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022396" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sacs</a>. These sacs are called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022134" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">alveoli</a> (al-VEE-uhl-<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eye</a>).</p><p>Small <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022018" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">capillaries</a> (KAP-ih-lare-ees) run through the walls of the air <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022396" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sacs</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Oxygen</a> passes from the air sacs into the capillaries and then into the bloodstream. Blood carries the oxygen to all parts of the body, including the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a>.</p><p>In ARDS, infections, injuries, or other conditions cause fluid to build up in the air <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022396" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sacs</a>. This prevents the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> from filling with air and moving enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> into the bloodstream.</p><p>As a result, the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> (such as the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidneys</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>) don't get the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> they need. Without oxygen, the organs may not work well or at all.</p><p>People who develop ARDS often are in the hospital for other serious health problems. Rarely, people who aren't hospitalized have health problems that lead to ARDS, such as severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pnu/">pneumonia</a>.</p><p>If you have trouble breathing, call your doctor right away. If you have severe shortness of breath, call 9–1–1.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ards-sec2-d1e73"><h3>Outlook</h3><p>More people are surviving ARDS now than in the past. One likely reason for this is that <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> and care for the condition have improved. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029728" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Survival rates</a> for ARDS vary depending on age, the underlying cause of ARDS, associated illnesses, and other factors.</p><p>Some people who survive recover completely. Others may have lasting damage to their <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> and other health problems.</p><p>Researchers continue to look for new and better ways to treat ARDS.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-names"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-names_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Other Names for ARDS</h2><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Acute</a> lung injury</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Adult respiratory distress syndrome</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Increased-permeability <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022202" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022960" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">edema</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Noncardiac <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022202" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022960" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">edema</a></div></li></ul><p>In the past, ARDS was called stiff lung, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">shock lung</a>, and wet lung.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes ARDS?</h2><p>Many conditions or factors can directly or indirectly injure the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> and lead to ARDS. Some common ones are:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027083" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sepsis</a>. This is a condition in which <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bacteria</a> infect the bloodstream.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pnu/">Pneumonia</a>. This is an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> caused by an injury to the body.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>An injury to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> or head, like a severe blow.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022221" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Breathing in</a> harmful fumes or smoke.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022221" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Inhaling</a> vomited <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a> contents from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a>.</div></li></ul><p>It's not clear why some very sick or seriously injured people develop ARDS and others don't. Researchers are trying to find out why ARDS develops and how to prevent it.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-atrisk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-atrisk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is at Risk for ARDS?</h2><p>People at risk for ARDS have a condition or illness that can directly or indirectly injure their <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>.</p><div id="nhlbi-ards-sec2-d5e31"><h3>Direct Lung Injury</h3><p>Conditions that can directly injure the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pnu/">Pneumonia</a>. This is an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022221" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Breathing in</a> harmful fumes or smoke.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022221" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Inhaling</a> vomited <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a> contents from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Using a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-vent/">ventilator</a>. This is a machine that supports breathing; however, the pressure from a ventilator sometimes can injure the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Nearly drowning.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-ards-sec2-d5e61"><h3>Indirect Lung Injury</h3><p>Conditions that can indirectly injure the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027083" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sepsis</a>. This is a condition in which <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bacteria</a> infect the bloodstream.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> caused by an injury to the body or having many <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bt/">blood transfusions</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>An injury to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> or head, such as a severe blow.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022875" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pancreatitis</a> (PAN-kre-ah-TI-tis). This is a condition in which the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015631" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pancreas</a> becomes irritated or infected. The pancreas is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022072" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gland</a> that releases <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022049" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">enzymes</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hormones</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Fat</a> embolism (EM-bo-lizm). This is a condition in which fat blocks an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a>. A physical injury, like a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028122" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">broken bone</a>, can lead to a fat embolism.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Drug reaction.</div></li></ul></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of ARDS?</h2><p>The first signs and symptoms of ARDS are feeling like you can't get enough air into your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, rapid breathing, and a low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> level.</p><p>Other signs and symptoms depend on the cause of ARDS. They may occur before ARDS develops. For example, if <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pnu/">pneumonia</a> is causing ARDS, you may have a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cough/">cough</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fever</a> before you feel short of breath.</p><p>Sometimes people who have ARDS develop signs and symptoms such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hyp/">low blood pressure</a>, confusion, and extreme <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tiredness</a>. This may mean that the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a>, such as the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidneys</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, aren't getting enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>.</p><p>People who develop ARDS often are in the hospital for other serious health problems. Rarely, people who aren't hospitalized have health problems that lead to ARDS, such as severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumonia</a>.</p><p>If you have trouble breathing, call your doctor right away. If you have severe shortness of breath, call 9–1–1.</p><div id="nhlbi-ards-sec2-d6e53"><h3>Complications From ARDS</h3><p>If you have ARDS, you can develop other medical problems while in the hospital. The most common problems are: </p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Infections. Being in the hospital and lying down for a long time can put you at risk for infections, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumonia</a>. Being on a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-vent/">ventilator</a> also puts you at higher risk for infections.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pleurisy/">pneumothorax</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022353" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">collapsed lung</a>). This is a condition in which air or gas collects in the space around the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. This can cause one or both lungs to collapse. The air pressure from a ventilator can cause this condition.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Lung <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028156" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">scarring</a>. ARDS causes the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> to become stiff (scarred). It also makes it hard for the lungs to expand and fill with air. Being on a ventilator also can cause lung scarring.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> clots. Lying down for long <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023146" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">periods</a> can cause blood clots to form in your body. A blood clot that forms in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a> deep in your body is called a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-dvt/">deep vein thrombosis</a>. This type of blood clot can break off, travel through the bloodstream to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, and block blood flow. This condition is called <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pe/">pulmonary embolism</a>.</div></li></ul></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is ARDS Diagnosed?</h2><p>Your doctor will diagnose ARDS based on your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029840" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">medical history</a>, a physical exam, and test results.</p><div id="nhlbi-ards-sec2-d7e31"><h3>Medical History</h3><p>Your doctor will ask whether you have or have recently had conditions that could lead to ARDS. For a list of these conditions, go to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062938/#nhlbisec-atrisk">"Who Is at Risk for ARDS?"</a> </p><p>Your doctor also will ask whether you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> problems, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart failure</a> can cause fluid to build up in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ards-sec2-d7e46"><h3>Physical Exam</h3><p>ARDS may cause abnormal breathing sounds, such as crackling. Your doctor will listen to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> with a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023209" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stethoscope</a> to hear these sounds.</p><p>He or she also will listen to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and look for signs of extra fluid in other parts of your body. Extra fluid may mean you have heart or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidney</a> problems.</p><p>Your doctor will look for a bluish color on your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024368" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lips</a>. A bluish color means your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> has a low level of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>. This is a possible sign of ARDS.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ards-sec2-d7e58"><h3>Diagnostic Tests</h3><p>You may have ARDS or another condition that causes similar symptoms. To find out, your doctor may recommend one or more of the following tests.</p><div id="nhlbi-ards-sec3-d7e65"><h4>Initial Tests</h4><p>The first tests done are:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>An arterial <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> gas test. This <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022070" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood test</a> measures the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> level in your blood using a sample of blood taken from an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a>. A low blood oxygen level might be a sign of ARDS.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cxray/">Chest x ray</a>. This test creates pictures of the structures in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a>, such as your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>. A chest x ray can show whether you have extra fluid in your lungs.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bdt/">Blood tests</a>, such as a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">complete blood count</a>, blood chemistries, and blood cultures. These tests help find the cause of ARDS, such as an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025092" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sputum</a> culture. This test is used to study the spit you've coughed up from your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. A sputum culture can help find the cause of an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-ards-sec3-d7e90"><h4>Other Tests</h4><p>Other tests used to diagnose ARDS include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Chest</a> computed tomography (to-MOG-rah-fee) scan, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cct/">chest CT scan</a>. This test uses a computer to create detailed pictures of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. A chest CT scan may show lung problems, such as fluid in the lungs, signs of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pnu/">pneumonia</a>, or a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024119" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tumor</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a> tests that look for signs of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a>. Heart failure is a condition in which the heart can't pump enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to meet the body's needs. This condition can cause fluid to build up in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>.</div></li></ul></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is ARDS Treated?</h2><p>ARDS is treated in a hospital's intensive care unit. Current <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> approaches focus on improving <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> levels and providing supportive care. Doctors also will try to pinpoint and treat the underlying cause of the condition.</p><div id="nhlbi-ards-sec2-d8e31"><h3>Oxygen Therapy</h3><p>One of the main goals of treating ARDS is to provide <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> and other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> (such as your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidneys</a>). Your organs need oxygen to work properly.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Oxygen</a> usually is given through nasal prongs or a mask that <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fits</a> over your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025667" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nose</a>. However, if your oxygen level doesn't rise or it's still hard for you to breathe, your doctor will give you oxygen through a breathing tube. He or she will insert the flexible tube through your mouth or nose and into your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022078" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">windpipe</a>.</p><p>Before inserting the tube, your doctor will squirt or spray a liquid medicine into your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024473" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">throat</a> (and possibly your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025667" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nose</a>) to make it numb. Your doctor also will give you medicine through an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022191" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">intravenous</a> (IV) line in your bloodstream to make you sleepy and relaxed.</p><p>The breathing tube will be connected to a machine that supports breathing (a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-vent/">ventilator</a>). The ventilator will fill your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich air.</p><p>Your doctor will adjust the ventilator as needed to help your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> get the right amount of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>. This also will help prevent injury to your lungs from the pressure of the ventilator.</p><p>You'll use the breathing tube and ventilator until you can breathe on your own. If you need a ventilator for more than a few days, your doctor may do a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022255" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tracheotomy</a> (tra-ke-OT-o-me).</p><p>This procedure involves making a small cut in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027054" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neck</a> to create an opening to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022078" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">windpipe</a>. The opening is called a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-trach/">tracheostomy</a> (TRA-ke-OS-to-me). Your doctor will place the breathing tube directly into the windpipe. The tube is then connected to the ventilator.</p><p>For more information, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-oxt/">Oxygen Therapy</a> article.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ards-sec2-d8e69"><h3>Supportive Care</h3><p>Supportive care refers to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> that help relieve symptoms, prevent complications, or improve quality of life. Supportive approaches used to treat ARDS include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Medicines to help you relax, relieve discomfort, and treat pain.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Ongoing monitoring of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and lung function (including <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> and gas exchange).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Nutritional support. People who have ARDS often suffer from <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030687" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">malnutrition</a>. Thus, extra nutrition may be given through a feeding tube.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatment</a> for infections. People who have ARDS are at higher risk for infections, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pnu/">pneumonia</a>. Being on a ventilator also increases the risk of infections. Doctors use antibiotics to treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumonia</a> and other infections.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Prevention of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots. Lying down for long <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023146" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">periods</a> can cause blood clots to form in the deep <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a> of your body. These clots can travel to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> and block blood flow (a condition called <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pe/">pulmonary embolism</a>). Blood-thinning medicines and other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a>, such as compression stocking (stockings that create gentle pressure up the leg), are used to prevent blood clots.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Prevention of intestinal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>. People who receive long-term support from a ventilator are at increased risk of bleeding in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022247" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">intestines</a>. Medicines can reduce this risk.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Fluids. You may be given fluids to improve <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow through your body and to provide nutrition. Your doctor will make sure you get the right amount of fluids. Fluids usually are given through an IV line inserted into one of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>.</div></li></ul></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-livingwith"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-livingwith_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Living With ARDS</h2><p>Some people fully recover from ARDS. Others continue to have health problems. After you go home from the hospital, you may have one or more of the following problems:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Shortness of breath. After <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>, many people who have ARDS recover close-to-normal lung function within 6 months. For others, it may take longer. Some people have breathing problems for the rest of their lives.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Tiredness</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscle</a> weakness. Being in the hospital and on a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-vent/">ventilator</a> (a machine that supports breathing) can cause your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscles</a> to weaken. You also may feel very tired following <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024768" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Depression</a>. Many people who've had ARDS feel <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024768" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">depressed</a> for a while after <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Problems with memory and thinking clearly. Certain medicines and a low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> level can cause these problems.</div></li></ul><p>These health problems may go away within a few weeks, or they may last longer. Talk with your doctor about how to deal with these issues. Also, see the suggestions below.</p><div id="nhlbi-ards-sec2-d9e52"><h3>Getting Help</h3><p>You can take steps to recover from ARDS and improve your quality of life. For example, ask your family and friends for help with everyday activities.</p><p>If you smoke, quit. Smoking can worsen lung problems. Talk to your doctor about programs and products that can help you quit. Also, try to avoid <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029761" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">secondhand smoke</a> and other lung irritants, such as harmful fumes.</p><p>If you have trouble quitting smoking on your own, consider joining a support group. Many hospitals, workplaces, and community groups offer classes to help people quit smoking.</p><p>For more information about how to quit smoking, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">Smoking and Your Heart</a> article and the National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute's (NHLBI's) <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/other/your_guide/healthyheart.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri"> "Your Guide to a Healthy Heart."</a> Although these resources focus on heart health, they include general tips on how to quit smoking.</p><p>Go to <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pulreh/">pulmonary rehabilitation</a> (rehab) if your doctor recommends it. Rehab might include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">exercise</a> training, education, and counseling. Rehab can teach you how to return to normal activities and stay active.</p><p>Your rehab team might include doctors, nurses, and other specialists. They will work with you to create a program that meets your needs.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ards-sec2-d9e84"><h3>Emotional Issues and Support</h3><p>Living with ARDS may cause fear, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024918" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anxiety</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024768" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">depression</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a>. Talk about how you feel with your health care team. Talking with a professional counselor also can help. If you're very <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024768" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">depressed</a>, your doctor may recommend medicines or other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> that can improve your quality of life.</p><p>Joining a patient support group may help you adjust to living with ARDS. You can see how other people who have the same symptoms have coped with them. Talk to your doctor about local support groups or check with an area medical center.</p><p>Support from family and friends also can help relieve <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024918" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anxiety</a>. Let your loved ones know how you feel and what they can do to help you.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-trials"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-trials_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Clinical Trials</h2><p>The National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute (NHLBI) is strongly committed to supporting research aimed at preventing and treating heart, lung, and blood diseases and conditions and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorders</a>.</p><p>NHLBI-supported research has led to many advances in medical knowledge and care. However, many questions remain about various diseases and conditions, including ARDS.</p><p>The NHLBI continues to support research to learn more. For example, NHLBI-supported research on ARDS includes studies that explore:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The long-term outcomes for ARDS patients who receive breathing support from mechanical <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-vent/">ventilators</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Health outcomes and quality of life for ARDS patients who were enrolled in previous clinical research related to ARDS</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>New medicines and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapies</a> for treating ARDS</div></li></ul><p>Much of this research depends on the willingness of volunteers to take part in <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-clinicaltrials/">clinical trials</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Clinical trials</a> test new ways to prevent, diagnose, or treat various diseases and conditions.</p><p>For example, new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for a disease or condition (such as medicines, medical devices, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgeries</a>, or procedures) are tested in volunteers who have the illness. Testing shows whether a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> is safe and effective in humans before it is made available for widespread use.</p><p>By taking part in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, you can gain access to new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> before they're widely available. You also will have the support of a team of health care providers, who will likely monitor your health closely. Even if you don't directly benefit from the results of a clinical trial, the information gathered can help others and add to scientific knowledge.</p><p>If you volunteer for a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, the research will be explained to you in detail. You'll learn about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> and tests you may receive, and the benefits and risks they may pose. You'll also be given a chance to ask questions about the research. This process is called informed consent.</p><p>If you agree to take part in the trial, you'll be asked to sign an informed consent form. This form is not a contract. You have the right to withdraw from a study at any time, for any reason. Also, you have the right to learn about new risks or findings that emerge during the trial.</p><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> related to ARDS, talk with your doctor. You also can visit the following Web sites to learn more about clinical research and to search for clinical trials:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>http://clinicalresearch.nih.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.clinicaltrials.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.researchmatch.org</div></li></ul><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> for children, visit the NHLBI's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/childrenandclinicalstudies/index.php" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Children and Clinical Studies</a> Web page.</p></div><div style="display: none; width: 200px; top: -100px; left: -100px;" aria-live="assertive" aria-hidden="true" class="ui-helper-reset ui-ncbipopper-wrapper ui-ncbilinksmenu"><ul id="ui-ncbiinpagenav-6"><li><a href="#_nhlbi-ards-sec1-d1e36_">What Is ARDS?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-names_">Other Names for ARDS</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-causes_">What Causes ARDS?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-atrisk_">Who Is at Risk for ARDS?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-signs_">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of ARDS?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-diagnosis_">How Is ARDS Diagnosed?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-treatment_">How Is ARDS Treated?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-livingwith_">Living With ARDS</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-trials_">Clinical Trials</a></li></ul></div></div></div> |
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<L1> diseases_conditions
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2018-02-02 05:03:07 |
Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency |
<div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-aat-sec1-d1e36_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Is Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency?</h2><p>Alpha-1 antitrypsin (an-tee-TRIP-sin) deficiency, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022849" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">AAT deficiency</a>, is a condition that raises your risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung disease</a> (especially if you smoke) and other diseases.</p><p>Some people who have severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022849" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">AAT deficiency</a> develop <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023374" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">emphysema</a> (em-fi-SE-ma)—often when they're only in their forties or fifties. Emphysema is a serious <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung disease</a> in which damage to the airways makes it hard to breathe.</p><p>A small number of people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022849" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">AAT deficiency</a> develop <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022024" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cirrhosis</a> (sir-RO-sis) and other serious <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver</a> diseases.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022024" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Cirrhosis</a> is a disease in which the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver</a> becomes scarred. The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028156" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">scarring</a> prevents the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organ</a> from working well. In people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022849" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">AAT deficiency</a>, cirrhosis and other liver diseases usually occur in infancy and early childhood.</p><p>A very small number of people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022849" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">AAT deficiency</a> have a rare <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> disease called necrotizing panniculitis (pa-NIK-yu-LI-tis). This disease can cause painful lumps under or on the surface of the skin.</p><p>This article focuses on <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022849" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">AAT deficiency</a> as it relates to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung disease</a>.</p><div id="nhlbi-aat-sec2-d1e64"><h3>Overview</h3><p>Alpha-1 antitrypsin, also called AAT, is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> made in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver</a>. Normally, the protein travels through the bloodstream. It helps protect the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> from the harmful effects of other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022051" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">proteins</a>. The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> are one of the main organs that the AAT protein protects.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022849" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">AAT deficiency</a> occurs if the AAT <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022051" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">proteins</a> made in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver</a> aren't the right shape. They get stuck inside <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023058" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver cells</a> and can't get into the bloodstream.</p><p>As a result, not enough AAT <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022051" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">proteins</a> travel to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> to protect them. This increases the risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung disease</a>. Also, because too many AAT proteins are stuck in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver</a>, liver disease can develop.</p><p>Severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022849" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">AAT deficiency</a> occurs if <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> levels of the AAT <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029705" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fall</a> below the lowest amount needed to protect the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022849" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">AAT deficiency</a> is an inherited condition. "Inherited" means it's passed from parents to children through <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a>.</p><p>Doctors don't know how many people have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022849" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">AAT deficiency</a>. Many people who have the condition may not know they have it. Estimates of how many people have AAT deficiency range from about 1 in every 1,600 people to about 1 in every 5,000 people.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-aat-sec2-d1e86"><h3>Outlook</h3><p>People who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022849" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">AAT deficiency</a> may not have serious complications, and they may live close to a normal lifespan.</p><p>Among people with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022849" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">AAT deficiency</a> who have a related lung or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver</a> disease, about 3 percent die each year.</p><p>Smoking is the leading risk factor for life-threatening <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung disease</a> if you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022849" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">AAT deficiency</a>. Smoking or exposure to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029755" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tobacco</a> smoke increases the risk of earlier lung-related symptoms and lung damage. If you have severe AAT deficiency, smoking can shorten your life by as much as 20 years.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022849" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">AAT deficiency</a> has no cure, but <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> are available. Treatments often are based on the type of disease you develop.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency?</h2><p>Alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency is an inherited disease. "Inherited" means it's passed from parents to children through <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a>.</p><p>Children who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022849" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">AAT deficiency</a> inherit two faulty AAT <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a>, one from each parent. These genes tell <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> in the body how to make AAT <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022051" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">proteins</a>.</p><p>In <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022849" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">AAT deficiency</a>, the AAT <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022051" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">proteins</a> made in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver</a> aren't the right shape. Thus, they get stuck in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023058" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver cells</a>. The proteins can't get to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> in the body that they protect, such as the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. Without the AAT proteins protecting the organs, diseases can develop.</p><p>The most common faulty <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a> that can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022849" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">AAT deficiency</a> is called PiZ. If you inherit two PiZ <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a> (one from each parent), you'll have AAT deficiency.</p><p>If you inherit a PiZ <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a> from one parent and a normal AAT gene from the other parent, you won't have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022849" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">AAT deficiency</a>. However, you might pass the PiZ gene to your children.</p><p>Even if you inherit two faulty AAT <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a>, you may not have any related complications. You may never even realize that you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022849" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">AAT deficiency</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-atrisk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-atrisk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is at Risk for Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency?</h2><p>Alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency occurs in all ethnic groups. However, the condition occurs most often in White people of European descent.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022849" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">AAT deficiency</a> is an inherited condition. "Inherited" means the condition is passed from parents to children through <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a>.</p><p>If you have bloodline relatives with known <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022849" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">AAT deficiency</a>, you're at increased risk for the condition. Even so, it doesn't mean that you'll develop one of the diseases related to the condition.</p><p>Some risk factors make it more likely that you'll develop <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung disease</a> if you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022849" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">AAT deficiency</a>. Smoking is the leading risk factor for serious lung disease if you have AAT deficiency. Your risk for lung disease also may go up if you're exposed to dust, fumes, or other toxic substances.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency?</h2><p>The first lung-related symptoms of alpha-1 antitrypsin (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022849" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">AAT deficiency</a> may include shortness of breath, less ability to be physically active, and wheezing. These signs and symptoms most often begin between the ages of 20 and 40.</p><p>Other signs and symptoms may include repeated lung infections, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tiredness</a>, a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022345" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rapid heartbeat</a> upon standing, vision problems, and weight loss.</p><p>Some people who have severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022849" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">AAT deficiency</a> develop <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023374" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">emphysema</a> (em-fi-SE-ma)—often when they're only in their forties or fifties. Signs and symptoms of emphysema include problems breathing, wheezing, and a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> (ongoing) <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cough/">cough</a>.</p><p>At first, many people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022849" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">AAT deficiency</a> are diagnosed with <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-asthma/">asthma</a>. This is because wheezing also is a symptom of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a>. Also, people who have AAT deficiency respond well to asthma medicines.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency Diagnosed?</h2><p>Alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency usually is diagnosed after you develop a lung or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver</a> disease that's related to the condition.</p><p>Your doctor may suspect <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022849" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">AAT deficiency</a> if you have signs or symptoms of a serious lung condition, especially <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023374" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">emphysema</a>, without any obvious cause. He or she also may suspect AAT deficiency if you develop emphysema when you're 45 years old or younger.</p><div id="nhlbi-aat-sec2-d6e37"><h3>Specialists Involved</h3><p>Many doctors may be involved in the diagnosis of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022849" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">AAT deficiency</a>. These include primary care doctors, pulmonologists (lung specialists), and hepatologists (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver</a> specialists).</p><p>To diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022849" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">AAT deficiency</a>, your doctor will:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Ask about possible risk factors. Risk factors include smoking and exposure to dust, fumes, and other toxic substances.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Ask about your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029840" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">medical history</a>. A common sign of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022849" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">AAT deficiency</a> is if you have a lung or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver</a> disease without any obvious causes or risk factors. Another sign is if you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023374" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">emphysema</a> at an unusually early age (45 years or younger).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Ask about your family's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029840" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">medical history</a>. If you have bloodline relatives who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022849" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">AAT deficiency</a>, you're more likely to have the condition.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-aat-sec2-d6e59"><h3>Diagnostic Tests</h3><p>Your doctor may recommend tests to confirm a diagnosis of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022849" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">AAT deficiency</a>. He or she also may recommend tests to check for lung- or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver</a>-related conditions.</p><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022716" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic test</a> is the most certain way to check for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022849" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">AAT deficiency</a>. This test will show whether you have faulty AAT <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a>.</p><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022070" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood test</a> also may be used. This test checks the level of AAT <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> in your blood. If the level is a lot lower than normal, it's likely that you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022849" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">AAT deficiency</a>.</p><div id="nhlbi-aat-sec3-d6e72"><h4>Lung-Related Tests</h4><p>If you have a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung disease</a> related to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022849" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">AAT deficiency</a>, your doctor may recommend <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-lft/">lung function tests</a> and high-resolution computed tomography (to-MOG-rah-fee) scanning, also called <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cct/">CT scanning</a>.</p><p>Lung function tests measure how much air you can breathe in and out, how fast you can breathe air out, and how well your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> deliver <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. These tests may show how severe your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung disease</a> is and how well <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> is working.</p><p>High-resolution CT scanning uses x rays to create detailed pictures of parts of the body. A CT scan can show whether you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023374" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">emphysema</a> or another <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung disease</a> and how severe it is.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency Treated?</h2><p>Alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency has no cure, but its related <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung diseases</a> have many <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a>. Most of these treatments are the same as the ones used for a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung disease</a> called <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-copd/">COPD</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022631" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic obstructive pulmonary disease</a>).</p><p>If you have symptoms related to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022849" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">AAT deficiency</a>, your doctor may recommend:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Medicines called inhaled bronchodilators (brong-ko-di-LA-tors) and inhaled steroids. These medicines help open your airways and make breathing easier. They also are used to treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-asthma/">asthma</a> and COPD.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025769" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Flu</a> and pneumococcal (noo-mo-KOK-al) vaccines to protect you from illnesses that could make your condition worse. Prompt <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> of lung infections also can help protect your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pulreh/">Pulmonary rehabilitation</a> (rehab). Rehab involves <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> by a team of experts at a special clinic. In rehab, you'll learn how to manage your condition and function at your best.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Extra <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-oxt/">oxygen</a>, if needed.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-lungtxp/">lung transplant</a>. A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028188" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung transplant</a> may be an option if you have severe breathing problems. If you have a good chance of surviving the transplant <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>, you may be a candidate for it.</div></li></ul><p>Augmentation (og-men-TA-shun) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a> is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> used only for people who have AAT-related <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung diseases</a>. This therapy involves getting <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022198" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infusions</a> of the AAT <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a>. The infusions raise the level of the protein in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>.</p><p>Not enough research has been done to show how well this <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a> works. However, some research suggests that this therapy may slow the development of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022849" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">AAT deficiency</a> in people who don't have severe disease.</p><p>People who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022849" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">AAT deficiency</a> and develop related <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> diseases will be referred to doctors who treat those diseases.</p><div id="nhlbi-aat-sec2-d7e76"><h3>Future Treatments</h3><p>Researchers are working on possible <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> that will target the faulty AAT <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a> and replace them with healthy genes. These treatments are in the early stages of development.</p><p>Researchers also are studying <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapies</a> that will help misshapen AAT <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022051" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">proteins</a> move from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver</a> into the bloodstream. They're also studying a type of augmentation <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a> in which the AAT <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> is inhaled instead of injected into a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a>.</p><p>If you're interested in new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a>, ask your doctor about ongoing <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-clinicaltrials/">clinical trials</a> for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022849" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">AAT deficiency</a>.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-prevention"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-prevention_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Can Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency Be Prevented?</h2><p>You can't prevent alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency because the condition is inherited (passed from parents to children through <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a>).</p><p>If you inherit two faulty AAT <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a>, you'll have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022849" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">AAT deficiency</a>. Even so, you may never develop one of the diseases related to the condition.</p><p>You can take steps to prevent or delay <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung diseases</a> related to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022849" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">AAT deficiency</a>. One important step is to quit smoking. If you don't smoke, don't start.</p><p>Talk with your doctor about programs and products that can help you quit smoking. If you have trouble quitting smoking on your own, consider joining a support group. Many hospitals, workplaces, and community groups offer classes to help people quit smoking.</p><p>For more information about how to quit smoking, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">Smoking and Your Heart</a> article and the National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/other/your_guide/healthyheart.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri"> "Your Guide to a Healthy Heart."</a> Although these resources focus on heart health, they include basic information about how to quit smoking.</p><p>Also, try to avoid <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029761" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">secondhand smoke</a> and places with dust, fumes, or other toxic substances that you may inhale.</p><p>Check your living and working spaces for things that may irritate your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. Examples include flower and tree <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030651" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pollen</a>, ash, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030650" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">allergens</a>, air pollution, wood burning stoves, paint fumes, and fumes from cleaning products and other household items.</p><p>If you have a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung disease</a> related to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022849" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">AAT deficiency</a>, ask your doctor whether you might benefit from augmentation <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a>. This is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> in which you receive <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022198" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infusions</a> of AAT <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a>.</p><p>Augmentation <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a> raises the level of AAT <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. (For more information, go to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062929/#nhlbisec-treatment">"How Is Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency Treated?"</a>)</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-livingwith"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-livingwith_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Living With Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency</h2><p>People who have alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency don't always develop serious lung or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver</a> diseases. This means that you can have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022849" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">AAT deficiency</a> and not even know it.</p><p>If you already know you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022849" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">AAT deficiency</a>, you probably also have a related lung or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver</a> disease. Ongoing medical care and lifestyle changes can help you manage your health.</p><div id="nhlbi-aat-sec2-d9e34"><h3>Ongoing Medical Care</h3><p>If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022849" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">AAT deficiency</a>, you'll need ongoing medical care. Talk with your doctor about how often you should schedule medical visits.</p><p>Take all of your medicines as prescribed, and follow your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> plan. Get <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025769" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">flu</a> and pneumococcal vaccines to protect you from illnesses that may worsen your condition. If you have a lung <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>, get treatment right away.</p><p>You also should get <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> right away for any breathing problems. If treatment includes <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pulreh/">pulmonary rehabilitation</a>, work with your health care team to learn how to manage your condition and function at your best.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-aat-sec2-d9e50"><h3>Lifestyle Changes</h3><div id="nhlbi-aat-sec3-d9e53"><h4>Quit Smoking and Avoid Lung Irritants</h4><p>If you smoke, quit. If you don't smoke, don't start. Smoking is the leading risk factor for life-threatening <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung disease</a> if you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022849" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">AAT deficiency</a>.</p><p>Talk with your doctor about programs and products that can help you quit smoking. If you have trouble quitting smoking on your own, consider joining a support group. Many hospitals, workplaces, and community groups offer classes to help people quit smoking.</p><p>For more information about how to quit smoking, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">Smoking and Your Heart</a> article and the National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute's (NHLBI's) <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/other/your_guide/healthyheart.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri"> "Your Guide to a Healthy Heart."</a> Although these resources focus on heart health, they include basic information about how to quit smoking.</p><p>Also, try to avoid <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029761" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">secondhand smoke</a> and other lung irritants, such as dust, fumes, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030685" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">toxins</a>. Check your living and working spaces for things that may irritate your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. Examples include flower and tree <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030651" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pollen</a>, ash, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030650" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">allergens</a>, air pollution, wood burning stoves, paint fumes, and fumes from cleaning products and other household items.</p><p>Because <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022849" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">AAT deficiency</a> is inherited, your children may have the condition or carry the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a> for it. Advise them to avoid smoking and to stay away from places where they might inhale irritants or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030685" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">toxins</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-aat-sec3-d9e78"><h4>Follow a Healthy Diet</h4><p>A healthy diet is an important part of a healthy lifestyle. A healthy diet includes a variety of vegetables and fruits. It also includes whole grains, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fat</a>-free or low-fat dairy products, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> foods, such as lean meats, poultry without <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>, seafood, processed soy products, nuts, seeds, beans, and peas.</p><p>A healthy diet is low in sodium (salt), added <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023305" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sugars</a>, solid <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015646" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fats</a>, and refined grains. Solid fats are <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018272" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">saturated fat</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022582" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">trans fatty acids</a>. Refined grains come from processing whole grains, which results in a loss of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023354" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nutrients</a> (such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022146" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">dietary fiber</a>).</p><p>For more information about following a healthy diet, go to the NHLBI's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/hbp/dash/index.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">"Your Guide to Lowering Your Blood Pressure With DASH"</a> and the U.S. Department of Agriculture's ChooseMyPlate.gov Web site. Both resources provide general information about healthy eating.</p><p>Also, talk with your doctor about whether it's safe for you to drink alcohol.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-aat-sec3-d9e103"><h4>Be Physically Active</h4><p>Try to do physical activity regularly. Talk with your doctor about how much and what types of activity are safe for you.</p><p>For more information about physical activity, go to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services' "2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans," the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-phys/">Physical Activity and Your Heart</a> article, and the NHLBI's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/obesity/phy_active.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri"> "Your Guide to Physical Activity and Your Heart."</a> </p><p>These resources provide information about the benefits of physical activity.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-aat-sec3-d9e124"><h4>Reduce Stress</h4><p>Learning how to manage <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a>, relax, and cope with problems can improve your emotional and physical health. Relaxation techniques—such as meditation, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022367" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">yoga</a>, breathing exercises, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscle</a> relaxation—can help you cope with stress.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-aat-sec2-d9e130"><h3>Emotional Issues and Support</h3><p>Living with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022849" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">AAT deficiency</a> may cause fear, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024918" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anxiety</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024768" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">depression</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a>. Talk about how you feel with your health care team. Talking to a professional counselor also can help. If you're very <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024768" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">depressed</a>, your doctor may recommend medicines or other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> that can improve your quality of life.</p><p>Joining a patient support group may help you adjust to living with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022849" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">AAT deficiency</a>. You can see how other people who have the same symptoms have coped with them. Talk with your doctor about local support groups or check with an area medical center.</p><p>Support from family and friends also can help relieve <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024918" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anxiety</a>. Let your loved ones know how you feel and what they can do to help you.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-trials"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-trials_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Clinical Trials</h2><p>The National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute (NHLBI) is strongly committed to supporting research aimed at preventing and treating heart, lung, and blood diseases and conditions and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorders</a>.</p><p>NHLBI-supported research has led to many advances in medical knowledge and care. Often, these advances depend on the willingness of volunteers to take part in <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-clinicaltrials/">clinical trials</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Clinical trials</a> test new ways to prevent, diagnose, or treat various diseases and conditions. For example, new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for a disease or condition (such as medicines, medical devices, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgeries</a>, or procedures) are tested in volunteers who have the illness. Testing shows whether a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> is safe and effective in humans before it is made available for widespread use.</p><p>By taking part in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, you can gain access to new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> before they're widely available. You also will have the support of a team of health care providers, who will likely monitor your health closely. Even if you don't directly benefit from the results of a clinical trial, the information gathered can help others and add to scientific knowledge.</p><p>If you volunteer for a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, the research will be explained to you in detail. You'll learn about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> and tests you may receive, and the benefits and risks they may pose. You'll also be given a chance to ask questions about the research. This process is called informed consent.</p><p>If you agree to take part in the trial, you'll be asked to sign an informed consent form. This form is not a contract. You have the right to withdraw from a study at any time, for any reason. Also, you have the right to learn about new risks or findings that emerge during the trial.</p><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> related to alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency, talk with your doctor. You also can visit the following Web sites to learn more about clinical research and to search for clinical trials:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>http://clinicalresearch.nih.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.clinicaltrials.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.researchmatch.org</div></li></ul><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> for children, visit the NHLBI's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/childrenandclinicalstudies/index.php" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Children and Clinical Studies</a> Web page.</p></div><div style="display: none; width: 200px; top: -100px; left: -100px;" aria-live="assertive" aria-hidden="true" class="ui-helper-reset ui-ncbipopper-wrapper ui-ncbilinksmenu"><ul id="ui-ncbiinpagenav-6"><li><a href="#_nhlbi-aat-sec1-d1e36_">What Is Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-causes_">What Causes Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-atrisk_">Who Is at Risk for Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-signs_">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-diagnosis_">How Is Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency Diagnosed?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-treatment_">How Is Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency Treated?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-prevention_">How Can Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency Be Prevented?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-livingwith_">Living With Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-trials_">Clinical Trials</a></li></ul></div></div></div> |
June 11, 2014. |
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Anemia |
<div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-anemia-sec1-d1e38_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Is Anemia?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Anemia</a> (uh-NEE-me-uh) is a condition in which your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> has a lower than normal number of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Anemia</a> also can occur if your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> don't contain enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a> (HEE-muh-glow-bin). Hemoglobin is an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> that gives blood its red color. This protein helps red blood cells carry <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> to the rest of the body.</p><p>If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>, your body doesn't get enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. As a result, you may feel tired or weak. You also may have other symptoms, such as shortness of breath, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029722" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">dizziness</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">headaches</a>.</p><p>Severe or long-lasting <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a> can damage your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>, and other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> in your body. Very severe anemia may even cause death.</p><div id="nhlbi-anemia-sec2-d1e54"><h3>Overview</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> is made up of many parts, including <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022046" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">white blood cells</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a> (PLATE-lets), and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0014603" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plasma</a> (the fluid portion of blood).</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Red blood cells</a> are <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024402" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">disc</a>-shaped and look like doughnuts without holes in the center. They carry <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> and remove <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022309" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carbon dioxide</a> (a waste product) from your body. These cells are made in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a>—a sponge-like <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> inside the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022807" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bones</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022046" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">White blood cells</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a> (PLATE-lets) also are made in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a>. White blood cells help fight <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>. Platelets stick together to seal small cuts or breaks on the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a> walls and stop <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>. With some types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>, you may have low numbers of all three types of blood cells.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Anemia</a> has three main causes: <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> loss, lack of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cell</a> production, or high rates of red blood cell destruction. These causes might be the result of diseases, conditions, or other factors.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-anemia-sec2-d1e69"><h3>Outlook</h3><p>Many types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a> can be mild, short term, and easily treated. You can even prevent some types with a healthy diet. Other types can be treated with dietary supplements.</p><p>However, certain types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a> can be severe, long lasting, and even life threatening if not diagnosed and treated.</p><p>If you have signs or symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>, see your doctor to find out whether you have the condition. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatment</a> will depend on the cause of the anemia and how severe it is.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-names"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-names_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Other Names for Anemia</h2><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Iron</a>-poor <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Tired <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a></div></li></ul><p>There are many types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a> with specific causes and traits. Some of these include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-aplastic/">Aplastic anemia</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> loss <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Diamond-Blackfan <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-fanconi/">Fanconi (fan-KO-nee) anemia</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022009" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Folate</a>- or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022009" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">folic acid</a>-deficiency <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ha/">Hemolytic (HEE-moh-lit-ick) anemia</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ida/">Iron-deficiency anemia</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-prnanmia/">Pernicious (per-NISH-us) anemia</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-sca/">Sickle cell anemia</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-thalassemia/">Thalassemias (thal-a-SE-me-ahs)</a>; Cooley’s <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a> is another name for beta <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thalassemia</a> major</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes Anemia?</h2><p>The three main causes of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a> are:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> loss</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Lack of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cell</a> production</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>High rates of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cell</a> destruction</div></li></ul><p>For some people, the condition is caused by more than one of these factors.</p><div id="nhlbi-anemia-sec2-d4e46"><h3>Blood Loss</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> loss is the most common cause of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>, especially <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ida/">iron-deficiency anemia</a>. Blood loss can be short term or persist over time.</p><p>Heavy <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023146" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">menstrual periods</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> in the digestive or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024569" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">urinary tract</a> can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> loss. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Surgery</a>, trauma, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancer</a> also can cause blood loss.</p><p>If a lot of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> is lost, the body may lose enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> to cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-anemia-sec2-d4e62"><h3>Lack of Red Blood Cell Production</h3><p>Both acquired and inherited conditions and factors can prevent your body from making enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>. "Acquired" means you aren't born with the condition, but you develop it. "Inherited" means your parents passed the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a> for the condition on to you.</p><p>Acquired conditions and factors that can lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a> include poor diet, abnormal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hormone</a> levels, some <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> (ongoing) diseases, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a>.</p><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-aplastic/">Aplastic anemia</a> also can prevent your body from making enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>. This condition can be acquired or inherited.</p><div id="nhlbi-anemia-sec3-d4e77"><h4>Diet</h4><p>A diet that lacks <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022009" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">folic acid</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022009" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">folate</a>), or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0012653" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin B12</a> can prevent your body from making enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>. Your body also needs small amounts of vitamin C, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0011982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">riboflavin</a>, and copper to make red blood cells.</p><p>Conditions that make it hard for your body to absorb <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023354" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nutrients</a> also can prevent your body from making enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-anemia-sec3-d4e86"><h4>Hormones</h4><p>Your body needs the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hormone</a> erythropoietin (eh-rith-ro-POY-eh-tin) to make <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>. This hormone stimulates the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> to make these cells. A low level of this hormone can lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-anemia-sec3-d4e93"><h4>Diseases and Disease Treatments</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Chronic</a> diseases, like <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028181" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidney disease</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancer</a>, can make it hard for your body to make enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>.</p><p>Some <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancer</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> may damage the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> or damage the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>' ability to carry <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>. If the bone marrow is damaged, it can't make red blood cells fast enough to replace the ones that die or are destroyed.</p><p>People who have HIV/AIDS may develop <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a> due to infections or medicines used to treat their diseases.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-anemia-sec3-d4e105"><h4>Pregnancy</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Anemia</a> can occur during <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a> due to low levels of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022009" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">folic acid</a> and changes in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>.</p><p>During the first 6 months of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a>, the fluid portion of a woman's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> (the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0014603" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plasma</a>) increases faster than the number of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>. This dilutes the blood and can lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-anemia-sec3-d4e115"><h4>Aplastic Anemia</h4><p>Some infants are born without the ability to make enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>. This condition is called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022029" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aplastic anemia</a>. Infants and children who have aplastic anemia often need <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bt/">blood transfusions</a> to increase the number of red blood cells in their blood.</p><p>Acquired conditions or factors, such as certain medicines, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030685" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">toxins</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023003" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infectious diseases</a>, also can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022029" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aplastic anemia</a>.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-anemia-sec2-d4e127"><h3>High Rates of Red Blood Cell Destruction</h3><p>Both acquired and inherited conditions and factors can cause your body to destroy too many <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>. One example of an acquired condition is an enlarged or diseased <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022189" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spleen</a>.</p><p>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022189" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spleen</a> is an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organ</a> that removes wornout <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> from the body. If the spleen is enlarged or diseased, it may remove more red blood cells than normal, causing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>.</p><p>Examples of inherited conditions that can cause your body to destroy too many <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> include <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-sca/">sickle cell anemia</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-thalassemia/">thalassemias</a>, and lack of certain <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022049" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">enzymes</a>. These conditions create defects in the red blood cells that cause them to die faster than healthy red blood cells.</p><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ha/">Hemolytic anemia</a> is another example of a condition in which your body destroys too many <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>. Inherited or acquired conditions or factors can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022026" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemolytic anemia</a>. Examples include immune disorders, infections, certain medicines, or reactions to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029754" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood transfusions</a>.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-atrisk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-atrisk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is at Risk for Anemia?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Anemia</a> is a common condition. It occurs in all age, racial, and ethnic groups. Both men and women can have anemia. However, women of childbearing age are at higher risk for the condition because of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> loss from <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023146" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">menstruation</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Anemia</a> can develop during <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a> due to low levels of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022009" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">folic acid</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022009" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">folate</a>) and changes in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. During the first 6 months of pregnancy, the fluid portion of a woman's blood (the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0014603" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plasma</a>) increases faster than the number of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>. This dilutes the blood and can lead to anemia.</p><p>During the first year of life, some babies are at risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a> because of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> deficiency. At-risk infants include those who are born too early and infants who are fed <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021901" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">breast</a> milk only or formula that isn't fortified with iron. These infants can develop iron deficiency by 6 months of age.</p><p>Infants between 1 and 2 years of age also are at risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>. They may not get enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> in their diets, especially if they drink a lot of cow's milk. Cow's milk is low in the iron needed for growth.</p><p>Drinking too much cow's milk may keep an infant or toddler from eating enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>-rich foods or absorbing enough iron from foods.</p><p>Older adults also are at increased risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>. Researchers continue to study how the condition affects older adults. Many of these people have other medical conditions as well.</p><div id="nhlbi-anemia-sec2-d5e47"><h3>Major Risk Factors</h3><p>Factors that raise your risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a> include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A diet that is low in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023352" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamins</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023353" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">minerals</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> loss from <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> or an injury</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Long-term or serious illnesses, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028181" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidney disease</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancer</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024678" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rheumatoid arthritis</a>, HIV/AIDS, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022800" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inflammatory bowel disease</a> (including Crohn's disease), <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver</a> disease, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029359" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thyroid disease</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Long-term infections</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family history</a> of inherited <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-sca/">sickle cell anemia</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-thalassemia/">thalassemia</a> </div></li></ul></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Anemia?</h2><p>The most common symptom of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a> is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fatigue</a> (feeling tired or weak). If you have anemia, you may find it hard to find the energy to do normal activities.</p><p>Other signs and symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a> include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Shortness of breath</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029722" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Dizziness</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Headache</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Coldness in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hands</a> and feet</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Pale <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Chest</a> pain</div></li></ul><p>These signs and symptoms can occur because your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> has to work harder to pump <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> through your body.</p><p>Mild to moderate <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a> may cause very mild symptoms or none at all.</p><div id="nhlbi-anemia-sec2-d6e63"><h3>Complications of Anemia</h3><p>Some people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a> may have <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-arr/">arrhythmias</a> (ah-RITH-me-ahs). <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Arrhythmias</a> are problems with the rate or rhythm of the heartbeat. Over time, arrhythmias can damage your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and possibly lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Anemia</a> also can damage other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> in your body because your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> can't get enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> to them.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Anemia</a> can weaken people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancer</a> or HIV/AIDS. This can make their <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> not work as well.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Anemia</a> also can cause many other health problems. People who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028181" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidney disease</a> and anemia are more likely to have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> problems. With some types of anemia, too little fluid intake or too much loss of fluid in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> and body can occur. Severe loss of fluid can be life threatening.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Anemia Diagnosed?</h2><p>Your doctor will diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a> based on your medical and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family histories</a>, a physical exam, and results from tests and procedures.</p><p>Because <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a> doesn't always cause symptoms, your doctor may find out you have it while checking for another condition.</p><div id="nhlbi-anemia-sec2-d7e34"><h3>Medical and Family Histories</h3><p>Your doctor may ask whether you have any of the common <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062933/#nhlbisec-signs">signs or symptoms</a> of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>. He or she also may ask whether you've had an illness or condition that could cause anemia.</p><p>Let your doctor know about any medicines you take, what you typically eat (your diet), and whether you have family members who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a> or a history of it.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-anemia-sec2-d7e47"><h3>Physical Exam</h3><p>Your doctor will do a physical exam to find out how severe your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a> is and to check for possible causes. He or she may:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Listen to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> for a rapid or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">irregular heartbeat</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Listen to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> for rapid or uneven breathing</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Feel your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022602" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abdomen</a> to check the size of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022189" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spleen</a></div></li></ul><p>Your doctor also may do a pelvic or rectal exam to check for common sources of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> loss.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-anemia-sec2-d7e68"><h3>Diagnostic Tests and Procedures</h3><p>You may have various <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bdt/">blood tests</a> and other tests or procedures to find out what type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a> you have and how severe it is.</p><div id="nhlbi-anemia-sec3-d7e78"><h4>Complete Blood Count</h4><p>Often, the first test used to diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a> is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bdt/#nhlbisec-types">complete blood count</a> (CBC). The CBC measures many parts of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>.</p><p>The test checks your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021986" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hematocrit</a> (hee-MAT-oh-crit) levels. Hemoglobin is the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> that carries <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> to the body. Hematocrit is a measure of how much space red blood cells take up in your blood. A low level of hemoglobin or hematocrit is a sign of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>.</p><p>The normal range of these levels might be lower in certain racial and ethnic populations. Your doctor can explain your test results to you.</p><p>The CBC also checks the number of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022046" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">white blood cells</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a> in your blood. Abnormal results might be a sign of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>, another blood disorder, an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>, or another condition.</p><p>Finally, the CBC looks at mean corpuscular (kor-<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024835" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">PUS</a>-kyu-lar) volume (MCV). MCV is a measure of the average size of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> and a clue as to the cause of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>. In <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ida/">iron-deficiency anemia</a>, for example, red blood cells usually are smaller than normal.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-anemia-sec3-d7e103"><h4>Other Tests and Procedures</h4><p>If the CBC results show that you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>, you may need other tests, such as:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Hemoglobin</a> electrophoresis (e-lek-tro-FOR-e-sis). This test looks at the different types of hemoglobin in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. The test can help diagnose the type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a> you have.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A reticulocyte (re-TIK-u-lo-site) count. This test measures the number of young <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> in your blood. The test shows whether your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> is making red blood cells at the correct rate.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Tests for the level of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> and body. These tests include serum iron and serum ferritin tests. Transferrin level and total iron-binding capacity tests also measure iron levels.</div></li></ul><p>Because <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a> has many causes, you also might be tested for conditions such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidney failure</a>, lead poisoning (in children), and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023352" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin</a> deficiencies (lack of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023352" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamins</a>, such as B12 and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022009" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">folic acid</a>).</p><p>If your doctor thinks that you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a> due to internal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>, he or she may suggest several tests to look for the source of the bleeding. A test to check the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022950" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stool</a> for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> might be done in your doctor's office or at home. Your doctor can give you a kit to help you get a sample at home. He or she will tell you to bring the sample back to the office or send it to a laboratory.</p><p>If <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> is found in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022950" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stool</a>, you may have other tests to find the source of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>. One such test is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022208" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">endoscopy</a> (en-DOS-ko-pe). For this test, a tube with a tiny camera is used to view the lining of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022855" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">digestive tract</a>.</p><p>Your doctor also may want to do <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bmt/">bone marrow tests</a>. These tests show whether your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> is healthy and making enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a>.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Anemia Treated?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatment</a> for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a> depends on the type, cause, and severity of the condition. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatments</a> may include dietary changes or supplements, medicines, procedures, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> to treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> loss.</p><div id="nhlbi-anemia-sec2-d8e31"><h3>Goals of Treatment</h3><p>The goal of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> is to increase the amount of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> that your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> can carry. This is done by raising the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cell</a> count and/or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a> level. (Hemoglobin is the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> that carries oxygen to the body.)</p><p>Another goal is to treat the underlying cause of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-anemia-sec2-d8e41"><h3>Dietary Changes and Supplements</h3><p>Low levels of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023352" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamins</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> in the body can cause some types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>. These low levels might be the result of a poor diet or certain diseases or conditions.</p><p>To raise your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023352" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> level, your doctor may ask you to change your diet or take vitamin or iron supplements. Common vitamin supplements are <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0012653" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin B12</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022009" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">folic acid</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022009" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">folate</a>). Vitamin C sometimes is given to help the body absorb iron.</p><div id="nhlbi-anemia-sec3-d8e50"><h4>Iron</h4><p>Your body needs <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> to make <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a>. Your body can more easily absorb iron from meats than from vegetables or other foods. To treat your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>, your doctor may suggest eating more meat—especially red meat (such as beef or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver</a>), as well as chicken, turkey, pork, fish, and shellfish.</p><p>Nonmeat foods that are good sources of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Spinach and other dark green leafy vegetables</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Tofu </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Peas; lentils; white, red, and baked beans; soybeans; and chickpeas</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Dried fruits, such as prunes, raisins, and apricots</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Prune juice</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Iron</a>-fortified cereals and breads</div></li></ul><p>You can look at the Nutrition Facts label on packaged foods to find out how much <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> the items contain. The amount is given as a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030538" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">percentage</a> of the total amount of iron you need every day.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Iron</a> also is available as a supplement. It's usually combined with multivitamins and other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023353" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">minerals</a> that help your body absorb iron.</p><p>Doctors may recommend <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> supplements for premature infants, infants and young children who drink a lot of cow's milk, and infants who are fed <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021901" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">breast</a> milk only or formula that isn't fortified with iron.</p><p>Large amounts of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> can be harmful, so take iron supplements only as your doctor prescribes.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-anemia-sec3-d8e94"><h4>Vitamin B12</h4><p>Low levels of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022013" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin B12</a> can lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-prnanmia/">pernicious anemia</a>. This type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a> often is treated with vitamin B12 supplements.</p><p>Good food sources of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022013" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin B12</a> include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Breakfast cereals with added <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022013" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin B12</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Meats such as beef, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver</a>, poultry, and fish</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Eggs and dairy products (such as milk, yogurt, and cheese)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Foods fortified with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0012653" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin B12</a>, such as soy-based beverages and vegetarian burgers</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-anemia-sec3-d8e122"><h4>Folic Acid</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022009" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Folic acid</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022009" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">folate</a>) is a form of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023352" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin</a> B that's found in foods. Your body needs folic acid to make and maintain new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a>. Folic acid also is very important for pregnant women. It helps them avoid <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a> and promotes healthy growth of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028116" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fetus</a>.</p><p>Good sources of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022009" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">folic acid</a> include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Bread, pasta, and rice with added <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022009" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">folic acid</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Spinach and other dark green leafy vegetables</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Black-eyed peas and dried beans</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Beef <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Eggs</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Bananas, oranges, orange juice, and some other fruits and juices</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-anemia-sec3-d8e154"><h4>Vitamin C</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023352" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Vitamin</a> C helps the body absorb <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>. Good sources of vitamin C are vegetables and fruits, especially citrus fruits. Citrus fruits include oranges, grapefruits, tangerines, and similar fruits. Fresh and frozen fruits, vegetables, and juices usually have more vitamin C than canned ones.</p><p>If you're taking medicines, ask your doctor or pharmacist whether you can eat grapefruit or drink grapefruit juice. This fruit can affect the strength of a few medicines and how well they work.</p><p>Other fruits rich in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023352" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin</a> C include kiwi fruit, strawberries, and cantaloupes.</p><p>Vegetables rich in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023352" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin</a> C include broccoli, peppers, Brussels sprouts, tomatoes, cabbage, potatoes, and leafy green vegetables like turnip greens and spinach.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-anemia-sec2-d8e170"><h3>Medicines</h3><p>Your doctor may prescribe medicines to help your body make more <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> or to treat an underlying cause of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>. Some of these medicines include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Antibiotics to treat infections.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Hormones</a> to treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024649" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heavy menstrual bleeding</a> in teenaged and adult women.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A man-made version of erythropoietin to stimulate your body to make more <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>. This <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hormone</a> has some risks. You and your doctor will decide whether the benefits of this <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> outweigh the risks.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Medicines to prevent the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025680" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune system</a> from destroying its own <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Chelation (ke-LAY-shun) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a> for lead poisoning. Chelation therapy is used mainly in children. This is because children who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>-deficiency <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a> are at increased risk of lead poisoning.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-anemia-sec2-d8e194"><h3>Procedures</h3><p>If your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a> is severe, your doctor may recommend a medical procedure. Procedures include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029754" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood transfusions</a> and blood and marrow <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022023" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stem cell</a> transplants.</p><div id="nhlbi-anemia-sec3-d8e200"><h4>Blood Transfusion</h4><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029754" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood transfusion</a> is a safe, common procedure in which blood is given to you through an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022191" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">intravenous</a> (IV) line in one of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029754" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Transfusions</a> require careful matching of donated blood with the recipient's blood.</p><p>For more information, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bt/">Blood Transfusion</a> article.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-anemia-sec3-d8e213"><h4>Blood and Marrow Stem Cell Transplant</h4><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> and marrow <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022023" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stem cell</a> transplant replaces your faulty <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022023" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stem cells</a> with healthy ones from another person (a donor). Stem cells are made in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a>. They develop into red and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022046" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">white blood cells</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a>.</p><p>During the transplant, which is like a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029754" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood transfusion</a>, you get donated <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022023" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stem cells</a> through a tube placed in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a>. Once the stem cells are in your body, they travel to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> and begin making new blood cells.</p><p>For more information, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bmsct/">Blood and Marrow Stem Cell Transplant</a> article.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-anemia-sec2-d8e229"><h3>Surgery</h3><p>If you have serious or life-threatening <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> that's causing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>, you may need <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>. For example, you may need surgery to control ongoing bleeding due to a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024958" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach ulcer</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024241" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">colon cancer</a>.</p><p>If your body is destroying <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> at a high rate, you may need to have your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022189" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spleen</a> removed. The spleen is an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organ</a> that removes wornout red blood cells from the body. An enlarged or diseased spleen may remove more red blood cells than normal, causing <a href= |
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Aneurysm |
<div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-arm-sec1-d1e38_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Is an Aneurysm?</h2><p>An <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024794" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aneurysm</a> (AN-u-rism) is a balloon-like bulge in an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Arteries</a> are <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> that carry <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich blood to your body.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Arteries</a> have thick walls to withstand normal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a>. However, certain medical problems, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022031" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic</a> conditions, and trauma can damage or injure <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a> walls. The force of blood pushing against the weakened or injured walls can cause an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024794" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aneurysm</a>.</p><p>An <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024794" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aneurysm</a> can grow large and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rupture</a> (burst) or dissect. A rupture causes dangerous <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> inside the body. A dissection is a split in one or more layers of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a> wall. The split causes bleeding into and along the layers of the artery wall.</p><p>Both <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rupture</a> and dissection often are fatal.</p><div id="nhlbi-arm-sec2-d1e54"><h3>Overview</h3><p>Most <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024794" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aneurysms</a> occur in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022262" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aorta</a>, the main <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a> that carries <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> to the body. The aorta goes through the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022602" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abdomen</a>.</p><p>An <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024794" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aneurysm</a> that occurs in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> portion of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022262" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aorta</a> is called a thoracic (tho-RAS-ik) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024795" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aortic aneurysm</a>. An aneurysm that occurs in the abdominal portion of the aorta is called an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024793" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abdominal aortic aneurysm</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024794" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Aneurysms</a> also can occur in other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>, but these types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024794" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aneurysm</a> are less common. This article focuses on <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024795" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aortic aneurysms</a>.</p><p>About 13,000 Americans die each year from <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024795" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aortic aneurysms</a>. Most of the deaths result from <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rupture</a> or dissection.</p><p>Early diagnosis and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> can help prevent <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rupture</a> and dissection. However, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024794" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aneurysms</a> can develop and grow large before causing any symptoms. Thus, people who are at high risk for aneurysms can benefit from early, routine screening.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-arm-sec2-d1e73"><h3>Outlook</h3><p>Doctors often can successfully treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024795" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aortic aneurysms</a> with medicines or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> if they’re found in time. Medicines may be given to lower <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a>, relax <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>, and reduce the risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rupture</a>.</p><p>Large <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024795" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aortic aneurysms</a> often can be repaired with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>. During surgery, the weak or damaged portion of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022262" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aorta</a> is replaced or reinforced.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-types"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-types_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Types of Aneurysms</h2><div id="nhlbi-arm-sec2-d3e28"><h3>Aortic Aneurysms</h3><p>The two types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024795" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aortic aneurysm</a> are <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024793" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abdominal aortic aneurysm</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024797" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thoracic aortic aneurysm</a>. Some people have both types.</p><div class="graphic left label"><img src="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062939/bin/aneurysm_aortic.jpg" alt="Figure A shows a normal aorta. Figure B shows a thoracic aortic aneurysm, which is located behind the heart. Figure C shows an abdominal aortic aneurysm, which is located below the arteries that supply blood to the kidneys."></div><div id="nhlbi-arm-sec3-d3e43"><h4>Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms</h4><p>An <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024794" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aneurysm</a> that occurs in the abdominal portion of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022262" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aorta</a> is called an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024793" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abdominal aortic aneurysm</a> (AAA). Most <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024795" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aortic aneurysms</a> are <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024793" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">AAAs</a>.</p><p>These <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024794" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aneurysms</a> are found more often now than in the past because of computed tomography (to-MOG-rah-fee) scans, or CT scans, done for other medical problems.</p><p>Small <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024793" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">AAAs</a> rarely <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rupture</a>. However, AAAs can grow very large without causing symptoms. Routine checkups and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> for an AAA can help prevent growth and rupture.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-arm-sec3-d3e58"><h4>Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms</h4><p>An <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024794" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aneurysm</a> that occurs in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> portion of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022262" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aorta</a> (above the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022135" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diaphragm</a>, a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscle</a> that helps you breathe) is called a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024797" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thoracic aortic aneurysm</a> (TAA).</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024797" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">TAAs</a> don't always cause symptoms, even when they're large. Only half of all people who have TAAs notice any symptoms. TAAs are found more often now than in the past because of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cct/">chest CT scans</a> done for other medical problems.</p><p>With a common type of TAA, the walls of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022262" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aorta</a> weaken and a section close to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> enlarges. As a result, the valve between the heart and the aorta can't close properly. This allows <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to leak back into the heart.</p><p>A less common type of TAA can develop in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024394" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">upper back</a>, away from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. A TAA in this location may result from an injury to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a>, such as from a car crash.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-arm-sec2-d3e77"><h3>Other Types of Aneurysms</h3><div id="nhlbi-arm-sec3-d3e80"><h4>Brain Aneurysms</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024794" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Aneurysms</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> are called cerebral (seh-RE-bral) aneurysms or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024796" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain aneurysms</a>. Brain aneurysms also are called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024796" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">berry aneurysms</a> because they're often the size of a small berry.</p><div class="graphic left label"><img src="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062939/bin/aneurysm_cerebral.jpg" alt="The illustration shows a typical location of a brain aneurysm in the arteries that supply blood to the brain. The inset image shows a closeup view of the sac-like aneurysm."></div><p>Most <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024796" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain aneurysms</a> cause no symptoms until they become large, begin to leak <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rupture</a> (burst). A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ruptured</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024796" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain aneurysm</a> can cause a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stroke/">stroke</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-arm-sec3-d3e106"><h4>Peripheral Aneurysms</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024794" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Aneurysms</a> that occur in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> other than the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022262" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aorta</a> and the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> arteries are called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023155" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">peripheral</a> (peh-RIF-eh-ral) aneurysms. Common locations for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028092" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">peripheral aneurysms</a> include the popliteal (pop-li-TE-al), femoral (FEM-o-ral), and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022295" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carotid</a> (ka-ROT-id) arteries.</p><p>The popliteal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> run down the back of the thighs, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022359" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">behind</a> the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">knees</a>. The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029383" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">femoral arteries</a> are the main arteries in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028097" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">groin</a>. The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022295" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carotid arteries</a> are the two main arteries on each side of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027054" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neck</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028092" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Peripheral aneurysms</a> aren’t as likely to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rupture</a> or dissect as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024795" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aortic aneurysms</a>. However, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots can form in peripheral aneurysms. If a blood clot breaks away from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024794" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aneurysm</a>, it can block blood flow through the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a>.</p><p>If a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028092" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">peripheral aneurysm</a> is large, it can press on a nearby <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022678" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nerve</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a> and cause pain, numbness, or swelling.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-names"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-names_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Other Names for Aneurysm</h2><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024793" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Abdominal aortic aneurysm</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024795" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Aortic aneurysm</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024796" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Berry aneurysm</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024796" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Brain aneurysm</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024796" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Cerebral aneurysm</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028092" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Peripheral aneurysm</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024797" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Thoracic aortic aneurysm</a></div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes an Aneurysm?</h2><p>The force of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> pushing against the walls of an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a> combined with damage or injury to the artery’s walls can cause an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024794" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aneurysm</a>.</p><p>Many conditions and factors can damage and weaken the walls of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022262" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aorta</a> and cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024795" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aortic aneurysms</a>. Examples include aging, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">smoking</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">high blood pressure</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-atherosclerosis/">atherosclerosis</a> (ath-er-o-skler-O-sis). <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023229" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Atherosclerosis</a> is the hardening and narrowing of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> due to the buildup of a waxy substance called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> (plak).</p><p>Rarely, infections—such as untreated <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030414" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">syphilis</a> (a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030416" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sexually transmitted infection</a>)—can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024795" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aortic aneurysms</a>. Aortic aneurysms also can occur as a result of diseases that inflame the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-vas/">vasculitis</a> (vas-kyu-LI-tis).</p><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family history</a> of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024794" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aneurysms</a> also may play a role in causing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024795" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aortic aneurysms</a>.</p><p>In addition to the factors above, certain <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022031" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic</a> conditions may cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024797" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thoracic aortic aneurysms</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024797" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">TAAs</a>). Examples of these conditions include <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-mar/">Marfan syndrome</a>, Loeys-Dietz syndrome, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (the vascular type), and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024927" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Turner syndrome</a>.</p><p>These <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022031" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic</a> conditions can weaken the body’s <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022672" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">connective tissues</a> and damage the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022262" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aorta</a>. People who have these conditions tend to develop <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024794" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aneurysms</a> at a younger age than other people. They’re also at higher risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rupture</a> and dissection.</p><p>Trauma, such as a car accident, also can damage the walls of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022262" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aorta</a> and lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024797" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">TAAs</a>.</p><p>Researchers continue to look for other causes of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024795" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aortic aneurysms</a>. For example, they’re looking for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022031" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029640" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mutations</a> (changes in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a>) that may contribute to or cause aneurysms.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-atrisk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-atrisk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is at Risk for an Aneurysm?</h2><p>Certain factors put you at higher risk for an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024795" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aortic aneurysm</a>. These factors include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Male gender. Men are more likely than women to have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024795" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aortic aneurysms</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Age. The risk for abdominal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024795" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aortic aneurysms</a> increases as you get older. These aneurysms are more likely to occur in people who are aged 65 or older.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">Smoking</a>. Smoking can damage and weaken the walls of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022262" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aorta</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family history</a> of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024795" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aortic aneurysms</a>. People who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family histories</a> of aortic aneurysms are at higher risk for the condition, and they may have aneurysms before the age of 65.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A history of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024794" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aneurysms</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> of the legs.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Certain diseases and conditions that weaken the walls of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022262" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aorta</a>. Examples include <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">high blood pressure</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-atherosclerosis/">atherosclerosis</a>.</div></li></ul><p>Having a bicuspid <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022267" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aortic valve</a> can raise the risk of having a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024797" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thoracic aortic aneurysm</a>. A bicuspid aortic valve has two leaflets instead of the typical three.</p><p>Car accidents or trauma also can injure the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> and increase the risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024794" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aneurysms</a>.</p><p>If you have any of these risk factors, talk with your doctor about whether you need screening for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024794" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aneurysms</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of an Aneurysm?</h2><p>The signs and symptoms of an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024795" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aortic aneurysm</a> depend on the type and location of the aneurysm. Signs and symptoms also depend on whether the aneurysm has <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ruptured</a> (burst) or is affecting other parts of the body.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024794" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Aneurysms</a> can develop and grow for years without causing any signs or symptoms. They often don't cause signs or symptoms until they <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rupture</a>, grow large enough to press on nearby body parts, or block <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow.</p><div id="nhlbi-arm-sec2-d7e34"><h3>Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms</h3><p>Most abdominal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024795" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aortic aneurysms</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024793" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">AAAs</a>) develop slowly over years. They often don't cause signs or symptoms unless they <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rupture</a>. If you have an AAA, your doctor may feel a throbbing mass while checking your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022602" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abdomen</a>.</p><p>When symptoms are present, they can include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A throbbing feeling in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022602" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abdomen</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Deep pain in your back or the side of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022602" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abdomen</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Steady, gnawing pain in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022602" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abdomen</a> that lasts for hours or days</div></li></ul><p>If an AAA <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ruptures</a>, symptoms may include sudden, severe pain in your lower <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022602" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abdomen</a> and back; <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024775" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nausea</a> (feeling sick to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a>) and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024776" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vomiting</a>; <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024803" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">constipation</a> and problems with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030552" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">urination</a>; clammy, sweaty <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>; light-headedness; and a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022345" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rapid heart rate</a> when standing up.</p><p>Internal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> from a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ruptured</a> AAA can send you into shock. Shock is a life-threatening condition in which <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> drops so low that the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidneys</a>, and other vital <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> can't get enough blood to work well. Shock can be fatal if it’s not treated right away.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-arm-sec2-d7e65"><h3>Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms</h3><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024797" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thoracic aortic aneurysm</a> (TAA) may not cause symptoms until it dissects or grows large. If you have symptoms, they may include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Pain in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030529" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">jaw</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027054" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neck</a>, back, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cough/">Coughing</a> and/or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027099" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hoarseness</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Shortness of breath and/or trouble breathing or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027073" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">swallowing</a></div></li></ul><p>A dissection is a split in one or more layers of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a> wall. The split causes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> into and along the layers of the artery wall.</p><p>If a TAA <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ruptures</a> or dissects, you may feel sudden, severe, sharp or stabbing pain starting in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024394" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">upper back</a> and moving down into your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022602" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abdomen</a>. You may have pain in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arms</a>, and you can quickly go into shock.</p><p>If you have any symptoms of TAA or aortic dissection, call 9–1–1. If left untreated, these conditions may lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organ</a> damage or death.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is an Aneurysm Diagnosed?</h2><p>If you have an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024795" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aortic aneurysm</a> but no symptoms, your doctor may find it by chance during a routine physical exam. More often, doctors find <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024794" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aneurysms</a> during tests done for other reasons, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024811" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abdominal pain</a>.</p><p>If you have an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024793" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abdominal aortic aneurysm</a> (AAA), your doctor may feel a throbbing mass in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022602" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abdomen</a>. A rapidly growing aneurysm about to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rupture</a> (burst) can be tender and very painful when pressed. If you're <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-obe/">overweight or obese</a>, it may be hard for your doctor to feel even a large AAA.</p><p>If you have an AAA, your doctor may hear rushing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow instead of the normal whooshing sound when listening to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022602" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abdomen</a> with a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023209" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stethoscope</a>.</p><div id="nhlbi-arm-sec2-d8e40"><h3>Specialists Involved</h3><p>Your primary care doctor may refer you to a cardiothoracic or vascular surgeon for diagnosis and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> of an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024795" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aortic aneurysm</a>.</p><p>A cardiothoracic surgeon does <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> on the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, and other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> and structures in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a>, including the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022262" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aorta</a>. A vascular surgeon does surgery on the aorta and other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>, except those of the heart and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-arm-sec2-d8e50"><h3>Diagnostic Tests and Procedures</h3><p>To diagnose and study an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024794" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aneurysm</a>, your doctor may recommend one or more of the following tests.</p><div id="nhlbi-arm-sec3-d8e56"><h4>Ultrasound and Echocardiography</h4><p>Ultrasound and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-echo/">echocardiography</a> (echo) are simple, painless tests that use sound waves to create pictures of the structures inside your body. These tests can show the size of an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024795" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aortic aneurysm</a>, if one is found.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-arm-sec3-d8e66"><h4>Computed Tomography Scan</h4><p>A computed tomography scan, or CT scan, is a painless test that uses x rays to take clear, detailed pictures of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a>.</p><p>During the test, your doctor will inject dye into a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arm</a>. The dye makes your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>, including your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022262" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aorta</a>, visible on the CT scan pictures.</p><p>Your doctor may recommend this test if he or she thinks you have an AAA or a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024797" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thoracic aortic aneurysm</a> (TAA). A CT scan can show the size and shape of an aneurysm. This test provides more detailed pictures than an ultrasound or echo.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-arm-sec3-d8e81"><h4>Magnetic Resonance Imaging</h4><p>Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) uses magnets and radio waves to create pictures of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> and structures in your body. This test works well for detecting <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024794" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aneurysms</a> and pinpointing their size and exact location.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-arm-sec3-d8e90"><h4>Angiography</h4><p>Angiography (an-jee-OG-ra-fee) is a test that uses dye and special x rays to show the insides of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>. This test shows the amount of damage and blockage in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>.</p><p>Aortic angiography shows the inside of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022262" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aorta</a>. The test may show the location and size of an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024795" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aortic aneurysm</a>.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is an Aneurysm Treated?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024795" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Aortic aneurysms</a> are treated with medicines and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>. Small aneurysms that are found early and aren’t causing symptoms may not need <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>. Other aneurysms need to be treated.</p><p>The goals of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> may include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Preventing the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024794" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aneurysm</a> from growing</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Preventing or reversing damage to other body structures</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Preventing or treating a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rupture</a> or dissection</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Allowing you to continue doing your normal daily activities</div></li></ul><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatment</a> for an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024795" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aortic aneurysm</a> is based on its size. Your doctor may recommend routine testing to make sure an aneurysm isn't getting bigger. This method usually is used for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024794" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aneurysms</a> that are smaller than 5 <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030655" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">centimeters</a> (about 2 inches) across.</p><p>How often you need testing (for example, every few months or every year) is based on the size of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024794" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aneurysm</a> and how fast it's growing. The larger it is and the faster it's growing, the more often you may need to be checked.</p><div id="nhlbi-arm-sec2-d9e56"><h3>Medicines</h3><p>If you have an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024795" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aortic aneurysm</a>, your doctor may prescribe medicines before <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> or instead of surgery. Medicines are used to lower <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a>, relax <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>, and lower the risk that the aneurysm will <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rupture</a> (burst). <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Beta blockers</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025449" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">calcium channel blockers</a> are the medicines most commonly used.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-arm-sec2-d9e62"><h3>Surgery</h3><p>Your doctor may recommend <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> if your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024794" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aneurysm</a> is growing quickly or is at risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rupture</a> or dissection.</p><p>The two main types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> to repair <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024795" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aortic aneurysms</a> are open abdominal or open <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> repair and endovascular repair.</p><div id="nhlbi-arm-sec3-d9e72"><h4>Open Abdominal or Open Chest Repair</h4><p>The standard and most common type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024795" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aortic aneurysms</a> is open abdominal or open <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> repair. This surgery involves a major <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022138" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">incision</a> (cut) in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022602" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abdomen</a> or chest.</p><p>General anesthesia (AN-es-THE-ze-ah) is used during this procedure. The term “anesthesia” refers to a loss of feeling and awareness. General anesthesia temporarily puts you to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a>.</p><p>During the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024794" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aneurysm</a> is removed. Then, the section of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022262" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aorta</a> is replaced with a graft made of material such as Dacron® or Teflon.® The surgery takes 3 to 6 hours; you’ll remain in the hospital for 5 to 8 days.</p><p>If needed, repair of the aortic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valve</a> also may be done during open abdominal or open <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>.</p><p>It often takes a month to recover from open abdominal or open <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> and return to full activity. Most patients make a full recovery.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-arm-sec3-d9e97"><h4>Endovascular Repair</h4><p>In endovascular repair, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024794" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aneurysm</a> isn't removed. Instead, a graft is inserted into the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022262" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aorta</a> to strengthen it. Surgeons do this type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> using <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022169" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">catheters</a> (tubes) inserted into the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>; it doesn't require surgically opening the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022602" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abdomen</a>. General anesthesia is used during this procedure.</p><p>The surgeon first inserts a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022169" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">catheter</a> into an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028097" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">groin</a> (upper thigh) and threads it to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024794" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aneurysm</a>. Then, using an x ray to see the artery, the surgeon threads the graft (also called a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029850" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stent</a> graft) into the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022262" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aorta</a> to the aneurysm.</p><p>The graft is then expanded inside the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022262" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aorta</a> and fastened in place to form a stable channel for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow. The graft reinforces the weakened section of the aorta. This helps prevent the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024794" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aneurysm</a> from <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rupturing</a>.</p><div class="graphic left label"><img src="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062939/bin/aneurysm_endovascular.jpg" alt="The illustration shows the placement of a stent graft in an aortic aneurysm. In figure A, a catheter is inserted into an artery in the groin (upper thigh). The catheter is threaded to the abdominal aorta, and the stent graft is released from the catheter. In figure B, the stent graft allows blood to flow through the aneurysm."></div><p>The recovery time for endovascular repair is less than the recovery time for open abdominal or open <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> repair. However, doctors can’t repair all <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024795" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aortic aneurysms</a> with endovascular repair. The location or size of an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024794" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aneurysm</a> may prevent the use of a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029850" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stent</a> graft.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-prevention"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-prevention_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Can an Aneurysm Be Prevented?</h2><p>The best way to prevent an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024795" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aortic aneurysm</a> is to avoid the factors that put you at higher risk for one. You can’t control all aortic aneurysm risk factors, but lifestyle changes can help you lower some risks.</p><p>For example, if you smoke, try to quit. Talk with your doctor about programs and products that can help you quit smoking. Also, try to avoid <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029761" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">secondhand smoke</a>. For more information about how to quit smoking, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">Smoking and Your Heart</a> article.</p><p>Another important lifestyle change is following a healthy diet. A healthy diet includes a variety of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. It also includes lean meats, poultry, fish, beans, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fat</a>-free or low-fat milk or milk products. A healthy diet is low in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018272" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">saturated fat</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022582" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">trans fat</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cholesterol</a>, sodium (salt), and added <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023305" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sugar</a>.</p><p>For more information about following a healthy diet, go to the National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute’s (NHLBI’s) <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/obesity/lose_wt/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Aim for a Healthy Weight</a> Web site, <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/other/your_guide/healthyheart.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri"> "Your Guide to a Healthy Heart,"</a> and <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/hbp/dash/index.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">"Your Guide to Lowering Your Blood Pressure With DASH."</a> All of these resources include general information about healthy eating.</p><p>Be as physically active as you can. Talk with your doctor about the amounts and types of physical activity that are safe for you. For more information about physical activity, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-phys/">Physical Activity and Your Heart</a> article and the NHLBI’s <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/obesity/phy_active.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri"> "Your Guide to Physical Activity and Your Heart."</a> </p><p>Work with your doctor to control medical conditions such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">high blood pressure</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbc/">high blood cholesterol</a>. Follow your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> plans and take all of your medicines as your doctor prescribes.</p><div id="nhlbi-arm-sec2-d10e73"><h3>Screening for Aneurysms</h3><p>Although you may not be able to prevent an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024794" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aneurysm</a>, early diagnosis and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> can help prevent <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rupture</a> and dissection.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024794" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Aneurysms</a> can develop and grow large before causing any signs or symptoms. Thus, people who are at high risk for aneurysms may benefit from early, routine screening.</p><p>Your doctor may recommend routine screening if you’re:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A man between the ages of 65 and 75 who has ever smoked</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A man or woman between the ages of 65 and 75 who has a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family history</a> of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024794" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aneurysms</a></div></li></ul><p>If you’re <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062939/#nhlbisec-atrisk">at risk</a>, but not in one of these high-risk groups, ask your doctor whether screening will benefit you.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-livingwith"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-livingwith_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Living With an Aneurysm</h2><p>If you have an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024795" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aortic aneurysm</a>, following your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> plan and having ongoing medical care are important. Early diagnosis and treatment can help prevent <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rupture</a> and dissection.</p><p>Your doctor may advise you to avoid heavy lifting or physical exertion. If your job requires heavy lifting, you may be advised to change jobs.</p><p>Also, try to avoid emotional crises. Strong emotions can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> to rise, which increases the risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rupture</a> or dissection. Call your doctor if an emotional crisis occurs.</p><p>Your doctor may prescribe medicines to treat your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024794" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aneurysm</a>. Medicines can lower your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a>, relax your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>, and lower the risk that the aneurysm will <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rupture</a> (burst). Take all of your medicines exactly as your doctor prescribes.</p><p>If you have a small <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024794" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aneurysm</a> that isn’t causing pain, you may not need <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>. However, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024794" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aneurysms</a> can develop and grow large before causing any symptoms. Thus, people who are at high risk for aneurysms may benefit from early, routine screening.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-trials"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-trials_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Clinical Trials</h2><p>The National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute (NHLBI) is strongly committed to supporting research aimed at preventing and treating heart, lung, and blood diseases and conditions and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorders</a>.</p><p>NHLBI-supported research has led to many advances in medical knowledge and care. For example, this research has uncovered some of the causes of various diseases and conditions, as well as ways to prevent, diagnose, or treat them.</p><p>The NHLBI continues to support research aimed at learning more about various diseases and conditions, including <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024794" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aneurysms</a>. For example, the NHLBI currently is supporting a study on <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030139" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">exercise therapy</a> and aneurysms. The study’s goal is to find out whether exercise can limit the growth of small abdominal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024795" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aortic aneurysms</a> in older adults.</p><p>Ongoing research often depends on the willingness of volunteers to take part in <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-clinicaltrials/">clinical trials</a>. <a href="/pub |
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Angina |
<div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-angina-sec1-d1e38_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Is Angina?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Angina</a> (an-JI-nuh or AN-juh-nuh) is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain or discomfort that occurs if an area of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a> doesn't get enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Angina</a> may feel like pressure or squeezing in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a>. The pain also can occur in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022435" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">shoulders</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arms</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027054" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neck</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030529" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">jaw</a>, or back. Angina pain may even feel like <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">indigestion</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Angina</a> isn't a disease; it's a symptom of an underlying <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> problem. Angina usually is a symptom of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">coronary heart disease</a> (CHD).</p><p>CHD is the most common type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease in adults. It occurs if a waxy substance called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> (plak) builds up on the inner walls of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a>. These arteries carry <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to your heart.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figd1e60" co-legend-rid="figlgndd1e60"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062934/figure/d1e60/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figd1e60" rid-ob="figobd1e60"><img class="small-thumb" src="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062934/bin/ather_lowres.gif" src-large="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062934/bin/ather_lowres.jpg" alt="Plaque Buildup in an Artery."></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndd1e60"><h4 id="d1e60"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062934/figure/d1e60/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd1e60">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Plaque Buildup in an Artery. Figure A shows a normal artery with normal blood flow. The inset image shows a cross-section of a normal artery. Figure B shows an artery with plaque buildup. The inset image shows a cross-section of an artery with plaque <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062934/figure/d1e60/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd1e60">(more...)</a></p></div></div><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Plaque</a> narrows and stiffens the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a>. This reduces the flow of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a>, causing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain. Plaque buildup also makes it more likely that blood clots will form in your arteries. Blood clots can partially or completely block blood flow, which can cause a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Angina</a> also can be a symptom of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cmd/">coronary microvascular disease</a> (MVD). This is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease that affects the heart’s smallest <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a>. In <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027308" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary MVD</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> doesn't create blockages in the arteries like it does in CHD.</p><p>Studies have shown that <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027308" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary MVD</a> is more likely to affect women than men. Coronary MVD also is called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027308" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiac syndrome X</a> and nonobstructive CHD.</p><div id="nhlbi-angina-sec2-d1e82"><h3>Types of Angina</h3><p>The major types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">angina</a> are stable, unstable, variant (Prinzmetal's), and microvascular. Knowing how the types differ is important. This is because they have different symptoms and require different <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a>.</p><div id="nhlbi-angina-sec3-d1e88"><h4>Stable Angina</h4><p>Stable <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">angina</a> is the most common type of angina. It occurs when the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> is working harder than usual. Stable angina has a regular pattern. (“Pattern” refers to how often the angina occurs, how severe it is, and what factors trigger it.)</p><p>If you have stable <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">angina</a>, you can learn its pattern and predict when the pain will occur. The pain usually goes away a few minutes after you rest or take your angina medicine.</p><p>Stable <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">angina</a> isn't a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>, but it suggests that a heart attack is more likely to happen in the future.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-angina-sec3-d1e101"><h4>Unstable Angina</h4><p>Unstable <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">angina</a> doesn't follow a pattern. It may occur more often and be more severe than stable angina. Unstable angina also can occur with or without physical exertion, and rest or medicine may not relieve the pain.</p><p>Unstable <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">angina</a> is very dangerous and requires emergency <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>. This type of angina is a sign that a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a> may happen soon.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-angina-sec3-d1e110"><h4>Variant (Prinzmetal's) Angina</h4><p>Variant <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">angina</a> is rare. A spasm in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary artery</a> causes this type of angina. Variant angina usually occurs while you're at rest, and the pain can be severe. It usually happens between midnight and early morning. Medicine can relieve this type of angina.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-angina-sec3-d1e116"><h4>Microvascular Angina</h4><p>Microvascular <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">angina</a> can be more severe and last longer than other types of angina. Medicine may not relieve this type of angina.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-angina-sec2-d1e123"><h3>Overview</h3><p>Experts believe that nearly 7 million people in the United States suffer from <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">angina</a>. The condition occurs equally among men and women.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Angina</a> can be a sign of CHD, even if initial tests don't point to the disease. However, not all <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain or discomfort is a sign of CHD.</p><p>Other conditions also can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain, such as:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pe/">Pulmonary embolism</a> (a blockage in a lung <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a>)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A lung <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Aortic dissection (tearing of a major <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a>)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Aortic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028125" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stenosis</a> (narrowing of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>’s <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022267" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aortic valve</a>)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cm/">Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy</a> (KAR-de-o-mi-OP-ah-thee; <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a> disease)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-peri/">Pericarditis</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022625" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inflammation</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissues</a> that surround the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024923" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">panic attack</a></div></li></ul><p>All <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain should be checked by a doctor.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-names"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-names_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Other Names for Angina</h2><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Acute</a> coronary syndrome</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Angina pectoris</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Chest</a> pain</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Coronary artery</a> spasms</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Microvascular <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">angina</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Prinzmetal's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">angina</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Stable or common <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">angina</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Unstable <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">angina</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Variant <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">angina</a></div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes Angina?</h2><div id="nhlbi-angina-sec2-d4e28"><h3>Underlying Causes</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Angina</a> usually is a symptom of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">coronary heart disease</a> (CHD). This means that the underlying causes of angina generally are the same as the underlying causes of CHD.</p><p>Research suggests that CHD starts when certain factors damage the inner layers of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a>. These factors include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">Smoking</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>High amounts of certain <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015646" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fats</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbc/">cholesterol</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">High blood pressure</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>High amounts of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023305" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sugar</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> due to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023068" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">insulin resistance</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a></div></li></ul><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Plaque</a> may begin to build up where the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> are damaged. When plaque builds up in the arteries, the condition is called <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-atherosclerosis/">atherosclerosis</a> (ath-er-o-skler-O-sis).</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Plaque</a> narrows or blocks the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>, reducing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a>. Some plaque is hard and stable and causes the arteries to become narrow and stiff. This can greatly reduce blood flow to the heart and cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">angina</a>.</p><p>Other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> is soft and more likely to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rupture</a> (break open) and cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots. Blood clots can partially or totally block the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a> and cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">angina</a> or a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-angina-sec2-d4e81"><h3>Immediate Causes</h3><p>Many factors can trigger <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">angina</a> pain, depending on the type of angina you have.</p><div id="nhlbi-angina-sec3-d4e87"><h4>Stable Angina</h4><p>Physical exertion is the most common trigger of stable <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">angina</a>. Severely narrowed <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> may allow enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to reach the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> when the demand for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> is low, such as when you're sitting.</p><p>However, with physical exertion—like walking up a hill or climbing stairs—the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> works harder and needs more <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>.</p><p>Other triggers of stable <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">angina</a> include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Emotional <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Exposure to very hot or cold temperatures</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Heavy meals</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Smoking</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-angina-sec3-d4e115"><h4>Unstable Angina</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> clots that partially or totally block an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a> cause unstable <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">angina</a>.</p><p>If <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> in an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ruptures</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots may form. This creates a blockage. A clot may grow large enough to completely block the artery and cause a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>. For more information, go to the animation in <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/#nhlbisec-causes">"What Causes a Heart Attack?"</a> </p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> clots may form, partially dissolve, and later form again. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Angina</a> can occur each time a clot blocks an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-angina-sec3-d4e130"><h4>Variant Angina</h4><p>A spasm in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary artery</a> causes variant <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">angina</a>. The spasm causes the walls of the artery to tighten and narrow. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> flow to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> slows or stops. Variant angina can occur in people who have CHD and in those who don’t.</p><p>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a> can spasm as a result of:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Exposure to cold</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Emotional <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Medicines that tighten or narrow <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Smoking</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0009701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Cocaine</a> use</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-angina-sec3-d4e158"><h4>Microvascular Angina</h4><p>This type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">angina</a> may be a symptom of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cmd/">coronary microvascular disease</a> (MVD). <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027308" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Coronary MVD</a> is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease that affects the heart’s smallest <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a>.</p><p>Reduced <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow in the small <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a> may cause microvascular <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">angina</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Plaque</a> in the arteries, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a> spasms, or damaged or diseased artery walls can reduce blood flow through the small coronary arteries.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-atrisk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-atrisk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is at Risk for Angina?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Angina</a> is a symptom of an underlying <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> problem. It’s usually a symptom of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">coronary heart disease</a> (CHD), but it also can be a symptom of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cmd/">coronary microvascular disease</a> (MVD). So, if you’re at risk for CHD or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027308" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary MVD</a>, you’re also at risk for angina.</p><p>The major risk factors for CHD and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027308" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary MVD</a> include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbc/">Unhealthy cholesterol levels</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">High blood pressure</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">Smoking</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023068" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Insulin resistance</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-obe/">Overweight or obesity</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ms/">Metabolic syndrome</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Lack of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-phys/">physical activity</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Unhealthy diet.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Older age. (The risk increases for men after 45 years of age and for women after 55 years of age.)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Family history</a> of early <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease.</div></li></ul><p>For more detailed information about CHD and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027308" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary MVD</a> risk factors, visit the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">Coronary Heart Disease</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hd/">Coronary Heart Disease Risk Factors</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cmd/">Coronary Microvascular Disease</a> articles.</p><p>People sometimes think that because men have more <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attacks</a> than women, men also suffer from <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">angina</a> more often. In fact, overall, angina occurs equally among men and women.</p><p>Microvascular <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">angina</a>, however, occurs more often in women. About 70 percent of the cases of microvascular angina occur in women around the time of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023140" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">menopause</a>.</p><p>Unstable <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">angina</a> occurs more often in older adults. Variant angina is rare; it accounts for only about 2 out of 100 cases of angina. People who have variant angina often are younger than those who have other forms of angina.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Angina?</h2><p>Pain and discomfort are the main symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">angina</a>. Angina often is described as pressure, squeezing, burning, or tightness in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a>. The pain or discomfort usually starts <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022359" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">behind</a> the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025647" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">breastbone</a>.</p><p>Pain from <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">angina</a> also can occur in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arms</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022435" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">shoulders</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027054" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neck</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030529" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">jaw</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024473" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">throat</a>, or back. The pain may feel like <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">indigestion</a>. Some people say that angina pain is hard to describe or that they can't tell exactly where the pain is coming from.</p><p>Signs and symptoms such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024775" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nausea</a> (feeling sick to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a>), <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fatigue</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tiredness</a>), shortness of breath, sweating, light-headedness, and weakness also may occur.</p><p>Women are more likely to feel discomfort in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027054" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neck</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030529" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">jaw</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024473" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">throat</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022602" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abdomen</a>, or back. Shortness of breath is more common in older people and those who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>. Weakness, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029722" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">dizziness</a>, and confusion can mask the signs and symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">angina</a> in elderly people.</p><p>Symptoms also vary based on the type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">angina</a> you have.</p><p>Because <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">angina</a> has so many possible symptoms and causes, all <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain should be checked by a doctor. Chest pain that lasts longer than a few minutes and isn't relieved by rest or angina medicine may be a sign of a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a>. Call 9–1–1 right away.</p><div id="nhlbi-angina-sec2-d6e53"><h3>Stable Angina</h3><p>The pain or discomfort:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Occurs when the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> must work harder, usually during physical exertion</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Doesn't come as a surprise, and episodes of pain tend to be alike</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Usually lasts a short time (5 minutes or less)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Is relieved by rest or medicine</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>May feel like gas or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">indigestion</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>May feel like <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain that spreads to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arms</a>, back, or other areas</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-angina-sec2-d6e81"><h3>Unstable Angina</h3><p>The pain or discomfort:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Often occurs at rest, while sleeping at night, or with little physical exertion</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Comes as a surprise</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Is more severe and lasts longer than stable <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">angina</a> (as long as 30 minutes)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Usually isn’t relieved by rest or medicine</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>May get worse over time</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>May mean that a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a> will happen soon</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-angina-sec2-d6e110"><h3>Variant Angina</h3><p>The pain or discomfort:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Usually occurs at rest and during the night or early morning hours</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Tends to be severe</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Is relieved by medicine</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-angina-sec2-d6e128"><h3>Microvascular Angina</h3><p>The pain or discomfort:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>May be more severe and last longer than other types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">angina</a> pain</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>May occur with shortness of breath, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> problems, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fatigue</a>, and lack of energy</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Often is first noticed during routine daily activities and times of mental <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a></div></li></ul></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Angina Diagnosed?</h2><p>The most important issues to address when you go to the doctor with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain are:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>What's causing the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Whether you're having or are about to have a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a> </div></li></ul><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Angina</a> is a symptom of an underlying <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> problem, usually <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">coronary heart disease</a> (CHD). The type of angina pain you have can be a sign of how severe the CHD is and whether it's likely to cause a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>.</p><p>If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain, your doctor will want to find out whether it's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">angina</a>. He or she also will want to know whether the angina is stable or unstable. If it's unstable, you may need emergency medical <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> to try to prevent a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>.</p><p>To diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain as stable or unstable <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">angina</a>, your doctor will do a physical exam, ask about your symptoms, and ask about your risk factors for and your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family history</a> of CHD or other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> diseases.</p><p>Your doctor also may ask questions about your symptoms, such as:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>What brings on the pain or discomfort and what relieves it?</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>What does the pain or discomfort feel like (for example, heaviness or tightness)?</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>How often does the pain occur?</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Where do you feel the pain or discomfort?</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>How severe is the pain or discomfort?</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>How long does the pain or discomfort last?</div></li></ul><div id="nhlbi-angina-sec2-d7e80"><h3>Diagnostic Tests and Procedures</h3><p>If your doctor thinks that you have unstable <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">angina</a> or that your angina is related to a serious <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> condition, he or she may recommend one or more tests.</p><div id="nhlbi-angina-sec3-d7e86"><h4>EKG (Electrocardiogram)</h4><p>An <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ekg/">EKG</a> is a simple, painless test that detects and records the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>’s electrical activity. The test shows how fast the heart is beating and its rhythm (steady or irregular). An EKG also records the strength and timing of electrical signals as they pass through the heart.</p><p>An EKG can show signs of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> damage due to CHD and signs of a previous or current <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>. However, some people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">angina</a> have normal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029879" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">EKGs</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-angina-sec3-d7e99"><h4>Stress Testing</h4><p>During <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stress/">stress testing</a>, you <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">exercise</a> to make your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> work hard and beat fast while heart tests are done. If you can’t exercise, you may be given medicine to make your heart work hard and beat fast.</p><p>When your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> is working hard and beating fast, it needs more <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Plaque</a>-narrowed <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> can't supply enough oxygen-rich blood to meet your heart's needs.</p><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029874" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress test</a> can show possible signs and symptoms of CHD, such as:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Abnormal changes in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024325" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart rate</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Shortness of breath or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Abnormal changes in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> rhythm or your heart's electrical activity</div></li></ul><p>As part of some <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029874" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress tests</a>, pictures are taken of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> while you <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">exercise</a> and while you rest. These imaging stress tests can show how well <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> is flowing in various parts of your heart. They also can show how well your heart pumps blood when it beats.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-angina-sec3-d7e130"><h4>Chest X Ray</h4><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cxray/">chest x ray</a> takes pictures of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> and structures inside your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a>, such as your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>.</p><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> x ray can reveal signs of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a>. It also can show signs of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung disorders</a> and other causes of symptoms not related to CHD. However, a chest x ray alone is not enough to diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">angina</a> or CHD.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-angina-sec3-d7e148"><h4>Coronary Angiography and Cardiac Catheterization</h4><p>Your doctor may recommend <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ca/">coronary angiography</a> (an-jee-OG-ra-fee) if he or she suspects you have CHD. This test uses dye and special x rays to show the inside of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a>.</p><p>To get the dye into your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a>, your doctor will use a procedure called <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cath/">cardiac catheterization</a> (KATH-e-ter-ih-ZA-shun).</p><p>A thin, flexible tube called a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022169" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">catheter</a> is put into a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arm</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028097" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">groin</a> (upper thigh), or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027054" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neck</a>. The tube is threaded into your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a>, and the dye is released into your bloodstream.</p><p>Special x rays are taken while the dye is flowing through your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a>. The dye lets your doctor study the flow of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> through your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023205" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Cardiac</a> catheterization usually is done in a hospital. You're awake during the procedure. It usually causes little or no pain, although you may feel some soreness in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a> where your doctor inserts the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022169" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">catheter</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-angina-sec3-d7e173"><h4>Computed Tomography Angiography</h4><p>Computed tomography (to-MOG-rah-fee) angiography (CTA) uses dye and special x rays to show <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow through the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a>. This test is less invasive than coronary angiography with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023205" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiac</a> catheterization.</p><p>For CTA, a needle connected to an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022191" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">intravenous</a> (IV) line is put into a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hand</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arm</a>. Dye is injected through the IV line during the scan. You may have a warm feeling when this happens. The dye highlights your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> on the CT scan pictures.</p><p>Sticky patches called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">electrodes</a> are put on your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a>. The patches are attached to an EKG machine to record your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical activity during the scan.</p><p>The CT scanner is a large machine that has a hollow, circular tube in the middle. You lie on your back on a sliding table. The table slowly slides into the opening of the machine.</p><p>Inside the scanner, an x-ray tube moves around your body to take pictures of different parts of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. A computer puts the pictures together to make a three-dimensional (3D) picture of the whole heart.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-angina-sec3-d7e192"><h4>Blood Tests</h4><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bdt/">Blood tests</a> check the levels of certain <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015646" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fats</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cholesterol</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023305" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sugar</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022051" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">proteins</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. Abnormal levels may show that you have risk factors for CHD.</p><p>Your doctor may recommend a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022070" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood test</a> to check the level of a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> called C-reactive protein (CRP) in your blood. Some studies suggest that high levels of CRP in the blood may increase the risk for CHD and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>.</p><p>Your doctor also may recommend a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022070" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood test</a> to check for low levels of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a> (HEE-muh-glow-bin) in your blood. Hemoglobin is an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>. It helps the blood cells carry <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> to all parts of your body. If your hemoglobin level is low, you may have a condition called <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-anemia/">anemia</a> (uh-NEE-me-uh).</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Angina Treated?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatments</a> for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">angina</a> include lifestyle changes, medicines, medical procedures, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-rehab/">cardiac rehabilitation</a> (rehab), and other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapies</a>. The main goals of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> are to:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Reduce pain and discomfort and how often it occurs</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Prevent or lower your risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a> and death by treating your underlying <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> condition</div></li></ul><p>Lifestyle changes and medicines may be the only <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> needed if your symptoms are mild and aren't getting worse. If lifestyle changes and medicines don't control <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">angina</a>, you may need medical procedures or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029877" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiac rehab</a>.</p><p>Unstable <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">angina</a> is an emergency condition that requires <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> in a hospital.</p><div id="nhlbi-angina-sec2-d8e53"><h3>Lifestyle Changes</h3><p>Making lifestyle changes can help prevent episodes of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">angina</a>. You can:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Slow down or take rest breaks if physical exertion triggers <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">angina</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Avoid large meals and rich foods that leave you feeling stuffed if heavy meals trigger <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">angina</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Try to avoid situations that make you upset or stressed if emotional <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a> triggers <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">angina</a>. Learn ways to handle stress that can't be avoided.</div></li></ul><p>You also can make lifestyle changes that help lower your risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">coronary heart disease</a>. One of the most important changes is to quit smoking. Smoking can damage and tighten <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> and raise your risk for CHD. Talk with your doctor about programs and products that can help you quit. Also, try to avoid <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029761" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">secondhand smoke</a>.</p><p>If you have trouble quitting smoking on your own, consider joining a support group. Many hospitals, workplaces, and community groups offer classes to help people quit smoking.</p><p>For more information about how to quit smoking, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">Smoking and Your Heart</a> article and the National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute’s (NHLBI’s) <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/other/your_guide/healthyheart.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri"> "Your Guide to a Healthy Heart."</a> </p><p>Following a healthy diet is another important lifestyle change. A healthy diet can prevent or reduce <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">high blood pressure</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbc/">high blood cholesterol</a> and help you maintain a healthy weight.</p><p>A healthy diet includes a variety of fruits and vegetables (including beans and peas). It also includes whole grains, lean meats, poultry without <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>, seafood, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fat</a>-free or low-fat milk and dairy products. A healthy diet also is low in sodium (salt), added <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023305" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sugars</a>, solid <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015646" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fats</a>, and refined grains.</p><p>For more information about following a healthy diet, go to the NHLBI’s <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/hbp/dash/index.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">“Your Guide to Lowering Your Blood Pressure With DASH”</a> and the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s ChooseMyPlate.gov Web site. Both resources provide general information about healthy eating.</p><p>Other important lifestyle changes include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Being physically active. Check with your doctor to find out how much and what kinds of activity are safe for you. For more information, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-phys/">Physical Activity and Your Heart</a> article.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Maintaining a healthy weight. If you’re <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-obe/">overweight or obese</a>, work with your doctor to create a reasonable weight-loss plan. Controlling your weight helps you control <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hd/">CHD risk factors</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Taking all medicines as your doctor prescribes, especially if you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-angina-sec2-d8e140"><h3>Medicines</h3><p>Nitrates are the medicines most commonly used to treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">angina</a>. They relax and widen <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>. This allows more blood to flow to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, while reducing the heart’s workload.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0001281" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Nitroglycerin</a> (NI-tro-GLIS-er-in) is the most commonly used nitrate for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">angina</a>. Nitroglycerin that dissolves under your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022322" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tongue</a> or between your cheek and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023265" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gum</a> is used to relieve angina episodes.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0001281" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Nitroglycerin</a> pills and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> patches are used to prevent <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">angina</a> episodes. However, pills and skin patches act too slowly to relieve pain during an angina <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024324" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">attack</a>.</p><p>Other medicines also are used to treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">angina</a>, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">beta blockers</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025449" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">calcium channel blockers</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025472" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ACE inhibitors</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025395" ref="pag |
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Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome |
<div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-aps-sec1-d1e36_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Is Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome?</h2><p>Antiphospholipid (AN-te-fos-fo-<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024368" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">LIP</a>-id) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antibody</a> syndrome (APS) is an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022033" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">autoimmune disorder</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022033" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Autoimmune disorders</a> occur if the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025680" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune system</a> makes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antibodies</a> that <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024324" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">attack</a> and damage <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissues</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a>. </p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Antibodies</a> are a type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a>. They usually help defend the body against infections. In APS, however, the body makes antibodies that mistakenly <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024324" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">attack</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022036" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">phospholipids</a>—a type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fat</a>. </p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022036" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Phospholipids</a> are found in all living <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cell</a> membranes, including <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> cells and the lining of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>.</p><p>When <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antibodies</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024324" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">attack</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022036" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">phospholipids</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> are damaged. This damage causes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots to form in the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a>. (These are the vessels that carry blood to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and body.)</p><p>Usually, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030009" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood clotting</a> is a normal bodily process. Blood clots help seal small cuts or breaks on <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a> walls. This prevents you from losing too much blood. In APS, however, too much blood clotting can block blood flow and damage the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a>.</p><div id="nhlbi-aps-sec2-d1e55"><h3>Overview</h3><p>Some people have APS <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antibodies</a>, but don't ever have signs or symptoms of the disorder. Having APS antibodies doesn't mean that you have APS. To be diagnosed with APS, you must have APS antibodies and a history of health problems related to the disorder.</p><p>APS can lead to many health problems, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stroke/">stroke</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidney</a> damage, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-dvt/">deep vein thrombosis</a> (throm-BO-sis), and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pe/">pulmonary embolism</a> (PULL-mun-ary EM-bo-lizm).</p><p>APS also can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a>-related problems, such as multiple <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030691" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">miscarriages</a>, a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030691" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">miscarriage</a> late in pregnancy, or a premature birth due to eclampsia (ek-LAMP-se-ah). (Eclampsia, which follows preeclampsia, is a serious condition that causes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">seizures</a> in pregnant women.)</p><p>Very rarely, some people who have APS develop many <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots within weeks or months. This condition is called catastrophic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015640" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antiphospholipid syndrome</a> (CAPS).</p><p>People who have APS also are at higher risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-thcp/">thrombocytopenia</a> (THROM-bo-si-to-PE-ne-ah). This is a condition in which your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> has a lower than normal number of blood <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cell</a> fragments called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a> (PLATE-lets). <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Antibodies</a> destroy the platelets, or they’re used up during the clotting process. Mild to serious <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> can occur with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023083" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thrombocytopenia</a>.</p><p>APS can be fatal. Death may occur as a result of large <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots or blood clots in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-aps-sec2-d1e98"><h3>Outlook</h3><p>APS can affect people of any age. However, it's more common in women and people who have other autoimmune or rheumatic (ru-MAT-ik) disorders, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024510" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lupus</a>. ("Rheumatic" refers to disorders that affect the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022450" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">joints</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022807" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bones</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscles</a>.)</p><p>APS has no cure, but medicines can help prevent its complications. Medicines are used to stop <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots from forming. They also are used to keep existing clots from getting larger. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatment</a> for APS is long term.</p><p>If you have APS and another <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022033" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">autoimmune disorder</a>, it's important to control that condition as well. When the other condition is controlled, APS may cause fewer problems.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-names"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-names_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Other Names for Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome</h2><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015640" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Anticardiolipin antibody syndrome</a>, or aCL syndrome</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015640" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Antiphospholipid syndrome</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>aPL syndrome</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015640" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Hughes syndrome</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015640" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Lupus anticoagulant syndrome</a></div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015640" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome</a> (APS) occurs if the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025680" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune system</a> makes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antibodies</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022051" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">proteins</a>) that <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024324" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">attack</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022036" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">phospholipids</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022036" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Phospholipids</a> are a type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fat</a> found in all living <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cell</a> membranes, including <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> cells and the lining of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>. Researchers don’t know what causes the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025680" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune system</a> to make <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antibodies</a> against phospholipids.</p><p>APS causes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots to form in the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a>. Usually, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030009" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood clotting</a> is a normal bodily process. It helps seal small cuts or breaks on <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a> walls. Clotting prevents you from losing too much blood. In APS, however, too much clotting can block blood flow and damage the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a>.</p><p>Researchers don't know why APS <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antibodies</a> cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots to form. Some believe that the antibodies damage or affect the inner lining of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>, which causes clotting. Others believe that the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025680" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune system</a> makes antibodies in response to blood clots damaging the blood vessels.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-atrisk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-atrisk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is at Risk for Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015640" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome</a> (APS) can affect people of any age. The disorder is more common in women than men, but it affects both sexes.</p><p>APS also is more common in people who have other autoimmune or rheumatic disorders, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024510" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lupus</a>. ("Rheumatic" refers to disorders that affect the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022450" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">joints</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022807" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bones</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscles</a>.)</p><p>About 10 percent of all people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024510" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lupus</a> also have APS. About half of all people who have APS also have another autoimmune or rheumatic disorder.</p><p>Some people have APS <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antibodies</a>, but don't ever have signs or symptoms of the disorder. Having APS antibodies doesn't mean that you have APS. To be diagnosed with APS, you must have APS antibodies and a history of health problems related to the disorder.</p><p>However, people who have APS <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antibodies</a> without signs or symptoms are at risk of developing APS. Health problems, other than <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022033" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">autoimmune disorders</a>, that can trigger <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Smoking</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Prolonged bed rest</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pregnancy</a> and the postpartum period</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Birth control pills and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hormone</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Cancer</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028181" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidney disease</a></div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome?</h2><p>The signs and symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015640" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antiphospholipid antibody syndrome</a> (APS) are related to abnormal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030009" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood clotting</a>. The outcome of a blood clot depends on its size and location.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> clots can form in, or travel to, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidneys</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">limbs</a>. Clots can reduce or block blood flow, damaging the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> and possibly causing death.</p><div id="nhlbi-aps-sec2-d6e34"><h3>Major Signs and Symptoms</h3><p>Major signs and symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Chest</a> pain and shortness of breath</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Pain, redness, warmth, and swelling in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">limbs</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Ongoing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">headaches</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Speech changes</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Upper body discomfort in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arms</a>, back, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027054" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neck</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030529" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">jaw</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024775" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Nausea</a> (feeling sick to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a>)</div></li></ul><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> clots can lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stroke/">stroke</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidney</a> damage, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-dvt/">deep vein thrombosis</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pe/">pulmonary embolism</a>.</p><p>Pregnant women who have APS are at higher risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030691" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">miscarriages</a>, stillbirths, and other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a>-related problems, such as preeclampsia.</p><p>Preeclampsia is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood pressure</a> that occurs during <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a>. This condition may progress to eclampsia. Eclampsia is a serious condition that causes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">seizures</a> in pregnant women.</p><p>Some people who have APS may develop <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-thcp/">thrombocytopenia</a>. This is a condition in which your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> has a lower than normal number of blood <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cell</a> fragments called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a>.</p><p>Mild to serious <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> causes the major <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-thcp/#nhlbisec-signs">signs and symptoms</a> of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023083" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thrombocytopenia</a>. Bleeding can occur inside the body (internal bleeding) or underneath the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> or from the surface of the skin (external bleeding).</p></div><div id="nhlbi-aps-sec2-d6e100"><h3>Other Signs and Symptoms</h3><p>Other signs and symptoms of APS include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> (ongoing) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">headaches</a>, memory loss, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valve</a> problems. Some people who have APS also get a lacy-looking red <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024692" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rash</a> on their <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023104" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">wrists</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">knees</a>.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome Diagnosed?</h2><p>Your doctor will diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015640" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antiphospholipid antibody syndrome</a> (APS) based on your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029840" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">medical history</a> and the results from <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022070" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood tests</a>.</p><div id="nhlbi-aps-sec2-d7e31"><h3>Specialists Involved</h3><p>A hematologist often is involved in the care of people who have APS. This is a doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> diseases and disorders.</p><p>You may have APS and another <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022033" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">autoimmune disorder</a>, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024510" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lupus</a>. If so, a doctor who specializes in that disorder also may provide <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>.</p><p>Many <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022033" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">autoimmune disorders</a> that occur with APS also affect the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022450" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">joints</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022807" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bones</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscles</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024683" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Rheumatologists</a> specialize in treating these types of disorders.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-aps-sec2-d7e47"><h3>Medical History</h3><p>Some people have APS <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antibodies</a> but no signs or symptoms of the disorder. Having APS antibodies doesn't mean that you have APS. To be diagnosed with APS, you must have APS antibodies and a history of health problems related to the disorder.</p><p>APS can lead to many health problems, including <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stroke/">stroke</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidney</a> damage, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-dvt/">deep vein thrombosis</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pe/">pulmonary embolism</a>.</p><p>APS also can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a>-related problems, such as multiple <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030691" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">miscarriages</a>, a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030691" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">miscarriage</a> late in pregnancy, or a premature birth due to eclampsia. (Eclampsia, which follows preeclampsia, is a serious condition that causes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">seizures</a> in pregnant women.)</p></div><div id="nhlbi-aps-sec2-d7e77"><h3>Blood Tests</h3><p>Your doctor can use <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022070" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood tests</a> to confirm a diagnosis of APS. These tests check your blood for any of the three APS <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antibodies</a>: anticardiolipin, beta-2 <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023304" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">glycoprotein</a> I (β2GPI), and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022036" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lupus anticoagulant</a>.</p><p>The term "anticoagulant" (AN-te-ko-AG-u-lant) refers to a substance that prevents <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030009" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood clotting</a>. It may seem odd that one of the APS <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antibodies</a> is called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022036" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lupus anticoagulant</a>. The reason for this is because the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antibody</a> slows clotting in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029891" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lab tests</a>. However, in the human body, it increases the risk of blood clotting.</p><p>To test for APS <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antibodies</a>, a small <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> sample is taken. It's often drawn from a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arm</a> using a needle. The procedure usually is quick and easy, but it may cause some short-term discomfort and a slight bruise.</p><p>You may need a second <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022070" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood test</a> to confirm positive results. This is because a single positive test can result from a short-term <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>. The second blood test often is done 12 weeks or more after the first one.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome Treated?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015640" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome</a> (APS) has no cure. However, medicines can help prevent complications. The goals of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> are to prevent <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots from forming and keep existing clots from getting larger.</p><p>You may have APS and another <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022033" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">autoimmune disorder</a>, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024510" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lupus</a>. If so, it's important to control that condition as well. When the other condition is controlled, APS may cause fewer problems.</p><p>Research is ongoing for new ways to treat APS.</p><div id="nhlbi-aps-sec2-d8e40"><h3>Medicines</h3><p>Anticoagulants, or "<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> thinners," are used to stop blood clots from forming. They also may keep existing blood clots from getting larger. These medicines are taken as either a pill, an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022222" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">injection</a> under the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>, or through a needle or tube inserted into a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a> (called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022191" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">intravenous</a>, or IV, injection).</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0012678" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Warfarin</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0010545" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heparin</a> are two <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> thinners used to treat APS. Warfarin is given in pill form. (Coumadin® is a common brand name for warfarin.) Heparin is given as an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022222" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">injection</a> or through an IV tube. There are different types of heparin. Your doctor will discuss the options with you.</p><p>Your doctor may treat you with both <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0010545" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heparin</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0012678" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">warfarin</a> at the same time. Heparin acts quickly. Warfarin takes 2 to 3 days before it starts to work. Once the warfarin starts to work, the heparin is stopped.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000168" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Aspirin</a> also thins the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> and helps prevent blood clots. Sometimes aspirin is used with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0012678" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">warfarin</a>. Other times, aspirin might be used alone.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> thinners don't prevent APS. They simply reduce the risk of further <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030009" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood clotting</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatment</a> with these medicines is long term. Discuss all treatment options with your doctor.</p><div id="nhlbi-aps-sec3-d8e62"><h4>Side Effects</h4><p>The most common side effect of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> thinners is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>. This happens if the medicine thins your blood too much. This side effect can be life threatening.</p><p>Sometimes the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> is internal (inside your body). People treated with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> thinners usually need regular <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022070" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood tests</a>, called PT and PTT tests, to check how well their blood is clotting.</p><p>These tests also show whether you're taking the right amount of medicine. Your doctor will check to make sure that you're taking enough medicine to prevent clots, but not so much that it causes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>.</p><p>Talk with your doctor about the warning signs of internal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> and when to seek emergency care. (For more information, go to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062937/#nhlbisec-livingwith">"Living With Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome."</a>)</p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-aps-sec2-d8e81"><h3>Treatment During Pregnancy</h3><p>Pregnant women who have APS can have successful <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancies</a>. With proper <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>, these women are more likely to carry their babies to term.</p><p>Pregnant women who have APS usually are treated with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0010545" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heparin</a> or heparin and low-dose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000168" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aspirin</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0012678" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Warfarin</a> is not used as a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> during <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a> because it can harm the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028116" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fetus</a>.</p><p>Babies whose mothers have APS are at higher risk for slowed growth while in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022603" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">womb</a>. If you're pregnant and have APS, you may need to have extra ultrasound tests (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029832" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sonograms</a>) to check your baby’s growth. An ultrasound test uses sound waves to look at the growing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028116" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fetus</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-aps-sec2-d8e94"><h3>Treatment for Other Medical Conditions</h3><p>People who have APS are at increased risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023083" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thrombocytopenia</a>. This is a condition in which your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> has a lower than normal number of blood <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cell</a> fragments called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a>. Platelets help the blood clot.</p><p>If you have APS, you'll need regular <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/bdt/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">complete blood counts</a> (a type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022070" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood test</a>) to count the number of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a> in your blood.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023083" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Thrombocytopenia</a> is treated with medicines and medical procedures. For more information, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-thcp/">Thrombocytopenia</a> article.</p><p>If you have other health problems, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>, work with your doctor to manage them.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-livingwith"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-livingwith_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Living With Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015640" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome</a> (APS) has no cure. However, you can take steps to control the disorder and prevent complications.</p><p>Take all medicines as your doctor prescribes and get ongoing medical care. Talk with your doctor about healthy lifestyle changes and any concerns you have.</p><div id="nhlbi-aps-sec2-d9e34"><h3>Medicines</h3><p>You may need to take anticoagulants, or "<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> thinners," to prevent blood clots or to keep them from getting larger. You should take these medicines exactly as your doctor prescribes.</p><p>Tell your doctor about all other medicines you're taking, including over-the-counter or herbal medicines. Some medicines, including over-the-counter <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000915" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ibuprofen</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000168" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aspirin</a>, can thin your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. Your doctor may not want you to take two medicines that thin your blood because of the risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>.</p><p>Women who have APS shouldn't use birth control or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hormone</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a> that contains <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023144" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">estrogen</a>. Estrogen increases the risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots. Talk with your doctor about other options.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-aps-sec2-d9e47"><h3>Ongoing Medical Care</h3><p>If you have APS, getting regular medical checkups is important. Have <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bdt/">blood tests</a> done as your doctor directs. These tests help track how well your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> is clotting.</p><p>The medicines used to treat APS increase the risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>. Bleeding might occur inside your body (internal bleeding) or underneath the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> or from the surface of the skin (external bleeding). Know the warning signs of bleeding, so you can get help right away. They include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Unexplained <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023265" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gums</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025667" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nose</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Increased menstrual flow</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Bright red <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024776" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vomit</a> or vomit that looks like coffee grounds</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Bright red <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> in your stools or black, tarry stools</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Pain in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022602" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abdomen</a> or severe pain in your head</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Sudden changes in vision</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Sudden loss of movement in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">limbs</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Memory loss or confusion</div></li></ul><p>A lot of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> after a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029705" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fall</a> or injury or easy bruising or bleeding also might mean that your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> is too thin. Ask your doctor about these warning signs and when to seek emergency care.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-aps-sec2-d9e91"><h3>Lifestyle Changes</h3><p>Talk with your doctor about lifestyle changes that can help you stay healthy. Ask him or her whether your diet may affect your medicines. Some foods or drinks may increase or decrease the effects of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0012678" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">warfarin</a>.</p><p>Ask your doctor what amount of alcohol is safe for you to drink if you're taking medicine. If you smoke, talk with your doctor about programs and products that can help you quit. Smoking can damage your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> and raise your risk for many health problems.</p><p>APS medicines might increase your risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>. Thus, your doctor may advise you to avoid activities that have a high risk of injury, such as some contact sports.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-aps-sec2-d9e103"><h3>Other Concerns</h3><div id="nhlbi-aps-sec3-d9e107"><h4>Pregnancy</h4><p>APS can raise the risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a>-related problems. Talk with your doctor about how to manage your APS if you're pregnant or planning a pregnancy.</p><p>With proper <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>, women who have APS are more likely to carry babies to term than women whose APS isn't treated.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-aps-sec3-d9e116"><h4>Surgery</h4><p>If you need <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>, your doctor may adjust your medicines before, during, and after the surgery to prevent dangerous <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-trials"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-trials_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Clinical Trials</h2><p>The National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute (NHLBI) is strongly committed to supporting research aimed at preventing and treating heart, lung, and blood diseases and conditions and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorders</a>.</p><p>NHLBI-supported research has led to many advances in medical knowledge and care. Often, these advances depend on the willingness of volunteers to take part in <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-clinicaltrials/">clinical trials</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Clinical trials</a> test new ways to prevent, diagnose, or treat various diseases and conditions. For example, new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for a disease or condition (such as medicines, medical devices, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgeries</a>, or procedures) are tested in volunteers who have the illness. Testing shows whether a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> is safe and effective in humans before it is made available for widespread use.</p><p>By taking part in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, you may gain access to new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> before they're widely available. You also will have the support of a team of health care providers, who will likely monitor your health closely. Even if you don't directly benefit from the results of a clinical trial, the information gathered can help others and add to scientific knowledge.</p><p>If you volunteer for a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, the research will be explained to you in detail. You'll learn about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> and tests you may receive, and the benefits and risks they may pose. You'll also be given a chance to ask questions about the research. This process is called informed consent.</p><p>If you agree to take part in the trial, you'll be asked to sign an informed consent form. This form is not a contract. You have the right to withdraw from a study at any time, for any reason. Also, you have the right to learn about new risks or findings that emerge during the trial.</p><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> related to APS, talk with your doctor. You also can visit the following Web sites to learn more about clinical research and to search for clinical trials:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>http://clinicalresearch.nih.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.clinicaltrials.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.researchmatch.org</div></li></ul><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> for children, visit the NHLBI's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/childrenandclinicalstudies/index.php" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Children and Clinical Studies</a> Web page.</p></div><div style="display: none; width: 200px; top: -100px; left: -100px;" aria-live="assertive" aria-hidden="true" class="ui-helper-reset ui-ncbipopper-wrapper ui-ncbilinksmenu"><ul id="ui-ncbiinpagenav-6"><li><a href="#_nhlbi-aps-sec1-d1e36_">What Is Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-names_">Other Names for Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-causes_">What Causes Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-atrisk_">Who Is at Risk for Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-signs_">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-diagnosis_">How Is Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome Diagnosed?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-treatment_">How Is Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome Treated?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-livingwith_">Living With Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-trials_">Clinical Trials</a></li></ul></div></div></div> |
June 11, 2014. |
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2018-02-02 04:25:06 |
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2018-02-02 05:04:28 |
Aplastic Anemia |
<div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-aplastic-sec1-d1e35_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Is Aplastic Anemia?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022029" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Aplastic anemia</a> (a-PLAS-tik uh-NEE-me-uh) is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> disorder in which the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> doesn't make enough new blood <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a>. Bone marrow is a sponge-like <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> inside the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022807" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bones</a>. It makes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022023" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stem cells</a> that develop into <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022046" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">white blood cells</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a> (PLATE-lets).</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Red blood cells</a> carry <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> to all parts of your body. They also carry <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022309" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carbon dioxide</a> (a waste product) to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> to be exhaled. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022046" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">White blood cells</a> help your body fight infections. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Platelets</a> are blood <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cell</a> fragments that stick together to seal small cuts or breaks on <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a> walls and stop <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>.</p><p>It's normal for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> to die. The lifespan of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> is about 120 days. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022046" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">White blood cells</a> live less than a day. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Platelets</a> live about 6 days. As a result, your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> must constantly make new blood cells.</p><p>If your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> can't make enough new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a>, many health problems can occur. These problems include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">irregular heartbeats</a> called <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-arr/">arrhythmias</a> (ah-RITH-me-ahs), an enlarged <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a>, infections, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>. Severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022029" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aplastic anemia</a> can even cause death.</p><div id="nhlbi-aplastic-sec2-d1e57"><h3>Overview</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022029" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Aplastic anemia</a> is a type of <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/anemia/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">anemia</a>. The term "anemia" usually refers to a condition in which your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> has a lower than normal number of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>. Anemia also can occur if your red blood cells don't contain enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a> (HEE-muh-glow-bin). This <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> helps carry <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> to your body.</p><p>In people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022029" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aplastic anemia</a>, the body doesn't make enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022046" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">white blood cells</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a>. This is because the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a>'s <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022023" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stem cells</a> are damaged. (Aplastic anemia also is called bone marrow failure.)</p><p>Many diseases, conditions, and factors can damage the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022023" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stem cells</a>. These conditions can be acquired or inherited. "Acquired" means you aren't born with the condition, but you develop it. "Inherited" means your parents passed the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a> for the condition to you.</p><p>In many people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022029" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aplastic anemia</a>, the cause is unknown.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-aplastic-sec2-d1e75"><h3>Outlook</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022029" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Aplastic anemia</a> is a rare but serious disorder. It can develop suddenly or slowly. The disorder tends to get worse over time, unless its cause is found and treated. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatments</a> for aplastic anemia include <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bt/">blood transfusions</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bmsct/">blood and marrow stem cell transplants</a>, and medicines.</p><p>With prompt and proper care, many people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022029" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aplastic anemia</a> can be successfully treated. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> and marrow <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022023" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stem cell</a> transplants may offer a cure for some people who have aplastic anemia.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes Aplastic Anemia?</h2><p>Damage to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a>'s <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022023" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stem cells</a> causes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022029" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aplastic anemia</a>. When stem cells are damaged, they don't grow into healthy <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> cells.</p><p>The cause of the damage can be acquired or inherited. "Acquired" means you aren't born with the condition, but you develop it. "Inherited" means your parents passed the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a> for the condition to you.</p><p>Acquired <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022029" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aplastic anemia</a> is more common, and sometimes it's only temporary. Inherited aplastic anemia is rare.</p><p>In many people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022029" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aplastic anemia</a>, the cause is unknown. Some research suggests that <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022023" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stem cell</a> damage may occur because the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025680" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune system</a> attacks its own <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> by mistake.</p><div id="nhlbi-aplastic-sec2-d3e41"><h3>Acquired Causes</h3><p>Many diseases, conditions, and factors can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022029" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aplastic anemia</a>, including:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030685" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Toxins</a>, such as pesticides, arsenic, and benzene.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Radiation and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024232" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chemotherapy</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancer</a>).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Medicines, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000378" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chloramphenicol</a> (an antibiotic rarely used in the United States).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023003" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Infectious diseases</a>, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027053" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hepatitis</a>, Epstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus (si-to-MEG-ah-lo-VI-rus), parvovirus B19, and HIV.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022033" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Autoimmune disorders</a>, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024510" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lupus</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024678" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rheumatoid arthritis</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pregnancy</a>. (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022029" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Aplastic anemia</a> that occurs during pregnancy often goes away after delivery.)</div></li></ul><p>Sometimes, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancer</a> from another part of the body can spread to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022807" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone</a> and cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022029" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aplastic anemia</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-aplastic-sec2-d3e72"><h3>Inherited Causes</h3><p>Certain inherited conditions can damage the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022023" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stem cells</a> and lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022029" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aplastic anemia</a>. Examples include <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-fanconi/">Fanconi anemia</a>, Shwachman-Diamond syndrome, dyskeratosis (DIS-ker-ah-TO-sis) congenita, and Diamond-Blackfan anemia.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-atrisk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-atrisk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is at Risk for Aplastic Anemia?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022029" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Aplastic anemia</a> is a rare but serious <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> disorder. People of all ages can develop aplastic anemia. However, it's most common in adolescents, young adults, and the elderly. Men and women are equally likely to have aplastic anemia.</p><p>The disorder is two to three times more common in Asian countries.</p><p>Your risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022029" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aplastic anemia</a> is higher if you:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Have been exposed to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030685" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">toxins</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Have taken certain medicines or had radiation or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024232" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chemotherapy</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancer</a>)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Have certain <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023003" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infectious diseases</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022033" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">autoimmune disorders</a>, or inherited conditions</div></li></ul><p>For more information, go to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062936/#nhlbisec-causes">"What Causes Aplastic Anemia?"</a> </p></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Aplastic Anemia?</h2><p>Lower than normal numbers of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022046" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">white blood cells</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a> cause most of the signs and symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022029" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aplastic anemia</a>.</p><div id="nhlbi-aplastic-sec2-d5e31"><h3>Signs and Symptoms of Low Blood Cell Counts</h3><div id="nhlbi-aplastic-sec3-d5e34"><h4>Red Blood Cells</h4><p>The most common symptom of a low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cell</a> count is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fatigue</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tiredness</a>). A lack of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a> in the blood causes fatigue. Hemoglobin is an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>. It helps carry <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> to the body.</p><p>A low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cell</a> count also can cause shortness of breath; <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029722" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">dizziness</a>, especially when standing up; <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">headaches</a>; coldness in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hands</a> or feet; pale <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>; and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain.</p><p>If you don't have enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a>-carrying <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>, your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> has to work harder to move the reduced amount of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> in your blood. This can lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-arr/">arrhythmias</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">irregular heartbeats</a>), a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartmurmur/">heart murmur</a>, an enlarged heart, or even <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-aplastic-sec3-d5e56"><h4>White Blood Cells</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022046" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">White blood cells</a> help fight infections. Signs and symptoms of a low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022046" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">white blood cell</a> count include fevers, frequent infections that can be severe, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025769" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">flu</a>-like illnesses that linger.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-aplastic-sec3-d5e62"><h4>Platelets</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Platelets</a> stick together to seal small cuts or breaks on <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a> walls and stop <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>. People who have low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> counts tend to bruise and bleed easily, and the bleeding may be hard to stop.</p><p>Common types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> associated with a low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> count include nosebleeds, bleeding <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023265" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gums</a>, pinpoint red spots on the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022950" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stool</a>. Women also may have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024649" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heavy menstrual bleeding</a>.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-aplastic-sec2-d5e72"><h3>Other Signs and Symptoms</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022029" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Aplastic anemia</a> can cause signs and symptoms that aren't directly related to low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood cell counts</a>. Examples include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024775" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nausea</a> (feeling sick to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a>) and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024692" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rashes</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-aplastic-sec2-d5e78"><h3>Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria</h3><p>Some people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022029" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aplastic anemia</a> have a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cell</a> disorder called paroxysmal (par-ok-SIZ-mal) nocturnal hemoglobinuria (HE-mo-glo-bi-NOO-re-ah), or PNH. Most people who have PNH don't have any signs or symptoms.</p><p>If symptoms do occur, they may include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Shortness of breath</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Swelling or pain in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022602" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abdomen</a> or swelling in the legs caused by <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022162" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">urine</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Headaches</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022140" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Jaundice</a> (a yellowish color of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> or whites of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eyes</a>)</div></li></ul><p>In people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022029" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aplastic anemia</a> and PNH, either condition can develop first.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Aplastic Anemia Diagnosed?</h2><p>Your doctor will diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022029" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aplastic anemia</a> based on your medical and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family histories</a>, a physical exam, and test results.</p><p>Once your doctor knows the cause and severity of the condition, he or she can create a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> plan for you.</p><div id="nhlbi-aplastic-sec2-d6e34"><h3>Specialists Involved</h3><p>If your primary care doctor thinks you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022029" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aplastic anemia</a>, he or she may refer you to a hematologist. A hematologist is a doctor who specializes in treating <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> diseases and disorders.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-aplastic-sec2-d6e41"><h3>Medical and Family Histories</h3><p>Your doctor may ask questions about your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029840" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">medical history</a>, such as whether:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>You've had <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-anemia/">anemia</a> or a condition that can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>You have shortness of breath, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029722" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">dizziness</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">headaches</a>, or other signs and symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>You've been exposed to certain <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030685" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">toxins</a> or medicines</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>You've had radiation or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024232" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chemotherapy</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancer</a>)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>You've had infections or signs of infections, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fever</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>You bruise or bleed easily</div></li></ul><p>Your doctor also may ask whether any of your family members have had <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a> or other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> disorders.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-aplastic-sec2-d6e75"><h3>Physical Exam</h3><p>Your doctor will do a physical exam to check for signs of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022029" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aplastic anemia</a>. He or she will try to find out how severe the disorder is and what's causing it.</p><p>The exam may include checking for pale or yellowish <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> and signs of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>. Your doctor may listen to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> for abnormal heartbeats and breathing sounds. He or she also may feel your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022602" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abdomen</a> to check the size of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver</a> and feel your legs for swelling.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-aplastic-sec2-d6e85"><h3>Diagnostic Tests</h3><p>Many tests are used to diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022029" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aplastic anemia</a>. These tests help:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Confirm a diagnosis of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022029" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aplastic anemia</a>, look for its cause, and find out how severe it is</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Rule out other conditions that may cause similar symptoms</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Check for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022336" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria</a> (PNH)</div></li></ul><div id="nhlbi-aplastic-sec3-d6e103"><h4>Complete Blood Count</h4><p>Often, the first test used to diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022029" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aplastic anemia</a> is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bdt/#nhlbisec-types">complete blood count</a> (CBC). The CBC measures many parts of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>.</p><p>This test checks your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021986" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hematocrit</a> (hee-MAT-oh-crit) levels. Hemoglobin is an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>. It carries <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> to the body. Hematocrit is a measure of how much space red blood cells take up in your blood. A low level of hemoglobin or hematocrit is a sign of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>.</p><p>The normal range of these levels varies in certain racial and ethnic populations. Your doctor can explain your test results to you.</p><p>The CBC also checks the number of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022046" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">white blood cells</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a> in your blood. Abnormal results may be a sign of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022029" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aplastic anemia</a>, an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>, or another condition.</p><p>Finally, the CBC looks at mean corpuscular (kor-<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024835" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">PUS</a>-kyu-lar) volume (MCV). MCV is a measure of the average size of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>. The results may be a clue as to the cause of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-aplastic-sec3-d6e125"><h4>Reticulocyte Count</h4><p>A reticulocyte (re-TIK-u-lo-site) count measures the number of young <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> in your blood. The test shows whether your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> is making red blood cells at the correct rate. People who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022029" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aplastic anemia</a> have low reticulocyte levels.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-aplastic-sec3-d6e132"><h4>Bone Marrow Tests</h4><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bmt/">Bone marrow tests</a> show whether your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> is healthy and making enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a>. The two bone marrow tests are <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030172" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aspiration</a> (as-pih-RA-shun) and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022958" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">biopsy</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Bone marrow</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030172" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aspiration</a> might be done to find out if and why your bone marrow isn't making enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a>. For this test, your doctor removes a small amount of bone marrow fluid through a needle. The sample is looked at under a microscope to check for faulty cells.</p><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030171" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow biopsy</a> might be done at the same time as an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030172" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aspiration</a> or afterward. For this test, your doctor removes a small amount of bone marrow <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> through a needle.</p><p>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> is checked for the number and types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a>. In <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022029" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aplastic anemia</a>, the bone marrow has a lower than normal number of all three types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> cells.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-aplastic-sec3-d6e149"><h4>Other Tests</h4><p>Other conditions can cause symptoms similar to those of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022029" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aplastic anemia</a>. Thus, other tests might be needed to rule out those conditions. These tests may include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>X ray, computed tomography (CT) scan, or an ultrasound <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022767" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">imaging test</a>. These tests can show enlarged <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022179" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymph nodes</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022602" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abdomen</a>. Enlarged lymph nodes may be a sign of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancer</a>. Doctors also may use these tests to look at the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidneys</a> and the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022807" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bones</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arms</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hands</a>, which are sometimes abnormal in young people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-fanconi/">Fanconi anemia</a>. This type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a> can lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022029" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aplastic anemia</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cxray/">Chest x ray</a>. This test creates pictures of the structures inside your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a>, such as your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>. A chest x ray may be used to rule out infections.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Liver</a> tests and viral studies. These tests are used to check for liver diseases and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022086" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">viruses</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Tests that check <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0012653" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin B12</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022009" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">folate</a> levels in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. These tests can help rule out <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a> caused by vitamin deficiency.</div></li></ul><p>Your doctor also may recommend <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022070" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood tests</a> for PNH and to check your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025680" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune system</a> for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022051" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">proteins</a> called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antibodies</a>. (Antibodies in the immune system that <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024324" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">attack</a> your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> may cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022029" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aplastic anemia</a>.)</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Aplastic Anemia Treated?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatments</a> for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022029" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aplastic anemia</a> include <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bt/">blood transfusions</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bmsct/">blood and marrow stem cell transplants</a>, and medicines. These treatments can prevent or limit complications, relieve symptoms, and improve quality of life.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> and marrow <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022023" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stem cell</a> transplants may cure the disorder in some people who are eligible for a transplant. Removing a known cause of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022029" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aplastic anemia</a>, such as exposure to a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030685" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">toxin</a>, also may cure the condition.</p><div id="nhlbi-aplastic-sec2-d7e40"><h3>Who Needs Treatment</h3><p>People who have mild or moderate <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022029" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aplastic anemia</a> may not need <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> as long as the condition doesn't get worse. People who have severe aplastic anemia need medical treatment right away to prevent complications.</p><p>People who have very severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022029" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aplastic anemia</a> need emergency medical care in a hospital. Very severe aplastic anemia can be fatal if it's not treated right away.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-aplastic-sec2-d7e50"><h3>Blood Transfusions</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029754" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood transfusions</a> can help keep <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood cell counts</a> at acceptable levels. A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029754" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood transfusion</a> is a common procedure in which blood is given to you through an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022191" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">intravenous</a> (IV) line in one of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029754" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Transfusions</a> require careful matching of donated <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> with the recipient's blood.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029754" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood transfusions</a> help relieve the symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022029" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aplastic anemia</a>, but they're not a permanent <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-aplastic-sec2-d7e62"><h3>Blood and Marrow Stem Cell Transplants</h3><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> and marrow <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022023" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stem cell</a> transplant replaces damaged <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022023" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stem cells</a> with healthy ones from another person (a donor).</p><p>During the transplant, which is like a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029754" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood transfusion</a>, you get donated <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022023" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stem cells</a> through a tube placed in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a>. Once the stem cells are in your body, they travel to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> and begin making new blood cells.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> and marrow <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022023" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stem cell</a> transplants may cure <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022029" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aplastic anemia</a> in people who can have this type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>. The transplant works best in children and young adults with severe aplastic anemia who are in good health and who have matched donors.</p><p>Older people may be less able to handle the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> needed to prepare the body for the transplant. They're also more likely to have complications after the transplant.</p><p>If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022029" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aplastic anemia</a>, talk with your doctor about whether a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> and marrow <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022023" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stem cell</a> transplant is an option for you.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-aplastic-sec2-d7e81"><h3>Medicines</h3><p>If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022029" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aplastic anemia</a>, your doctor may prescribe medicines to:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Stimulate your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Suppress your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025680" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune system</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Prevent and treat infections</div></li></ul><div id="nhlbi-aplastic-sec3-d7e100"><h4>Medicines To Stimulate Bone Marrow</h4><p>Man-made versions of substances that occur naturally in the body can stimulate the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> to make more <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a>. Examples of these types of medicines include erythropoietin and colony-stimulating factors.</p><p>These medicines have some risks. You and your doctor will work together to decide whether the benefits of these medicines outweigh the risks. If this <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> works well, it can help you avoid the need for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029754" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood transfusions</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-aplastic-sec3-d7e109"><h4>Medicines To Suppress the Immune System</h4><p>Research suggests that <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022029" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aplastic anemia</a> may sometimes occur because the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025680" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune system</a> attacks its own <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> by mistake. For this reason, your doctor may prescribe medicines to suppress your immune system.</p><p>These medicines allow your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> to start making <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> again. They also may help you avoid the need for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029754" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood transfusions</a>.</p><p>Medicines that suppress the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025680" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune system</a> don't cure <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022029" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aplastic anemia</a>. However, they can relieve its symptoms and reduce complications. These medicines often are used for people who can't have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> and marrow <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022023" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stem cell</a> transplants or who are waiting for transplants.</p><p>Three medicines—often given together—can suppress the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025680" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune system</a>. They are antithymocyte globulin (ATG), <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000494" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cyclosporine</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0001175" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">methylprednisolone</a>.</p><p>It may take a few months to notice the effects of these medicines. Most often, as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood cell counts</a> rise, symptoms lessen. Blood cell counts in people who respond well to these medicines usually don't reach normal levels. However, the blood cell counts often are high enough to allow people to do their normal activities.</p><p>People who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022029" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aplastic anemia</a> may need long-term <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> with these medicines.</p><p>Medicines that suppress the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025680" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune system</a> can have side effects. They also may increase the risk of developing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024326" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">leukemia</a> (lu-KE-me-ah) or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024487" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">myelodysplasia</a> (MI-e-lo-dis-PLA-ze-ah; MDS). Leukemia is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancer</a> of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a>. MDS is a condition in which the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> makes too many faulty blood cells.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-aplastic-sec3-d7e135"><h4>Medicines To Prevent and Treat Infections</h4><p>If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022029" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aplastic anemia</a>, you might be at risk for infections due to low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022046" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">white blood cell</a> counts. Your doctor may prescribe antibiotic and antiviral medicines to prevent and treat infections.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-livingwith"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-livingwith_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Living With Aplastic Anemia</h2><p>With prompt and proper care, most people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022029" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aplastic anemia</a> can be successfully treated, and some may be cured.</p><p>Most people who have the disorder are able to go back to their normal routines after <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>. However, it may take some time to get good results from treatment. You may need repeated <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a>, or you may need to try several treatments to find one that works.</p><p>Get ongoing medical care to make sure the disorder doesn't worsen and to check for possible complications.</p><div id="nhlbi-aplastic-sec2-d8e37"><h3>Ongoing Care</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatment</a> for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022029" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aplastic anemia</a> may cause side effects or complications. Talk with your doctor about how to cope with these issues.</p><p>People who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022029" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aplastic anemia</a> might be at higher risk for infections due to low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022046" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">white blood cell</a> counts. Ask your doctor about ways to lower your risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>. For example, you may want to:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Stay away from people who are sick and avoid large crowds of people.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Avoid certain foods that can expose you to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bacteria</a>, such as uncooked foods.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Wash your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hands</a> often.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Brush and floss your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023261" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">teeth</a> and get regular dental care to reduce the risk of infections in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024473" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">throat</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Get a yearly <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025769" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">flu</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022222" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">shot</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pnu/">pneumonia</a> vaccine. Ask your doctor whether these <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022222" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">shots</a> will benefit you.</div></li></ul><p>Know the signs of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fever</a>. Call your doctor right away if you think you have an infection.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-aplastic-sec2-d8e71"><h3>Physical Activity</h3><p>Talk with your doctor about what types and amounts of physical activity are safe for you. You may want to avoid activities that cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain or shortness of breath. You also may want to stay away from activities that could result in injuries and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>, such as contact sports.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-aplastic-sec2-d8e78"><h3>Support Groups</h3><p>You or your family members may find it helpful to know about resources that can give you emotional support and information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022029" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aplastic anemia</a>.</p><p>Your doctor or hospital social worker may have information about counseling and support services. They also may be able to refer you to support groups that offer help with financial planning, because <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022029" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aplastic anemia</a> can be costly.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-trials"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-trials_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Clinical Trials</h2><p>The National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute (NHLBI) is strongly committed to supporting research aimed at preventing and treating heart, lung, and blood diseases and conditions and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorders</a>.</p><p>Researchers have learned a lot about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a> and other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> diseases and conditions over the years. That knowledge has led to advances in medical knowledge and care.</p><p>Many questions remain about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> diseases and conditions, including <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022029" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aplastic anemia</a>. The NHLBI continues to support research aimed at learning more about these illnesses.</p><p>For example, NHLBI-supported research on <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022029" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aplastic anemia</a> includes studies that explore:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>How certain medicines and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapies</a> can help treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022029" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aplastic anemia</a> and improve quality of life for people who have the disorder</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The safety and effectiveness of different methods of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype |
June 11, 2014. |
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2018-02-02 04:25:06 |
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Arrhythmia |
<div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-arr-sec1-d1e38_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Is an Arrhythmia?</h2><p>An <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmia</a> (ah-RITH-me-ah) is a problem with the rate or rhythm of the heartbeat. During an arrhythmia, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> can beat too fast, too slow, or with an irregular rhythm.</p><p>A heartbeat that is too fast is called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022345" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tachycardia</a> (TAK-ih-KAR-de-ah). A heartbeat that is too slow is called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023202" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bradycardia</a> (bray-de-KAR-de-ah).</p><p>Most <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmias</a> are harmless, but some can be serious or even life threatening. During an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmia</a>, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> may not be able to pump enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to the body. Lack of blood flow can damage the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>, heart, and other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a>.</p><div id="nhlbi-arr-sec2-d1e50"><h3>Understanding the Heart's Electrical System</h3><p>To understand <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmias</a>, it helps to understand the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s internal electrical system. The heart's electrical system controls the rate and rhythm of the heartbeat.</p><p>With each heartbeat, an electrical signal spreads from the top of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> to the bottom. As the signal travels, it causes the heart to contract and pump <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>.</p><p>Each electrical signal begins in a group of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> called the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024561" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sinus</a> node or sinoatrial (SA) node. The SA node is located in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s upper right <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chamber</a>, the right atrium (AY-tree-um). In a healthy adult heart at rest, the SA node fires off an electrical signal to begin a new heartbeat 60 to 100 times a minute.</p><p>From the SA node, the electrical signal travels through special pathways in the right and left <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022263" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atria</a>. This causes the atria to contract and pump <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> into the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s two lower <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a>, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a> (VEN-trih-kuls).</p><p>The electrical signal then moves down to a group of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> called the atrioventricular (AV) node, located between the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022263" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atria</a> and the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a>. Here, the signal slows down just a little, allowing the ventricles time to finish filling with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>.</p><p>The electrical signal then leaves the AV node and travels along a pathway called the bundle of His. This pathway divides into a right bundle branch and a left bundle branch. The signal goes down these branches to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a>, causing them to contract and pump <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> and the rest of the body.</p><p>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a> then relax, and the heartbeat process starts all over again in the SA node. (For more information about the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical system, including detailed animations, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hhw/#nhlbisec-electrical">How the Heart Works</a> article.)</p><p>A problem with any part of this process can cause an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmia</a>. For example, in <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-af/">atrial fibrillation</a> (A-tre-al fi-bri-LA-shun), a common type of arrhythmia, electrical signals travel through the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022263" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atria</a> in a fast and disorganized way. This causes the atria to quiver instead of contract.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-arr-sec2-d1e85"><h3>Outlook</h3><p>There are many types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmia</a>. Most <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmias</a> are harmless, but some are not. The outlook for a person who has an arrhythmia depends on the type and severity of the arrhythmia.</p><p>Even serious <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmias</a> often can be successfully treated. Most people who have arrhythmias are able to live normal, healthy lives.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-types"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-types_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Types of Arrhythmia</h2><p>The four main types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmia</a> are premature (extra) beats, supraventricular (SU-prah-ven-TRIK-yu-lar) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmias</a>, ventricular arrhythmias, and bradyarrhythmias (bray-de-ah-RITH-me-ahs).</p><div id="nhlbi-arr-sec2-d3e31"><h3>Premature (Extra) Beats</h3><p>Premature beats are the most common type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmia</a>. They're harmless most of the time and often don't cause any symptoms.</p><p>When symptoms do occur, they usually feel like fluttering in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> or a feeling of a skipped heartbeat. Most of the time, premature beats need no <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>, especially in healthy people.</p><p>Premature beats that occur in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022263" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atria</a> (the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s upper <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a>) are called premature atrial contractions, or PACs. Premature beats that occur in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a> (the heart's lower chambers) are called premature ventricular contractions, or PVCs.</p><p>In most cases, premature beats happen naturally. However, some <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> diseases can cause premature beats. They also can happen because of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a>, too much <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">exercise</a>, or too much <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000290" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">caffeine</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029762" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nicotine</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-arr-sec2-d3e47"><h3>Supraventricular Arrhythmias</h3><p>Supraventricular <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmias</a> are <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022345" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tachycardias</a> (fast <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024325" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart rates</a>) that start in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022263" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atria</a> or atrioventricular (AV) node. The AV node is a group of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> located between the atria and the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a>.</p><p>Types of supraventricular <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmias</a> include <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-af/">atrial fibrillation</a> (AF), atrial flutter, paroxysmal supraventricular <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022345" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tachycardia</a> (PSVT), and Wolff-<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024544" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Parkinson</a>-White (WPW) syndrome.</p><div id="nhlbi-arr-sec3-d3e59"><h4>Atrial Fibrillation</h4><p>AF is the most common type of serious <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmia</a>. It involves a very fast and irregular contraction of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022263" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atria</a>.</p><p>In AF, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical signals don't begin in the SA node. Instead, they begin in another part of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022263" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atria</a> or in the nearby <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022264" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary veins</a>.</p><p>The signals don't travel normally. They may spread throughout the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022263" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atria</a> in a rapid, disorganized way. This causes the walls of the atria to quiver very fast (fibrillate) instead of beating normally. As a result, the atria aren't able to pump <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> into the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a> the way they should.</p><p>The animation below shows what happens during AF. Click the "start" button to play the animation. Written and spoken explanations are provided with each frame. Use the buttons in the lower right corner to pause, restart, or replay the animation, or use the scroll bar below the buttons to move through the frames.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figatrialfibrillation" co-legend-rid="figlgndatrialfibrillation"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062940/figure/atrial_fibrillation/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img" rid-ob="figobatrialfibrillation"><img class="small-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/bookshelf/static/media-icon.gif" alt="Figure Icon"></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndatrialfibrillation"><h4 id="atrial_fibrillation"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062940/figure/atrial_fibrillation/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobatrialfibrillation">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">The animation shows how the heart's electrical signal can start outside of the sinoatrial node. This can cause the atria to beat very fast and irregularly. </p></div></div><p>In AF, electrical signals can travel through the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022263" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atria</a> at a rate of more than 300 per minute. Some of these abnormal signals can travel to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a>, causing them to beat too fast and with an irregular rhythm. AF usually isn't life threatening, but it can be dangerous if it causes the ventricles to beat very fast.</p><p>AF has two major complications—<a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stroke/">stroke</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a>.</p><p>In AF, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> can pool in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022263" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atria</a>, causing blood clots to form. If a clot breaks off and travels to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>, it can cause a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a>. Blood-thinning medicines that reduce the risk of stroke are an important part of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> for people who have AF.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart failure</a> occurs if the heart can't pump enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to meet the body's needs. AF can lead to heart failure because the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a> are beating very fast and can't completely fill with blood. Thus, they may not be able to pump enough blood to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> and body.</p><p>Damage to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical system causes AF. The damage most often is the result of other conditions that affect the health of the heart, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">high blood pressure</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">coronary heart disease</a>, and rheumatic heart disease. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022625" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Inflammation</a> also is thought to play a role in the development of AF.</p><p>Other conditions also can lead to AF, including an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024711" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">overactive thyroid</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022072" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gland</a> (too much <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022780" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thyroid hormone</a> produced) and heavy alcohol use. The risk of AF increases with age.</p><p>Sometimes AF and other supraventricular <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmias</a> can occur for no obvious reason.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-arr-sec3-d3e120"><h4>Atrial Flutter</h4><p>Atrial flutter is similar to AF. However, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical signals spread through the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022263" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atria</a> in a fast and regular—instead of irregular—rhythm. Atrial flutter is much less common than AF, but it has similar symptoms and complications.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-arr-sec3-d3e126"><h4>Paroxysmal Supraventricular Tachycardia</h4><p>PSVT is a very <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022345" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fast heart rate</a> that begins and ends suddenly. PSVT occurs because of problems with the electrical connection between the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022263" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atria</a> and the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a>.</p><p>In PSVT, electrical signals that begin in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022263" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atria</a> and travel to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a> can reenter the atria, causing extra heartbeats. This type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmia</a> usually isn't dangerous and tends to occur in young people. It can happen during vigorous physical activity.</p><p>A special type of PSVT is called Wolff-<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024544" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Parkinson</a>-White syndrome. WPW syndrome is a condition in which the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical signals travel along an extra pathway from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022263" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atria</a> to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a>.</p><p>This extra pathway disrupts the timing of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical signals and can cause the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a> to beat very fast. This type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmia</a> can be life threatening.</p><p>The animation below shows what happens during Wolff-<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024544" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Parkinson</a>-White syndrome. Click the "start" button to play the animation. Written and spoken explanations are provided with each frame. Use the buttons in the lower right corner to pause, restart, or replay the animation, or use the scroll bar below the buttons to move through the frames.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figwpwsyndrome" co-legend-rid="figlgndwpwsyndrome"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062940/figure/wpw_syndrome/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img" rid-ob="figobwpwsyndrome"><img class="small-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/bookshelf/static/media-icon.gif" alt="Figure Icon"></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndwpwsyndrome"><h4 id="wpw_syndrome"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062940/figure/wpw_syndrome/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobwpwsyndrome">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">The animation shows how an extra, abnormal electrical pathway in the heart disrupts the normal timing of the heart's electrical signal, causing the atria and ventricles to beat too fast. </p></div></div></div></div><div id="nhlbi-arr-sec2-d3e155"><h3>Ventricular Arrhythmias</h3><p>These <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmias</a> start in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s lower <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a>, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a>. They can be very dangerous and usually require medical care right away.</p><p>Ventricular <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmias</a> include ventricular <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022345" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tachycardia</a> and ventricular fibrillation (v-fib). <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021983" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Coronary heart disease</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a>, a weakened <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a>, and other problems can cause ventricular arrhythmias.</p><div id="nhlbi-arr-sec3-d3e171"><h4>Ventricular Tachycardia</h4><p>Ventricular <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022345" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tachycardia</a> is a fast, regular beating of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a> that may last for only a few seconds or for much longer.</p><p>A few beats of ventricular <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022345" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tachycardia</a> often don't cause problems. However, episodes that last for more than a few seconds can be dangerous. Ventricular tachycardia can turn into other, more serious <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmias</a>, such as v-fib.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-arr-sec3-d3e180"><h4>Ventricular Fibrillation</h4><p>V-fib occurs if disorganized electrical signals make the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a> quiver instead of pump normally. Without the ventricles pumping <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to the body, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-scda/">sudden cardiac arrest</a> and death can occur within a few minutes.</p><p>To prevent death, the condition must be treated right away with an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030147" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">electric shock</a> to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> called defibrillation (de-fib-rih-LA-shun).</p><p>V-fib may occur during or after a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a> or in someone whose heart is already weak because of another condition.</p><p>The animation below shows ventricular fibrillation. Click the "start" button to play the animation. Written and spoken explanations are provided with each frame. Use the buttons in the lower right corner to pause, restart, or replay the animation, or use the scroll bar below the buttons to move through the frames.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figventfibrillation" co-legend-rid="figlgndventfibrillation"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062940/figure/vent_fibrillation/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img" rid-ob="figobventfibrillation"><img class="small-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/bookshelf/static/media-icon.gif" alt="Figure Icon"></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndventfibrillation"><h4 id="vent_fibrillation"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062940/figure/vent_fibrillation/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobventfibrillation">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">The animation shows how disorganized electrical signals in the heart's ventricles make them pump abnormally and quiver. </p></div></div><p>Torsades de pointes (torsades) is a type of v-fib that causes a unique pattern on an <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ekg/">EKG</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029879" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">electrocardiogram</a>) test. Certain medicines or imbalanced amounts of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025487" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">potassium</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022775" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">calcium</a>, or magnesium in the bloodstream can cause this condition.</p><p>People who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-qt/">long QT syndrome</a> are at increased risk for torsades. People who have this condition need to be careful about taking certain antibiotics, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> medicines, and over-the-counter products.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-arr-sec2-d3e222"><h3>Bradyarrhythmias</h3><p>Bradyarrhythmias occur if the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024325" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart rate</a> is slower than normal. If the heart rate is too slow, not enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> reaches the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>. This can cause you to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029695" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pass out</a>.</p><p>In adults, a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024325" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart rate</a> slower than 60 beats per minute is considered a bradyarrhythmia. Some people normally have slow <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024325" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart rates</a>, especially people who are very physically fit. For them, a heartbeat slower than 60 beats per minute isn't dangerous and doesn't cause symptoms. But in other people, serious diseases or other conditions may cause bradyarrhythmias.</p><p>Bradyarrhythmias can be caused by:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a> attacks</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Conditions that harm or change the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical activity, such as an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022776" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">underactive thyroid</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022072" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gland</a> or aging</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>An imbalance of chemicals or other substances in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025487" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">potassium</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Medicines such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">beta blockers</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025449" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">calcium channel blockers</a>, some antiarrhythmia medicines, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000575" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">digoxin</a></div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-arr-sec2-d3e250"><h3>Arrhythmias in Children</h3><p>Children's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024325" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart rates</a> normally decrease as they get older. A newborn's heart beats between 95 to 160 times a minute. A 1-year-old's heart beats between 90 to 150 times a minute, and a 6- to 8-year-old's heart beats between 60 to 110 times a minute.</p><p>A baby or child's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> can beat fast or slow for many reasons. Like adults, when children are active, their hearts will beat faster. When they're sleeping, their hearts will beat slower. Their <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024325" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart rates</a> can speed up and slow down as they breathe in and out. All of these changes are normal.</p><p>Some children are born with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> defects that cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmias</a>. In other children, arrhythmias can develop later in childhood. Doctors use the same tests to diagnose arrhythmias in children and adults.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatments</a> for children who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmias</a> include medicines, defibrillation (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030147" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">electric shock</a>), surgically implanted devices that control the heartbeat, and other procedures that fix abnormal electrical signals in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-names"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-names_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Other Names for Arrhythmia</h2><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Dysrhythmia</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes an Arrhythmia?</h2><p>An <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmia</a> can occur if the electrical signals that control the heartbeat are delayed or blocked. This can happen if the special <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024269" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nerve cells</a> that produce electrical signals don't work properly. It also can happen if the electrical signals don't travel normally through the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>.</p><p>An <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmia</a> also can occur if another part of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> starts to produce electrical signals. This adds to the signals from the special <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024269" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nerve cells</a> and disrupts the normal heartbeat.</p><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">Smoking</a>, heavy alcohol use, use of some drugs (such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0009701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cocaine</a> or amphetamines), use of some prescription or over-the-counter medicines, or too much <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000290" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">caffeine</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029762" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nicotine</a> can lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmias</a> in some people.</p><p>Strong emotional <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a> or anger can make the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> work harder, raise <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a>, and release stress <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hormones</a>. Sometimes these reactions can lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmias</a>.</p><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a> or other condition that damages the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical system also can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmias</a>. Examples of such conditions include <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">high blood pressure</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">coronary heart disease</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a>, an overactive or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022776" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">underactive thyroid</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022072" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gland</a> (too much or too little <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022780" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thyroid hormone</a> produced), and rheumatic heart disease.</p><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-chd/">Congenital (kon-JEN-ih-tal) heart defects</a> can cause some <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmias</a>, such as Wolff-<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024544" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Parkinson</a>-White syndrome. The term "<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023376" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">congenital</a>” means the defect is present at birth.</p><p>Sometimes the cause of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmias</a> is unknown.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-atrisk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-atrisk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is at Risk for an Arrhythmia?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Arrhythmias</a> are very common in older adults. <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-af/">Atrial fibrillation</a> (a common type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmia</a> that can cause problems) affects millions of people, and the number is rising.</p><p>Most serious <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmias</a> affect people older than 60. This is because older adults are more likely to have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease and other health problems that can lead to arrhythmias.</p><p>Older adults also tend to be more sensitive to the side effects of medicines, some of which can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmias</a>. Some medicines used to treat arrhythmias can even cause arrhythmias as a side effect.</p><p>Some types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmia</a> happen more often in children and young adults. Paroxysmal supraventricular <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022345" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tachycardia</a> (PSVT), including Wolff-<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024544" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Parkinson</a>-White syndrome, is more common in young people. PSVT is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022345" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fast heart rate</a> that begins and ends suddenly.</p><div id="nhlbi-arr-sec2-d6e44"><h3>Major Risk Factors</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Arrhythmias</a> are more common in people who have diseases or conditions that weaken the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, such as:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">Heart attack</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">Heart failure</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cm/">cardiomyopathy</a>, which weakens the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and changes the way electrical signals move through the heart</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> that's too thick or stiff or that hasn't formed normally</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hvd/">Leaking or narrowed heart valves</a>, which make the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> work too hard and can lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-chd/">Congenital heart defects</a> (defects present at birth) that affect the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s structure or function</div></li></ul><p>Other conditions also can raise the risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmias</a>, such as:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">High blood pressure</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Infections that damage the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a> or the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022396" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sac</a> around the heart</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Diabetes</a>, which increases the risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood pressure</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">coronary heart disease</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-sleepapnea/">Sleep apnea</a>, which can <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a> the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> because the heart doesn't get enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>An overactive or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022776" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">underactive thyroid</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022072" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gland</a> (too much or too little <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022780" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thyroid hormone</a> in the body)</div></li></ul><p>Several other risk factors also can raise your risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmias</a>. Examples include <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hs/">heart surgery</a>, certain drugs (such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0009701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cocaine</a> or amphetamines), or an imbalance of chemicals or other substances (such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025487" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">potassium</a>) in the bloodstream.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of an Arrhythmia?</h2><p>Many <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmias</a> cause no signs or symptoms. When signs or symptoms are present, the most common ones are:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hpl/">Palpitations</a> (feelings that your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> is skipping a beat, fluttering, or beating too hard or fast)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A slow heartbeat</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>An <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">irregular heartbeat</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Feeling pauses between heartbeats</div></li></ul><p>More serious signs and symptoms include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024918" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Anxiety</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Weakness, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029722" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">dizziness</a>, and light-headedness</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029695" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Fainting</a> or nearly fainting</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Sweating</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Shortness of breath</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Chest</a> pain</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Are Arrhythmias Diagnosed?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Arrhythmias</a> can be hard to diagnose, especially the types that only cause symptoms every once in a while. Doctors diagnose arrhythmias based on medical and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family histories</a>, a physical exam, and the results from tests and procedures.</p><div id="nhlbi-arr-sec2-d8e31"><h3>Specialists Involved</h3><p>Doctors who specialize in the diagnosis and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> diseases include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015644" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Cardiologists</a>. These doctors diagnose and treat adults who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> problems.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Pediatric <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015644" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiologists</a>. These doctors diagnose and treat babies, children, and youth who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> problems.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Electrophysiologists. These doctors are <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015644" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiologists</a> or pediatric cardiologists who specialize in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmias</a>.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-arr-sec2-d8e50"><h3>Medical and Family Histories</h3><p>To diagnose an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmia</a>, your doctor may ask you to describe your symptoms. He or she may ask whether you feel fluttering in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> and whether you feel dizzy or light-headed.</p><p>Your doctor also may ask whether you have other health problems, such as a history of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">high blood pressure</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0012407" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thyroid</a> problems. He or she may ask about your family's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029840" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">medical history</a>, including whether anyone in your family:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Has a history of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmias</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Has ever had <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood pressure</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Has died suddenly</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Has other illnesses or health problems</div></li></ul><p>Your doctor will likely want to know what medicines you're taking, including over-the-counter medicines and supplements.</p><p>Your doctor may ask about your health habits, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-phys/">physical activity</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">smoking</a>, or using alcohol or drugs (for example, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0009701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cocaine</a>). He or she also may want to know whether you've had emotional <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a> or anger.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-arr-sec2-d8e90"><h3>Physical Exam</h3><p>During a physical exam, your doctor may:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Listen to the rate and rhythm of your heartbeat</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Listen to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> for a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartmurmur/">heart murmur</a> (an extra or unusual sound heard during your heartbeat)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Check your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024325" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulse</a> to find out how fast your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> is beating</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Check for swelling in your legs or feet, which could be a sign of an enlarged <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Look for signs of other diseases, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029359" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thyroid disease</a>, that could be causing the problem</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-arr-sec2-d8e119"><h3>Diagnostic Tests and Procedures</h3><div id="nhlbi-arr-sec3-d8e122"><h4>EKG (Electrocardiogram)</h4><p>An <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ekg/">EKG</a> is a simple, painless test that detects and records the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical activity. It's the most common test used to diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmias</a>.</p><p>An EKG shows how fast the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> is beating and its rhythm (steady or irregular). It also records the strength and timing of electrical signals as they pass through the heart.</p><p>A standard EKG only records the heartbeat for a few seconds. It won't detect <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmias</a> that don't happen during the test.</p><p>To diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmias</a> that come and go, your doctor may have you wear a portable EKG monitor. The two most common types of portable <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029879" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">EKGs</a> are <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-holt/">Holter and event monitors</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-arr-sec3-d8e144"><h4>Holter and Event Monitors</h4><p>A Holter monitor records the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical signals for a full 24- or 48-hour period. You wear one while you do your normal daily activities. This allows the monitor to record your heart for a longer time than a standard EKG.</p><p>An event monitor is similar to a Holter monitor. You wear an event monitor while doing your normal activities. However, an event monitor only records your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical activity at certain times while you're wearing it.</p><p>For many event monitors, you push a button to start the monitor when you feel symptoms. Other event monitors start automatically when they sense abnormal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> rhythms.</p><p>Some event monitors are able to send data about your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical activity to a central monitoring station. Technicians at the station review the information and send it to your doctor. You also can use the device to report any symptoms you're having.</p><p>You can wear an event monitor for weeks or until symptoms occur.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-arr-sec3-d8e163"><h4>Other Tests</h4><p>Other tests also are used to help diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmias</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022070" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood tests</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bdt/">Blood tests</a> check the level of substances in the blood, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025487" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">potassium</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022780" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thyroid hormone</a>. Abnormal levels of these substances can increase your chances of having an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmia</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Chest</a> x ray. A <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cxray/">chest x ray</a> is a painless test that creates pictures of the structures in your chest, such as your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. This test can show whether your heart is enlarged.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029837" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Echocardiography</a>. This test uses sound waves to create a moving picture of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-echo/">Echocardiography</a> (echo) provides information about the size and shape of your heart and how well your heart <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a> and valves are working.</p><p>The test also can identify areas of poor <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, areas of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a> that aren't contracting normally, and previous injury to the heart muscle caused by poor blood flow.</p><p>There are several types of echo, including <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a> echo. This test is done both before and after a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029874" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress test</a> (see below). A stress echo usually is done to find out whether you have decreased <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, a sign of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">coronary heart disease</a> (CHD).</p><p>A transesophageal (tranz-ih-sof-uh-JEE-ul) echo, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-tee/">TEE</a>, is a special type of echo that takes pictures of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> through the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015635" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">esophagus</a>. The esophagus is the passage leading from your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a> to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029874" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Stress test</a>. Some <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> problems are easier to diagnose when your heart is working hard and beating fast. During <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stress/">stress testing</a>, you <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">exercise</a> to make your heart work hard and beat fast while heart tests are done. If you can't exercise, you may be given medicine to make your heart work hard and beat fast.</p><p>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> tests done during <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029874" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress testing</a> may include <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-nscan/">nuclear heart scanning</a>, echo, and positron emission tomography (PET) scanning of the heart.</p><p>Electrophysiology study (EPS). This test is used to assess serious <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmias</a>. During an EPS, a thin, flexible wire is passed through a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028097" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">groin</a> (upper thigh) or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arm</a> to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. The wire records your heart's electrical signals.</p><p>Your doctor can use the wire to electrically stimulate your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and trigger an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmia</a>. This allows your doctor to see whether an antiarrhythmia medicine can stop the problem.</p><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ablation/">Catheter ablation</a>, a procedure used to treat some <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmias</a>, may be done during an EPS.</p><p>Tilt table testing. This test sometimes is used to help find the cause of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029695" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fainting</a> spells. You lie on a table that moves from a lying down to an upright position. The change in position may cause you to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029695" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">faint</a>.</p><p>Your doctor watches your symptoms, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024325" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart rate</a>, EKG reading, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> throughout the test. He or she may give you medicine and then check your response to the medicine.</p><p>Coronary angiography. <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ca/">Coronary angiography</a> uses dye and special x rays to show the inside of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a>. To get the dye into your coronary arteries, your doctor will use a procedure called <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cath/">cardiac catheterization</a> (KATH-e-ter-ih-ZA-shun).</p><p>A thin, flexible tube called a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022169" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">catheter</a> is put into a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetc |
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Asbestos-Related Lung Diseases |
<div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-asb-sec1-d1e37_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are Asbestos-Related Lung Diseases?</h2><p>Asbestos-related <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung diseases</a> are diseases caused by exposure to asbestos (as-BES-tos) fibers. Asbestos is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023353" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mineral</a> that, in the past, was widely used in many industries.</p><p>Asbestos is made up of tiny fibers that can escape into the air. When breathed in, these fibers can stay in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> for a long time. If the fibers build up in your lungs, they can lead to:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023543" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pleural plaque</a>. In this condition, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> around the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022135" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diaphragm</a> (the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscle</a> below your lungs) thickens and hardens. This tissue is called the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022321" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleura</a>. Pleural plaque usually causes no symptoms. Rarely, as the pleura thickens, it can trap and compress part of the lung. This may show up as a mass on an x-ray image.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pleurisy/">Pleural effusion</a>. In this condition, excess fluid builds up in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025091" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleural space</a>. The pleural space is the area between the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> and the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030256" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest wall</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023537" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Asbestosis</a> (as-bes-TOE-sis). In this condition, the lung <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> becomes scarred. People who have asbestosis are at greater risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021885" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung cancer</a>, especially if they smoke.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021885" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Lung cancer</a>. This type of cancer forms in the lung <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a>, usually in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> lining the air passages.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024415" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Mesothelioma</a> (MEZ-o-thee-lee-O-ma). This disease is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancer</a> of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022321" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleura</a>.</div></li></ul><p>Asbestos also can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancer</a> in the lining of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030508" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abdominal cavity</a>. This lining is known as the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022175" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">peritoneum</a> (PER-ih-to-NE-um).</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figd1e79" co-legend-rid="figlgndd1e79"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062941/figure/d1e79/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figd1e79" rid-ob="figobd1e79"><img class="small-thumb" src="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062941/bin/asbestos.gif" src-large="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062941/bin/asbestos.jpg" alt="Asbestos-Related Lung Diseases."></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndd1e79"><h4 id="d1e79"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062941/figure/d1e79/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd1e79">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Asbestos-Related Lung Diseases. Figure A shows the location of the lungs, airways, pleura, and diaphragm in the body. Figure B shows lungs with asbestos-related diseases, including pleural plaque, lung cancer, asbestosis, plaque on the diaphragm, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062941/figure/d1e79/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd1e79">(more...)</a></p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-asb-sec2-d1e85"><h3>Overview</h3><p>Until the 1970s, asbestos was widely used in many industries in the United States. For example, it was used to insulate pipes, boilers, and ships; make brakes; strengthen cement; and fireproof many items, such as drywall.</p><p>People who worked around asbestos during that time are at risk for asbestos-related <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung diseases</a>. People at highest risk include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Unprotected workers who made, installed, or removed products containing asbestos. People who worked near others who did these jobs also are at risk.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Family members of workers who were exposed to asbestos. Family members may have breathed in asbestos fibers that workers brought home on their clothes, shoes, or bodies.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>People who live in areas with large deposits of asbestos in the soil. This risk is limited to areas where the deposits were disturbed and asbestos fibers got into the air.</div></li></ul><p>Asbestos fibers also can be released into the air when older buildings containing asbestos-made products are destroyed. Removing these products during building renovations also can release asbestos fibers into the air.</p><p>Generally, being around asbestos-made products isn’t a danger as long as the asbestos is enclosed. This prevents the fibers from getting into the air.</p><p>People in the United States are less likely to have asbestos-related <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung diseases</a> now because the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023353" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mineral</a> is no longer widely used.</p><p>The use of asbestos is heavily restricted, and rules and standards are now in place to protect workers and others from asbestos exposure. Asbestos is found in only a few new products, such as gaskets used in brakes.</p><p>However, many countries do not yet restrict asbestos use. People in those countries are still exposed to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023353" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mineral</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-asb-sec2-d1e123"><h3>Outlook</h3><p>The outlook for people who have asbestos-related <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung diseases</a> can vary. It will depend on which disease a person has and how much it has damaged the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>.</p><p>No <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> can reverse the effects of asbestos on your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. However, treatments may help relieve symptoms, slow the progress of the disease, and prevent complications.</p><p>If you've been exposed to asbestos, let your doctor know. He or she can watch you for signs of asbestos-related problems and start <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> early, if needed. Early treatment may help prevent or delay complications.</p><p>Quitting smoking and making other lifestyle changes may help people who are at high risk for asbestos-related <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung diseases</a>. These lifestyle changes may prevent more serious diseases, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancer</a>.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-names"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-names_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Other Names for Asbestos-Related Lung Diseases</h2><p>Other names for asbestos-related <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027800" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleural diseases</a> include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023543" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pleural plaques</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pleurisy/">Pleurisy</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Trapped lung</div></li></ul><p>Other names for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023537" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asbestosis</a> include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Fibrotic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung disease</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Pneumoconiosis (NOO-mo-ko-ne-O-sis)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022941" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Interstitial</a> (in-ter-STISH-al) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022202" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022940" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fibrosis</a></div></li></ul><p>Other names for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021885" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung cancer</a> include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Small <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cell</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021885" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung carcinoma</a> (kar-sih-NO-ma)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024210" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Nonsmall cell lung carcinoma</a></div></li></ul><p>Another name for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024415" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mesothelioma</a> is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancer</a> of the lining of the lung.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes Asbestos-Related Lung Diseases?</h2><p>Significant exposure to asbestos fibers causes asbestos-related <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung diseases</a>. "Significant" usually means you were exposed for at least several months to visible dust from the fibers.</p><p>Asbestos fibers are very small. When you breathe in, they can get stuck deep in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. The fibers remain in your lung <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> for a long time and may cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028156" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">scarring</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022625" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inflammation</a>. This can lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023543" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleural plaque</a> and widespread pleural thickening, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pleurisy/">pleural effusion</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023537" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asbestosis</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021885" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung cancer</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024415" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mesothelioma</a>.</p><p>Generally, asbestos-related <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung diseases</a> develop 10 to 40 or more years after a person has been exposed to asbestos.</p><p>Being around products that contain asbestos isn't a danger, as long as the asbestos is enclosed. This prevents the fibers from getting into the air.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-atrisk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-atrisk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is at Risk for Asbestos-Related Lung Diseases?</h2><p>Until the late 1970s, asbestos was widely used in many industries in the United States. During that time, workplace rules to ensure workers' safety around asbestos weren't required by law.</p><p>Asbestos was used in or with many products. Examples include steam pipes, boilers, furnaces, and furnace <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024112" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ducts</a>; wallboard; floor and ceiling tiles; wood-burning stoves and gas fireplaces; car brakes, clutches, and gaskets; railroad engines; roofing and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022741" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">shingles</a>; and wall-patching materials and paints.</p><p>Asbestos also was used in many other products, such as fireproof gloves, ironing board covers, cooking pot handles, and hairdryers.</p><p>Anyone employed for a prolonged period in mining, milling, making, or installing asbestos products before the late 1970s is at risk for asbestos-related <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung diseases</a>. Some examples of these workers include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Miners</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Aircraft and auto mechanics</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Building construction workers</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Electricians</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Shipyard workers</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Boiler operators</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Building engineers</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Railroad workers</div></li></ul><p>In general, the risk is greatest for people who worked with asbestos and were exposed for at least several months to visible dust from asbestos fibers. The risk for asbestos-related <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung diseases</a> also depends on:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>How much asbestos you were exposed to.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>How long you were exposed to asbestos, and how often during that time you were in direct contact with it.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The size, shape, and chemical makeup of the asbestos fibers. Different types of asbestos fibers can affect the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> differently. For example, chrysotile asbestos (a curly <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022148" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fiber</a>) is less likely to cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024415" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mesothelioma</a> than amphibole asbestos (a straight fiber).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Your personal risks, such as smoking or having an existing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung disease</a>.</div></li></ul><p>Family members of people exposed to asbestos on the job also may be at risk. Family members may have breathed in asbestos fibers that were brought home on workers’ clothes, shoes, and bodies.</p><p>People who live in areas that have large deposits of asbestos in the soil also are at risk for asbestos-related <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung diseases</a>. However, this risk is limited to areas where the deposits were disturbed and asbestos fibers got into the air.</p><p>Asbestos fibers also can be released into the air when older buildings containing asbestos-made products are destroyed. Removing the products, such as during a building renovation, also can release asbestos fibers into the air.</p><p>Generally, being around asbestos-made products isn’t a danger, as long as the asbestos is enclosed. This prevents the fibers from getting into the air.</p><p>People in the United States are less likely to develop asbestos-related <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung diseases</a> today than in the past. This is because the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023353" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mineral</a> no longer is widely used. Also, where asbestos is still used, rules and standards are now in place to protect workers and others from asbestos exposure.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Asbestos-Related Lung Diseases?</h2><p>The signs and symptoms of asbestos-related <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung diseases</a> vary. They depend on which disease you have and how much it has damaged your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. Signs and symptoms may not appear for 10 to 40 or more years after exposure to asbestos.</p><p>If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023543" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleural plaque</a>, you may not have any signs or symptoms. <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pleurisy/">Pleural effusion</a> may cause pain on one side of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a>. Both conditions often are found with a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cxray/">chest x ray</a>. These conditions may occur earlier than other asbestos-related <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung diseases</a>.</p><p>The main symptom of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023537" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asbestosis</a> is shortness of breath with physical exertion. You also may have a dry <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cough/">cough</a> and feel tired. If your doctor listens to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> with a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023209" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stethoscope</a>, he or she may hear a crackling sound when you breathe in.</p><p>The symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021885" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung cancer</a> may include a worsening <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a> or a cough that won't go away, trouble breathing, ongoing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coughing</a> up <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. Other symptoms of lung cancer include frequent lung infections, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fatigue</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tiredness</a>), and weight loss without a known cause.</p><p>Symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024415" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mesothelioma</a> include shortness of breath and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain due to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023392" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleural effusion</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Are Asbestos-Related Lung Diseases Diagnosed?</h2><p>Your doctor will diagnose an asbestos-related <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung disease</a> based on your past exposure to asbestos, your symptoms, a physical exam, and test results.</p><div id="nhlbi-asb-sec2-d7e31"><h3>Specialists Involved</h3><p>Your primary care doctor, such as a family doctor or internist, may provide ongoing care if you have an asbestos-related <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung disease</a>. Other specialists also may be involved in your care, including a:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Pulmonologist. This is a doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung diseases</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Radiologist. This is a doctor who is specially trained to supervise x-ray tests and look at x-ray pictures.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Surgeon or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030532" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oncologist</a>. An oncologist is a doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancer</a>. The surgeon or oncologist may take a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> sample from your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> to study under a microscope.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029361" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pathologist</a>. A pathologist is a doctor who specializes in identifying diseases by studying <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissues</a> under a microscope. A pathologist may study your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> sample.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-asb-sec2-d7e53"><h3>Exposure to Asbestos</h3><p>Your doctor will want to know about your history of asbestos exposure. He or she may ask about your work history and your spouse's or other family members’ work histories.</p><p>Your doctor also may ask about your location and surroundings. For example, he or she may ask about areas of the country where you've lived.</p><p>If you know you were exposed to asbestos, your doctor may ask questions to find out:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>How much asbestos you were exposed to. For example, were you surrounded by visible asbestos dust?</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>How long you were exposed to asbestos and how often during that time you were in direct contact with it.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-asb-sec2-d7e74"><h3>Symptoms</h3><p>Your doctor may ask whether you have any symptoms, such as shortness of breath or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cough/">coughing</a>. The symptoms of asbestos-related <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung diseases</a> vary. They depend on which disease you have and how much it has damaged your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>.</p><p>Your doctor also may ask whether you smoke. Smoking, along with asbestos exposure, raises your risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021885" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung cancer</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-asb-sec2-d7e87"><h3>Physical Exam</h3><p>Your doctor will listen to your breathing with a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023209" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stethoscope</a> to find out whether your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> are making any strange sounds.</p><p>If you have a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pleurisy/">pleural effusion</a> with a lot of fluid buildup, your doctor might hear a dull sound when he or she taps on your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a>. Or, he or she might have trouble <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024976" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hearing</a> any breathing sounds. If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023537" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asbestosis</a>, your doctor may hear a crackling sound when you breathe in.</p><p>Your doctor will check your legs for swelling, which may be a sign of lung-related problems. He or she also will check your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023112" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fingers</a> and toes for clubbing.</p><p>Clubbing is the widening and rounding of the fingertips and toes. Clubbing most often is linked to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung diseases</a> that cause lower-than-normal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> levels.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-asb-sec2-d7e109"><h3>Chest X Ray</h3><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cxray/">chest x ray</a> is the most common test for detecting asbestos-related <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung diseases</a>. This painless test creates pictures of the structures inside your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a>, such as the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>.</p><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> x ray can’t detect asbestos fibers in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. However, it can show asbestos-related diseases, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023543" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleural plaque</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023392" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleural effusion</a>. Pleural effusion also can be a sign of a more severe disease, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024415" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mesothelioma</a>.</p><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> x ray also can show <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023537" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asbestosis</a>. Often the lung <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> will appear very white on the x-ray pictures. The size, shape, location, and degree of whiteness can help your doctor figure out how much lung damage you have. Severe asbestosis may affect the whole lung and have a honeycomb look on the x-ray pictures.</p><p>If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021885" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung cancer</a>, a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> x ray may show masses or abnormal fluid.</p><p>If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024415" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mesothelioma</a>, a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> x ray will show thickening of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022321" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleura</a>. The pleura is the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> around the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022135" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diaphragm</a> (the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscle</a> below your lungs). The chest x ray also will usually show signs of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023392" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleural effusion</a> in people who have mesothelioma.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-asb-sec2-d7e137"><h3>Other Diagnostic Tests</h3><p>To help confirm a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> x-ray finding, or to find out how much lung damage you have, you may have more tests.</p><div id="nhlbi-asb-sec3-d7e143"><h4>Chest Computed Tomography Scan</h4><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> computed tomography (to-MOG-ra-fee) scan, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cct/">chest CT scan</a>, is a painless test that creates precise pictures of the structures inside your chest, such as your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. A CT scan is a type of x ray, but its pictures show more detail than standard chest x-ray pictures.</p><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> CT scan may be very helpful for finding <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023537" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asbestosis</a> in its earliest stages, before a standard chest x ray can detect it.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-asb-sec3-d7e156"><h4>Lung Function Tests</h4><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-lft/">Lung function tests</a> measure how much air you can breathe in and out, how fast you can breathe air out, and how well your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> deliver <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>.</p><p>These tests can show whether your lung function is impaired. They also can help your doctor track your disease over time.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-asb-sec3-d7e167"><h4>Biopsy</h4><p>The only way to confirm a diagnosis of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021885" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung cancer</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024415" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mesothelioma</a> is for a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029361" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pathologist</a> to check samples of your lung <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissues</a>. A pathologist is a doctor who identifies diseases by studying cells and tissues under a microscope.</p><p>Doctors have many ways to collect <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> samples. One way is through <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bron/">bronchoscopy</a> (bron-KOS-ko-pee). For this procedure, your doctor will pass a thin, flexible tube through your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025667" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nose</a> (or sometimes your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a>), down your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024473" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">throat</a>, and into your airways. He or she will then take a sample of tissue from your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>.</p><p>If your doctor thinks you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024415" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mesothelioma</a>, you may have a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022278" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thoracoscopy</a> (thor-ah-KOS-ko-pee). For this procedure, you'll be given medicine so you don't feel any pain.</p><p>Your doctor will make a small cut through your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030256" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest wall</a>. He or she will put a thin tube with a light on it into your chest between two <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029862" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ribs</a>. This allows your doctor to see inside your chest and get <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> samples.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Are Asbestos-Related Lung Diseases Treated?</h2><p>No <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> can reverse the effects of asbestos on your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. However, treatments may help relieve symptoms and prevent or delay complications. If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021885" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung cancer</a>, treatments may help slow the progress of the disease.</p><div id="nhlbi-asb-sec2-d8e31"><h3>Treatments for Pleural Plaque, Pleural Effusion, and Asbestosis</h3><p>If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023543" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleural plaque</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pleurisy/">pleural effusion</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023537" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asbestosis</a> and you smoke, your doctor will advise you to quit smoking. People who have these conditions can lower their risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021885" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung cancer</a> if they quit smoking.</p><p>Talk with your doctor about programs and products that can help you quit smoking. Also, try to avoid <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029761" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">secondhand smoke</a>.</p><p>If you have trouble quitting smoking on your own, consider joining a support group. Many hospitals, workplaces, and community groups offer classes to help people quit smoking.</p><p>For more information about how to quit smoking, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">Smoking and Your Heart</a> article and the National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute’s <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/other/your_guide/healthyheart.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri"> “Your Guide to a Healthy Heart.”</a> Although these resources focus on heart health, they include general information about how to quit smoking.</p><p>If you have trouble breathing or shortness of breath and a very low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> level, your doctor may recommend <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-oxt/">oxygen therapy</a>. For this <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>, you're given oxygen through nasal prongs or a mask. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029682" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Oxygen therapy</a> may be done at home or in a hospital or other health facility.</p><p>If excess fluid around the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023392" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleural effusion</a>) is making it hard for you to breathe, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-thor/">thoracentesis</a> (THOR-ah-sen-TE-sis) may help. For this procedure, your doctor will insert a thin needle or plastic tube into the space between your lungs and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030256" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest wall</a>. He or she will then draw out the excess fluid.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-asb-sec2-d8e74"><h3>Treatments for Lung Cancer and Mesothelioma</h3><p>If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021885" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung cancer</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024415" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mesothelioma</a>, your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> may include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024232" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chemotherapy</a>, radiation <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a>, and/or targeted therapy. (Targeted therapy uses medicines or other substances to find and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024324" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">attack</a> specific lung cancer <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> without harming normal cells.)</p><p>Your doctor may prescribe medicines to prevent fluid buildup, ease pain, or relieve other complications of your disease.</p><p>If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021885" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung cancer</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024415" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mesothelioma</a>, talk with your doctor about whether you should get <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025769" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">flu</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pnu/">pneumonia</a> vaccines. These vaccines can help lower your risk for lung infections.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-prevention"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-prevention_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Can Asbestos-Related Lung Diseases Be Prevented?</h2><p>You can prevent asbestos-related <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung diseases</a> by limiting your exposure to asbestos fibers. If your job requires you to work around asbestos, make sure to follow workplace rules for handling it. For example, make sure that air levels are measured, and wear a proper respirator to avoid <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022221" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">breathing in</a> asbestos fibers.</p><p>If you live in a house or work in a building that has pipes or other products containing asbestos, you generally don’t need to take special precautions. Being around products that contain asbestos isn’t a danger, as long as the asbestos is enclosed. This prevents the fibers from getting into the air.</p><p>If you smoke, quit. Smoking greatly increases your risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021885" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung cancer</a> if you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023543" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleural plaque</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pleurisy/">pleural effusion</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023537" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asbestosis</a>. Talk with your doctor about programs and products that can help you quit smoking. Also, try to avoid <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029761" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">secondhand smoke</a>.</p><p>If you have trouble quitting smoking on your own, consider joining a support group. Many hospitals, workplaces, and community groups offer classes to help people quit smoking.</p><p>For more information about how to quit smoking, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">Smoking and Your Heart</a> article and the National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute’s <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/other/your_guide/healthyheart.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri"> “Your Guide to a Healthy Heart.”</a> Although these resources focus on heart health, they include general information about how to quit smoking.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-livingwith"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-livingwith_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Living With Asbestos-Related Lung Diseases</h2><p>The outlook for people who have asbestos-related <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung diseases</a> varies. It will depend on which disease a person has and how much it has damaged the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>.</p><p>No <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> can reverse the effects of asbestos on your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. However, treatments may help relieve symptoms and prevent complications. If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021885" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung cancer</a>, treatments may help slow the progress of the disease.</p><div id="nhlbi-asb-sec2-d10e37"><h3>Ongoing Care</h3><p>If you have an asbestos-related <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung disease</a>, you'll need routine followup care for the rest of your life. This may include <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cxray/">chest x rays</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-lft/">lung function tests</a> every 3 to 5 years.</p><p>Follow your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> plan as your doctor prescribes. Call your doctor if you notice new or worsening symptoms.</p><p>Talk with your doctor about whether you should get <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025769" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">flu</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pnu/">pneumonia</a> vaccines. These vaccines can help lower your risk for lung infections. Avoiding lung infections can help prevent other, more serious complications.</p><p>If you smoke, quit. Smoking raises your risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021885" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung cancer</a> if you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023543" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleural plaque</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pleurisy/">pleural effusion</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023537" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asbestosis</a>. Talk with your doctor about programs and products that can help you quit smoking. Also, try to avoid <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029761" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">secondhand smoke</a>.</p><p>If you have trouble quitting smoking on your own, consider joining a support group. Many hospitals, workplaces, and community groups offer classes to help people quit smoking.</p><p>For more information about how to quit smoking, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">Smoking and Your Heart</a> article and the National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute’s <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/other/your_guide/healthyheart.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri"> “Your Guide to a Healthy Heart.”</a> Although these resources focus on heart health, they include general information about how to quit smoking.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-asb-sec2-d10e80"><h3>Emotional Issues and Support</h3><p>Living with an asbestos-related <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung disease</a> may cause fear, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024918" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anxiety</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024768" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">depression</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a>. Talk about how you feel with your health care team. Talking to a professional counselor also can help. If you’re very <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024768" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">depressed</a>, your doctor may recommend medicines or other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> that can improve your quality of life.</p><p>Joining a patient support group may help you adjust to living with an asbestos-related <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung disease</a>. You can see how other people who have the same symptoms have coped with them. Talk with your doctor about local support groups or check with an area medical center.</p><p>Support from family and friends also can help relieve <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024918" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anxiety</a>. Let your loved ones know how you feel and what they can do to help you.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-trials"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-trials_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Clinical Trials</h2><p>The National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute (NHLBI) is strongly committed to supporting research aimed at preventing and treating heart, lung, and blood diseases and conditions and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorders</a>.</p><p>NHLBI-supported research has led to many advances in medical knowledge and care. Often, these advances depend on the willingness of volunteers to take part in <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-clinicaltrials/">clinical trials</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Clinical trials</a> test new ways to prevent, diagnose, or treat various diseases and conditions. For example, new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for a disease or condition (such as medicines, medical devices, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgeries</a>, or procedures) are tested in volunteers who have the illness. Testing shows whether a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> is safe and effective in humans before it is made available for widespread use.</p><p>By taking part in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, you can gain access to new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> before they’re widely available. You also will have the support of a team of health care providers, who will likely monitor your health closely. Even if you don’t directly benefit from the results of a clinical trial, the information gathered can help others and add to scientific knowledge.</p><p>If you volunteer for a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, the research will be explained to you in detail. You’ll learn about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> and tests you may receive, and the benefits and risks they may pose. You’ll also be given a chance to ask questions about the research. This process is called informed consent.</p><p>If you agree to take part in the trial, you’ll be asked to sign an informed consent form. This form is not a contract. You have the right to withdraw from a study at any time, for any reason. Also, you have the right to learn about new risks or findings that emerge during the trial.</p><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> for asbestos-related <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung diseases</a>, talk with your doctor. You also can visit the following Web sites to learn more about clinical research and to search for clinical trials:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>http://clinicalresearch.nih.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.clinicaltrials.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.researchmatch.org</div></li></ul></div><div style="display: none; width: 200px; top: -100px; left: -100px;" aria-live="assertive" aria-hidden="true" class="ui-helper-reset ui-ncbipopper-wrapper ui-ncbilinksmenu"><ul id="ui-ncbiinpagenav-6"><li><a href="#_nhlbi-asb-sec1-d1e37_">What Are Asbestos-Related Lung Diseases?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-names_">Other Names for Asbestos-Related Lung Diseases</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-causes_">What Causes Asbestos-Related Lung Diseases?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-atrisk_">Who Is at Risk for Asbestos-Related Lung Diseases?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-signs_">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Asbestos-Related Lung Diseases?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-diagnosis_">How Are Asbestos-Related Lung Diseases Diagnosed?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-treatment_">How Are Asbestos-Related Lung Diseases Treated?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-prevention_">How Can Asbestos-Related Lung Diseases Be Prevented?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-livingwith_">Living With Asbestos-Related Lung Diseases</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-trials_">Clinical Trials</a></li></ul></div></div></div> |
June 11, 2014. |
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2018-02-02 04:25:06 |
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<L1> diseases_conditions
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2018-02-02 05:05:24 |
Asthma |
<div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-asthma-sec1-d1e37_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Is Asthma?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Asthma</a> (AZ-ma) is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> (long-term) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung disease</a> that inflames and narrows the airways. Asthma causes recurring <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023146" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">periods</a> of wheezing (a whistling sound when you breathe), <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> tightness, shortness of breath, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cough/">coughing</a>. The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coughing</a> often occurs at night or early in the morning.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Asthma</a> affects people of all ages, but it most often starts during childhood. In the United States, more than 25 million people are known to have asthma. About 7 million of these people are children.</p><div id="nhlbi-asthma-sec2-d1e49"><h3>Overview</h3><p>To understand <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a>, it helps to know how the <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hlw/">airways</a> work. The airways are tubes that carry air into and out of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. People who have asthma have inflamed airways. This makes them swollen and very sensitive. They tend to react strongly to certain inhaled substances.</p><p>When the airways react, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscles</a> around them tighten. This narrows the airways, causing less air to flow into the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. The swelling also can worsen, making the airways even narrower. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Cells</a> in the airways might make more <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a> than usual. Mucus is a sticky, thick liquid that can further narrow the airways.</p><p>This chain reaction can result in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022350" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma symptoms</a>. Symptoms can happen each time the airways are inflamed.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figd1e68" co-legend-rid="figlgndd1e68"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062942/figure/d1e68/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figd1e68" rid-ob="figobd1e68"><img class="small-thumb" src="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062942/bin/asthma.gif" src-large="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062942/bin/asthma.jpg" alt="Asthma."></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndd1e68"><h4 id="d1e68"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062942/figure/d1e68/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd1e68">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Asthma. Figure A shows the location of the lungs and airways in the body. Figure B shows a cross-section of a normal airway. Figure C shows a cross-section of an airway during asthma symptoms. </p></div></div><p>Sometimes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022350" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma symptoms</a> are mild and go away on their own or after minimal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> with asthma medicine. Other times, symptoms continue to get worse.</p><p>When symptoms get more intense and/or more symptoms occur, you're having an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024324" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">attack</a>. Asthma attacks also are called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024324" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">flareups</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024324" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">exacerbations</a> (eg-zas-er-BA-shuns).</p><p>Treating symptoms when you first notice them is important. This will help prevent the symptoms from worsening and causing a severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024324" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">attack</a>. Severe asthma attacks may require emergency care, and they can be fatal.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-asthma-sec2-d1e84"><h3>Outlook</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Asthma</a> has no cure. Even when you feel fine, you still have the disease and it can <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024324" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">flare</a> up at any time.</p><p>However, with today's knowledge and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a>, most people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a> are able to manage the disease. They have few, if any, symptoms. They can live normal, active lives and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> through the night without interruption from asthma.</p><p>If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a>, you can take an active role in managing the disease. For successful, thorough, and ongoing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>, build strong partnerships with your doctor and other health care providers.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes Asthma?</h2><p>The exact cause of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a> isn't known. Researchers think some <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022031" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic</a> and environmental factors interact to cause asthma, most often early in life. These factors include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>An inherited tendency to develop <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">allergies</a>, called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atopy</a> (AT-o-pe)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Parents who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Certain <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022181" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">respiratory</a> infections during childhood</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Contact with some airborne <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030650" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">allergens</a> or exposure to some <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024518" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">viral infections</a> in infancy or in early childhood when the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025680" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune system</a> is developing</div></li></ul><p>If <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atopy</a> runs in your family, exposure to irritants (for example, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029755" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tobacco</a> smoke) might make your airways more reactive to substances in the air.</p><p>Some factors might be more likely to cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a> in certain people than in others. Researchers continue to explore what causes asthma.</p><div id="nhlbi-asthma-sec2-d3e53"><h3>The Hygiene Hypothesis</h3><p>One theory researchers have for what causes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a> is called the hygiene hypothesis. They believe that our Western lifestyle—with its emphasis on hygiene and sanitation—has resulted in changes in our living conditions and an overall decline in infections in early childhood.</p><p>Many young children no longer have the same types of environmental exposures and infections as children did in the past. This affects the way that young children's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025680" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune systems</a> develop during very early childhood, and it may increase their risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atopy</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a>. This is especially true for children who have close family members with one or both of these conditions.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-atrisk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-atrisk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is at Risk for Asthma?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Asthma</a> affects people of all ages, but it most often starts during childhood. In the United States, more than 25 million people are known to have asthma. About 7 million of these people are children.</p><p>Young children who often wheeze and have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022181" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">respiratory</a> infections—as well as certain other risk factors—are at highest risk of developing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a> that continues beyond 6 years of age. The other risk factors include having <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">allergies</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024896" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eczema</a> (an allergic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> condition), or parents who have asthma.</p><p>Among children, more boys have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a> than girls. But among adults, the disease affects men and women equally. It's not clear whether or how sex and sex <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hormones</a> play a role in causing asthma.</p><p>Most, but not all, people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a> have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">allergies</a>.</p><p>Some people develop <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a> because of contact with certain chemical irritants or industrial dusts in the workplace. This type of asthma is called occupational asthma.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Asthma?</h2><p>Common signs and symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a> include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cough/">Coughing</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Coughing</a> from <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a> often is worse at night or early in the morning, making it hard to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Wheezing. Wheezing is a whistling or squeaky sound that occurs when you breathe.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Chest</a> tightness. This may feel like something is squeezing or sitting on your chest.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Shortness of breath. Some people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a> say they can't catch their breath or they feel out of breath. You may feel like you can't get air out of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>.</div></li></ul><p>Not all people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a> have these symptoms. Likewise, having these symptoms doesn't always mean that you have asthma. The best way doctors have to diagnose asthma is to use a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-lft/">lung function test</a>, ask about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029840" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">medical history</a> (including type and frequency of symptoms), and do a physical exam.</p><p>The type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022350" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma symptoms</a> you have, how often they occur, and how severe they are may vary over time. Sometimes your symptoms may just annoy you. Other times, they may be troublesome enough to limit your daily routine.</p><p>Severe symptoms can be fatal. Thus, treating symptoms when you first notice them is important, so they don’t become severe.</p><p>With proper <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>, most people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a> can expect to have few, if any, symptoms either during the day or at night.</p><div id="nhlbi-asthma-sec2-d5e64"><h3>What Causes Asthma Symptoms To Occur?</h3><p>Many things can trigger or worsen <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022350" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma symptoms</a>. Your doctor will help you find out which things (called triggers) may cause your asthma to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024324" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">flare</a> up if you come in contact with them. Triggers can include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030650" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Allergens</a> from dust, animal fur, cockroaches, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029692" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mold</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030651" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pollens</a> from trees, grasses, and flowers</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Irritants such as cigarette smoke, air pollution, chemicals or dust in the workplace, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023355" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">compounds</a> in home décor products, and sprays (such as hairspray)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Medicines such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000168" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aspirin</a> or other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and nonselective beta-<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025464" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blockers</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Sulfites in foods and drinks</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Viral upper <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022181" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">respiratory</a> infections, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024671" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">colds</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Physical activity, including <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">exercise</a></div></li></ul><p>Other health conditions can make <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a> harder to manage. Examples of these conditions include a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">runny nose</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024561" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sinus</a> infections, reflux disease, psychological <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-sleepapnea/">sleep apnea</a>. These conditions should be treated as part of an overall asthma care plan.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Asthma</a> is different for each person. Some of the triggers listed above may not affect you. Other triggers that do affect you might not be on the list. Talk with your doctor about the things that seem to make your asthma worse.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Asthma Diagnosed?</h2><p>Your primary care doctor will diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a> based on your medical and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family histories</a>, a physical exam, and test results.</p><p>Your doctor also will figure out the severity of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a>—that is, whether it's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028141" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">intermittent</a>, mild, moderate, or severe. The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> your doctor prescribes will depend on the level of severity.</p><p>Your doctor may recommend that you see an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a> specialist if:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>You need special tests to help diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>You've had a life-threatening <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024324" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">attack</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>You need more than one kind of medicine or higher doses of medicine to control your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a>, or if you have overall problems getting your asthma well controlled</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>You're thinking about getting <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">allergy</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a></div></li></ul><div id="nhlbi-asthma-sec2-d6e53"><h3>Medical and Family Histories</h3><p>Your doctor may ask about your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family history</a> of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">allergies</a>. He or she also may ask whether you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022350" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma symptoms</a> and when and how often they occur.</p><p>Let your doctor know whether your symptoms seem to happen only during certain times of the year or in certain places, or if they get worse at night.</p><p>Your doctor also may want to know what factors seem to trigger your symptoms or worsen them. For more information about possible <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a> triggers, go to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062942/#nhlbisec-signs">"What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Asthma?"</a> </p><p>Your doctor may ask you about related health conditions that can interfere with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a> management. These conditions include a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">runny nose</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024561" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sinus</a> infections, reflux disease, psychological <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-sleepapnea/">sleep apnea</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-asthma-sec2-d6e73"><h3>Physical Exam</h3><p>Your doctor will listen to your breathing and look for signs of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">allergies</a>. These signs include wheezing, a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">runny nose</a> or swollen <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024564" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nasal passages</a>, and allergic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> conditions (such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024896" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eczema</a>).</p><p>Keep in mind that you can still have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a> even if you don't have these signs when your doctor examines you.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-asthma-sec2-d6e83"><h3>Diagnostic Tests</h3><div id="nhlbi-asthma-sec3-d6e86"><h4>Lung Function Test</h4><p>Your doctor will use a test called <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-lft/#nhlbisec-types">spirometry</a> (spi-ROM-eh-tre) to check how your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> are working. This test measures how much air you can breathe in and out. It also measures how fast you can blow air out.</p><p>Your doctor may give you medicine and then retest you to see whether the results have improved.</p><p>If your test results are lower than normal and improve with the medicine, and if your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029840" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">medical history</a> shows a pattern of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022350" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma symptoms</a>, your doctor will likely diagnose you with asthma.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-asthma-sec3-d6e102"><h4>Other Tests</h4><p>Your doctor may recommend other tests if he or she needs more information to make a diagnosis. Other tests may include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Allergy</a> testing to find out which <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030650" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">allergens</a> affect you, if any.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A test to measure how sensitive your airways are. This is called a bronchoprovocation (brong-KO-prav-eh-KA-shun) test. Using spirometry, this test repeatedly measures your lung function during physical activity or after you receive increasing doses of cold air or a special chemical to breathe in.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A test to show whether you have another condition with symptoms similar to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a>, such as reflux disease, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022323" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vocal cord</a> dysfunction, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> apnea.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cxray/">chest x ray</a> or an <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ekg/">EKG</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029879" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">electrocardiogram</a>). These tests will help find out whether a foreign object in your airways or another disease might be causing your symptoms.</div></li></ul></div></div><div id="nhlbi-asthma-sec2-d6e129"><h3>Diagnosing Asthma in Young Children</h3><p>Most children who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a> develop their first symptoms before 5 years of age. However, asthma in young children (infants to children 5 years old) can be hard to diagnose.</p><p>Sometimes it's hard to tell whether a child has <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a> or another childhood condition. The symptoms of asthma are similar to the symptoms of other conditions.</p><p>Also, many young children who wheeze when they get <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024671" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">colds</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022181" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">respiratory</a> infections don't go on to have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a>. A child may wheeze because he or she has small airways that become narrow during colds or respiratory infections. The airways grow as the child grows, so wheezing no longer occurs as the child gets older.</p><p>A young child who has frequent wheezing with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024671" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">colds</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022181" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">respiratory</a> infections is more likely to have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a> if:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>One or both parents have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The child has signs of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">allergies</a>, including the allergic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> condition <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024896" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eczema</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The child has <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">allergic reactions</a> to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030651" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pollens</a> or other airborne <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030650" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">allergens</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The child wheezes even when he or she doesn't have a cold or other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a></div></li></ul><p>The most certain way to diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a> is with a lung function test, a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029840" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">medical history</a>, and a physical exam. However, it's hard to do lung function tests in children younger than 5 years. Thus, doctors must rely on children's medical histories, signs and symptoms, and physical exams to make a diagnosis.</p><p>Doctors also may use a 4–6 week trial of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a> medicines to see how well a child responds.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Asthma Treated and Controlled?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Asthma</a> is a long-term disease that has no cure. The goal of asthma <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> is to control the disease. Good asthma control will:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Prevent <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> and troublesome symptoms, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cough/">coughing</a> and shortness of breath</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Reduce your need for quick-relief medicines (see below)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Help you maintain good lung function</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Let you maintain your normal activity level and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> through the night</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Prevent <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a> attacks that could result in an emergency room visit or hospital stay</div></li></ul><p>To control <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a>, partner with your doctor to manage your asthma or your child's asthma. Children aged 10 or older—and younger children who are able—should take an active role in their asthma care.</p><p>Taking an active role to control your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a> involves:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Working with your doctor to treat other conditions that can interfere with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a> management.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Avoiding things that worsen your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a> (asthma triggers). However, one trigger you should not avoid is physical activity. Physical activity is an important part of a healthy lifestyle. Talk with your doctor about medicines that can help you stay active.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Working with your doctor and other health care providers to create and follow an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a> action plan.</div></li></ul><p>An <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a> action plan gives guidance on taking your medicines properly, avoiding asthma triggers (except physical activity), tracking your level of asthma control, responding to worsening symptoms, and seeking emergency care when needed.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Asthma</a> is treated with two types of medicines: long-term control and quick-relief medicines. Long-term control medicines help reduce airway <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022625" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inflammation</a> and prevent <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022350" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma symptoms</a>. Quick-relief, or "rescue," medicines relieve asthma symptoms that may <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024324" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">flare</a> up.</p><p>Your initial <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> will depend on the severity of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a>. Followup asthma treatment will depend on how well your asthma action plan is controlling your symptoms and preventing asthma attacks.</p><p>Your level of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a> control can vary over time and with changes in your home, school, or work environments. These changes can alter how often you're exposed to the factors that can worsen your asthma.</p><p>Your doctor may need to increase your medicine if your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a> doesn't stay under control. On the other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hand</a>, if your asthma is well controlled for several months, your doctor may decrease your medicine. These adjustments to your medicine will help you maintain the best control possible with the least amount of medicine necessary.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Asthma</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> for certain groups of people—such as children, pregnant women, or those for whom <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">exercise</a> brings on <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022350" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma symptoms</a>—will be adjusted to meet their special needs.</p><div id="nhlbi-asthma-sec2-d7e90"><h3>Follow an Asthma Action Plan</h3><p>You can work with your doctor to create a personal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a> action plan. The plan will describe your daily <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a>, such as which medicines to take and when to take them. The plan also will explain when to call your doctor or go to the emergency room.</p><p>If your child has <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a>, all of the people who care for him or her should know about the child's asthma action plan. This includes babysitters and workers at daycare centers, schools, and camps. These caretakers can help your child follow his or her action plan.</p><p>Go to the National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute's (NHLBI's) <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/lung/asthma/asthma_actplan.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri"> "Asthma Action Plan"</a> for a sample plan.</p><div id="nhlbi-asthma-sec3-d7e105"><h4>Avoid Things That Can Worsen Your Asthma</h4><p>Many common things (called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a> triggers) can set off or worsen your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022350" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma symptoms</a>. Once you know what these things are, you can take steps to control many of them. (For more information about asthma triggers, go to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062942/#nhlbisec-signs">"What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Asthma?"</a>)</p><p>For example, exposure to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030651" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pollens</a> or air pollution might make your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a> worse. If so, try to limit time outdoors when the levels of these substances in the outdoor air are high. If animal fur triggers your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022350" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma symptoms</a>, keep pets with fur out of your home or bedroom.</p><p>One possible <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a> trigger you shouldn’t avoid is physical activity. Physical activity is an important part of a healthy lifestyle. Talk with your doctor about medicines that can help you stay active.</p><p>The NHLBI offers many useful tips for controlling <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a> triggers. For more information, go to page 2 of NHLBI's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/lung/asthma/asthma_actplan.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri"> "Asthma Action Plan."</a> </p><p>If your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022350" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma symptoms</a> are clearly related to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030650" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">allergens</a>, and you can't avoid exposure to those allergens, your doctor may advise you to get <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">allergy</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022222" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">shots</a>.</p><p>You may need to see a specialist if you're thinking about getting <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">allergy</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022222" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">shots</a>. These shots can lessen or prevent your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022350" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma symptoms</a>, but they can't cure your asthma.</p><p>Several health conditions can make <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a> harder to manage. These conditions include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">runny nose</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024561" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sinus</a> infections, reflux disease, psychological <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-sleepapnea/">sleep apnea</a>. Your doctor will treat these conditions as well.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-asthma-sec2-d7e139"><h3>Medicines</h3><p>Your doctor will consider many things when deciding which <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a> medicines are best for you. He or she will check to see how well a medicine works for you. Then, he or she will adjust the dose or medicine as needed.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Asthma</a> medicines can be taken in pill form, but most are taken using a device called an inhaler. An inhaler allows the medicine to go directly to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>.</p><p>Not all inhalers are used the same way. Ask your doctor or another health care provider to show you the right way to use your inhaler. Review the way you use your inhaler at every medical visit.</p><div id="nhlbi-asthma-sec3-d7e151"><h4>Long-Term Control Medicines</h4><p>Most people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a> need to take long-term control medicines daily to help prevent symptoms. The most effective long-term medicines reduce airway <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022625" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inflammation</a>, which helps prevent symptoms from starting. These medicines don't give you quick relief from symptoms.</p><p>Inhaled corticosteroids. Inhaled corticosteroids are the preferred medicine for long-term control of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a>. They're the most effective option for long-term relief of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022625" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inflammation</a> and swelling that makes your airways sensitive to certain inhaled substances.</p><p>Reducing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022625" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inflammation</a> helps prevent the chain reaction that causes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022350" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma symptoms</a>. Most people who take these medicines daily find they greatly reduce the severity of symptoms and how often they occur.</p><p>Inhaled corticosteroids generally are safe when taken as prescribed. These medicines are different from the illegal anabolic steroids taken by some athletes. Inhaled corticosteroids aren't habit-forming, even if you take them every day for many years.</p><p>Like many other medicines, though, inhaled corticosteroids can have side effects. Most doctors agree that the benefits of taking inhaled corticosteroids and preventing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a> attacks far outweigh the risk of side effects.</p><p>One common side effect from inhaled corticosteroids is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024526" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thrush</a>. You might be able to use a spacer or holding <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chamber</a> on your inhaler to avoid thrush. These devices attach to your inhaler. They help prevent the medicine from landing in your mouth or on the back of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024473" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">throat</a>.</p><p>Check with your doctor to see whether a spacer or holding <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chamber</a> should be used with the inhaler you have. Also, work with your health care team if you have any questions about how to use a spacer or holding chamber. Rinsing your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a> out with water after taking inhaled corticosteroids also can lower your risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024526" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thrush</a>.</p><p>If you have severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a>, you may have to take corticosteroid pills or liquid for short <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023146" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">periods</a> to get your asthma under control.</p><p>If taken for long <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023146" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">periods</a>, these medicines raise your risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024949" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cataracts</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024680" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">osteoporosis</a> (OS-te-o-po-RO-sis). A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024949" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cataract</a> is the clouding of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022382" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lens</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eye</a>. Osteoporosis is a disorder that makes your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022807" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bones</a> weak and more likely to break.</p><p>Your doctor may have you add another long-term <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a> control medicine so he or she can lower your dose of corticosteroids. Or, your doctor may suggest you take <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022775" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">calcium</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0001921" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin D</a> pills to protect your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022807" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bones</a>.</p><p>Other long-term control medicines. Other long-term control medicines include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000484" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Cromolyn</a>. This medicine is taken using a device called a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022665" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nebulizer</a>. As you breathe in, the nebulizer sends a fine mist of medicine to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. Cromolyn helps prevent airway <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022625" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inflammation</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0011491" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Omalizumab</a> (anti-IgE). This medicine is given as a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022222" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">shot</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022222" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">injection</a>) one or two times a month. It helps prevent your body from reacting to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a> triggers, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030651" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pollen</a> and dust. Anti-IgE might be used if other asthma medicines have not worked well.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Inhaled long-acting beta2-agonists. These medicines open the airways. They might be added to low-dose inhaled corticosteroids to improve <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a> control. Inhaled long-acting beta2-agonists should never be used for long-term asthma control unless they're used with inhaled corticosteroids.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Leukotriene modifiers. These medicines are taken by <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a>. They help block the chain reaction that increases <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022625" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inflammation</a> in your airways.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0001785" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Theophylline</a>. This medicine is taken by <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a>. Theophylline helps open the airways.</div></li></ul><p>If your doctor prescribes a long-term control medicine, take it every day to control your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a>. Your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022350" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma symptoms</a> will likely return or get worse if you stop taking your medicine.</p><p>Long-term control medicines can have side effects. Talk with your doctor about these side effects and ways to reduce or avoid them.</p><p>With some medicines, like <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0001785" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">theophylline</a>, your doctor will check the level of medicine in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. This helps ensure that you’re getting enough medicine to relieve your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022350" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma symptoms</a>, but not so much that it causes dangerous side effects.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-asthma-sec3-d7e237"><h4>Quick-Relief Medicines</h4><p>All people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a> need quick-relief medicines to help relieve <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022350" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma symptoms</a> that may <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024324" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">flare</a> up. Inhaled short-acting beta2-agonists are the first choice for quick relief.</p><p>These medicines act quickly to relax tight <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscles</a> around your airways when you're having a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024324" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">flareup</a>. This allows the airways to open up so air can flow through them.</p><p>You should take your quick-relief medicine when you first notice <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022350" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma symptoms</a>. If you use this medicine more than 2 days a week, talk with your doctor about your asthma control. You may need to make changes to your asthma action plan.</p><p>Carry your quick-relief inhaler with you at all times in case you need it. If your child has <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a>, make sure that anyone caring for him or her has the child's quick-relief medicines, including staff at the child's school. They should understand when and how to use these medicines and when to seek medical care for your child.</p><p>You shouldn't use quick-relief medicines in place of prescribed long-term control medicines. Quick-relief medicines don't reduce <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022625" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inflammation</a>.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-asthma-sec2-d7e262"><h3>Track Your Asthma</h3><p>To track your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a>, keep records of your symptoms, check your peak flow number using a peak flow <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030656" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">meter</a>, and get regular asthma checkups.</p><div id="nhlbi-asthma-sec3-d7e268"><h4>Record Your Symptoms</h4><p>You can record your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022350" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma symptoms</a> in a diary to see how well your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> are controlling your asthma.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Asthma</a> is well controlled if:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>You have symptoms no more than 2 days a week, and these symptoms don't wake you from <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> more than 1 or 2 nights a month.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>You can do all your normal activities.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>You take quick-relief medicines no more than 2 days a week.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>You have no more than one <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024324" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">attack</a> a year that requires you to take corticosteroids by <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Your peak flow doesn't drop below 80 percent of your personal best number.</div></li></ul><p>If your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a> isn't well controlled, contact your doctor. He or she may need to change your asthma action plan.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-asthma-sec3-d7e299"><h4>Use a Peak Flow Meter</h4><p>This small, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hand</a>-held device shows how well air moves out of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. You blow into the device and it gives you a score, or peak flow number. Your score shows how well your lungs are working at the time of the test.</p><p>Your doctor will tell you how and when to use your peak flow <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030656" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">meter</a>. He or she also will teach you how to take your medicines based on your score.</p><p>Your doctor and other health care providers may ask you to use your peak flow <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030656" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">meter</a> each morning and keep a record of your results. You may find it very useful to record peak flow scores for a couple of weeks before each medical visit and take the results with you.</p><p>When you're first diagnosed with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a>, it's important to find your "personal best" peak flow number. To do this, you record your score each day for a 2- to 3-week period when your asthma is well-controlled. The highest number you get during that time is your personal best. You can compare this number to future numbers to make sure your asthma is controlled.</p><p>Your peak flow <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030656" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">meter</a> can help warn you of an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024324" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">attack</a>, even before you notice symptoms. If your score shows that your breathing is getting worse, you should take your quick-relief medicines the way your asthma action plan directs. Then you can use the peak flow meter to check how well the medicine worked.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-asthma-sec3-d7e318"><h4>Get Asthma Checkups</h4><p>When you first begin <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>, you'll see your doctor about every 2 to 6 weeks. Once your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a> is controlled, your doctor may want to see you from once a month to twice a year.</p><p>During these checkups, your doctor may ask whether you've had an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024324" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">attack</a> since the last visit or any changes in symptoms or peak flow measurements. He or she also may ask about your daily activities. This information will help your doctor assess your level of asthma control.</p><p>Your doctor also may ask whether you have any problems or concerns with taking your medicines or following your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a> action plan. Based on your answers to these questions, your doctor may change the dose of your medicine or give you a new medicine.</p><p>If your control is very good, you might be able to take less medicine. The goal is to use the least amount of medicine needed to control your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a>.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-asthma-sec2-d7e334"><h3>Emergency Care</h3><p>Most people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a>, including many children, can safely manage their symptoms by following their asthma action plans. However, you might need medical attention at times.</p><p>Call your doctor for advice if:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Your medicines don't relieve an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024324" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">attack</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Your peak flow is less than half of your personal best peak flow number.</div></li></ul><p>Call 9–1–1 for emergency care if:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>You have trouble walking and talking because you're out of breath.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>You have blue <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024368" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lips</a> or fingernails.</div></li></ul><p>At the hospital, you'll be closely watched and given <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-oxt/">oxygen</a> and more medicines, as well as medicines at higher doses than you take at home. Such <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> can save your life.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-asthma-sec2-d7e371"><h3>Asthma Treatment for Special Groups</h3><p>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> described above generally apply to all people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a>. However, some aspects of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> differ for people in certain age groups and those who have special needs.</p><div id="nhlbi-asthma-sec3-d7e378"><h4>Children</h4><p>It's hard to diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=ent |
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Atelectasis |
<div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-atl-sec1-d1e36_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Is Atelectasis?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022353" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Atelectasis</a> (at-uh-LEK-tuh-sis) is a condition in which one or more areas of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> collapse or don't inflate properly. If only a small area or a few small areas of lung are affected, you may have no signs or symptoms.</p><p>If a large area or several large areas of lung are affected, they may not be able to deliver enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. This can cause symptoms and complications.</p><div id="nhlbi-atl-sec2-d1e45"><h3>Overview</h3><p>To understand <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022353" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atelectasis</a>, it helps to understand <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hlw/">how the lungs work</a>. Your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> are <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> that allow your body to take in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> from the air. They also help remove <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022309" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carbon dioxide</a> (a waste gas that can be toxic) from your body.</p><p>When you breathe, air passes through your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025667" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nose</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a> into your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022078" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">windpipe</a>. The air then travels to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>' air <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022396" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sacs</a>. These sacs are called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022134" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">alveoli</a> (al-VEE-uhl-<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eye</a>).</p><p>Small <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022018" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">capillaries</a> (KAP-ih-lare-ees) run through the walls of the air <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022396" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sacs</a>. When air reaches the air sacs, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> passes through the air <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022396" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sac</a> walls into the blood in the capillaries. At the same time, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022309" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carbon dioxide</a> moves from the capillaries into the air sacs. This process is called gas exchange.</p><p>The air <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022396" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sacs</a> must remain open and filled with air for gas exchange to work well. Surfactant (sur-FAK-tant), a liquid that coats the inside of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, helps the air sacs stay open. Deep breathing and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cough/">coughing</a> also help keep the air sacs open. (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Coughing</a> helps clear <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a> and other substances from your airways.)</p><p>In <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022353" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atelectasis</a>, part of the lung collapses or doesn't inflate. The air <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022396" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sacs</a> in that part of the lung no longer fill with air. As a result, they can't take part in gas exchange.</p><p>If only a small area or a few small areas of lung are affected, you may have no signs or symptoms. This is because the rest of the lung can bring in enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> to make up for the collapsed part.</p><p>If <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022353" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atelectasis</a> affects a large area or several large areas of lung, your body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissues</a> might not get enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>.</p><p>Conditions and factors that keep the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> from fully expanding and filling with air can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022353" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atelectasis</a>. For example, atelectasis is common after <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>.</p><p>The medicine used during some types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> to make you <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> can decrease or stop your normal effort to breathe and urge to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a>. Sometimes, especially after <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022841" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abdominal surgery</a>, pain may keep you from taking deep breaths. As a result, part of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> may collapse or not inflate well.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-atl-sec2-d1e83"><h3>Outlook</h3><p>The outlook for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022353" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atelectasis</a> depends on its cause. In adults, atelectasis often is short term. The collapsed air <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022396" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sacs</a> slowly refill with air once the cause of the atelectasis is resolved.</p><p>If <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022353" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atelectasis</a> persists, it may prevent the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> from properly clearing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a>. This can lead to infections, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pnu/">pneumonia</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022353" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Atelectasis</a> usually isn't life threatening. However, if it affects a large area of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>—especially in a baby, small child, or someone who has another <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung disease</a> or illness—it can be fatal if not treated quickly.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-names"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-names_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Other Names for Atelectasis</h2><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Closed lung</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022353" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Partial lung collapse</a></div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes Atelectasis?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022353" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Atelectasis</a> can occur if the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> can't fully expand and fill with air. Atelectasis has many causes.</p><div id="nhlbi-atl-sec2-d4e31"><h3>Conditions and Factors That Prevent Deep Breathing and Coughing</h3><p>Conditions and factors that prevent deep breathing and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cough/">coughing</a> can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022353" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atelectasis</a>. For example, if you're taking shallow breaths or breathing with the help of a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-vent/">ventilator</a>, your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> don't fill with air in the normal way.</p><p>Normally, when you take a deep breath, the base (bottom) and the back of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> fill with air first. However, if you're taking shallow breaths or using a ventilator, air may not make it all the way to the air <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022396" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sacs</a> at the bottom of your lungs. Thus, these air sacs won't inflate well.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022353" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Atelectasis</a> is common after <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>. The medicine used during some types of surgery to make you <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> can decrease or stop your normal effort to breathe and urge to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a>. Sometimes, especially after <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022841" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abdominal surgery</a>, pain may keep you from taking deep breaths. As a result, part of your lung may collapse or not inflate well.</p><p>Pressure from outside the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> also can make it hard to take deep breaths. Many factors can cause pressure outside the lungs. Examples include a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024119" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tumor</a>, a tight body cast, a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022807" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone</a> deformity, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pleurisy/">pleural effusion</a> (fluid buildup between the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029862" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ribs</a> and the lungs).</p><p>Lung conditions and other medical disorders that affect your ability to breathe deeply or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a> also may lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022353" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atelectasis</a>. One example is <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-rds/">respiratory distress syndrome</a> (RDS).</p><p>RDS is a breathing disorder that affects some newborns. It's more common in premature infants because their <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> aren't able to make enough surfactant. Surfactant is a liquid that coats the inside of the lungs and helps keep the air <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022396" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sacs</a> open. Without enough surfactant, part of the lungs may collapse.</p><p>Other lung conditions and medical disorders that can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022353" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atelectasis</a> include <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pnu/">pneumonia</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021885" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung cancer</a>, and neuromuscular diseases. Rarely, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-asthma/">asthma</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-copd/">COPD</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022631" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic obstructive pulmonary disease</a>), and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cf/">cystic fibrosis</a> are associated with atelectasis.</p><p>Migrating <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022353" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atelectasis</a> in newborns is rare and might be caused by neuromuscular diseases. "Migrating" means that the part of the lung that collapses will change depending on the position of the baby.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-atl-sec2-d4e84"><h3>An Airway Blockage</h3><p>An airway blockage also can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022353" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atelectasis</a>. A blockage might be due to a foreign object (such as an inhaled peanut), a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a> plug, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021885" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung cancer</a>, or a poorly placed breathing tube from a ventilator.</p><p>When a blockage occurs, the air that's already in the air <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022396" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sacs</a> is absorbed into the bloodstream. New air can't get past the blockage to refill the air sacs, so the affected area of lung deflates.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-atrisk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-atrisk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is at Risk for Atelectasis?</h2><p>You might be at risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022353" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atelectasis</a> if you can't take deep breaths or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cough/">cough</a>, or if you have an airway blockage.</p><p>Conditions that can increase your risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022353" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atelectasis</a> include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Surgery</a> in which you're given medicine to make you <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a>. This medicine can decrease or stop your normal effort to breathe and urge to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Any condition or factor that causes pain when you breathe. Examples include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> on your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022602" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abdomen</a>, trauma, broken <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029862" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ribs</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pleurisy/">pleurisy</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022625" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inflammation</a> of the membrane that surrounds your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> and lines your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029751" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest cavity</a>).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Being on a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-vent/">ventilator</a> (a machine that supports breathing).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A blockage in your airway due to a foreign object, a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a> plug, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021885" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung cancer</a>, or a poorly placed breathing tube.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Lung conditions and other medical disorders that affect your ability to breathe deeply or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a>. Examples include <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-rds/">respiratory distress syndrome</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pnu/">pneumonia</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021885" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung cancer</a>, and neuromuscular diseases. Rarely, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-asthma/">asthma</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-copd/">COPD</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022631" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic obstructive pulmonary disease</a>), and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cf/">cystic fibrosis</a> are associated with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022353" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atelectasis</a>.</div></li></ul><p>People who have one of the conditions above and who smoke or are <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/obe/obe_whatare.html" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri"> obese</a> are at greater risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022353" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atelectasis</a> than people who don't smoke or aren't obese.</p><p>Infants and toddlers (birth to 3 years old) who have risk factors for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022353" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atelectasis</a> seem to develop the condition more easily than adults.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Atelectasis?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022353" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Atelectasis</a> likely won't cause signs or symptoms if it only affects a small area of lung.</p><p>If <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022353" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atelectasis</a> affects a large area of lung, especially if it occurs suddenly, it may cause a low level of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. As a result, you may feel short of breath. Your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024325" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart rate</a> and breathing rate may increase, and your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024368" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lips</a> may turn blue.</p><p>Other symptoms might be related to the underlying cause of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022353" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atelectasis</a> (for example, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain due to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>).</p><p>If your child has <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022353" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atelectasis</a>, you may notice that he or she seems agitated, anxious, or scared.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Atelectasis Diagnosed?</h2><p>Your doctor will diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022353" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atelectasis</a> based on your signs and symptoms and the results from tests and procedures. Atelectasis might be detected as a result of a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cxray/">chest x ray</a> done for an underlying lung condition.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022353" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Atelectasis</a> usually is diagnosed by a radiologist, pulmonologist (lung specialist), emergency medicine physician, or a primary care doctor (such as a pediatrician, internal medicine specialist, or family practitioner).</p><div id="nhlbi-atl-sec2-d7e37"><h3>Diagnostic Tests and Procedures</h3><p>The most common test used to diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022353" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atelectasis</a> is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> x ray. A chest x ray is a painless test that creates pictures of the structures inside your chest, such as your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>.</p><p>Your doctor also may recommend a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> computed tomography (to-MOG-rah-fee) scan, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cct/">chest CT scan</a>. This test creates precise pictures of the structures in your chest. A chest CT scan is a type of x ray. However, the pictures from a chest CT scan show more details than pictures from a standard chest x ray.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022353" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Atelectasis</a> often resolves without <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>. If the condition is severe or lasts a long time and your doctor thinks it's caused by an airway blockage, he or she may use <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bron/">bronchoscopy</a> (bron-KOS-ko-pee). This procedure is used to look inside your airway.</p><p>During the procedure, your doctor passes a thin, flexible tube called a bronchoscope through your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025667" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nose</a> (or sometimes your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a>), down your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024473" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">throat</a>, and into your airway. If you have a breathing tube, the bronchoscope can be passed through the tube to your airway.</p><p>A light and small camera on the bronchoscope allow your doctor to see inside your airway. Your doctor also can remove blockages during the procedure.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Atelectasis Treated?</h2><p>The main goals of treating <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022353" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atelectasis</a> are to treat the cause of the condition and to reexpand the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022353" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">collapsed lung</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatment</a> may vary based on the underlying cause of the atelectasis.</p><div id="nhlbi-atl-sec2-d8e31"><h3>Atelectasis Caused by Surgery</h3><p>If <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022353" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atelectasis</a> is caused by <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>, your doctor may recommend that you take the following steps to fully expand your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Perform deep breathing exercises. These exercises are very important after <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>. While in the hospital, you may use a device called an incentive spirometer. This device measures how much air you're <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022221" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">breathing in</a> and how fast you're breathing in. Using this device encourages you to breathe deeply and slowly.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Change your position. Sit up or walk around as soon as possible after <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> (with your doctor's permission).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Make an effort to <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cough/">cough</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Coughing</a> helps clear <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a> and other substances from your airways.</div></li></ul><p>Your doctor also may suggest using positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cpap/">continuous positive airway pressure</a> (CPAP). Both devices use mild air pressure to help keep the airways and air <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022396" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sacs</a> open.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-atl-sec2-d8e59"><h3>Atelectasis Caused by Pressure From Outside the Lungs</h3><p>If pressure from outside the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> is causing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022353" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atelectasis</a>, your doctor will treat the cause of the pressure. For example, if the cause is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024119" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tumor</a> or fluid buildup, your doctor will remove the tumor or fluid. This will allow your lung to fully expand.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-atl-sec2-d8e65"><h3>Atelectasis Caused by a Blockage</h3><p>If a blockage is causing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022353" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atelectasis</a>, you'll receive <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> to remove the blockage or relieve it. If the blockage is from an inhaled object, such as a peanut, your doctor will remove it during <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bron/">bronchoscopy</a>. (For more information, go to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062944/#nhlbisec-diagnosis">"How Is Atelectasis Diagnosed?</a>")</p><p>If a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a> plug is blocking your airways, your doctor may use suction to remove it. Other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> also can help clear excess mucus from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, such as:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Chest</a> clapping or percussion. This <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> involves pounding your chest and back over and over with your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hands</a> or a device to loosen the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a> from your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> so you can <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a> it up.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Postural drainage. For this <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>, your bed may be tilted so that your head is lower than your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a>. This allows <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a> to drain more easily.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Medicines. Your doctor may prescribe medicines to help open your airways or loosen <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a>.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-atl-sec2-d8e93"><h3>Atelectasis Caused by a Lung Condition or Other Medical Disorder</h3><p>If a lung condition or other medical disorder us causing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022353" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atelectasis</a>, your doctor will treat the underlying cause with medicines, procedures, or other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapies</a>.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-prevention"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-prevention_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Can Atelectasis Be Prevented?</h2><p>Not smoking before <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> can lower your risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022353" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atelectasis</a>. If you smoke, ask your doctor how far in advance of your surgery you should quit smoking.</p><p>After <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>, your doctor may recommend that you take the following steps to fully expand your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Perform deep breathing exercises. These exercises are very important after <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>. While in the hospital, you may use a device called an incentive spirometer. This device measures how much air you're <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022221" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">breathing in</a> and how fast you're breathing in. Using this device encourages you to breathe deeply and slowly.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Change your position. Sit up or walk around as soon as possible after <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> (with your doctor's permission).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Make an effort to <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cough/">cough</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Coughing</a> helps clear <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a> and other substances from your airways.</div></li></ul><p>If deep breathing is painful, your doctor may prescribe medicines to control the pain. This can make it easier for you to take deep breaths and fully expand your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>.</p><p>Your doctor also might suggest using positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cpap/">continuous positive airway pressure</a> (CPAP). Both devices use mild air pressure to help keep the airways and air <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022396" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sacs</a> open.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-trials"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-trials_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Clinical Trials</h2><p>The National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute (NHLBI) is strongly committed to supporting research aimed at preventing and treating heart, lung, and blood diseases and conditions and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorders</a>.</p><p>NHLBI-supported research has led to many advances in medical knowledge and care. Often, these advances depend on the willingness of volunteers to take part in <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-clinicaltrials/">clinical trials</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Clinical trials</a> test new ways to prevent, diagnose, or treat various diseases and conditions. For example, new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for a disease or condition (such as medicines, medical devices, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgeries</a>, or procedures) are tested in volunteers who have the illness. Testing shows whether a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> is safe and effective in humans before it is made available for widespread use.</p><p>By taking part in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, you can gain access to new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> before they're widely available. You also will have the support of a team of health care providers, who will likely monitor your health closely. Even if you don't directly benefit from the results of a clinical trial, the information gathered can help others and add to scientific knowledge.</p><p>If you volunteer for a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, the research will be explained to you in detail. You'll learn about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> and tests you may receive, and the benefits and risks they may pose. You'll also be given a chance to ask questions about the research. This process is called informed consent.</p><p>If you agree to take part in the trial, you'll be asked to sign an informed consent form. This form is not a contract. You have the right to withdraw from a study at any time, for any reason. Also, you have the right to learn about new risks or findings that emerge during the trial.</p><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> related to your disease or condition, talk with your doctor. You also can visit the following Web sites to learn more about clinical research and to search for clinical trials:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>http://clinicalresearch.nih.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.clinicaltrials.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.researchmatch.org</div></li></ul><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> for children, visit the NHLBI's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/childrenandclinicalstudies/index.php" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Children and Clinical Studies</a> Web page.</p></div><div style="display: none; width: 200px; top: -100px; left: -100px;" aria-live="assertive" aria-hidden="true" class="ui-helper-reset ui-ncbipopper-wrapper ui-ncbilinksmenu"><ul id="ui-ncbiinpagenav-6"><li><a href="#_nhlbi-atl-sec1-d1e36_">What Is Atelectasis?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-names_">Other Names for Atelectasis</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-causes_">What Causes Atelectasis?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-atrisk_">Who Is at Risk for Atelectasis?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-signs_">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Atelectasis?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-diagnosis_">How Is Atelectasis Diagnosed?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-treatment_">How Is Atelectasis Treated?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-prevention_">How Can Atelectasis Be Prevented?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-trials_">Clinical Trials</a></li></ul></div></div></div> |
June 11, 2014. |
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2018-02-02 04:25:06 |
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<L1> diseases_conditions
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2018-02-02 05:05:55 |
Atherosclerosis |
<div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-atherosclerosis-sec1-d1e38_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Is Atherosclerosis?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023229" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Atherosclerosis</a> (ath-er-o-skler-O-sis) is a disease in which <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> (plak) builds up inside your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>. Arteries are <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> that carry <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich blood to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and other parts of your body.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Plaque</a> is made up of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fat</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cholesterol</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022775" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">calcium</a>, and other substances found in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. Over time, plaque hardens and narrows your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>. This limits the flow of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich blood to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> and other parts of your body.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023229" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Atherosclerosis</a> can lead to serious problems, including <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stroke/">stroke</a>, or even death.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figd1e60" co-legend-rid="figlgndd1e60"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062943/figure/d1e60/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figd1e60" rid-ob="figobd1e60"><img class="small-thumb" src="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062943/bin/ather_lowres.gif" src-large="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062943/bin/ather_lowres.jpg" alt="Atherosclerosis."></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndd1e60"><h4 id="d1e60"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062943/figure/d1e60/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd1e60">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Atherosclerosis. Figure A shows a normal artery with normal blood flow. Figure B shows an artery with plaque buildup. </p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-atherosclerosis-sec2-d1e66"><h3>Atherosclerosis-Related Diseases</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023229" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Atherosclerosis</a> can affect any <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a> in the body, including <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arms</a>, legs, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022614" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pelvis</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidneys</a>. As a result, different diseases may develop based on which arteries are affected.</p><div id="nhlbi-atherosclerosis-sec3-d1e72"><h4>Coronary Heart Disease</h4><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">Coronary heart disease</a> (CHD), also called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021983" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary artery disease</a>, is the #1 killer of both men and women in the United States. CHD occurs if <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> builds up in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a>. These arteries supply <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Plaque</a> narrows the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a> and reduces <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a>. Plaque buildup also makes it more likely that blood clots will form in your arteries. Blood clots can partially or completely block blood flow.</p><p>If <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a> is reduced or blocked, you may have <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-angina/">angina</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain or discomfort) or a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Plaque</a> also can form in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s smallest <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>. This disease is called <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cmd/">coronary microvascular disease</a> (MVD). In <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027308" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary MVD</a>, plaque doesn't cause blockages in the arteries as it does in CHD.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-atherosclerosis-sec3-d1e96"><h4>Carotid Artery Disease</h4><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-catd/">Carotid (ka-ROT-id) artery disease</a> occurs if <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> builds up in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> on each side of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027054" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neck</a> (the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022295" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carotid arteries</a>). These arteries supply <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>. If blood flow to your brain is reduced or blocked, you may have a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-atherosclerosis-sec3-d1e104"><h4>Peripheral Arterial Disease</h4><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pad/">Peripheral arterial disease</a> (P.A.D.) occurs if <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> builds up in the major <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> that supply <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to your legs, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arms</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022614" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pelvis</a>.</p><p>If <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow to these parts of your body is reduced or blocked, you may have numbness, pain, and, sometimes, dangerous infections.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-atherosclerosis-sec3-d1e116"><h4>Chronic Kidney Disease</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028183" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Chronic kidney disease</a> can occur if <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> builds up in the renal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>. These arteries supply <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidneys</a>.</p><p>Over time, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028183" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic kidney disease</a> causes a slow loss of kidney function. The main function of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidneys</a> is to remove waste and extra water from the body.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-atherosclerosis-sec2-d1e127"><h3>Overview</h3><p>The cause of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023229" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atherosclerosis</a> isn't known. However, certain traits, conditions, or habits may raise your risk for the disease. These conditions are known as risk factors.</p><p>You can control some risk factors, such as lack of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-phys/">physical activity</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">smoking</a>, and an unhealthy diet. Others you can't control, such as age and a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family history</a> of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease.</p><p>Some people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023229" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atherosclerosis</a> have no signs or symptoms. They may not be diagnosed until after a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a>.</p><p>The main <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023229" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atherosclerosis</a> is lifestyle changes. You also may need medicines and medical procedures. These <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a>, along with ongoing medical care, can help you live a healthier life.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-atherosclerosis-sec2-d1e149"><h3>Outlook</h3><p>Improved <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> have reduced the number of deaths from <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023229" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atherosclerosis</a>-related diseases. These treatments also have improved the quality of life for people who have these diseases. However, atherosclerosis remains a common health problem.</p><p>You may be able to prevent or delay <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023229" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atherosclerosis</a> and the diseases it can cause. Making lifestyle changes and getting ongoing care can help you avoid the problems of atherosclerosis and live a long, healthy life.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-names"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-names_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Other Names for Atherosclerosis</h2><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Arteriosclerosis</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Hardening of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a></div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes Atherosclerosis?</h2><p>The exact cause of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023229" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atherosclerosis</a> isn't known. However, studies show that atherosclerosis is a slow, complex disease that may start in childhood. It develops faster as you age.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023229" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Atherosclerosis</a> may start when certain factors damage the inner layers of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>. These factors include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">Smoking</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>High amounts of certain <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015646" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fats</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbc/">cholesterol</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">High blood pressure</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>High amounts of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023305" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sugar</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> due to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023068" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">insulin resistance</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a></div></li></ul><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Plaque</a> may begin to build up where the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> are damaged. Over time, plaque hardens and narrows the arteries. Eventually, an area of plaque can <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rupture</a> (break open).</p><p>When this happens, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cell</a> fragments called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a> (PLATE-lets) stick to the site of the injury. They may clump together to form blood clots. Clots narrow the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> even more, limiting the flow of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich blood to your body.</p><p>Depending on which <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> are affected, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots can worsen <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-angina/">angina</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain) or cause a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stroke/">stroke</a>.</p><p>Researchers continue to look for the causes of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023229" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atherosclerosis</a>. They hope to find answers to questions such as:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Why and how do the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> become damaged?</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>How does <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> develop and change over time?</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Why does <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rupture</a> and lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots?</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-atrisk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-atrisk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is at Risk for Atherosclerosis?</h2><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">Coronary heart disease</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023229" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atherosclerosis</a> of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a>) is the #1 killer of both men and women in the United States.</p><p>The exact cause of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023229" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atherosclerosis</a> isn't known. However, certain traits, conditions, or habits may raise your risk for the disease. These conditions are known as risk factors. The more risk factors you have, the more likely it is that you'll develop atherosclerosis.</p><p>You can control most risk factors and help prevent or delay <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023229" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atherosclerosis</a>. Other risk factors can't be controlled.</p><div id="nhlbi-atherosclerosis-sec2-d5e39"><h3>Major Risk Factors</h3><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbc/">Unhealthy blood cholesterol levels</a>. This includes high <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022292" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">LDL cholesterol</a> (sometimes called "bad" cholesterol) and low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022291" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">HDL cholesterol</a> (sometimes called "good" cholesterol).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">High blood pressure</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood pressure</a> is considered high if it stays at or above 140/90 mmHg over time. If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028183" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic kidney disease</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood pressure</a> is defined as 130/80 mmHg or higher. (The mmHg is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030527" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">millimeters of mercury</a>—the units used to measure blood pressure.)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">Smoking</a>. Smoking can damage and tighten <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>, raise <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cholesterol</a> levels, and raise <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a>. Smoking also doesn't allow enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> to reach the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissues</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023068" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Insulin resistance</a>. This condition occurs if the body can't use its insulin properly. Insulin is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hormone</a> that helps move <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024697" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood sugar</a> into <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> where it's used as an energy source. Insulin resistance may lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Diabetes</a>. With this disease, the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024697" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood sugar</a> level is too high because the body doesn't make enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024496" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">insulin</a> or doesn't use its insulin properly.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-obe/">Overweight or obesity</a>. The terms "<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030700" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">overweight</a>" and "<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">obesity</a>" refer to body weight that's greater than what is considered healthy for a certain height.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Lack of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-phys/">physical activity</a>. A lack of physical activity can worsen other risk factors for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023229" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atherosclerosis</a>, such as unhealthy <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022289" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood cholesterol</a> levels, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood pressure</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030700" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">overweight</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">obesity</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Unhealthy diet. An unhealthy diet can raise your risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023229" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atherosclerosis</a>. Foods that are high in saturated and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022582" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">trans fats</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cholesterol</a>, sodium (salt), and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023305" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sugar</a> can worsen other atherosclerosis risk factors.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Older age. As you get older, your risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023229" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atherosclerosis</a> increases. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022031" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Genetic</a> or lifestyle factors cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> to build up in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> as you age. By the time you're middle-aged or older, enough plaque has built up to cause signs or symptoms. In men, the risk increases after age 45. In women, the risk increases after age 55.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Family history</a> of early <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease. Your risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023229" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atherosclerosis</a> increases if your father or a brother was diagnosed with heart disease before 55 years of age, or if your mother or a sister was diagnosed with heart disease before 65 years of age.</div></li></ul><p>Although age and a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family history</a> of early <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease are risk factors, it doesn't mean that you'll develop <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023229" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atherosclerosis</a> if you have one or both. Controlling other risk factors often can lessen <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022031" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic</a> influences and prevent atherosclerosis, even in older adults.</p><p>Studies show that an increasing number of children and youth are at risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023229" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atherosclerosis</a>. This is due to a number of causes, including rising childhood <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">obesity</a> rates.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-atherosclerosis-sec2-d5e104"><h3>Emerging Risk Factors</h3><p>Scientists continue to study other possible risk factors for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023229" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atherosclerosis</a>.</p><p>High levels of a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> called C-reactive protein (CRP) in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> may raise the risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023229" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atherosclerosis</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a>. High levels of CRP are a sign of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022625" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inflammation</a> in the body.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022625" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Inflammation</a> is the body's response to injury or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>. Damage to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>' inner walls seems to trigger inflammation and help <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> grow.</p><p>People who have low CRP levels may develop <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023229" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atherosclerosis</a> at a slower rate than people who have high CRP levels. Research is under way to find out whether reducing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022625" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inflammation</a> and lowering CRP levels also can reduce the risk for atherosclerosis.</p><p>High levels of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022017" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">triglycerides</a> (tri-GLIH-seh-rides) in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> also may raise the risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023229" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atherosclerosis</a>, especially in women. Triglycerides are a type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fat</a>.</p><p>Studies are under way to find out whether genetics may play a role in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023229" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atherosclerosis</a> risk.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-atherosclerosis-sec2-d5e129"><h3>Other Factors That Affect Atherosclerosis</h3><p>Other factors also may raise your risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023229" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atherosclerosis</a>, such as:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-sleepapnea/">Sleep apnea</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sleep</a> apnea is a disorder that causes one or more pauses in breathing or shallow breaths while you sleep. Untreated sleep apnea can raise your risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood pressure</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>, and even a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stroke/">stroke</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Stress</a>. Research shows that the most commonly reported "trigger" for a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a> is an emotionally upsetting event, especially one involving anger.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Alcohol. Heavy drinking can damage the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a> and worsen other risk factors for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023229" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atherosclerosis</a>. Men should have no more than two drinks containing alcohol a day. Women should have no more than one drink containing alcohol a day.</div></li></ul></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Atherosclerosis?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023229" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Atherosclerosis</a> usually doesn't cause signs and symptoms until it severely narrows or totally blocks an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a>. Many people don't know they have the disease until they have a medical emergency, such as a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stroke/">stroke</a>.</p><p>Some people may have signs and symptoms of the disease. Signs and symptoms will depend on which <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> are affected.</p><div id="nhlbi-atherosclerosis-sec2-d6e40"><h3>Coronary Arteries</h3><p>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a> supply <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. If <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> narrows or blocks these arteries (a disease called <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">coronary heart disease</a>, or CHD), a common symptom is <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-angina/">angina</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Angina</a> is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain or discomfort that occurs when your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a> doesn't get enough oxygen-rich blood.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Angina</a> may feel like pressure or squeezing in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a>. You also may feel it in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022435" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">shoulders</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arms</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027054" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neck</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030529" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">jaw</a>, or back. Angina pain may even feel like <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">indigestion</a>. The pain tends to get worse with activity and go away with rest. Emotional <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a> also can trigger the pain.</p><p>Other symptoms of CHD are shortness of breath and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-arr/">arrhythmias</a> (ah-RITH-me-ahs). <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Arrhythmias</a> are problems with the rate or rhythm of the heartbeat.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Plaque</a> also can form in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s smallest <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>. This disease is called <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cmd/">coronary microvascular disease</a> (MVD). Symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027308" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary MVD</a> include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">angina</a>, shortness of breath, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> problems, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fatigue</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tiredness</a>), and lack of energy.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-atherosclerosis-sec2-d6e68"><h3>Carotid Arteries</h3><p>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022295" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carotid arteries</a> supply <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>. If <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> narrows or blocks these arteries (a disease called <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-catd/">carotid artery disease</a>), you may have symptoms of a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a>. These symptoms may include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Sudden weakness</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Paralysis (an inability to move) or numbness of the face, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arms</a>, or legs, especially on one side of the body</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Confusion</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Trouble speaking or understanding speech</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Trouble seeing in one or both <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eyes</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Problems breathing</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029722" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Dizziness</a>, trouble walking, loss of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024854" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">balance</a> or coordination, and unexplained <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029705" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">falls</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Loss of consciousness</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Sudden and severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">headache</a></div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-atherosclerosis-sec2-d6e109"><h3>Peripheral Arteries</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Plaque</a> also can build up in the major <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> that supply <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to the legs, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arms</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022614" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pelvis</a> (a disease called <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pad/">peripheral arterial disease</a>).</p><p>If these major <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> are narrowed or blocked, you may have numbness, pain, and, sometimes, dangerous infections.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-atherosclerosis-sec2-d6e121"><h3>Renal Arteries</h3><p>The renal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> supply <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidneys</a>. If <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> builds up in these arteries, you may develop <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028183" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic kidney disease</a>. Over time, chronic kidney disease causes a slow loss of kidney function.</p><p>Early <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028181" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidney disease</a> often has no signs or symptoms. As the disease gets worse it can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tiredness</a>, changes in how you urinate (more often or less often), <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024897" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">loss of appetite</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024775" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nausea</a> (feeling sick to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a>), swelling in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hands</a> or feet, itchiness or numbness, and trouble concentrating.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Atherosclerosis Diagnosed?</h2><p>Your doctor will diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023229" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atherosclerosis</a> based on your medical and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family histories</a>, a physical exam, and test results.</p><div id="nhlbi-atherosclerosis-sec2-d7e31"><h3>Specialists Involved</h3><p>If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023229" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atherosclerosis</a>, a primary care doctor, such as an internist or family practitioner, may handle your care. Your doctor may recommend other health care specialists if you need expert care, such as:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015644" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiologist</a>. This is a doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> diseases and conditions. You may go to a cardiologist if you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">coronary heart disease</a> (CHD) or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cmd/">coronary microvascular disease</a> (MVD).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A vascular specialist. This is a doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a> problems. You may go to a vascular specialist if you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pad/">peripheral arterial disease</a> (P.A.D.).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022774" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neurologist</a>. This is a doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029895" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nervous system disorders</a>. You may see a neurologist if you've had a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stroke/">stroke</a> due to <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-catd/">carotid artery disease</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022164" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nephrologist</a>. This is a doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028181" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidney diseases</a> and conditions. You may go to a nephrologist if you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028183" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic kidney disease</a>.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-atherosclerosis-sec2-d7e71"><h3>Physical Exam</h3><p>During the physical exam, your doctor may listen to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> for an abnormal whooshing sound called a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023206" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bruit</a> (broo-E). Your doctor can hear a bruit when placing a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023209" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stethoscope</a> over an affected <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a>. A bruit may indicate poor <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow due to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> buildup.</p><p>Your doctor also may check to see whether any of your pulses (for example, in the leg or foot) are weak or absent. A weak or absent <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024325" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulse</a> can be a sign of a blocked <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-atherosclerosis-sec2-d7e80"><h3>Diagnostic Tests</h3><p>Your doctor may recommend one or more tests to diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023229" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atherosclerosis</a>. These tests also can help your doctor learn the extent of your disease and plan the best <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>.</p><div id="nhlbi-atherosclerosis-sec3-d7e86"><h4>Blood Tests</h4><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bdt/">Blood tests</a> check the levels of certain <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015646" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fats</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cholesterol</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023305" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sugar</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022051" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">proteins</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. Abnormal levels may be a sign that you're at risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023229" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atherosclerosis</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-atherosclerosis-sec3-d7e95"><h4>EKG (Electrocardiogram)</h4><p>An <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ekg/">EKG</a> is a simple, painless test that detects and records the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical activity. The test shows how fast the heart is beating and its rhythm (steady or irregular). An EKG also records the strength and timing of electrical signals as they pass through the heart.</p><p>An EKG can show signs of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> damage caused by CHD. The test also can show signs of a previous or current <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-atherosclerosis-sec3-d7e110"><h4>Chest X Ray</h4><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cxray/">chest x ray</a> takes pictures of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> and structures inside your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a>, such as your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>. A chest x ray can reveal signs of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-atherosclerosis-sec3-d7e123"><h4>Ankle/Brachial Index</h4><p>This test compares the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024901" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ankle</a> with the blood pressure in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arm</a> to see how well your blood is flowing. This test can help diagnose P.A.D.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-atherosclerosis-sec3-d7e129"><h4>Echocardiography</h4><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-echo/">Echocardiography</a> (echo) uses sound waves to create a moving picture of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. The test provides information about the size and shape of your heart and how well your heart <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a> and valves are working.</p><p>Echo also can identify areas of poor <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, areas of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a> that aren't contracting normally, and previous injury to the heart muscle caused by poor blood flow.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-atherosclerosis-sec3-d7e140"><h4>Computed Tomography Scan</h4><p>A computed tomography (CT) scan creates computer-generated pictures of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>, or other areas of the body. The test can show hardening and narrowing of large <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>.</p><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ct/">cardiac CT scan</a> also can show whether <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022775" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">calcium</a> has built up in the walls of the coronary (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>. This may be an early sign of CHD.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-atherosclerosis-sec3-d7e153"><h4>Stress Testing</h4><p>During <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stress/">stress testing</a>, you <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">exercise</a> to make your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> work hard and beat fast while heart tests are done. If you can't exercise, you may be given medicine to make your heart work hard and beat fast.</p><p>When your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> is working hard, it needs more <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Plaque</a>-narrowed <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> can't supply enough oxygen-rich blood to meet your heart's needs.</p><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029874" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress test</a> can show possible signs and symptoms of CHD, such as:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Abnormal changes in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024325" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart rate</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Shortness of breath or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Abnormal changes in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> rhythm or your heart's electrical activity</div></li></ul><p>As part of some <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029874" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress tests</a>, pictures are taken of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> while you <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">exercise</a> and while you rest. These imaging stress tests can show how well <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> is flowing in various parts of your heart. They also can show how well your heart pumps blood when it beats.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-atherosclerosis-sec3-d7e184"><h4>Angiography</h4><p>Angiography (an-jee-OG-ra-fee) is a test that uses dye and special x rays to show the inside of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>. This test can show whether <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> is blocking your arteries and how severe the blockage is.</p><p>A thin, flexible tube called a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022169" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">catheter</a> is put into a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arm</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028097" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">groin</a> (upper thigh), or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027054" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neck</a>. Dye that can be seen on an x-ray picture is injected through the catheter into the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>. By looking at the x-ray picture, your doctor can see the flow of blood through your arteries.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-atherosclerosis-sec3-d7e193"><h4>Other Tests</h4><p>Other tests are being studied to see whether they can give a better view of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> buildup in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>. Examples of these tests include magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography (PET).</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Atherosclerosis Treated?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatments</a> for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023229" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atherosclerosis</a> may include lifestyle changes, medicines, and medical procedures or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>.</p><p>The goals of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Relieving symptoms</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Reducing risk factors in an effort to slow or stop the buildup of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Lowering the risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots forming</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Widening or bypassing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a>-clogged <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Preventing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023229" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atherosclerosis</a>-related diseases</div></li></ul><div id="nhlbi-atherosclerosis-sec2-d8e52"><h3>Lifestyle Changes</h3><p>Making lifestyle changes often can help prevent or treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023229" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atherosclerosis</a>. For some people, these changes may be the only <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> needed.</p><div id="nhlbi-atherosclerosis-sec3-d8e59"><h4>Follow a Healthy Diet</h4><p>A healthy diet is an important part of a healthy lifestyle. Following a healthy diet can prevent or reduce <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">high blood pressure</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbc/">high blood cholesterol</a> and help you maintain a healthy weight.</p><p>For information about healthy eating, go to the National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute's (NHLBI's) <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/obesity/lose_wt/index.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri"> Aim for a Healthy Weight</a> Web site. This site provides practical tips on healthy eating, physical activity, and weight control.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Therapeutic</a> Lifestyle Changes (TLC). Your doctor may recommend TLC if you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022430" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood cholesterol</a>. TLC is a three-part program that includes a healthy |
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Atrial Fibrillation |
<div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-af-sec1-d1e38_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Is Atrial Fibrillation?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023162" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Atrial fibrillation</a> (A-tre-al fi-bri-LA-shun), or AF, is the most common type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-arr/">arrhythmia</a> (ah-RITH-me-ah). An <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmia</a> is a problem with the rate or rhythm of the heartbeat. During an arrhythmia, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> can beat too fast, too slow, or with an irregular rhythm.</p><p>AF occurs if rapid, disorganized electrical signals cause the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s two upper <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a>—called the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022263" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atria</a> (AY-tree-uh)—to fibrillate. The term "fibrillate" means to contract very fast and irregularly.</p><p>In AF, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> pools in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022263" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atria</a>. It isn't pumped completely into the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s two lower <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a>, called the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a> (VEN-trih-kuls). As a result, the heart's upper and lower chambers don't work together as they should.</p><p>People who have AF may not feel symptoms. However, even when AF isn't noticed, it can increase the risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stroke/">stroke</a>. In some people, AF can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a>, especially if the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> rhythm is very rapid.</p><p>AF may happen rarely or every now and then, or it may become an ongoing or long-term <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> problem that lasts for years.</p><div id="nhlbi-af-sec2-d1e66"><h3>Understanding the Heart's Electrical System</h3><p>To understand AF, it helps to understand the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s internal electrical system. The heart's electrical system controls the rate and rhythm of the heartbeat.</p><p>With each heartbeat, an electrical signal spreads from the top of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> to the bottom. As the signal travels, it causes the heart to contract and pump <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>.</p><p>Each electrical signal begins in a group of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> called the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024561" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sinus</a> node or sinoatrial (SA) node. The SA node is located in the right atrium. In a healthy adult <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> at rest, the SA node sends an electrical signal to begin a new heartbeat 60 to 100 times a minute. (This rate may be slower in very fit athletes.)</p><p>From the SA node, the electrical signal travels through the right and left <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022263" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atria</a>. It causes the atria to contract and pump <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> into the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a>.</p><p>The electrical signal then moves down to a group of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> called the atrioventricular (AV) node, located between the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022263" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atria</a> and the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a>. Here, the signal slows down slightly, allowing the ventricles time to finish filling with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>.</p><p>The electrical signal then leaves the AV node and travels to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a>. It causes the ventricles to contract and pump <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> and the rest of the body. The ventricles then relax, and the heartbeat process starts all over again in the SA node.</p><p>For more information about the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical system and detailed animations, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hhw/">How the Heart Works</a> article.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-af-sec2-d1e94"><h3>Understanding the Electrical Problem in Atrial Fibrillation</h3><p>In AF, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical signals don't begin in the SA node. Instead, they begin in another part of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022263" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atria</a> or in the nearby <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022264" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary veins</a>. The signals don't travel normally. They may spread throughout the atria in a rapid, disorganized way. This can cause the atria to fibrillate.</p><p>The faulty signals flood the AV node with electrical impulses. As a result, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a> also begin to beat very fast. However, the AV node can't send the signals to the ventricles as fast as they arrive. So, even though the ventricles are beating faster than normal, they aren't beating as fast as the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022263" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atria</a>.</p><p>Thus, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022263" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atria</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a> no longer beat in a coordinated way. This creates a fast and irregular <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> rhythm. In AF, the ventricles may beat 100 to 175 times a minute, in contrast to the normal rate of 60 to 100 beats a minute.</p><p>If this happens, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> isn't pumped into the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a> as well as it should be. Also, the amount of blood pumped out of the ventricles to the body is based on the random atrial beats.</p><p>The body may get rapid, small amounts of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> and occasional larger amounts of blood. The amount will depend on how much blood has flowed from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022263" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atria</a> to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a> with each beat.</p><p>Most of the symptoms of AF are related to how fast the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> is beating. If medicines or age slow the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024325" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart rate</a>, the symptoms are minimized.</p><p>AF may be brief, with symptoms that come and go and end on their own. Or, the condition may be ongoing and require <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>. Sometimes AF is permanent, and medicines or other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> can't restore a normal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> rhythm.</p><p>The animation below shows <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023162" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atrial fibrillation</a>. Click the "start" button to play the animation. Written and spoken explanations are provided with each frame. Use the buttons in the lower right corner to pause, restart, or replay the animation, or use the scroll bar below the buttons to move through the frames.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figatrialfibrillation" co-legend-rid="figlgndatrialfibrillation"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062932/figure/atrial_fibrillation/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img" rid-ob="figobatrialfibrillation"><img class="small-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/bookshelf/static/media-icon.gif" alt="Figure Icon"></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndatrialfibrillation"><h4 id="atrial_fibrillation"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062932/figure/atrial_fibrillation/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobatrialfibrillation">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">The animation shows how the heart's electrical signal can begin somewhere other than the sinoatrial node. This causes the atria to beat very fast and irregularly. </p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbi-af-sec2-d1e133"><h3>Outlook</h3><p>People who have AF can live normal, active lives. For some people, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> can restore normal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> rhythms.</p><p>For people who have permanent AF, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> can help control symptoms and prevent complications. Treatment may include medicines, medical procedures, and lifestyle changes.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-types"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-types_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Types of Atrial Fibrillation</h2><div id="nhlbi-af-sec2-d3e28"><h3>Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation</h3><p>In paroxysmal (par-ok-SIZ-mal) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023162" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atrial fibrillation</a> (AF), the faulty electrical signals and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022345" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rapid heart rate</a> begin suddenly and then stop on their own. Symptoms can be mild or severe. They stop within about a week, but usually in less than 24 hours.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-af-sec2-d3e36"><h3>Persistent Atrial Fibrillation</h3><p>Persistent AF is a condition in which the abnormal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> rhythm continues for more than a week. It may stop on its own, or it can be stopped with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-af-sec2-d3e43"><h3>Permanent Atrial Fibrillation</h3><p>Permanent AF is a condition in which a normal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> rhythm can't be restored with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>. Both paroxysmal and persistent AF may become more frequent and, over time, result in permanent AF.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-names"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-names_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Other Names for Atrial Fibrillation</h2><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A fib</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Auricular fibrillation</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes Atrial Fibrillation?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023162" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Atrial fibrillation</a> (AF) occurs if the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical signals don't travel through the heart in a normal way. Instead, they become very rapid and disorganized.</p><p>Damage to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical system causes AF. The damage most often is the result of other conditions that affect the health of the heart, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">high blood pressure</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">coronary heart disease</a>.</p><p>The risk of AF increases as you age. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022625" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Inflammation</a> also is thought to play a role in causing AF. </p><p>Sometimes, the cause of AF is unknown.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-atrisk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-atrisk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is at Risk for Atrial Fibrillation?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023162" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Atrial fibrillation</a> (AF) affects millions of people, and the number is rising. Men are more likely than women to have the condition. In the United States, AF is more common among Whites than African Americans or Hispanic Americans.</p><p>The risk of AF increases as you age. This is mostly because your risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease and other conditions that can cause AF also increases as you age. However, about half of the people who have AF are younger than 75.</p><p>AF is uncommon in children.</p><div id="nhlbi-af-sec2-d6e37"><h3>Major Risk Factors</h3><p>AF is more common in people who have:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">High blood pressure</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">Coronary heart disease</a> (CHD)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">Heart failure</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Rheumatic (ru-MAT-ik) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Structural <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> defects, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-mvp/">mitral valve prolapse</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-peri/">Pericarditis</a> (PER-i-kar-DI-tis; a condition in which the membrane, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022396" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sac</a>, around your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> is inflamed)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-chd/">Congenital heart defects</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Sick <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024561" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sinus</a> syndrome (a condition in which the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical signals don't fire properly and the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024325" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart rate</a> slows down; sometimes the heart will switch back and forth between a slow rate and a fast rate)</div></li></ul><p>AF also is more common in people who are having <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attacks</a> or who have just had <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-af-sec2-d6e87"><h3>Other Risk Factors</h3><p>Other conditions that raise your risk for AF include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024711" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hyperthyroidism</a> (too much <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022780" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thyroid hormone</a>), <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-obe/">obesity</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung disease</a>.</p><p>Certain factors also can raise your risk for AF. For example, drinking large amounts of alcohol, especially binge drinking, raises your risk. Even modest amounts of alcohol can trigger AF in some people. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000290" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Caffeine</a> or psychological <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a> also may trigger AF in some people.</p><p>Some data suggest that people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-sleepapnea/">sleep apnea</a> are at greater risk for AF. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sleep</a> apnea is a common disorder that causes one or more pauses in breathing or shallow breaths while you sleep.</p><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ms/">Metabolic syndrome</a> also raises your risk for AF. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024493" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Metabolic syndrome</a> is the name for a group of risk factors that raises your risk for CHD and other health problems, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stroke/">stroke</a>.</p><p>Research suggests that people who receive high-dose steroid <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a> are at increased risk for AF. This therapy is used for <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-asthma/">asthma</a> and some inflammatory conditions. It may act as a trigger in people who have other AF risk factors.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022031" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Genetic</a> factors also may play a role in causing AF. However, their role isn't fully known.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Atrial Fibrillation?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023162" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Atrial fibrillation</a> (AF) usually causes the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s lower <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a>, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a>, to contract faster than normal.</p><p>When this happens, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a> can't completely fill with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. Thus, they may not be able to pump enough blood to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> and body. This can lead to signs and symptoms, such as:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hpl/">Palpitations</a> (feelings that your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> is skipping a beat, fluttering, or beating too hard or fast)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Shortness of breath</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Weakness or problems exercising</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Chest</a> pain</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029722" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Dizziness</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029695" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fainting</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Fatigue</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tiredness</a>)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Confusion</div></li></ul><div id="nhlbi-af-sec2-d7e61"><h3>Atrial Fibrillation Complications</h3><p>AF has two major complications—<a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stroke/">stroke</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a>.</p><div id="nhlbi-af-sec3-d7e74"><h4>Stroke</h4><p>During AF, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s upper <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a>, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022263" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atria</a>, don't pump all of their <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a>. Some blood pools in the atria. When this happens, a blood clot (also called a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023092" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thrombus</a>) can form.</p><p>If the clot breaks off and travels to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>, it can cause a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a>. (A clot that forms in one part of the body and travels in the bloodstream to another part of the body is called an embolus.)</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a>-thinning medicines that reduce the risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a> are an important part of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> for people who have AF.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figd7e90" co-legend-rid="figlgndd7e90"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062932/figure/d7e90/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figd7e90" rid-ob="figobd7e90"><img class="small-thumb" src="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062932/bin/atrial_fib_stroke.gif" src-large="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062932/bin/atrial_fib_stroke.jpg" alt="Atrial Fibrillation and Stroke."></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndd7e90"><h4 id="d7e90"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062932/figure/d7e90/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd7e90">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Atrial Fibrillation and Stroke. The illustration shows how a stroke can occur during atrial fibrillation. A blood clot (thrombus) can form in the left atrium of the heart. If a piece of the clot breaks off and travels to an artery in the brain, it can <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062932/figure/d7e90/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd7e90">(more...)</a></p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbi-af-sec3-d7e96"><h4>Heart Failure</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart failure</a> occurs if the heart can't pump enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to meet the body's needs. AF can lead to heart failure because the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a> are beating very fast and can't completely fill with blood. Thus, they may not be able to pump enough blood to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> and body.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Fatigue</a> and shortness of breath are common symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a>. A buildup of fluid in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> causes these symptoms. Fluid also can build up in the feet, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024901" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ankles</a>, and legs, causing weight gain.</p><p>Lifestyle changes, medicines, and procedures or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> (rarely, a mechanical <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> pump or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ht/">heart transplant</a>) are the main <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a>.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Atrial Fibrillation Diagnosed?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023162" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Atrial fibrillation</a> (AF) is diagnosed based on your medical and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family histories</a>, a physical exam, and the results from tests and procedures.</p><p>Sometimes AF doesn't cause signs or symptoms. Thus, it may be found during a physical exam or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ekg/">EKG</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029879" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">electrocardiogram</a>) test done for another purpose.</p><p>If you have AF, your doctor will want to find out what is causing it. This will help him or her plan the best way to treat the condition.</p><div id="nhlbi-af-sec2-d8e40"><h3>Specialists Involved</h3><p>Primary care doctors often are involved in the diagnosis and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> of AF. These doctors include family practitioners and internists.</p><p>Doctors who specialize in the diagnosis and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease also may be involved, such as:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015644" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Cardiologists</a>. These are doctors who diagnose and treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> diseases and conditions.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Electrophysiologists. These are <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015644" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiologists</a> who specialize in <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-arr/">arrhythmias</a>.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-af-sec2-d8e62"><h3>Medical and Family Histories</h3><p>Your doctor will likely ask questions about your:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Signs and symptoms. What symptoms are you having? Have you had <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hpl/">palpitations</a>? Are you dizzy or short of breath? Are your feet or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024901" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ankles</a> swollen (a possible sign of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a>)? Do you have any <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain?</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029840" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Medical history</a>. Do you have other health problems, such as a history of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">high blood pressure</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung disease</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022083" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thyroid</a> problems?</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Family's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029840" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">medical history</a>. Does anyone in your family have a history of AF? Has anyone in your family ever had <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood pressure</a>? Has anyone had <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0012407" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thyroid</a> problems? Does your family have a history of other illnesses or health problems?</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Health habits. Do you <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">smoke</a> or use alcohol or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000290" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">caffeine</a>?</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-af-sec2-d8e96"><h3>Physical Exam</h3><p>Your doctor will do a complete <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023205" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiac</a> exam. He or she will listen to the rate and rhythm of your heartbeat and take your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024325" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulse</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> reading. Your doctor will likely check for any signs of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valve</a> problems. He or she will listen to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> to check for signs of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a>.</p><p>Your doctor also will check for swelling in your legs or feet and look for an enlarged <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022083" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thyroid gland</a> or other signs of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024711" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hyperthyroidism</a> (too much <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022780" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thyroid hormone</a>).</p></div><div id="nhlbi-af-sec2-d8e105"><h3>Diagnostic Tests and Procedures</h3><div id="nhlbi-af-sec3-d8e108"><h4>EKG</h4><p>An EKG is a simple, painless test that records the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical activity. It's the most useful test for diagnosing AF.</p><p>An EKG shows how fast your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> is beating and its rhythm (steady or irregular). It also records the strength and timing of electrical signals as they pass through your heart.</p><p>A standard EKG only records the heartbeat for a few seconds. It won't detect AF that doesn't happen during the test. To diagnose paroxysmal AF, your doctor may ask you to wear a portable EKG monitor that can record your heartbeat for longer <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023146" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">periods</a>.</p><p>The two most common types of portable <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029879" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">EKGs</a> are <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-holt/">Holter and event monitors</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-af-sec3-d8e127"><h4>Holter and Event Monitors</h4><p>A Holter monitor records the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical activity for a full 24- or 48-hour period. You wear small patches called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">electrodes</a> on your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a>. Wires connect these patches to a small, portable recorder. The recorder can be clipped to a belt, kept in a pocket, or hung around your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027054" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neck</a>.</p><p>You wear the Holter monitor while you do your normal daily activities. This allows the monitor to record your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> for a longer time than a standard EKG.</p><p>An event monitor is similar to a Holter monitor. You wear an event monitor while doing your normal activities. However, an event monitor only records your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical activity at certain times while you're wearing it.</p><p>For many event monitors, you push a button to start the monitor when you feel symptoms. Other event monitors start automatically when they sense abnormal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> rhythms.</p><p>You can wear an event monitor for weeks or until symptoms occur.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-af-sec3-d8e146"><h4>Stress Test</h4><p>Some <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> problems are easier to diagnose when your heart is working hard and beating fast. During <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stress/">stress testing</a>, you <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">exercise</a> to make your heart work hard and beat fast while heart tests are done. If you can't exercise, you may be given medicine to make your heart work hard and beat fast.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-af-sec3-d8e155"><h4>Echocardiography</h4><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-echo/">Echocardiography</a> (echo) uses sound waves to create a moving picture of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. The test shows the size and shape of your heart and how well your heart <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a> and valves are working.</p><p>Echo also can identify areas of poor <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, areas of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a> that aren't contracting normally, and previous injury to the heart muscle caused by poor blood flow.</p><p>This test sometimes is called transthoracic (trans-thor-AS-ik) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029837" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">echocardiography</a>. It's painless and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022884" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">noninvasive</a> (no instruments are inserted into the body). For the test, a device called a transducer is moved back and forth over your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a>. The device sends special sound waves through your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030256" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest wall</a> to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>.</p><p>The sound waves bounce off the structures of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, and a computer converts them into pictures on a screen.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-af-sec3-d8e173"><h4>Transesophageal Echocardiography</h4><p>Transesophageal (trans-e-SOF-ah-ge-al) echo, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-tee/">TEE</a>, uses sound waves to take pictures of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> through the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015635" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">esophagus</a>. The esophagus is the passage leading from your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a> to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a>.</p><p>Your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s upper <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a>, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022263" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atria</a>, are deep in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a>. They often can't be seen very well using transthoracic echo. Your doctor can see the atria much better using TEE.</p><p>During this test, the transducer is attached to the end of a flexible tube. The tube is guided down your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024473" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">throat</a> and into your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015635" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">esophagus</a>. You'll likely be given medicine to help you relax during the procedure.</p><p>TEE is used to detect <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots that may be forming in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022263" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atria</a> because of AF.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-af-sec3-d8e192"><h4>Chest X Ray</h4><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cxray/">chest x ray</a> is a painless test that creates pictures of the structures in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a>, such as your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. This test can show fluid buildup in the lungs and signs of other AF complications.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-af-sec3-d8e201"><h4>Blood Tests</h4><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bdt/">Blood tests</a> check the level of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022780" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thyroid hormone</a> in your body and the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024854" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">balance</a> of your body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024505" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">electrolytes</a>. Electrolytes are <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023353" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">minerals</a> that help maintain fluid levels and acid-base balance in the body. They're essential for normal health and functioning of your body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a>.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Atrial Fibrillation Treated?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatment</a> for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023162" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atrial fibrillation</a> (AF) depends on how often you have symptoms, how severe they are, and whether you already have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease. General treatment options include medicines, medical procedures, and lifestyle changes.</p><div id="nhlbi-af-sec2-d9e31"><h3>Goals of Treatment</h3><p>The goals of treating AF include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Preventing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots from forming, thus lowering the risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stroke/">stroke</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Controlling how many times a minute the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a> contract. This is called rate control. Rate control is important because it allows the ventricles enough time to completely fill with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. With this approach, the abnormal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> rhythm continues, but you feel better and have fewer symptoms.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Restoring a normal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> rhythm. This is called rhythm control. Rhythm control allows the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022263" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atria</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a> to work together to efficiently pump <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to the body.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Treating any underlying disorder that's causing or raising the risk of AF—for example, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024711" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hyperthyroidism</a> (too much <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022780" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thyroid hormone</a>).</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-af-sec2-d9e56"><h3>Who Needs Treatment for Atrial Fibrillation?</h3><p>People who have AF but don't have symptoms or related <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> problems may not need <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>. AF may even go back to a normal heart rhythm on its own. (This also can occur in people who have AF with symptoms.)</p><p>In some people who have AF for the first time, doctors may choose to use an electrical procedure or medicine to restore a normal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> rhythm.</p><p>Repeat episodes of AF tend to cause changes to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical system, leading to persistent or permanent AF. Most people who have persistent or permanent AF need <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> to control their <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024325" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart rate</a> and prevent complications.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-af-sec2-d9e68"><h3>Specific Types of Treatment</h3><div id="nhlbi-af-sec3-d9e71"><h4>Blood Clot Prevention</h4><p>People who have AF are at increased risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a>. This is because <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> can pool in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s upper <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a> (the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022263" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atria</a>), causing a blood clot to form. If the clot breaks off and travels to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>, it can cause a stroke.</p><p>Preventing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots from forming is probably the most important part of treating AF. The benefits of this type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> have been proven in multiple studies.</p><p>Doctors prescribe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>-thinning medicines to prevent blood clots. These medicines include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0012678" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">warfarin</a> (Coumadin®), <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0009793" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">dabigatran</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0010545" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heparin</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000168" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aspirin</a>.</p><p>People taking <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>-thinning medicines need regular <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bdt/">blood tests</a> to check how well the medicines are working.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-af-sec3-d9e93"><h4>Rate Control</h4><p>Doctors can prescribe medicines to slow down the rate at which the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a> are beating. These medicines help bring the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024325" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart rate</a> to a normal level.</p><p>Rate control is the recommended <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> for most patients who have AF, even though an abnormal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> rhythm continues and the heart doesn't work as well as it should. Most people feel better and can function well if their <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024325" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart rates</a> are well-controlled.</p><p>Medicines used to control the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024325" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart rate</a> include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">beta blockers</a> (for example, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0001180" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">metoprolol</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000171" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atenolol</a>), <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025449" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">calcium channel blockers</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000580" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diltiazem</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0001906" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">verapamil</a>), and digitalis (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000575" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">digoxin</a>). Several other medicines also are available.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-af-sec3-d9e106"><h4>Rhythm Control</h4><p>Restoring and maintaining a normal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> rhythm is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> approach recommended for people who aren't doing well with rate control treatment. This treatment also may be used for people who have only recently started having AF. The long-term benefits of rhythm control have not been proven conclusively yet.</p><p>Doctors use medicines or procedures to control the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s rhythm. Patients often begin rhythm control <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> in a hospital so that their hearts can be closely watched.</p><p>The longer you have AF, the less likely it is that doctors can restore a normal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> rhythm. This is especially true for people who have had AF for 6 months or more.</p><p>Restoring a normal rhythm also becomes less likely if the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022263" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atria</a> are enlarged or if any underlying <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease worsens. In these cases, the chance that AF will recur is high, even if you're taking medicine to help convert AF to a normal rhythm.</p><p>Medicines. Medicines used to control the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> rhythm include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000087" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">amiodarone</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0001691" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sotalol</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0010310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">flecainide</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0011867" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">propafenone</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0010007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">dofetilide</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0010657" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ibutilide</a>. Sometimes older medicines—such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0001540" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">quinidine</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0011845" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">procainamide</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0009994" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">disopyramide</a>—are used.</p><p>Your doctor will carefully tailor the dose and type of medicines he or she prescribes to treat your AF. This is because medicines used to treat AF can cause a different kind of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-arr/">arrhythmia</a>.</p><p>These medicines also can harm people who have underlying diseases of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> or other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a>. This is especially true for patients who have an unusual heart rhythm problem called <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-arr/#nhlbisec-types">Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome</a>.</p><p>Your doctor may start you on a small dose of medicine and then gradually increase the dose until your symptoms are controlled. Medicines used for rhythm control can be given regularly by <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022222" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">injection</a> at a doctor's office, clinic, or hospital. Or, you may routinely take pills to try to control AF or prevent repeat episodes.</p><p>If your doctor knows how you'll react to a medicine, a specific dose may be prescribed for you to take on an as-needed basis if you have an episode of AF.</p><p>Procedures. Doctors use several procedures to restore a normal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> rhythm. For example, they may use electrical <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-crv/">cardioversion</a> to treat a fast or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">irregular heartbeat</a>. For this procedure, low-energy shocks are given to your heart to trigger a normal rhythm. You're temporarily put to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> before you receive the shocks.</p><p>Electrical cardioversion isn't the same as the emergency <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> shocking procedure often seen on TV programs. It's planned in advance and done under carefully controlled conditions.</p><p>Before doing electrical cardioversion, your doctor may recommend <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-tee/">transesophageal echocardiography</a> (TEE). This test can rule out the presence of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022263" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atria</a>. If clots are present, you may need to take blood-thinning medicines before the procedure. These medicines can help get rid of the clots.</p><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ablation/">Catheter ablation</a> (ab-LA-shun) may be used to restore a normal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> rhythm if medicines or electrical cardioversion don't work. For this procedure, a wire is inserted through a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a> in the leg or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arm</a> and threaded to the heart.</p><p>Radio wave energy is sent through the wire to destroy abnormal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> that may be disrupting the normal flow of electrical signals. An electrophysiologist usually does this procedure in a hospital. Your doctor may recommend a TEE before <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022169" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">catheter</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022200" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ablation</a> to check for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022263" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atria</a>.</p><p>Sometimes doctors use <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022169" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">catheter</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022200" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ablation</a> to destroy the atrioventricular (AV) node. The AV node is where the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical signals pass from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022263" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atria</a> to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a> (the heart's lower <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a>). This procedure requires your doctor to surgically <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025325" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">implant</a> a device called a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pace/">pacemaker</a>, which helps maintain a normal heart rhythm.</p><p>Research on the benefits of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022169" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">catheter</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022200" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ablation</a> as a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> for AF is still ongoing. (For more information, go to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062932/#nhlbisec-trials">"Clinical Trials"</a> section of this article.)</p><p>Another procedure to |
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Bronchiectasis |
<div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-brn-sec1-d1e37_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Is Bronchiectasis?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022844" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Bronchiectasis</a> (brong-ke-EK-tah-sis) is a condition in which damage to the airways causes them to widen and become flabby and scarred. The airways are tubes that carry air in and out of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022844" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Bronchiectasis</a> often is caused by an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> or other condition that injures the walls of the airways or prevents the airways from clearing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a>. Mucus is a slimy substance. It helps remove inhaled dust, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bacteria</a>, and other small particles from the airways.</p><p>In <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022844" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bronchiectasis</a>, your airways slowly lose their ability to clear out <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a>. The mucus builds up, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bacteria</a> begin to grow. This leads to repeated, serious lung infections.</p><p>Each <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> causes more damage to the airways. Over time, the airways can't properly move air in and out of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. As a result, the body's vital <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> might not get enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022844" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Bronchiectasis</a> can lead to serious health problems, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-rf/">respiratory failure</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-atl/">atelectasis</a> (at-eh-LEK-tah-sis), and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a>.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figd1e68" co-legend-rid="figlgndd1e68"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063051/figure/d1e68/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figd1e68" rid-ob="figobd1e68"><img class="small-thumb" src="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063051/bin/bronchiectasis.gif" src-large="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063051/bin/bronchiectasis.jpg" alt="Bronchiectasis."></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndd1e68"><h4 id="d1e68"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063051/figure/d1e68/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd1e68">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Bronchiectasis. Figure A shows a cross-section of the lungs with normal airways and widened airways. Figure B shows a cross-section of a normal airway. Figure C shows a cross-section of an airway with bronchiectasis. </p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-brn-sec2-d1e74"><h3>Overview</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022844" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Bronchiectasis</a> can affect just one section of one of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> or many sections of both lungs.</p><p>The initial lung damage that leads to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022844" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bronchiectasis</a> often begins in childhood. However, symptoms may not occur until months or even years after you start having repeated lung infections.</p><p>In the United States, common childhood infections—such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029703" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">whooping cough</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024686" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">measles</a>—used to cause many cases of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022844" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bronchiectasis</a>. However, these causes are now less common because of vaccines and antibiotics.</p><p>Now <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022844" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bronchiectasis</a> usually is due to a medical condition that injures the airway walls or prevents the airways from clearing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a>. Examples of such conditions include <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cf/">cystic fibrosis</a> and primary ciliary (SIL-e-ar-e) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024538" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">dyskinesia</a> (dis-kih-NE-ze-ah), or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pcd/">PCD</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022844" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Bronchiectasis</a> that affects only one part of the lung may be caused by a blockage rather than a medical condition.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022844" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Bronchiectasis</a> can be <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023376" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">congenital</a> (kon-JEN-ih-tal) or acquired. Congenital bronchiectasis affects infants and children. It's the result of a problem with how the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> form in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028116" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fetus</a>.</p><p>Acquired <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022844" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bronchiectasis</a> occurs as a result of another condition or factor. This type of bronchiectasis can affect adults and older children. Acquired bronchiectasis is more common than the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023376" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">congenital</a> type.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-brn-sec2-d1e106"><h3>Outlook</h3><p>Currently, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022844" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bronchiectasis</a> has no cure. However, with proper care, most people who have it can enjoy a good quality of life.</p><p>Early diagnosis and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022844" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bronchiectasis</a> are important. The sooner your doctor starts treating bronchiectasis and any underlying conditions, the better your chances of preventing further lung damage.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-names"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-names_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Other Names for Bronchiectasis</h2><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Acquired <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022844" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bronchiectasis</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023376" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Congenital</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022844" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bronchiectasis</a></div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes Bronchiectasis?</h2><p>Damage to the walls of the airways usually is the cause of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022844" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bronchiectasis</a>. A lung <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> may cause this damage. Examples of lung infections that can lead to bronchiectasis include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pnu/">pneumonia</a> (nu-MO-ne-ah)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029703" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Whooping cough</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024686" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">measles</a> (uncommon in the United States due to vaccination)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024668" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Tuberculosis</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024517" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Fungal infections</a></div></li></ul><p>Conditions that damage the airways and raise the risk of lung infections also can lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022844" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bronchiectasis</a>. Examples of such conditions include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cf/">Cystic fibrosis</a>. This disease leads to almost half of the cases of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022844" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bronchiectasis</a> in the United States.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Immunodeficiency disorders, such as common variable immunodeficiency and, less often, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024730" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">HIV and AIDS</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Allergic bronchopulmonary <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029380" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aspergillosis</a> (AS-per-ji-LO-sis). This is an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">allergic reaction</a> to a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022590" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fungus</a> called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029403" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aspergillus</a>. The reaction causes swelling in the airways.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Disorders that affect <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022938" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cilia</a> (SIL-e-ah) function, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pcd/">primary ciliary dyskinesia</a>. Cilia are small, hair-like structures that line your airways. They help clear <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a> (a slimy substance) out of your airways.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Chronic</a> (ongoing) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022202" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030172" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aspiration</a> (as-pih-RA-shun). This is a condition in which you inhale food, liquids, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024478" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">saliva</a>, or vomited <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a> contents into your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. Aspiration can inflame the airways, which can lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022844" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bronchiectasis</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030005" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Connective tissue diseases</a>, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024678" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rheumatoid arthritis</a>, Sjögren’s syndrome, and Crohn’s disease.</div></li></ul><p>Other conditions, such as an airway blockage, also can lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022844" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bronchiectasis</a>. Many things can cause a blockage, such as a growth or a noncancerous <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024119" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tumor</a>. An inhaled object, such as a piece of a toy or a peanut that you inhaled as a child, also can cause an airway blockage.</p><p>A problem with how the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> form in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028116" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fetus</a> may cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023376" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">congenital</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022844" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bronchiectasis</a>. This condition affects infants and children.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-atrisk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-atrisk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is at Risk for Bronchiectasis?</h2><p>People who have conditions that damage the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> or increase the risk of lung infections are at risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022844" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bronchiectasis</a>. Such conditions include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cf/">Cystic fibrosis</a>. This disease leads to almost half of the cases of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022844" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bronchiectasis</a> in the United States.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Immunodeficiency disorders, such as common variable immunodeficiency and, less often, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024730" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">HIV and AIDS</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Allergic bronchopulmonary <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029380" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aspergillosis</a>. This is an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">allergic reaction</a> to a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022590" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fungus</a> called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029403" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aspergillus</a>. The reaction causes swelling in the airways.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Disorders that affect <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022938" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cilia</a> function, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pcd/">primary ciliary dyskinesia</a>. Cilia are small, hair-like structures that line your airways. They help clear <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a> (a slimy substance) out of your airways.</div></li></ul><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022844" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Bronchiectasis</a> can develop at any age. Overall, two-thirds of people who have the condition are women. However, in children, the condition is more common in boys than in girls.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Bronchiectasis?</h2><p>The initial airway damage that leads to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022844" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bronchiectasis</a> often begins in childhood. However, signs and symptoms may not appear until months or even years after you start having repeated lung infections.</p><p>The most common signs and symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022844" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bronchiectasis</a> are:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A daily <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cough/">cough</a> that occurs over months or years</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Daily production of large amounts of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025092" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sputum</a> (spit). Sputum, which you <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a> up and spit out, may contain <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a> (a slimy substance), trapped particles, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024835" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pus</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Shortness of breath and wheezing (a whistling sound when you breathe)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Chest</a> pain</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Clubbing (the flesh under your fingernails and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024765" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">toenails</a> gets thicker)</div></li></ul><p>If your doctor listens to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> with a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023209" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stethoscope</a>, he or she may hear abnormal lung sounds.</p><p>Over time, you may have more serious symptoms. You may <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a> up <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> or bloody <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a> and feel very tired. Children may lose weight or not grow at a normal rate.</p><div id="nhlbi-brn-sec2-d6e62"><h3>Complications of Bronchiectasis</h3><p>Severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022844" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bronchiectasis</a> can lead to other serious health conditions, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-rf/">respiratory failure</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-atl/">atelectasis</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022885" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Respiratory failure</a> is a condition in which not enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> passes from your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> into your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. The condition also can occur if your lungs can't properly remove <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022309" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carbon dioxide</a> (a waste gas) from your blood.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022885" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Respiratory failure</a> can cause shortness of breath, rapid breathing, and air hunger (feeling like you can't breathe in enough air). In severe cases, signs and symptoms may include a bluish color on your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024368" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lips</a>, and fingernails; confusion; and sleepiness.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022353" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Atelectasis</a> is a condition in which one or more areas of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> collapse or don't inflate properly. As a result, you may feel short of breath. Your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024325" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart rate</a> and breathing rate may increase, and your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024368" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lips</a> may turn blue.</p><p>If <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022844" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bronchiectasis</a> is so advanced that it affects all parts of your airways, it may cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart failure</a> is a condition in which the heart can't pump enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to meet the body's needs.</p><p>The most common signs and symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a> are shortness of breath or trouble breathing, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tiredness</a>, and swelling in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024901" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ankles</a>, feet, legs, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022602" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abdomen</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027054" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neck</a>.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Bronchiectasis Diagnosed?</h2><p>Your doctor may suspect <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022844" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bronchiectasis</a> if you have a daily <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cough/">cough</a> that produces large amounts of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025092" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sputum</a> (spit).</p><p>To find out whether you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022844" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bronchiectasis</a>, your doctor may recommend tests to:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Identify any underlying causes that require <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Rule out other causes of your symptoms</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Find out how much your airways are damaged</div></li></ul><div id="nhlbi-brn-sec2-d7e49"><h3>Diagnostic Tests and Procedures</h3><div id="nhlbi-brn-sec3-d7e53"><h4>Chest CT Scan</h4><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> computed tomography (to-MOG-ra-fee) scan, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cct/">chest CT scan</a>, is the most common test for diagnosing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022844" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bronchiectasis</a>.</p><p>This painless test creates precise pictures of your airways and other structures in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a>. A chest CT scan can show the extent and location of lung damage. This test gives more detailed pictures than a standard <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cxray/">chest x ray</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-brn-sec3-d7e68"><h4>Chest X Ray</h4><p>This painless test creates pictures of the structures in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a>, such as your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. A chest x ray can show areas of abnormal lung and thickened, irregular airway walls.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-brn-sec3-d7e74"><h4>Other Tests</h4><p>Your doctor may recommend other tests, such as:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bdt/">Blood tests</a>. These tests can show whether you have an underlying condition that can lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022844" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bronchiectasis</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022070" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood tests</a> also can show whether you have an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> or low levels of certain infection-fighting blood <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025092" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sputum</a> culture. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029891" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Lab tests</a> can show whether a sample of your sputum contains <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bacteria</a> (such as the bacteria that cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024668" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tuberculosis</a>) or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022590" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fungi</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-lft/">Lung function tests</a>. These tests measure how much air you can breathe in and out, how fast you can breathe air out, and how well your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> deliver <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. Lung function tests help show how much lung damage you have.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sweat</a> test or other tests for <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cf/">cystic fibrosis</a>.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-brn-sec3-d7e103"><h4>Bronchoscopy</h4><p>If your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022844" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bronchiectasis</a> doesn't respond to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>, your doctor may recommend <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bron/">bronchoscopy</a> (bron-KOS-ko-pee). Doctors use this procedure to look inside the airways.</p><p>During <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022276" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bronchoscopy</a>, a flexible tube with a light on the end is inserted through your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025667" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nose</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a> into your airways. The tube is called a bronchoscope. It provides a video image of your airways. You'll be given medicine to numb your upper airway and help you relax during the procedure.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022276" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Bronchoscopy</a> can show whether you have a blockage in your airways. The procedure also can show the source of any <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> in your airways.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Bronchiectasis Treated?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022844" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Bronchiectasis</a> often is treated with medicines, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022869" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hydration</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030138" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">physical therapy</a> (CPT). Your doctor may recommend <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> if the bronchiectasis is isolated to a section of lung or you have a lot of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>.</p><p>If the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022844" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bronchiectasis</a> is widespread and causing <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-rf/">respiratory failure</a>, your doctor may recommend <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-oxt/">oxygen therapy</a>.</p><p>The goals of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> are to:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Treat any underlying conditions and lung infections.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Remove <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a> (a slimy substance) from your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. Maintaining good <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022869" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hydration</a> helps with mucus removal.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Prevent complications.</div></li></ul><p>Early diagnosis and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> of the underlying cause of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022844" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bronchiectasis</a> may help prevent further lung damage. </p><p>In addition, any disease associated with the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022844" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bronchiectasis</a>, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cf/">cystic fibrosis</a> or immunodeficiency, also should be treated.</p><div id="nhlbi-brn-sec2-d8e65"><h3>Medicines</h3><p>Your doctor may prescribe antibiotics, bronchodilators, expectorants, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a>-thinning medicines to treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022844" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bronchiectasis</a>.</p><div id="nhlbi-brn-sec3-d8e71"><h4>Antibiotics</h4><p>Antibiotics are the main <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> for the repeated lung infections that <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022844" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bronchiectasis</a> causes. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025395" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Oral</a> antibiotics often are used to treat these infections.</p><p>For hard-to-treat infections, your doctor may prescribe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022191" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">intravenous</a> (IV) antibiotics. These medicines are given through an IV line inserted into your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arm</a>. Your doctor may help you arrange for a home care provider to give you IV antibiotics at home.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-brn-sec3-d8e81"><h4>Expectorants and Mucus-Thinning Medicines</h4><p>Your doctor may prescribe expectorants and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a> thinners to help you <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a> up mucus.</p><p>Expectorants help loosen the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. They often are combined with decongestants, which may provide extra relief. Mucus thinners, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000022" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acetylcysteine</a>, loosen the mucus to make it easier to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a> up.</p><p>For some of these <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a>, little information is available to show how well they work.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-brn-sec2-d8e93"><h3>Hydration</h3><p>Drinking plenty of fluid, especially water, helps prevent airway <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a> from becoming thick and sticky. Good <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022869" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hydration</a> helps keep airway mucus moist and slippery, which makes it easier to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a> up.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-brn-sec2-d8e100"><h3>Chest Physical Therapy</h3><p>CPT also is called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030138" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">physiotherapy</a> (FIZ-e-o-THER-ah-pe) or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> clapping or percussion. This technique is generally performed by a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022181" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">respiratory</a> therapist but can be done by a trained member of the family. It involves the therapist pounding your chest and back over and over with his or her <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hands</a> or a device. Doing this helps loosen the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a> from your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> so you can <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a> it up.</p><p>You can sit with your head tilted down or lie on your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a> with your head down while you do CPT. Gravity and force help drain the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a> from your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>.</p><p>Some people find CPT hard or uncomfortable to do. Several devices can help with CPT, such as:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>An electric <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> clapper, known as a mechanical percussor.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>An inflatable <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a> vest that uses high-frequency air waves to force <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a> toward your upper airways so you can <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a> it up.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A small handheld device that you breathe out through. It causes vibrations that dislodge the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A mask that creates vibrations to help break loose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a> from your airway walls.</div></li></ul><p>Some of these methods and devices are popular with patients and doctors, but little information is available on how well they actually work. Choice usually is based on convenience and cost.</p><p>Several breathing techniques also are used to help move <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a> to the upper airway so it can be coughed up. These techniques include forced expiration technique (FET) and active cycle breathing (ACB).</p><p>FET involves forcing out a couple of breaths and then doing relaxed breathing. ACB is FET that involves deep breathing exercises.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-brn-sec2-d8e137"><h3>Other Treatments</h3><p>Depending on your condition, your doctor also may recommend bronchodilators, inhaled corticosteroids, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029682" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen therapy</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>.</p><div id="nhlbi-brn-sec3-d8e143"><h4>Bronchodilators</h4><p>Bronchodilators relax the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscles</a> around your airways. This helps open your airways and makes breathing easier. Most bronchodilators are inhaled medicines. You will use an inhaler or a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022665" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nebulizer</a> to breathe in a fine mist of medicine.</p><p>Inhaled bronchodilators work quickly because the medicine goes straight to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. Your doctor may recommend that you use a bronchodilator right before you do CPT.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-brn-sec3-d8e155"><h4>Inhaled Corticosteroids</h4><p>If you also have wheezing or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-asthma/">asthma</a> with your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022844" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bronchiectasis</a>, your doctor may prescribe inhaled corticosteroids (used to treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022625" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inflammation</a> in the airways).</p></div><div id="nhlbi-brn-sec3-d8e166"><h4>Oxygen Therapy</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029682" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Oxygen therapy</a> can help raise low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> oxygen levels. For this <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>, you'll receive oxygen through nasal prongs or a mask. Oxygen therapy can be done at home, in a hospital, or in another health facility. (For more information, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-oxt/">Oxygen Therapy</a> article.)</p></div><div id="nhlbi-brn-sec3-d8e178"><h4>Surgery</h4><p>Your doctor may recommend <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> if no other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> have helped and only one part of your airway is affected. If you have major <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> in your airway, your doctor may recommend surgery to remove part of your airway or a procedure to control the bleeding.</p><p>In very rare instances of severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022844" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bronchiectasis</a>, your doctor may recommend that you receive a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-lungtxp/">lung transplant</a> replacing your diseased <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> with a healthy set of lungs. </p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-prevention"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-prevention_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Can Bronchiectasis Be Prevented?</h2><p>To prevent <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022844" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bronchiectasis</a>, it's important to prevent the lung infections and lung damage that can cause it.</p><p>Childhood vaccines for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024686" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">measles</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029703" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">whooping cough</a> prevent infections related to these illnesses. These vaccines also reduce complications from these infections, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022844" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bronchiectasis</a>.</p><p>Avoiding <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029559" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">toxic fumes</a>, gases, smoke, and other harmful substances also can help protect your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>.</p><p>Proper <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> of lung infections in children also may help preserve lung function and prevent lung damage that can lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022844" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bronchiectasis</a>.</p><p>Stay alert to keep children (and adults) from <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022221" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inhaling</a> small objects (such as pieces of toys and food that might stick in a small airway). If you think you, your child, or someone else has inhaled a small object, seek prompt medical care.</p><p>In some cases, treating the underlying cause of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022844" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bronchiectasis</a> can slow or prevent its progression.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-livingwith"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-livingwith_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Living With Bronchiectasis</h2><p>Early diagnosis and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022844" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bronchiectasis</a> can prevent further damage to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. People who have bronchiectasis should have ongoing care and try to follow a healthy lifestyle.</p><div id="nhlbi-brn-sec2-d10e31"><h3>Ongoing Care</h3><p>If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022844" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bronchiectasis</a>, work closely with your doctor to learn how to improve your quality of life. This involves learning as much as you can about bronchiectasis and any underlying conditions that you have.</p><p>Take steps to avoid lung infections. Ask your doctor about getting <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025769" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">flu</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pnu/">pneumonia</a> vaccines. Wash your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hands</a> often to lower your risk of getting <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022086" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">viruses</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024516" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bacterial infections</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-brn-sec2-d10e44"><h3>Healthy Lifestyle</h3><p>Following a healthy lifestyle is important for overall health and well-being. For example, if you smoke, try to quit. Smoking harms nearly every <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organ</a> in your body, including your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>.</p><p>Talk with your doctor about programs and products that can help you quit smoking. Also, try to avoid <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029761" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">secondhand smoke</a>.</p><p>If you have trouble quitting smoking on your own, consider joining a support group. Many hospitals, workplaces, and community groups offer classes to help people quit smoking.</p><p>For more information about how to quit smoking, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">Smoking and Your Heart</a> article and the National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute's (NHLBI's) <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/other/your_guide/healthyheart.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri"> "Your Guide to a Healthy Heart."</a> Although these resources focus on heart health, they include general information about how to quit smoking.</p><p>You also can protect your airways by avoiding <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029559" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">toxic fumes</a>, gases, and other harmful substances.</p><p>A healthy lifestyle also involves following a healthy diet. A healthy diet includes a variety of vegetables and fruits. It also includes whole grains, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fat</a>-free or low-fat dairy products, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> foods, such as lean meats, poultry without <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>, seafood, processed soy products, nuts, seeds, beans, and peas.</p><p>A healthy diet is low in sodium (salt), added <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023305" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sugars</a>, solid <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015646" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fats</a>, and refined grains. Solid fats are <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018272" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">saturated fat</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022582" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">trans fatty acids</a>. Refined grains come from processing whole grains, which results in a loss of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023354" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nutrients</a> (such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022146" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">dietary fiber</a>).</p><p>Staying hydrated also is important. Drinking plenty of fluids, especially water, helps prevent airway <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a> from becoming thick and sticky.</p><p>For more information about following a healthy diet, go to the NHLBI's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/hbp/dash/index.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">"Your Guide to Lowering Your Blood Pressure With DASH"</a> and the U.S. Department of Agriculture's ChooseMyPlate.gov Web site. Both resources provide general information about healthy eating.</p><p>Try to be as physically active as you can. Physical activity, such as walking and swimming, can help loosen <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a>. Ask your doctor what types and amounts of activity are safe for you.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-brn-sec2-d10e93"><h3>Emotional Support</h3><p>People who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung diseases</a> are more prone to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024768" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">depression</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024918" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anxiety</a>, and other emotional problems. Talk about how you feel with your health care team. Talking to a professional counselor also can help. If you’re very <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024768" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">depressed</a>, your doctor may recommend medicines or other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> that can improve your quality of life.</p><p>Joining a patient support group may help you adjust to living with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022844" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bronchiectasis</a>. You can see how other people who have the same symptoms have coped with them. Talk with your doctor about local support groups or check with an area medical center.</p><p>Support from family and friends also can help relieve <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024918" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anxiety</a>. Let your loved ones know how you feel and what they can do to help you.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-trials"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-trials_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Clinical Trials</h2><p>The National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute (NHLBI) is strongly committed to supporting research aimed at preventing and treating heart, lung, and blood diseases and conditions and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorders</a>.</p><p>NHLBI-supported research has led to many advances in medical knowledge and care. For example, this research has uncovered some of the causes of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung diseases</a>, as well as ways to prevent or treat these diseases.</p><p>The NHLBI continues to support research aimed at learning more about airway <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022625" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inflammation</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a> buildup, and new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapies</a> to treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung disease</a>. For example, NHLBI-supported research related to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022844" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bronchiectasis</a> includes studies that explore:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The role of microflora (the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bacteria</a> in our bodies) in airway <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022625" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inflammation</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Whether daily inhaled salt-water mist may be helpful in clearing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a> among people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022844" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bronchiectasis</a> and other lung conditions.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>New procedures in <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-lungtxp/">lung transplantation</a>.</div></li></ul><p>Much of this research depends on the willingness of volunteers to take part in <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-clinicaltrials/">clinical trials</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Clinical trials</a> test new ways to prevent, diagnose, or treat various diseases and conditions. For example, new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for a disease or condition (such as medicines, medical devices, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgeries</a>, or procedures) are tested in volunteers who have the illness. Testing shows whether a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> is safe and effective in humans before it is made available for widespread use.</p><p>By taking part in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, you can gain access to new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> before they're widely available. You also will have the support of a team of health care providers, who will likely monitor your health closely. Even if you don't directly benefit from the results of a clinical trial, the information gathered can help others and add to scientific knowledge.</p><p>If you volunteer for a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, the research will be explained to you in detail. You'll learn about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> and tests you may receive, and the benefits and risks they may pose. You'll also be given a chance to ask questions about the research. This process is called informed consent.</p><p>If you agree to take part in the trial, you'll be asked to sign an informed consent form. This form is not a contract. You have the right to withdraw from a study at any time, for any reason. Also, you have the right to learn about new risks or findings that emerge during the trial.</p><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> related to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022844" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bronchiectasis</a>, talk with your doctor. You also can visit the following Web sites to learn more about clinical research and to search for clinical trials:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>http://clinicalresearch.nih.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.clinicaltrials.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.researchmatch.org</div></li></ul><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> for children, visit the NHLBI's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/childrenandclinicalstudies/index.php" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Children and Clinical Studies</a> Web page.</p></div><div style="display: none; width: 200px; top: -100px; left: -100px;" aria-live="assertive" aria-hidden="true" class="ui-helper-reset ui-ncbipopper-wrapper ui-ncbilinksmenu"><ul id="ui-ncbiinpagenav-6"><li><a href="#_nhlbi-brn-sec1-d1e37_">What Is Bronchiectasis?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-names_">Other Names for Bronchiectasis</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-causes_">What Causes Bronchiectasis?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-atrisk_">Who Is at Risk for Bronchiectasis?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-signs_">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Bronchiectasis?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-diagnosis_">How Is Bronchiectasis Diagnosed?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-treatment_">How Is Bronchiectasis Treated?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-prevention_">How Can Bronchiectasis Be Prevented?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-livingwith_">Living With Bronchiectasis</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-trials_">Clinical Trials</a></li></ul></div></div></div> |
June 11, 2014. |
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2018-02-02 04:25:06 |
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2018-02-02 05:06:45 |
Bronchitis |
<div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-brnchi-sec1-d1e38_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Is Bronchitis?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022636" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Bronchitis</a> (bron-KI-tis) is a condition in which the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022178" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bronchial tubes</a> become inflamed. These tubes carry air to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. (For more information about the bronchial tubes and airways, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hlw/">How the Lungs Work</a> article.)</p><p>People who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022636" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bronchitis</a> often have a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cough/">cough</a> that brings up <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a>. Mucus is a slimy substance made by the lining of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022178" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bronchial tubes</a>. Bronchitis also may cause wheezing (a whistling or squeaky sound when you breathe), <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain or discomfort, a low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fever</a>, and shortness of breath.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figd1e56" co-legend-rid="figlgndd1e56"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063047/figure/d1e56/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figd1e56" rid-ob="figobd1e56"><img class="small-thumb" src="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063047/bin/bronchitis.gif" src-large="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063047/bin/bronchitis.jpg" alt="Bronchitis."></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndd1e56"><h4 id="d1e56"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063047/figure/d1e56/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd1e56">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Bronchitis. Figure A shows the location of the lungs and bronchial tubes in the body. Figure B is an enlarged, detailed view of a normal bronchial tube. Figure C is an enlarged, detailed view of a bronchial tube with bronchitis. The tube is inflamed and contains <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063047/figure/d1e56/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd1e56">(more...)</a></p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-brnchi-sec2-d1e63"><h3>Overview</h3><p>The two main types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022636" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bronchitis</a> are <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acute</a> (short term) and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> (ongoing).</p><div id="nhlbi-brnchi-sec3-d1e69"><h4>Acute Bronchitis</h4><p>Infections or lung irritants cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acute</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022636" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bronchitis</a>. The same <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022086" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">viruses</a> that cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024671" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">colds</a> and the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025769" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">flu</a> are the most common cause of acute bronchitis. These viruses are spread through the air when people <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a>. They also are spread through physical contact (for example, on <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hands</a> that have not been washed).</p><p>Sometimes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bacteria</a> cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acute</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022636" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bronchitis</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Acute</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022636" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bronchitis</a> lasts from a few days to 10 days. However, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coughing</a> may last for several weeks after the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> is gone.</p><p>Several factors increase your risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acute</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022636" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bronchitis</a>. Examples include exposure to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029755" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tobacco</a> smoke (including <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029761" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">secondhand smoke</a>), dust, fumes, vapors, and air pollution. Avoiding these lung irritants as much as possible can help lower your risk for acute bronchitis.</p><p>Most cases of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acute</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022636" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bronchitis</a> go away within a few days. If you think you have acute bronchitis, see your doctor. He or she will want to rule out other, more serious health conditions that require medical care.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-brnchi-sec3-d1e88"><h4>Chronic Bronchitis</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Chronic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022636" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bronchitis</a> is an ongoing, serious condition. It occurs if the lining of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022178" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bronchial tubes</a> is constantly irritated and inflamed, causing a long-term <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a> with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a>. Smoking is the main cause of chronic bronchitis.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022086" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Viruses</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bacteria</a> can easily infect the irritated <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022178" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bronchial tubes</a>. If this happens, the condition worsens and lasts longer. As a result, people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022636" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bronchitis</a> have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023146" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">periods</a> when symptoms get much worse than usual.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Chronic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022636" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bronchitis</a> is a serious, long-term medical condition. Early diagnosis and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>, combined with quitting smoking and avoiding <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029761" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">secondhand smoke</a>, can improve quality of life. The chance of complete recovery is low for people who have severe chronic bronchitis.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-names"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-names_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Other Names for Bronchitis</h2><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Acute</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022636" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bronchitis</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Chronic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022636" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bronchitis</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Industrial <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022636" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bronchitis</a></div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes Bronchitis?</h2><div id="nhlbi-brnchi-sec2-d4e28"><h3>Acute Bronchitis</h3><p>Infections or lung irritants cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acute</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022636" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bronchitis</a>. The same <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022086" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">viruses</a> that cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024671" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">colds</a> and the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025769" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">flu</a> are the most common cause of acute bronchitis. Sometimes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bacteria</a> can cause the condition.</p><p>Certain substances can irritate your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> and airways and raise your risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acute</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022636" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bronchitis</a>. For example, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022221" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inhaling</a> or being exposed to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029755" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tobacco</a> smoke, dust, fumes, vapors, or air pollution raises your risk for the condition. These lung irritants also can make symptoms worse.</p><p>Being exposed to a high level of dust or fumes, such as from an explosion or a big fire, also may lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acute</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022636" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bronchitis</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-brnchi-sec2-d4e41"><h3>Chronic Bronchitis</h3><p>Repeatedly <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022221" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">breathing in</a> fumes that irritate and damage lung and airway <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissues</a> causes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022636" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bronchitis</a>. Smoking is the major cause of the condition.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022221" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Breathing in</a> air pollution and dust or fumes from the environment or workplace also can lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022636" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bronchitis</a>.</p><p>People who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022636" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bronchitis</a> go through <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023146" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">periods</a> when symptoms become much worse than usual. During these times, they also may have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acute</a> viral or bacterial bronchitis.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-atrisk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-atrisk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is at Risk for Bronchitis?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022636" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Bronchitis</a> is a very common condition. Millions of cases occur every year.</p><p>Elderly people, infants, and young children are at higher risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acute</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022636" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bronchitis</a> than people in other age groups.</p><p>People of all ages can develop <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022636" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bronchitis</a>, but it occurs more often in people who are older than 45. Also, many adults who develop chronic bronchitis are smokers. Women are more than twice as likely as men to be diagnosed with chronic bronchitis.</p><p>Smoking and having an existing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung disease</a> greatly increase your risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022636" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bronchitis</a>. Contact with dust, chemical fumes, and vapors from certain jobs also increases your risk for the condition. Examples include jobs in coal mining, textile manufacturing, grain handling, and livestock farming.</p><p>Air pollution, infections, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">allergies</a> can worsen the symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022636" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bronchitis</a>, especially if you smoke.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Bronchitis?</h2><div id="nhlbi-brnchi-sec2-d6e28"><h3>Acute Bronchitis</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Acute</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022636" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bronchitis</a> caused by an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> usually develops after you already have a cold or the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025769" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">flu</a>. Symptoms of a cold or the flu include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025780" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sore throat</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fatigue</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tiredness</a>), <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fever</a>, body aches, stuffy or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">runny nose</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024776" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vomiting</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024806" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diarrhea</a>.</p><p>The main symptom of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acute</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022636" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bronchitis</a> is a persistent <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cough/">cough</a>, which may last 10 to 20 days. The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a> may produce clear <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a> (a slimy substance). If the mucus is yellow or green, you may have a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024516" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bacterial infection</a> as well. Even after the infection clears up, you may still have a dry cough for days or weeks.</p><p>Other symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acute</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022636" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bronchitis</a> include wheezing (a whistling or squeaky sound when you breathe), low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fever</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> tightness or pain.</p><p>If your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acute</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022636" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bronchitis</a> is severe, you also may have shortness of breath, especially with physical activity.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-brnchi-sec2-d6e47"><h3>Chronic Bronchitis</h3><p>The signs and symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022636" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bronchitis</a> include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coughing</a>, wheezing, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> discomfort. The coughing may produce large amounts of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a>. This type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a> often is called a smoker's cough.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Bronchitis Diagnosed?</h2><p>Your doctor usually will diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022636" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bronchitis</a> based on your signs and symptoms. He or she may ask questions about your <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cough/">cough</a>, such as how long you've had it, what you're <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coughing</a> up, and how much you <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a>.</p><p>Your doctor also will likely ask:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>About your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029840" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">medical history</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Whether you've recently had a cold or the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025769" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">flu</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Whether you smoke or spend time around others who smoke</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Whether you've been exposed to dust, fumes, vapors, or air pollution</div></li></ul><p>Your doctor will use a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023209" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stethoscope</a> to listen for wheezing (a whistling or squeaky sound when you breathe) or other abnormal sounds in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. He or she also may:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Look at your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a> to see whether you have a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024516" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bacterial infection</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Test the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> levels in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> using a sensor attached to your fingertip or toe</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Recommend a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cxray/">chest x ray</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-lft/">lung function tests</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bdt/">blood tests</a> </div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Bronchitis Treated?</h2><p>The main goals of treating <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acute</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022636" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bronchitis</a> are to relieve symptoms and make breathing easier.</p><p>If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acute</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022636" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bronchitis</a>, your doctor may recommend rest, plenty of fluids, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000168" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aspirin</a> (for adults) or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acetaminophen</a> to treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fever</a>.</p><p>Antibiotics usually aren't prescribed for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acute</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022636" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bronchitis</a>. This is because they don't work against <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022086" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">viruses</a>—the most common cause of acute bronchitis. However, if your doctor thinks you have a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024516" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bacterial infection</a>, he or she may prescribe antibiotics.</p><p>A humidifier or steam can help loosen <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a> and relieve wheezing and limited air flow. If your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022636" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bronchitis</a> causes wheezing, you may need an inhaled medicine to open your airways. You take this medicine using an inhaler. This device allows the medicine to go straight to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>.</p><p>Your doctor also may prescribe medicines to relieve or reduce your <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cough/">cough</a> and treat your inflamed airways (especially if your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a> persists).</p><p>If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022636" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bronchitis</a> and also have been diagnosed with <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-copd/">COPD</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022631" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic obstructive pulmonary disease</a>), you may need medicines to open your airways and help clear away <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a>. These medicines include bronchodilators (inhaled) and steroids (inhaled or pill form).</p><p>If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022636" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bronchitis</a>, your doctor may prescribe <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-oxt/">oxygen therapy</a>. This <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> can help you breathe easier, and it provides your body with needed <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>.</p><p>One of the best ways to treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acute</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022636" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bronchitis</a> is to remove the source of irritation and damage to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. If you smoke, it's very important to quit.</p><p>Talk with your doctor about programs and products that can help you quit smoking. Try to avoid <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029761" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">secondhand smoke</a> and other lung irritants, such as dust, fumes, vapors, and air pollution.</p><p>For more information about how to quit smoking, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">Smoking and Your Heart</a> article and the National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/other/your_guide/healthyheart.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">"Your Guide to a Healthy Heart."</a> Although these resources focus on heart health, they include general information about how to quit smoking.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-prevention"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-prevention_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Can Bronchitis Be Prevented?</h2><p>You can't always prevent <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acute</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022636" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bronchitis</a>. However, you can take steps to lower your risk for both conditions. The most important step is to quit smoking or not start smoking.</p><p>For more information about how to quit smoking, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">Smoking and Your Heart</a> article and the National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/other/your_guide/healthyheart.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">"Your Guide to a Healthy Heart."</a> Although these resources focus on heart health, they include general information about how to quit smoking.</p><p>Also, try to avoid other lung irritants, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029761" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">secondhand smoke</a>, dust, fumes, vapors, and air pollution. For example, wear a mask over your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025667" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nose</a> when you use paint, paint remover, varnish, or other substances with strong fumes. This will help protect your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>.</p><p>Wash your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hands</a> often to limit your exposure to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025078" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">germs</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bacteria</a>. Your doctor also may advise you to get a yearly <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025769" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">flu</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022222" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">shot</a> and a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pnu/">pneumonia</a> vaccine.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-livingwith"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-livingwith_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Living With Chronic Bronchitis</h2><p>If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022636" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bronchitis</a>, you can take steps to control your symptoms. Lifestyle changes and ongoing care can help you manage the condition.</p><div id="nhlbi-brnchi-sec2-d10e31"><h3>Lifestyle Changes</h3><p>The most important step is to not start smoking or to quit smoking. Talk with your doctor about programs and products that can help you quit.</p><p>For more information about how to quit smoking, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">Smoking and Your Heart</a> article and the National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute's (NHLBI's) <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/other/your_guide/healthyheart.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">"Your Guide to a Healthy Heart."</a> Although these resources focus on heart health, they include general information about how to quit smoking.</p><p>Also, try to avoid other lung irritants, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029761" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">secondhand smoke</a>, dust, fumes, vapors, and air pollution. This will help keep your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> healthy.</p><p>Wash your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hands</a> often to lower your risk for a viral or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024516" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bacterial infection</a>. Also, try to stay away from people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024671" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">colds</a> or the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025769" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">flu</a>. See your doctor right away if you have signs or symptoms of a cold or the flu.</p><p>Follow a healthy diet and be as physically active as you can. A healthy diet includes a variety of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. It also includes lean meats, poultry, fish, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fat</a>-free or low-fat milk or milk products. A healthy diet also is low in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018272" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">saturated fat</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022582" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">trans fat</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cholesterol</a>, sodium (salt), and added <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023305" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sugar</a>.</p><p>For more information about following a healthy diet, go to the NHLBI's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/obesity/lose_wt/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Aim for a Healthy Weight</a> Web site, <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/other/your_guide/healthyheart.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">"Your Guide to a Healthy Heart,"</a> and <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/hbp/dash/index.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">"Your Guide to Lowering Your Blood Pressure With DASH."</a> All of these resources include general advice about healthy eating.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-brnchi-sec2-d10e71"><h3>Ongoing Care</h3><p>See your doctor regularly and take all of your medicines as prescribed. Also, talk with your doctor about getting a yearly <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025769" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">flu</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022222" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">shot</a> and a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pnu/">pneumonia</a> vaccine.</p><p>If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022636" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bronchitis</a>, you may benefit from <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pulreh/">pulmonary rehabilitation</a> (PR). PR is a broad program that helps improve the well-being of people who have chronic (ongoing) breathing problems.</p><p>People who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022636" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bronchitis</a> often breathe fast. Talk with your doctor about a breathing method called pursed-<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024368" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lip</a> breathing. This method decreases how often you take breaths, and it helps keep your airways open longer. This allows more air to flow in and out of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> so you can be more physically active.</p><p>To do pursed-<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024368" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lip</a> breathing, you breathe in through your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030531" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nostrils</a>. Then you slowly breathe out through slightly pursed <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024368" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lips</a>, as if you're blowing out a candle. You exhale two to three times longer than you inhale. Some people find it helpful to count to two while <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022221" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inhaling</a> and to four or six while exhaling.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-trials"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-trials_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Clinical Trials</h2><p>The National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute (NHLBI) is strongly committed to supporting research aimed at preventing and treating heart, lung, and blood diseases and conditions and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorders</a>.</p><p>NHLBI-supported research has led to many advances in medical knowledge and care. Often, these advances depend on the willingness of volunteers to take part in <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-clinicaltrials/">clinical trials</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Clinical trials</a> test new ways to prevent, diagnose, or treat various diseases and conditions. For example, new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for a disease or condition (such as medicines, medical devices, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgeries</a>, or procedures) are tested in volunteers who have the illness. Testing shows whether a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> is safe and effective in humans before it is made available for widespread use.</p><p>By taking part in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, you can gain access to new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> before they're widely available. You also will have the support of a team of health care providers, who will likely monitor your health closely. Even if you don't directly benefit from the results of a clinical trial, the information gathered can help others and add to scientific knowledge.</p><p>If you volunteer for a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, the research will be explained to you in detail. You'll learn about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> and tests you may receive, and the benefits and risks they may pose. You'll also be given a chance to ask questions about the research. This process is called informed consent.</p><p>If you agree to take part in the trial, you'll be asked to sign an informed consent form. This form is not a contract. You have the right to withdraw from a study at any time, for any reason. Also, you have the right to learn about new risks or findings that emerge during the trial.</p><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> related to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022636" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bronchitis</a>, talk with your doctor. You also can visit the following Web sites to learn more about clinical research and to search for clinical trials:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>http://clinicalresearch.nih.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.clinicaltrials.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.researchmatch.org</div></li></ul><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> for children, visit the NHLBI's Children and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Clinical Studies</a> Web page.</p></div><div style="display: none; width: 200px; top: -100px; left: -100px;" aria-live="assertive" aria-hidden="true" class="ui-helper-reset ui-ncbipopper-wrapper ui-ncbilinksmenu"><ul id="ui-ncbiinpagenav-6"><li><a href="#_nhlbi-brnchi-sec1-d1e38_">What Is Bronchitis?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-names_">Other Names for Bronchitis</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-causes_">What Causes Bronchitis?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-atrisk_">Who Is at Risk for Bronchitis?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-signs_">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Bronchitis?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-diagnosis_">How Is Bronchitis Diagnosed?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-treatment_">How Is Bronchitis Treated?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-prevention_">How Can Bronchitis Be Prevented?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-livingwith_">Living With Chronic Bronchitis</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-trials_">Clinical Trials</a></li></ul></div></div></div> |
June 11, 2014. |
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2018-02-02 05:07:04 |
Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia |
<div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-bpd-sec1-d1e37_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Is Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia?</h2><p>Bronchopulmonary (BRONG-ko-PUL-mo-NAR-e) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024651" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">dysplasia</a> (dis-PLA-ze-ah), or BPD, is a serious lung condition that affects infants. BPD mostly affects premature infants who need <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-oxt/">oxygen therapy</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> given through nasal prongs, a mask, or a breathing tube).</p><p>Most infants who develop BPD are born more than 10 weeks before their due dates, weigh less than 2 pounds (about 1,000 grams) at birth, and have breathing problems. Infections that occur before or shortly after birth also can contribute to BPD.</p><p>Some infants who have BPD may need long-term breathing support from nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) machines or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-vent/">ventilators</a>.</p><div id="nhlbi-bpd-sec2-d1e58"><h3>Overview</h3><p>Many babies who develop BPD are born with serious <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-rds/">respiratory distress syndrome</a> (RDS). RDS is a breathing disorder that mostly affects premature newborns. These infants' <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> aren't fully formed or aren't able to make enough surfactant (sur-FAK-tant).</p><p>Surfactant is a liquid that coats the inside of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. It helps keep them open so an infant can breathe in air once he or she is born.</p><p>Without surfactant, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> collapse, and the infant has to work hard to breathe. He or she might not be able to breathe in enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> to support the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a>. Without proper <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>, the lack of oxygen may damage the infant's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> and other organs.</p><p>Babies who have RDS are treated with surfactant replacement <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a>. They also may need <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029682" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen therapy</a>. Shortly after birth, some babies who have RDS also are treated with NCPAP or ventilators (machines that support breathing).</p><p>Often, the symptoms of RDS start to improve slowly after about a week. However, some babies get worse and need more <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> or breathing support from NCPAP or a ventilator.</p><p>If premature infants still require <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029682" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen therapy</a> by the time they reach their original due dates, they're diagnosed with BPD.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-bpd-sec2-d1e84"><h3>Outlook</h3><p>Advances in care now make it possible for more premature infants to survive. However, these infants are at high risk for BPD.</p><p>Most babies who have BPD get better in time, but they may need <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> for months or even years. They may continue to have lung problems throughout childhood and even into adulthood. There's some concern about whether people who had BPD as babies can ever have normal lung function.</p><p>As children who have BPD grow, their parents can help reduce the risk of BPD complications. Parents can encourage healthy eating habits and good nutrition. They also can avoid cigarette smoke and other lung irritants.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-names"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-names_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Other Names for Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia</h2><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Arrest of lung development</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Evolving <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung disease</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Neonatal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung disease</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022181" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Respiratory</a> insufficiency</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022889" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Bronchopulmonary dysplasia</a> (BPD) develops as a result of an infant's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> becoming irritated or inflamed.</p><p>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> of premature infants are fragile and often aren't fully developed. They can easily be irritated or injured within hours or days of birth. Many factors can damage premature infants' lungs.</p><div id="nhlbi-bpd-sec2-d4e34"><h3>Ventilation</h3><p>Newborns who have breathing problems or can't breathe on their own may need <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-vent/">ventilator support</a>. Ventilators are machines that use pressure to blow air into the airways and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>.</p><p>Although ventilator support can help premature infants survive, the machine's pressure might irritate and harm the babies' <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. For this reason, doctors only recommend ventilator support when necessary.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-bpd-sec2-d4e47"><h3>High Levels of Oxygen</h3><p>Newborns who have breathing problems might need <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-oxt/">oxygen therapy</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> given through nasal prongs, a mask, or a breathing tube). This <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> helps the infants' <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> get enough oxygen to work well.</p><p>However, high levels of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> can inflame the lining of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> and injure the airways. Also, high levels of oxygen can slow lung development in premature infants.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-bpd-sec2-d4e59"><h3>Infections</h3><p>Infections can inflame the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. As a result, the airways narrow, which makes it harder for premature infants to breathe. Lung infections also increase the babies' need for extra <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> and breathing support.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-bpd-sec2-d4e66"><h3>Heredity</h3><p>Studies show that heredity may play a role in causing BPD. More studies are needed to confirm this finding.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-atrisk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-atrisk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is at Risk for Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia?</h2><p>The more premature an infant is and the lower his or her birth weight, the greater the risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022889" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bronchopulmonary dysplasia</a> (BPD).</p><p>Most infants who develop BPD are born more than 10 weeks before their due dates, weigh less than 2 pounds (about 1,000 grams) at birth, and have breathing problems. Infections that occur before or shortly after birth also can contribute to BPD.</p><p>The number of babies who have BPD is higher now than in the past. This is because of advances in care that help more premature infants survive.</p><p>Many babies who develop BPD are born with serious <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-rds/">respiratory distress syndrome</a> (RDS). However, some babies who have mild RDS or don't have RDS also develop BPD. These babies often have very low birth weights and one or more other conditions, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pda/">patent ductus arteriosus</a> (PDA) and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027083" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sepsis</a>.</p><p>PDA is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> problem that occurs soon after birth in some babies. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027083" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sepsis</a> is a serious <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024516" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bacterial infection</a> in the bloodstream.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia?</h2><p>Many babies who develop <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022889" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bronchopulmonary dysplasia</a> (BPD) are born with serious <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-rds/">respiratory distress syndrome</a> (RDS). The signs and symptoms of RDS at birth are:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Rapid, shallow breathing</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Sharp pulling in of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> below and between the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029862" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ribs</a> with each breath</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Grunting sounds</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Flaring of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030531" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nostrils</a></div></li></ul><p>Babies who have RDS are treated with surfactant replacement <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a>. They also may need <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-oxt/">oxygen therapy</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> given through nasal prongs, a mask, or a breathing tube).</p><p>Shortly after birth, some babies who have RDS also are treated with nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-vent/">ventilators</a> (machines that support breathing).</p><p>Often, the symptoms of RDS start to improve slowly after about a week. However, some babies get worse and need more <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> or breathing support from NCPAP or a ventilator.</p><p>A first sign of BPD is when premature infants—usually those born more than 10 weeks early—still need <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029682" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen therapy</a> by the time they reach their original due dates. These babies are diagnosed with BPD.</p><p>Infants who have severe BPD may have trouble feeding, which can lead to delayed growth. These babies also may develop:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pah/">Pulmonary hypertension</a> (PH). PH is increased pressure in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022019" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary arteries</a>. These arteries carry <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> to pick up <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Cor pulmonale. Cor pulmonale is failure of the right side of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. Ongoing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood pressure</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022019" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary arteries</a> and the lower right <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chamber</a> of the heart causes this condition.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia Diagnosed?</h2><p>Infants who are born early—usually more than 10 weeks before their due dates—and still need <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-oxt/">oxygen therapy</a> by the time they reach their original due dates are diagnosed with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022889" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bronchopulmonary dysplasia</a> (BPD).</p><p>BPD can be mild, moderate, or severe. The diagnosis depends on how much extra <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> a baby needs at the time of his or her original due date. It also depends on how long the baby needs <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029682" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen therapy</a>.</p><p>To help confirm a diagnosis of BPD, doctors may recommend tests, such as:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cxray/">chest x ray</a>. A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> x ray takes pictures of the structures inside the chest, such as the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. In severe cases of BPD, this test may show large areas of air and signs that the lungs are inflamed or infected. A chest x ray also can detect problems such as a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022353" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">collapsed lung</a> and show whether the lungs are developing normally.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bdt/">Blood tests</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022070" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood tests</a> can show whether an infant has enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> in his or her blood. Blood tests also can help determine whether an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> is causing an infant's breathing problems.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-echo/">Echocardiography</a> (echo). This test uses sound waves to create a moving picture of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. Doctors use echo to rule out heart defects or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pah/">pulmonary hypertension</a> as the cause of an infant's breathing problems.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia Treated?</h2><div id="nhlbi-bpd-sec2-d8e28"><h3>Preventive Measures</h3><p>If your doctor thinks you're going to give birth too early, he or she may give you <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022222" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">injections</a> of a corticosteroid medicine.</p><p>The medicine can speed up surfactant production in your baby. Surfactant is a liquid that coats the inside of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. It helps keep the lungs open so your infant can breathe in air once he or she is born.</p><p>Corticosteroids also can help your baby's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidneys</a> develop more quickly while he or she is in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022603" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">womb</a>.</p><p>Premature babies who have very low birth weights also might be given corticosteroids within the first few days of birth. Doctors sometimes prescribe inhaled <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0011425" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nitric oxide</a> shortly after birth for babies who have very low birth weights. This <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> can help improve the babies' lung function.</p><p>These preventive measures may help reduce infants' risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-rds/">respiratory distress syndrome</a> (RDS), which can lead to BPD.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-bpd-sec2-d8e50"><h3>Treatment for Respiratory Distress Syndrome</h3><p>The goals of treating infants who have RDS include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Reducing further injury to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Providing nutrition and other support to help the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> grow and recover</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Preventing lung infections by giving antibiotics</div></li></ul><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatment</a> of RDS usually begins as soon as an infant is born, sometimes in the delivery room. Most infants who have signs of RDS are quickly moved to a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). They receive around-the-clock treatment from health care professionals who specialize in treating premature infants.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatments</a> for RDS include surfactant replacement <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a>, breathing support with nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) or a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-vent/">ventilator</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-oxt/">oxygen therapy</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> given through nasal prongs, a mask, or a breathing tube), and medicines to treat fluid buildup in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>.</p><p>For more information about RDS <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a>, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-rds/">Respiratory Distress Syndrome</a> article.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-bpd-sec2-d8e90"><h3>Treatment for Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatment</a> in the NICU is designed to limit <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a> on infants and meet their basic needs of warmth, nutrition, and protection. Once doctors diagnose BPD, some or all of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> used for RDS will continue in the NICU.</p><p>Such <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> usually includes:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Using radiant warmers or incubators to keep infants warm and reduce the risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Ongoing monitoring of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024325" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart rate</a>, breathing, and temperature through sensors taped to the babies' bodies.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Using sensors on <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023112" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fingers</a> or toes to check the amount of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> in the infants' <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Giving fluids and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023354" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nutrients</a> through needles or tubes inserted into the infants' <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a>. This helps prevent <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030687" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">malnutrition</a> and promotes growth. Nutrition is vital to the growth and development of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. Later, babies may be given <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021901" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">breast</a> milk or infant formula through feeding tubes that are passed through their <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025667" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">noses</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouths</a> and into their <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024473" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">throats</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Checking fluid intake to make sure that fluid doesn't build up in the babies' <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>.</div></li></ul><p>As BPD improves, babies are slowly weaned off NCPAP or ventilators until they can breathe on their own. These infants will likely need <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029682" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen therapy</a> for some time.</p><p>If your infant has moderate or severe BPD, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-echo/">echocardiography</a> might be done every few weeks to months to check his or her <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022019" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary artery</a> pressure.</p><p>If your child needs long-term ventilator support, he or she will likely get a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-trach/">tracheostomy</a> (TRA-ke-OS-toe-me). A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022255" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tracheostomy</a> is a surgically made hole. It goes through the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">front</a> of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027054" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neck</a> and into the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022078" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">trachea</a> (TRA-ke-ah), or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022078" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">windpipe</a>. Your child's doctor will put the breathing tube from the ventilator through the hole.</p><p>Using a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022255" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tracheostomy</a> instead of an endotracheal (en-do-TRA-ke-al) tube has some advantages. (An endotracheal tube is a breathing tube inserted through the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025667" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nose</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a> and into the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022078" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">windpipe</a>.)</p><p>Long-term use of an endotracheal tube can damage the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022078" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">trachea</a>. This damage may need to be corrected with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> later. A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022255" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tracheostomy</a> can allow your baby to interact more with you and the NICU staff, start talking, and develop other skills.</p><p>While your baby is in the NICU, he or she also may need <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030138" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">physical therapy</a>. Physical therapy can help strengthen your child's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscles</a> and clear <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a> out of his or her <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>.</p><p>Infants who have BPD may spend several weeks or months in the hospital. This allows them to get the care they need.</p><p>Before your baby goes home, learn as much as you can about your child's condition and how it's treated. Your baby may continue to have some breathing symptoms after he or she leaves the hospital.</p><p>Your child will likely continue on all or some of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> that were started at the hospital, including:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Medicines, such as bronchodilators, steroids, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025451" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diuretics</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029682" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Oxygen therapy</a> or breathing support from NCPAP or a ventilator.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Extra nutrition and calories, which may be given through a feeding tube.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Preventive <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> with a medicine called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0011568" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">palivizumab</a> for severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022181" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">respiratory</a> syncytial virus (RSV). This common virus leads to mild, cold-like symptoms in adults and older, healthy children. However, in infants—especially those in high-risk groups—RSV can lead to severe breathing problems.</div></li></ul><p>Your child also should have regular checkups with and timely vaccinations from a pediatrician. This is a doctor who specializes in treating children. If your child needs <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029682" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen therapy</a> or a ventilator at home, a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022202" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary</a> specialist might be involved in his or her care.</p><p>Seek out support from family, friends, and hospital staff. Ask the case manager or social worker at the hospital about what you'll need after your baby leaves the hospital.</p><p>The doctors and nurses can assist with questions about your infant's care. Also, you may want to ask whether your community has a support group for parents of premature infants.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-prevention"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-prevention_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Can Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia Be Prevented?</h2><p>Taking steps to ensure a healthy <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a> might prevent your infant from being born before his or her <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> have fully developed. These steps include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Seeing your doctor regularly during your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Following a healthy diet</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Not smoking and avoiding <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029755" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tobacco</a> smoke, alcohol, and illegal drugs</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Controlling any ongoing medical conditions you have</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Preventing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a></div></li></ul><p>If your doctor thinks that you're going to give birth too early, he or she may give you <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022222" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">injections</a> of a corticosteroid medicine.</p><p>The medicine can speed up surfactant production in your baby. Surfactant is a liquid that coats the inside of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. It helps keep them open so your infant can breathe in air once he or she is born.</p><p>Usually, within about 24 hours of your taking this medicine, the baby's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> start making enough surfactant. This will reduce the infant's risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-rds/">respiratory distress syndrome</a> (RDS), which can lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022889" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bronchopulmonary dysplasia</a> (BPD).</p><p>Corticosteroids also can help your baby's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidneys</a> develop more quickly while he or she is in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022603" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">womb</a>.</p><p>If your baby does develop RDS, it will probably be fairly mild. If the RDS isn't mild, BPD will likely develop.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-livingwith"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-livingwith_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Living With Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia</h2><p>Caring for a premature infant can be challenging. You may have:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Emotional pain, including feelings of guilt, anger, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024768" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">depression</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024918" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Anxiety</a> about your baby's future.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A lack of control over the situation.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Financial <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Problems bonding with your baby while he or she is in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Fatigue</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tiredness</a>).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Frustration that you can't breastfeed your infant right away. (You can pump and store your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021901" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">breast</a> milk for later use.)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Complex schedules that require you to regularly give your child medicines and keep frequent medical appointments.</div></li></ul><div id="nhlbi-bpd-sec2-d10e59"><h3>Take Steps To Manage Your Situation</h3><p>You can take steps to help yourself during this difficult time. For example, take care of your health so that you have enough energy to deal with the situation.</p><p>Learn as much as you can about what goes on in the NICU. You can help your baby during his or her stay there and begin to bond with the baby before he or she comes home.</p><p>Learn as much as you can about your infant's condition and what's involved in daily care. This will allow you to ask questions and feel more confident about your ability to care for your baby at home.</p><p>Seek support from family, friends, and hospital staff. Ask the case manager or social worker at the hospital about what you'll need after the baby leaves the hospital. The doctors and nurses can assist with questions about your infant's care. Also, you may want to ask whether your community has a support group for parents of premature infants.</p><p>Parents are encouraged to visit their baby in the NICU as much as possible. Spend time talking to your baby and holding and touching him or her (when allowed).</p></div><div id="nhlbi-bpd-sec2-d10e78"><h3>Ongoing Care and Health Issues</h3><p>Infants who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022889" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bronchopulmonary dysplasia</a> (BPD) may have health problems even after they leave the hospital. They may continue to need <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-oxt/">oxygen therapy</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> given through nasal prongs, a mask, or a breathing tube) or breathing support from a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-vent/">ventilator</a>.</p><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022202" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary</a> specialist might be involved in your child's long-term care and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>.</p><p>Infants who need long-term ventilator support may need a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-trach/">tracheostomy</a>. A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022255" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tracheostomy</a> is a surgically made hole in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">front</a> of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027054" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neck</a>. Doctors can put a breathing tube directly into the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022078" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">windpipe</a> through the hole, rather than putting the tube through the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025667" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nose</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a>.</p><p>Babies who have BPD might be at increased risk for some health problems throughout infancy and early childhood. They might be more likely to get <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024671" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">colds</a>, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025769" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">flu</a>, and other infections, which can be life threatening. If these children develop <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022181" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">respiratory</a> infections, they may need to be treated in a hospital.</p><p>Babies who have BPD also may have trouble <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027073" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">swallowing</a>. As a result, food can get stuck in their airways. This condition is called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030172" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aspiration</a>, and it can cause an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>. Children who have BPD may need help from a specialist to learn how to swallow correctly.</p><p>Babies who were diagnosed with BPD also may have delayed growth during their first 2 years. Children who survive BPD usually are smaller than other children of the same age.</p><p>Children who have BPD may continue to have lung problems throughout childhood and even into adulthood. These problems can include underdeveloped <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-asthma/">asthma</a>. Babies with very severe BPD also may have other problems, such as:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Apnea. This is a condition in which breathing stops for short <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023146" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">periods</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Poor coordination and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscle</a> tone.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Delayed speech and problems with vision and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024976" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hearing</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Learning problems.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Gastroesophageal (GAS-tro-eh-SOF-ah-JE-al) reflux disease (GERD). This is a condition in which the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a>'s contents back up into the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015635" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">esophagus</a> during or after a feeding. The esophagus is the passage leading from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a> to the stomach. GERD may lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030172" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aspiration</a>.</div></li></ul><p>The risk of these health problems is higher in infants who are very small at birth. If your child has BPD, talk with his or her doctor about your child's risk for these problems.</p><p>You can take steps to help manage your child's BPD and help him or her recover.</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Call your child's doctor if you notice any signs or symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022181" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">respiratory</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>. Examples include irritability, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fever</a>, stuffy <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025667" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nose</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a>, changes in breathing patterns, and wheezing.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Try to prevent infections. Wash your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hands</a> often, and discourage visits from family and friends who are sick. Keep your baby away from large daycare centers and crowds to avoid <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024671" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">colds</a>, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025769" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">flu</a>, and other infections.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Don't smoke in your home. Keep your baby away from cigarette smoke, dust, pollution, and other lung irritants.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Make sure that your baby and your other children get their childhood vaccines and other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> recommended by their doctors.</div></li></ul></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-trials"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-trials_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Clinical Trials</h2><p>The National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute (NHLBI) is strongly committed to supporting research aimed at preventing and treating heart, lung, and blood diseases and conditions and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorders</a>.</p><p>NHLBI-supported research has led to many advances in medical knowledge and care. For example, this research has uncovered some of the causes of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung diseases</a>, as well as ways to prevent or treat these diseases.</p><p>Many more questions remain about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung diseases</a>, including <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022889" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bronchopulmonary dysplasia</a> (BPD). The NHLBI continues to support research to learn more. For example, NHLBI-supported research on BPD includes studies that explore:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>New <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for reducing the risk of BPD</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022031" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Genetic</a> factors and other factors that might help predict whether an infant is at risk of developing BPD</div></li></ul><p>Much of the NHLBI's research depends on the willingness of volunteers to take part in <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-clinicaltrials/">clinical trials</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Clinical trials</a> test new ways to prevent, diagnose, or treat various diseases and conditions.</p><p>For example, new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for a disease or condition (such as medicines, medical devices, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgeries</a>, or procedures) are tested in volunteers who have the illness. Testing shows whether a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> is safe and effective in humans before it is made available for widespread use.</p><p>By taking part in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, your child can gain access to new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> before they're widely available. Your child also will have the support of a team of health care providers, who will likely monitor his or her health closely. Even if your child doesn't directly benefit from the results of a clinical trial, the information gathered can help others and add to scientific knowledge.</p><p>Children (aged 18 and younger) get special protection as research subjects. Almost always, parents must give legal consent for their child to take part in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>.</p><p>When researchers think that a trial's potential risks are greater than minimal, both parents must give permission for their child to enroll. Also, children aged 7 and older often must agree (assent) to take part in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a>.</p><p>If you agree to have your child take part in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, you'll be asked to sign an informed consent form. This form is not a contract. You have the right to withdraw your child from a study at any time, for any reason. Also, you have the right to learn about new risks or findings that emerge during the trial.</p><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> related to BPD , talk with your doctor. For more information about clinical trials for children, visit the NHLBI's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/childrenandclinicalstudies/index.php" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Children and Clinical Studies</a> Web page.</p><p>You also can visit the following Web sites to learn more about clinical research and to search for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a>:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>http://clinicalresearch.nih.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.clinicaltrials.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.researchmatch.org</div></li></ul></div><div style="display: none; width: 200px; top: -100px; left: -100px;" aria-live="assertive" aria-hidden="true" class="ui-helper-reset ui-ncbipopper-wrapper ui-ncbilinksmenu"><ul id="ui-ncbiinpagenav-6"><li><a href="#_nhlbi-bpd-sec1-d1e37_">What Is Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-names_">Other Names for Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-causes_">What Causes Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-atrisk_">Who Is at Risk for Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-signs_">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-diagnosis_">How Is Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia Diagnosed?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-treatment_">How Is Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia Treated?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-prevention_">How Can Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia Be Prevented?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-livingwith_">Living With Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-trials_">Clinical Trials</a></li></ul></div></div></div> |
June 11, 2014. |
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2018-02-02 04:25:06 |
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<L1> diseases_conditions
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2018-02-02 05:07:24 |
COPD |
<div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-copd-sec1-d1e38_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Is COPD?</h2><p>COPD, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> obstructive <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022202" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary</a> (PULL-mun-ary) disease, is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027880" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">progressive disease</a> that makes it hard to breathe. "Progressive" means the disease gets worse over time.</p><p>COPD can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cough/">coughing</a> that produces large amounts of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a> (a slimy substance), wheezing, shortness of breath, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> tightness, and other symptoms.</p><p>Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of COPD. Most people who have COPD smoke or used to smoke. Long-term exposure to other lung irritants—such as air pollution, chemical fumes, or dust—also may contribute to COPD.</p><div id="nhlbi-copd-sec2-d1e53"><h3>Overview</h3><p>To understand COPD, it helps to understand <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hlw/">how the lungs work</a>. The air that you breathe goes down your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022078" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">windpipe</a> into tubes in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> called bronchial (BRONG-ke-al) tubes or airways.</p><p>Within the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022178" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bronchial tubes</a> branch into thousands of smaller, thinner tubes called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022180" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bronchioles</a> (BRONG-ke-ols). These tubes end in bunches of tiny round air <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022396" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sacs</a> called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022134" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">alveoli</a> (al-VEE-uhl-<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eye</a>).</p><p>Small <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022018" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">capillaries</a> (KAP-ih-lare-ees) run through the walls of the air <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022396" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sacs</a>. When air reaches the air sacs, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> passes through the air <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022396" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sac</a> walls into the blood in the capillaries. At the same time, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022309" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carbon dioxide</a> (a waste gas) moves from the capillaries into the air sacs. This process is called gas exchange.</p><p>The airways and air <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022396" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sacs</a> are elastic (stretchy). When you breathe in, each air <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022396" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sac</a> fills up with air like a small balloon. When you breathe out, the air sacs deflate and the air goes out.</p><p>In COPD, less air flows in and out of the airways because of one or more of the following:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The airways and air <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022396" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sacs</a> lose their elastic quality.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The walls between many of the air <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022396" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sacs</a> are destroyed.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The walls of the airways become thick and inflamed.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The airways make more <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a> than usual, which can clog them.</div></li></ul><p> </p><div class="graphic left label"><img src="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062993/bin/copd_2010.jpg" alt="Figure A shows the location of the lungs and airways in the body. The inset image shows a detailed cross-section of the bronchioles and alveoli. Figure B shows lungs damaged by COPD. The inset image shows a detailed cross-section of the damaged bronchioles and alveolar walls."></div> <p></p><p>In the United States, the term "COPD" includes two main conditions—<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023374" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">emphysema</a> (em-fih-SE-ma) and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-brnchi/">chronic bronchitis</a> (bron-KI-tis). (Note: The Health Topics article about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022636" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bronchitis</a> discusses both <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acute</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> bronchitis.)</p><p>In <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023374" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">emphysema</a>, the walls between many of the air <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022396" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sacs</a> are damaged. As a result, the air sacs lose their shape and become floppy. This damage also can destroy the walls of the air sacs, leading to fewer and larger air sacs instead of many tiny ones. If this happens, the amount of gas exchange in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> is reduced.</p><p>In <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022636" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bronchitis</a>, the lining of the airways is constantly irritated and inflamed. This causes the lining to thicken. Lots of thick <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a> forms in the airways, making it hard to breathe.</p><p>Most people who have COPD have both <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023374" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">emphysema</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022636" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bronchitis</a>. Thus, the general term "COPD" is more accurate.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-copd-sec2-d1e120"><h3>Outlook</h3><p>COPD is a major cause of disability, and it's the third leading cause of death in the United States. Currently, millions of people are diagnosed with COPD. Many more people may have the disease and not even know it.</p><p>COPD develops slowly. Symptoms often worsen over time and can limit your ability to do routine activities. Severe COPD may prevent you from doing even basic activities like walking, cooking, or taking care of yourself.</p><p>Most of the time, COPD is diagnosed in middle-aged or older adults. The disease isn't passed from person to person—you can't catch it from someone else.</p><p>COPD has no cure yet, and doctors don't know how to reverse the damage to the airways and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. However, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> and lifestyle changes can help you feel better, stay more active, and slow the progress of the disease.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-names"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-names_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Other Names for COPD</h2><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/brnchi/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Chronic bronchitis</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022631" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Chronic obstructive airway disease</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022631" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Chronic obstructive lung disease</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023374" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Emphysema</a></div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes COPD?</h2><p>Long-term exposure to lung irritants that damage the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> and the airways usually is the cause of COPD.</p><p>In the United States, the most common irritant that causes COPD is cigarette smoke. Pipe, cigar, and other types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029755" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tobacco</a> smoke also can cause COPD, especially if the smoke is inhaled.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022221" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Breathing in</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029761" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">secondhand smoke</a>, air pollution, or chemical fumes or dust from the environment or workplace also can contribute to COPD. (Secondhand smoke is smoke in the air from other people smoking.)</p><p>Rarely, a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022031" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic</a> condition called <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-aat/">alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency</a> may play a role in causing COPD. People who have this condition have low levels of alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT)—a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> made in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver</a>.</p><p>Having a low level of the AAT <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> can lead to lung damage and COPD if you're exposed to smoke or other lung irritants. If you have this condition and smoke, COPD can worsen very quickly.</p><p>Although uncommon, some people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-asthma/">asthma</a> can develop COPD. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Asthma</a> is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> (long-term) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung disease</a> that inflames and narrows the airways. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatment</a> usually can reverse the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022625" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inflammation</a> and narrowing. However, if not, COPD can develop.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-atrisk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-atrisk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is at Risk for COPD?</h2><p>The main risk factor for COPD is smoking. Most people who have COPD smoke or used to smoke. People who have a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family history</a> of COPD are more likely to develop the disease if they smoke.</p><p>Long-term exposure to other lung irritants also is a risk factor for COPD. Examples of other lung irritants include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029761" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">secondhand smoke</a>, air pollution, and chemical fumes and dust from the environment or workplace. (Secondhand smoke is smoke in the air from other people smoking.)</p><p>Most people who have COPD are at least 40 years old when symptoms begin. Although uncommon, people younger than 40 can have COPD. For example, this may happen if a person has <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-aat/">alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency</a>, a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022031" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic</a> condition.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of COPD?</h2><p>At first, COPD may cause no symptoms or only mild symptoms. As the disease gets worse, symptoms usually become more severe. Common signs and symptoms of COPD include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>An ongoing <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cough/">cough</a> or a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a> that produces a lot of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a> (often called "smoker's cough")</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Shortness of breath, especially with physical activity</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Wheezing (a whistling or squeaky sound when you breathe)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Chest</a> tightness</div></li></ul><p>If you have COPD, you also may have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024671" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">colds</a> or the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025769" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">flu</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025769" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">influenza</a>) often.</p><p>Not everyone who has the symptoms above has COPD. Likewise, not everyone who has COPD has these symptoms. Some of the symptoms of COPD are similar to the symptoms of other diseases and conditions. Your doctor can find out whether you have COPD.</p><p>If your symptoms are mild, you may not notice them, or you may adjust your lifestyle to make breathing easier. For example, you may take the elevator instead of the stairs.</p><p>Over time, symptoms may become severe enough to see a doctor. For example, you may get short of breath during physical exertion.</p><p>The severity of your symptoms will depend on how much lung damage you have. If you keep smoking, the damage will occur faster than if you stop smoking.</p><p>Severe COPD can cause other symptoms, such as swelling in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024901" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ankles</a>, feet, or legs; weight loss; and lower <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscle</a> endurance.</p><p>Some severe symptoms may require <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> in a hospital. You—with the help of family members or friends, if you're unable—should seek emergency care if:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>You're having a hard time catching your breath or talking.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024368" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lips</a> or fingernails turn blue or gray. (This is a sign of a low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> level in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>.)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>You're not mentally alert.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Your heartbeat is very fast.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The recommended <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> for symptoms that are getting worse isn't working.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is COPD Diagnosed?</h2><p>Your doctor will diagnose COPD based on your signs and symptoms, your medical and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family histories</a>, and test results.</p><p>Your doctor may ask whether you smoke or have had contact with lung irritants, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029761" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">secondhand smoke</a>, air pollution, chemical fumes, or dust.</p><p>If you have an ongoing <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cough/">cough</a>, let your doctor know how long you've had it, how much you <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a>, and how much <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a> comes up when you cough. Also, let your doctor know whether you have a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family history</a> of COPD.</p><p>Your doctor will examine you and use a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023209" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stethoscope</a> to listen for wheezing or other abnormal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> sounds. He or she also may recommend one or more tests to diagnose COPD.</p><div id="nhlbi-copd-sec2-d7e44"><h3>Lung Function Tests</h3><p>Lung function tests measure how much air you can breathe in and out, how fast you can breathe air out, and how well your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> deliver <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>.</p><p>The main test for COPD is spirometry (spi-ROM-eh-tre). Other lung function tests, such as a lung diffusion capacity test, also might be used. (For more information, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-lft/">Lung Function Tests</a> article.)</p><div id="nhlbi-copd-sec3-d7e56"><h4>Spirometry</h4><p>During this painless test, a technician will ask you to take a deep breath in. Then, you'll blow as hard as you can into a tube connected to a small machine. The machine is called a spirometer.</p><p>The machine measures how much air you breathe out. It also measures how fast you can blow air out.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figd7e69" co-legend-rid="figlgndd7e69"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062993/figure/d7e69/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figd7e69" rid-ob="figobd7e69"><img class="small-thumb" src="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062993/bin/spirometry.gif" src-large="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062993/bin/spirometry.jpg" alt="Spirometry."></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndd7e69"><h4 id="d7e69"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062993/figure/d7e69/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd7e69">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Spirometry. The image shows how spirometry is done. The patient takes a deep breath and then blows hard into a tube connected to a spirometer. The spirometer measures the amount of air breathed out. It also measures how fast the air is blown out. </p></div></div><p>Your doctor may have you inhale medicine that helps open your airways and then blow into the tube again. He or she can then compare your test results before and after taking the medicine.</p><p>Spirometry can detect COPD before symptoms develop. Your doctor also might use the test results to find out how severe your COPD is and to help set your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> goals.</p><p>The test results also may help find out whether another condition, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-asthma/">asthma</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a>, is causing your symptoms.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-copd-sec2-d7e91"><h3>Other Tests</h3><p>Your doctor may recommend other tests, such as:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cxray/">chest x ray</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cct/">chest CT scan</a>. These tests create pictures of the structures inside your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a>, such as your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>. The pictures can show signs of COPD. They also may show whether another condition, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a>, is causing your symptoms.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>An arterial <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> gas test. This <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022070" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood test</a> measures the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> level in your blood using a sample of blood taken from an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a>. The results from this test can show how severe your COPD is and whether you need <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-oxt/">oxygen therapy</a>.</div></li></ul></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is COPD Treated?</h2><p>COPD has no cure yet. However, lifestyle changes and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> can help you feel better, stay more active, and slow the progress of the disease.</p><p>The goals of COPD <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Relieving your symptoms</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Slowing the progress of the disease</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Improving your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">exercise</a> tolerance (your ability to stay active)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Preventing and treating complications</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Improving your overall health</div></li></ul><p>To assist with your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>, your family doctor may advise you to see a pulmonologist. This is a doctor who specializes in treating <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung disorders</a>.</p><div id="nhlbi-copd-sec2-d8e56"><h3>Lifestyle Changes</h3><div id="nhlbi-copd-sec3-d8e59"><h4>Quit Smoking and Avoid Lung Irritants</h4><p>Quitting smoking is the most important step you can take to treat COPD. Talk with your doctor about programs and products that can help you quit.</p><p>If you have trouble quitting smoking on your own, consider joining a support group. Many hospitals, workplaces, and community groups offer classes to help people quit smoking. Ask your family members and friends to support you in your efforts to quit.</p><p>Also, try to avoid <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029761" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">secondhand smoke</a> and places with dust, fumes, or other toxic substances that you may inhale.</p><p>For more information about how to quit smoking, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">Smoking and Your Heart</a> article and the National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/other/your_guide/healthyheart.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri"> "Your Guide to a Healthy Heart."</a> Although these resources focus on heart health, they include basic information about how to quit smoking.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-copd-sec3-d8e81"><h4>Other Lifestyle Changes</h4><p>If you have COPD, you may have trouble eating enough because of your symptoms, such as shortness of breath and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fatigue</a>. (This issue is more common with severe disease.)</p><p>As a result, you may not get all of the calories and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023354" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nutrients</a> you need, which can worsen your symptoms and raise your risk for infections.</p><p>Talk with your doctor about following an eating plan that will meet your nutritional needs. Your doctor may suggest eating smaller, more frequent meals; resting before eating; and taking <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023352" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamins</a> or nutritional supplements.</p><p>Also, talk with your doctor about what types of activity are safe for you. You may find it hard to be active with your symptoms. However, physical activity can strengthen the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscles</a> that help you breathe and improve your overall wellness.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-copd-sec2-d8e96"><h3>Medicines</h3><div id="nhlbi-copd-sec3-d8e100"><h4>Bronchodilators</h4><p>Bronchodilators relax the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscles</a> around your airways. This helps open your airways and makes breathing easier.</p><p>Depending on the severity of your COPD, your doctor may prescribe short-acting or long-acting bronchodilators. Short-acting bronchodilators last about 4–6 hours and should be used only when needed. Long-acting bronchodilators last about 12 hours or more and are used every day.</p><p>Most bronchodilators are taken using a device called an inhaler. This device allows the medicine to go straight to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. Not all inhalers are used the same way. Ask your health care team to show you the correct way to use your inhaler.</p><p>If your COPD is mild, your doctor may only prescribe a short-acting inhaled bronchodilator. In this case, you may use the medicine only when symptoms occur.</p><p>If your COPD is moderate or severe, your doctor may prescribe regular <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> with short- and long-acting bronchodilators.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-copd-sec3-d8e119"><h4>Combination Bronchodilators Plus Inhaled Glucocorticosteroids (Steroids)</h4><p>If your COPD is more severe, or if your symptoms <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024324" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">flare</a> up often, your doctor may prescribe a combination of medicines that includes a bronchodilator and an inhaled steroid. Steroids help reduce airway <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022625" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inflammation</a>. </p><p>In general, using inhaled steroids alone is not a preferred <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>.</p><p>Your doctor may ask you to try inhaled steroids with the bronchodilator for a trial period of 6 weeks to 3 months to see whether the addition of the steroid helps relieve your breathing problems.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-copd-sec2-d8e132"><h3>Vaccines</h3><div id="nhlbi-copd-sec3-d8e135"><h4>Flu Shots</h4><p>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025769" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">flu</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025769" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">influenza</a>) can cause serious problems for people who have COPD. Flu <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022222" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">shots</a> can reduce your risk of getting the flu. Talk with your doctor about getting a yearly flu <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022222" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">shot</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-copd-sec3-d8e142"><h4>Pneumococcal Vaccine</h4><p>This vaccine lowers your risk for pneumococcal <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pnu/">pneumonia</a> (NU-mo-KOK-al nu-MO-ne-ah) and its complications. People who have COPD are at higher risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumonia</a> than people who don't have COPD. Talk with your doctor about whether you should get this vaccine.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-copd-sec2-d8e151"><h3>Pulmonary Rehabilitation</h3><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pulreh/">Pulmonary rehabilitation</a> (rehab) is a broad program that helps improve the well-being of people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> (ongoing) breathing problems.</p><p>Rehab may include an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">exercise</a> program, disease management training, and nutritional and psychological counseling. The program's goal is to help you stay active and carry out your daily activities.</p><p>Your rehab team may include doctors, nurses, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030138" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">physical therapists</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022181" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">respiratory</a> therapists, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">exercise</a> specialists, and dietitians. These health professionals will create a program that meets your needs.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-copd-sec2-d8e166"><h3>Oxygen Therapy</h3><p>If you have severe COPD and low levels of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-oxt/">oxygen therapy</a> can help you breathe better. For this <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>, you're given oxygen through nasal prongs or a mask.</p><p>You may need extra <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> all the time or only at certain times. For some people who have severe COPD, using extra oxygen for most of the day can help them:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Do tasks or activities, while having fewer symptoms</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Protect their hearts and other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> from damage</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sleep</a> more during the night and improve alertness during the day</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Live longer</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-copd-sec2-d8e193"><h3>Surgery</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Surgery</a> may benefit some people who have COPD. Surgery usually is a last resort for people who have severe symptoms that have not improved from taking medicines.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Surgeries</a> for people who have COPD that's mainly related to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023374" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">emphysema</a> include bullectomy (bul-EK-toe-me) and lung volume reduction <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> (LVRS). A <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-lungtxp/">lung transplant</a> might be an option for people who have very severe COPD.</p><div id="nhlbi-copd-sec3-d8e209"><h4>Bullectomy</h4><p>When the walls of the air <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022396" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sacs</a> are destroyed, larger air spaces called bullae (BUL-e) form. These air spaces can become so large that they interfere with breathing. In a bullectomy, doctors remove one or more very large bullae from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-copd-sec3-d8e215"><h4>Lung Volume Reduction Surgery</h4><p>In LVRS, surgeons remove damaged <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. This helps the lungs work better. In carefully selected patients, LVRS can improve breathing and quality of life.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-copd-sec3-d8e222"><h4>Lung Transplant</h4><p>During a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028188" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung transplant</a>, your damaged lung is removed and replaced with a healthy lung from a deceased donor.</p><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028188" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung transplant</a> can improve your lung function and quality of life. However, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028188" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung transplants</a> have many risks, such as infections. The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> can cause death if the body rejects the transplanted lung.</p><p>If you have very severe COPD, talk with your doctor about whether a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028188" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung transplant</a> is an option. Ask your doctor about the benefits and risks of this type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-copd-sec2-d8e234"><h3>Managing Complications</h3><p>COPD symptoms usually worsen slowly over time. However, they can worsen suddenly. For instance, a cold, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025769" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">flu</a>, or a lung <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> may cause your symptoms to quickly worsen. You may have a much harder time catching your breath. You also may have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> tightness, more <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cough/">coughing</a>, changes in the color or amount of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025092" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sputum</a> (spit), and a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fever</a>.</p><p>Call your doctor right away if your symptoms worsen suddenly. He or she may prescribe antibiotics to treat the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> and other medicines, such as bronchodilators and inhaled steroids, to help you breathe.</p><p>Some severe symptoms may require <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> in a hospital. For more information, go to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062993/#nhlbisec-signs">"What Are the Signs and Symptoms of COPD?"</a> </p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-prevention"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-prevention_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Can COPD Be Prevented?</h2><p>You can take steps to prevent COPD before it starts. If you already have COPD, you can take steps to prevent complications and slow the progress of the disease.</p><div id="nhlbi-copd-sec2-d9e31"><h3>Prevent COPD Before It Starts</h3><p>The best way to prevent COPD is to not start smoking or to quit smoking. Smoking is the leading cause of COPD. If you smoke, talk with your doctor about programs and products that can help you quit.</p><p>If you have trouble quitting smoking on your own, consider joining a support group. Many hospitals, workplaces, and community groups offer classes to help people quit smoking. Ask your family members and friends to support you in your efforts to quit.</p><p>Also, try to avoid lung irritants that can contribute to COPD. Examples include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029761" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">secondhand smoke</a>, air pollution, chemical fumes, and dust. (Secondhand smoke is smoke in the air from other people smoking.)</p><p>For more information about how to quit smoking, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">Smoking and Your Heart</a> article and the National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/other/your_guide/healthyheart.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri"> "Your Guide to a Healthy Heart."</a> Although these resources focus on heart health, they include basic information about how to quit smoking.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-copd-sec2-d9e53"><h3>Prevent Complications and Slow the Progress of COPD</h3><p>If you have COPD, the most important step you can take is to quit smoking. Quitting can help prevent complications and slow the progress of the disease. You also should avoid exposure to the lung irritants mentioned above.</p><p>Follow your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for COPD exactly as your doctor prescribes. They can help you breathe easier, stay more active, and avoid or manage severe symptoms.</p><p>Talk with your doctor about whether and when you should get <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025769" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">flu</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025769" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">influenza</a>) and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pnu/">pneumonia</a> vaccines. These vaccines can lower your chances of getting these illnesses, which are major health risks for people who have COPD.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-livingwith"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-livingwith_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Living With COPD</h2><p>COPD has no cure yet. However, you can take steps to manage your symptoms and slow the progress of the disease. You can:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Avoid lung irritants</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Get ongoing care</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Manage the disease and its symptoms</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Prepare for emergencies</div></li></ul><div id="nhlbi-copd-sec2-d10e46"><h3>Avoid Lung Irritants</h3><p>If you smoke, quit. Smoking is the leading cause of COPD. Talk with your doctor about programs and products that can help you quit.</p><p>If you have trouble quitting smoking on your own, consider joining a support group. Many hospitals, workplaces, and community groups offer classes to help people quit smoking. Ask your family members and friends to support you in your efforts to quit.</p><p>For more information about how to quit smoking, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">Smoking and Your Heart</a> article and the National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/other/your_guide/healthyheart.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri"> "Your Guide to a Healthy Heart."</a> Although these resources focus on heart health, they include basic information about how to quit smoking.</p><p>Also, try to avoid lung irritants that can contribute to COPD. Examples include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029761" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">secondhand smoke</a>, air pollution, chemical fumes, and dust. (Secondhand smoke is smoke in the air from other people smoking.)</p><p>Keep these irritants out of your home. If your home is painted or sprayed for insects, have it done when you can stay away for a while.</p><p>Keep your windows closed and stay at home (if possible) when there's a lot of air pollution or dust outside.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-copd-sec2-d10e74"><h3>Get Ongoing Care</h3><p>If you have COPD, it's important to get ongoing medical care. Take all of your medicines as your doctor prescribes. Make sure to refill your prescriptions before they run out. Bring a list of all the medicines you're taking when you have medical checkups.</p><p>Talk with your doctor about whether and when you should get <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025769" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">flu</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025769" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">influenza</a>) and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pnu/">pneumonia</a> vaccines. Also, ask him or her about other diseases for which COPD may increase your risk, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021885" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung cancer</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumonia</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-copd-sec2-d10e87"><h3>Manage COPD and Its Symptoms</h3><p>You can do things to help manage COPD and its symptoms. For example:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Do activities slowly.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Put items that you need often in one place that's easy to reach.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Find very simple ways to cook, clean, and do other chores. For example, you might want to use a small table or cart with wheels to move things around and a pole or tongs with long handles to reach things.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Ask for help moving things around in your house so that you won't need to climb stairs as often.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Keep your clothes loose, and wear clothes and shoes that are easy to put on and take off.</div></li></ul><p>Depending on how severe your disease is, you may want to ask your family and friends for help with daily tasks.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-copd-sec2-d10e115"><h3>Prepare for Emergencies</h3><p>If you have COPD, know when and where to seek help for your symptoms. You should get emergency care if you have severe symptoms, such as trouble catching your breath or talking. (For more information on severe symptoms, go to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062993/#nhlbisec-signs">"What Are the Signs and Symptoms of COPD?"</a>)</p><p>Call your doctor if you notice that your symptoms are worsening or if you have signs of an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>, such as a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fever</a>. Your doctor may change or adjust your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> to relieve and treat symptoms.</p><p>Keep phone numbers handy for your doctor, hospital, and someone who can take you for medical care. You also should have on <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hand</a> directions to the doctor's office and hospital and a list of all the medicines you're taking.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-copd-sec2-d10e130"><h3>Emotional Issues and Support</h3><p>Living with COPD may cause fear, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024918" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anxiety</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024768" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">depression</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a>. Talk about how you feel with your health care team. Talking to a professional counselor also might help. If you're very <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024768" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">depressed</a>, your doctor may recommend medicines or other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> that can improve your quality of life.</p><p>Joining a patient support group may help you adjust to living with COPD. You can see how other people who have the same symptoms have coped with them. Talk with your doctor about local support groups or check with an area medical center.</p><p>Support from family and friends also can help relieve <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024918" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anxiety</a>. Let your loved ones know how you feel and what they can do to help you.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-trials"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-trials_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Clinical Trials</h2><p>The National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute (NHLBI) is strongly committed to supporting research aimed at preventing and treating heart, lung, and blood diseases and conditions and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorders</a>.</p><p>NHLBI-supported research has led to many advances in medical knowledge and care. For example, this research has uncovered some of the causes of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung diseases</a>, as well as ways to prevent and treat these diseases.</p><p>Many more questions remain about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung diseases</a>, including COPD. The NHLBI continues to support research aimed at learning more about these diseases. For example, NHLBI-supported research on COPD includes studies that explore:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>How certain medicines and other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapies</a> can help treat COPD and improve quality of life for people who have the disease</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Whether <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022031" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic</a> factors increase the risk of lung damage that can lead to COPD</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Whether a self-managed physical activity program is cost effective and can help people who have COPD function better</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>How a coping skills training program can improve quality of life for people who have COPD and their caregivers</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Whether the physical properties of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a> play a role in the worsening of COPD, especially <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-brnchi/">chronic bronchitis</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>How <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bacteria</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030685" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">toxins</a> found in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a>, and digestive system contribute to COPD and other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung diseases</a></div></li></ul><p>Much of this research depends on the willingness of volunteers to take part in <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-clinicaltrials/">clinical trials</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Clinical trials</a> test new ways to prevent, diagnose, or treat various diseases and conditions.</p><p>For example, new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for a disease or condition (such as medicines, medical devices, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgeries</a>, or procedures) are tested in volunteers who have the illness. Testing shows whether a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> is safe and effective in humans before it is made available for widespread use.</p><p>By taking part in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, you may gain access to new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> before they're widely available. You also will have the support of a team of health care providers, who will likely monitor your health closely. Even if you don't directly benefit from the results of a clinical trial, the information gathered can help others and add to scientific knowledge.</p><p>If you volunteer for a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, the research will be explained to you in detail. You'll learn about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> and tests you may receive, and the benefits and risks they may pose. You'll also be given a chance to ask questions about the research. This process is called informed consent.</p><p>If you agree to take part in the trial, you'll be asked to sign an informed consent form. This form is not a contract. You have the right to withdraw from a study at any time, for any reason. Also, you have the right to learn about new risks or findings that emerge during the trial.</p><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> related to COPD, talk with your doctor. You also can visit the following Web sites to learn more about clinical research and to search for clinical trials:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>http://clinicalresearch.nih.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.clinicaltrials.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.researchmatch.org</div></li></ul></div><div style="display: none; width: 200px; top: -100px; left: -100px;" aria-live="assertive" aria-hidden="true" class="ui-helper-reset ui-ncbipopper-wrapper ui-ncbilinksmenu"><ul id="ui-ncbiinpagenav-6"><li><a href="#_nhlbi-copd-sec1-d1e38_">What Is COPD?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-names_">Other Names for COPD</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-causes_">What Causes COPD?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-atrisk_">Who Is at Risk for COPD?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-signs_">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of COPD?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-diagnosis_">How Is COPD Diagnosed?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-treatment_">How Is COPD Treated?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-prevention_">How Can COPD Be Prevented?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-livingwith_">Living With COPD</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-trials_">Clinical Trials</a></li></ul></div></div></div> |
June 11, 2014. |
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2018-02-02 05:07:43 |
Cardiogenic Shock |
<div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-shock-sec1-d1e35_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Is Cardiogenic Shock?</h2><p>Cardiogenic (kar-dee-oh-JE-nik) shock is a condition in which a suddenly weakened <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> isn't able to pump enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to meet the body's needs. The condition is a medical emergency and is fatal if not treated right away.</p><p>The most common cause of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023243" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiogenic shock</a> is damage to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a> from a severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a>. However, not everyone who has a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a> has cardiogenic shock. In fact, on average, only about 7 percent of people who have heart attacks develop the condition.</p><p>If <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023243" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiogenic shock</a> does occur, it's very dangerous. When people die from <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> attacks in hospitals, cardiogenic shock is the most common cause of death.</p><div id="nhlbi-shock-sec2-d1e50"><h3>What Is Shock?</h3><p>The medical term "shock" refers to a state in which not enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> reach important <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> in the body, such as the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidneys</a>. Shock causes very <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">low blood pressure</a> and may be life threatening.</p><p>Shock can have many causes. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023243" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Cardiogenic shock</a> is only one type of shock. Other types of shock include hypovolemic (hy-po-vo-LEE-mik) shock and vasodilatory (VAZ-oh-DILE-ah-tor-e) shock.</p><p>Hypovolemic shock is a condition in which the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> can’t pump enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to the body because of severe blood loss.</p><p>In vasodilatory shock, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> suddenly relax. When the blood vessels are too relaxed, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> drops and blood flow becomes very low. Without enough blood pressure, blood and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> don’t reach the body’s <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a>.</p><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024516" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bacterial infection</a> in the bloodstream, a severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">allergic reaction</a>, or damage to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025454" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nervous system</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022678" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nerves</a>) may cause vasodilatory shock.</p><p>When a person is in shock (from any cause), not enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> are reaching the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a>. If shock lasts more than a few minutes, the lack of oxygen starts to damage the body’s organs. If shock isn't treated quickly, it can cause permanent <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organ</a> damage or death.</p><p>Some of the signs and symptoms of shock include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Confusion or lack of alertness</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Loss of consciousness</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A sudden and ongoing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022345" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rapid heartbeat</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Sweating</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Pale <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A weak <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024325" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulse</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Rapid breathing</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Decreased or no <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022162" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">urine</a> output</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Cool <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hands</a> and feet</div></li></ul><p>If you think that you or someone else is in shock, call 9–1–1 right away for emergency <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>. Prompt medical care can save your life and prevent or limit damage to your body’s <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-shock-sec2-d1e110"><h3>Outlook</h3><p>In the past, almost no one survived <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023243" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiogenic shock</a>. Now, about half of the people who go into cardiogenic shock survive. This is because of prompt recognition of symptoms and improved <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a>, such as medicines and devices. These treatments can restore <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and help the heart pump better.</p><p>In some cases, devices that take over the pumping function of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> are used. Implanting these devices requires major <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes Cardiogenic Shock?</h2><div id="nhlbi-shock-sec2-d3e28"><h3>Immediate Causes</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023243" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Cardiogenic shock</a> occurs if the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> suddenly can't pump enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to the body. The most common cause of cardiogenic shock is damage to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a> from a severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a>.</p><p>This damage prevents the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>’s main pumping <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chamber</a>, the left <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricle</a> (VEN-trih-kul), from working well. As a result, the heart can't pump enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to the rest of the body.</p><p>In about 3 percent of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023243" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiogenic shock</a> cases, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>’s lower right <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chamber</a>, the right <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricle</a>, doesn’t work well. This means the heart can't properly pump <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, where it picks up <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> to bring back to the heart and the rest of the body.</p><p>Without enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> reaching the body’s major <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a>, many problems can occur. For example:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023243" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Cardiogenic shock</a> can cause death if the flow of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> isn't restored quickly. This is why emergency medical <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> is required.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>If <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> don't get enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>, they won't work well. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Cells</a> in the organs die, and the organs may never work well again.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>As some <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> stop working, they may cause problems with other bodily functions. This, in turn, can worsen shock. For example: <ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>If the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidneys</a> aren't working well, the levels of important chemicals in the body change. This may cause the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscles</a> to become even weaker, limiting <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow even more.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>If the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver</a> isn't working well, the body stops making <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022051" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">proteins</a> that help the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clot. This can lead to more <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> if the shock is due to blood loss.</div></li></ul> </div></li></ul><p>How well the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidneys</a>, and other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> recover will depend on how long a person is in shock. The less time a person is in shock, the less damage will occur to the organs. This is another reason why emergency <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> is so important.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-shock-sec2-d3e71"><h3>Underlying Causes</h3><p>The underlying causes of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023243" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiogenic shock</a> are conditions that weaken the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and prevent it from pumping enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to the body.</p><div id="nhlbi-shock-sec3-d3e77"><h4>Heart Attack</h4><p>Most <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> attacks occur as a result of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">coronary heart disease</a> (CHD). CHD is a condition in which a waxy substance called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> (plak) narrows or blocks the coronary (heart) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Plaque</a> reduces <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a>. It also makes it more likely that blood clots will form in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>. Blood clots can partially or completely block blood flow.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-shock-sec3-d3e90"><h4>Conditions Caused by Heart Attack</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a> attacks can cause some serious heart conditions that can lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023243" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiogenic shock</a>. One example is ventricular septal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rupture</a>. This condition occurs if the wall that separates the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a> (the heart’s two lower <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a>) breaks down.</p><p>The breakdown happens because <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> in the wall have died due to a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>. Without the wall to separate them, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a> can’t pump properly.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a> attacks also can cause papillary <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscle</a> infarction or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rupture</a>. This condition occurs if the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscles</a> that help anchor the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valves</a> stop working or break because a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a> cuts off their <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> supply. If this happens, blood doesn't flow correctly between the heart’s <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a>. This prevents the heart from pumping properly.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-shock-sec3-d3e103"><h4>Other Heart Conditions</h4><p>Serious <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> conditions that may occur with or without a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a> can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023243" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiogenic shock</a>. Examples include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Myocarditis (MI-o-kar-DI-tis). This is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022625" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inflammation</a> of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-endo/">Endocarditis</a> (EN-do-kar-DI-tis). This is an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> of the inner lining of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a> and valves.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Life-threatening <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-arr/">arrhythmias</a> (ah-RITH-me-ahs). These are problems with the rate or rhythm of the heartbeat.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Pericardial tamponade (per-ih-KAR-de-al tam-po-NADE). This is too much fluid or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> around the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. The fluid squeezes the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a> so it can't pump properly.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-shock-sec3-d3e129"><h4>Pulmonary Embolism</h4><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pe/">Pulmonary embolism</a> (PE) is a sudden blockage in a lung <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a>. This condition usually is caused by a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clot that travels to the lung from a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a> in the leg. PE can damage your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> in your body.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-atrisk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-atrisk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is at Risk for Cardiogenic Shock?</h2><p>The most common risk factor for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023243" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiogenic shock</a> is having a <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/HeartAttack/HeartAttack_WhatIs.html" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri"> heart attack</a>. If you've had a heart attack, the following factors can further increase your risk for cardiogenic shock:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Older age</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A history of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> attacks or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">Coronary heart disease</a> that affects all of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>’s major <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">High blood pressure</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Diabetes</a></div></li></ul><p>Women who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> attacks are at higher risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023243" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiogenic shock</a> than men who have heart attacks.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Cardiogenic Shock?</h2><p>A lack of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> reaching the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidneys</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>, and other parts of the body causes the signs and symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023243" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiogenic shock</a>.</p><p>Some of the typical signs and symptoms of shock usually include at least two or more of the following:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Confusion or lack of alertness</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Loss of consciousness</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A sudden and ongoing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022345" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rapid heartbeat</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Sweating</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Pale <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A weak <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024325" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulse</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Rapid breathing</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Decreased or no <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022162" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">urine</a> output</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Cool <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hands</a> and feet</div></li></ul><p>Any of these alone is unlikely to be a sign or symptom of shock.</p><p>If you or someone else is having these signs and symptoms, call 9–1–1 right away for emergency <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>. Prompt medical care can save your life and prevent or limit <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organ</a> damage.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Cardiogenic Shock Diagnosed?</h2><p>The first step in diagnosing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023243" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiogenic shock</a> is to identify that a person is in shock. At that point, emergency <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> should begin.</p><p>Once emergency <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> starts, doctors can look for the specific cause of the shock. If the reason for the shock is that the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> isn't pumping strongly enough, then the diagnosis is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023243" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiogenic shock</a>.</p><div id="nhlbi-shock-sec2-d6e34"><h3>Tests and Procedures To Diagnose Shock and Its Underlying Causes</h3><div id="nhlbi-shock-sec3-d6e37"><h4>Blood Pressure Test</h4><p>Medical personnel can use a simple <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> cuff and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023209" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stethoscope</a> to check whether a person has very <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">low blood pressure</a>. This is the most common sign of shock. A blood pressure test can be done before the person goes to a hospital.</p><p>Less serious conditions also can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">low blood pressure</a>, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029695" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fainting</a> or taking certain medicines, such as those used to treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">high blood pressure</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-shock-sec3-d6e50"><h4>EKG (Electrocardiogram)</h4><p>An <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ekg/">EKG</a> is a simple test that detects and records the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical activity. The test shows how fast the heart is beating and its rhythm (steady or irregular).</p><p>An EKG also records the strength and timing of electrical signals as they pass through each part of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. Doctors use <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029879" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">EKGs</a> to diagnose severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attacks</a> and monitor the heart's condition.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-shock-sec3-d6e65"><h4>Echocardiography</h4><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-echo/">Echocardiography</a> (echo) uses sound waves to create a moving picture of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. The test provides information about the size and shape of the heart and how well the heart <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a> and valves are working.</p><p>Echo also can identify areas of poor <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, areas of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a> that aren't contracting normally, and previous injury to the heart muscle caused by poor blood flow.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-shock-sec3-d6e77"><h4>Chest X Ray</h4><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cxray/">chest x ray</a> takes pictures of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> and structures in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a>, including the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>. This test shows whether the heart is enlarged or whether fluid is present in the lungs. These can be signs of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023243" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiogenic shock</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-shock-sec3-d6e86"><h4>Cardiac Enzyme Test</h4><p>When <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> die, they release <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022049" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">enzymes</a> into the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. These enzymes are called markers or biomarkers. Measuring these markers can show whether the heart is damaged and the extent of the damage.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-shock-sec3-d6e93"><h4>Coronary Angiography</h4><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ca/">Coronary angiography</a> (an-jee-OG-ra-fee) is an x-ray exam of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>. The doctor passes a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022169" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">catheter</a> (a thin, flexible tube) through an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a> in the leg or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arm</a> to the heart. The catheter can measure the pressure inside the heart <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a>.</p><p>Dye that can be seen on an x-ray image is injected into the bloodstream through the tip of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022169" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">catheter</a>. The dye lets the doctor study the flow of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> through the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> and see any blockages.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-shock-sec3-d6e104"><h4>Pulmonary Artery Catheterization</h4><p>For this procedure, a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022169" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">catheter</a> is inserted into a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arm</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027054" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neck</a> or near the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022440" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">collarbone</a>. Then, the catheter is moved into the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022019" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary artery</a>. This artery connects the right side of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>.</p><p>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022169" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">catheter</a> is used to check <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022019" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary artery</a>. If the blood pressure is too high or too low, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> may be needed.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-shock-sec3-d6e114"><h4>Blood Tests</h4><p>Some <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022070" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood tests</a> also are used to help diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023243" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiogenic shock</a>, including:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Arterial <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> gas measurement. For this test, a blood sample is taken from an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a>. The sample is used to measure <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022309" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carbon dioxide</a>, and pH (acidity) levels in the blood. Certain levels of these substances are associated with shock.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Tests that measure the function of various <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a>, such as the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidneys</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver</a>. If these organs aren't working well, they may not be getting enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. This could be a sign of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023243" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiogenic shock</a>.</div></li></ul></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Cardiogenic Shock Treated?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023243" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Cardiogenic shock</a> is life threatening and requires emergency medical <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>. The condition usually is diagnosed after a person has been admitted to a hospital for a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a>. If the person isn't already in a hospital, emergency treatment can start as soon as medical personnel arrive.</p><p>The first goal of emergency <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023243" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiogenic shock</a> is to improve the flow of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> to the body’s <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a>.</p><p>Sometimes both the shock and its cause are treated at the same time. For example, doctors may quickly open a blocked <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a> that's damaging the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. Often, this can get the patient out of shock with little or no additional <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>.</p><div id="nhlbi-shock-sec2-d7e40"><h3>Emergency Life Support</h3><p>Emergency life support <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> is needed for any type of shock. This treatment helps get <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flowing to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidneys</a>, and other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a>.</p><p>Restoring <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> keeps the patient alive and may prevent long-term damage to the organs. Emergency life support <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> includes:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Giving the patient <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-oxt/">extra oxygen</a> to breathe so that more <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> reaches the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, and the rest of the body.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Providing breathing support if needed. A <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-vent/">ventilator</a> might be used to protect the airway and provide the patient with extra <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>. A ventilator is a machine that supports breathing.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Giving the patient fluids, including <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> and blood products, through a needle inserted in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a> (when the shock is due to blood loss). This can help get more blood to major <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> and the rest of the body. This <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> usually isn’t used for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023243" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiogenic shock</a> because the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> can't pump the blood that's already in the body. Also, too much fluid is in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, making it hard to breathe.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-shock-sec2-d7e68"><h3>Medicines</h3><p>During and after emergency life support <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>, doctors will try to find out what’s causing the shock. If the reason for the shock is that the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> isn't pumping strongly enough, then the diagnosis is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023243" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiogenic shock</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatment</a> for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023243" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiogenic shock</a> will depend on its cause. Doctors may prescribe medicines to:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Prevent <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots from forming</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Increase the force with which the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a> contracts</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Treat a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a></div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-shock-sec2-d7e90"><h3>Medical Devices</h3><p>Medical devices can help the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> pump and improve <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow. Devices used to treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023243" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiogenic shock</a> may include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>An intra-aortic balloon pump. This device is placed in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022262" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aorta</a>, the main <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a> that carries blood from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> to the body. A balloon at the tip of the device is inflated and deflated in a rhythm that matches the heart’s pumping rhythm. This allows the weakened <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a> to pump as much blood as it can, which helps get more blood to vital <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a>, such as the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidneys</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-vad/">left ventricular assist device</a> (LVAD). This device is a battery-operated pump that takes over part of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>’s pumping action. An LVAD helps the heart pump <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to the body. This device may be used if damage to the left <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricle</a>, the heart’s main pumping <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chamber</a>, is causing shock.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-shock-sec2-d7e108"><h3>Medical Procedures and Surgery</h3><p>Sometimes medicines and medical devices aren't enough to treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023243" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiogenic shock</a>.</p><p>Medical procedures and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> can restore <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and the rest of the body, repair heart damage, and help keep a patient alive while he or she recovers from shock.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Surgery</a> also can improve the chances of long-term survival. Surgery done within 6 hours of the onset of shock symptoms has the greatest chance of improving survival.</p><p>The types of procedures and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> used to treat underlying causes of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023243" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiogenic shock</a> include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-angioplasty/">Angioplasty</a> (AN-jee-oh-plas-tee) and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stents/">stents</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029847" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Angioplasty</a> is a procedure used to open narrowed or blocked coronary (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> and treat an ongoing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>. A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029850" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stent</a> is a small mesh tube that's placed in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary artery</a> during angioplasty to help keep it open.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cabg/">Coronary artery bypass grafting</a>. For this <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a> from other parts of the body are used to bypass (that is, go around) narrowed <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a>. This creates a new passage for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to reach the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Surgery</a> to repair damaged <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valves</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Surgery</a> to repair a break in the wall that separates the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>’s <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a>. This break is called a septal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rupture</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ht/">Heart transplant</a>. This type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> rarely is done during an emergency situation like <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023243" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiogenic shock</a> because of other available options. Also, doctors need to do very careful testing to make sure a patient will benefit from a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> transplant and to find a matching heart from a donor. Still, in some cases, doctors may recommend a transplant if they feel it's the best way to improve a patient's chances of long-term survival.</div></li></ul></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-prevention"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-prevention_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Can Cardiogenic Shock Be Prevented?</h2><p>The best way to prevent <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023243" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiogenic shock</a> is to lower your risk for <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/Cad/CAD_WhatIs.html" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">coronary heart disease</a> (CHD) and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a>. (For more information, go to the National Heart, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/other/your_guide/healthyheart.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri"> "Your Guide to a Healthy Heart."</a>)</p><p>If you already have CHD, it’s important to get ongoing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> from a doctor who has experience treating <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> problems.</p><p>If you have a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>, you should get <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> right away to try to prevent <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023243" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiogenic shock</a> and other possible complications.</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Act in time. Know the <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/#nhlbisec-signs">warning signs of a heart attack</a> so you can act fast to get <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>. Many <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a> victims wait 2 hours or more after their symptoms begin before they seek medical help. Delays in treatment increase the risk of complications and death.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>If you think you're having a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>, call 9–1–1 for help. Don't drive yourself or have friends or family drive you to the hospital. Call an ambulance so that medical personnel can begin life-saving <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> on the way to the emergency room.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-trials"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-trials_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Clinical Trials</h2><p>The National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute (NHLBI) is strongly committed to supporting research aimed at preventing and treating heart, lung, and blood diseases and conditions and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorders</a>.</p><p>NHLBI-supported research has led to many advances in medical knowledge and care. For example, the NHLBI sponsored a study to find out whether early <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> to open blocked <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a> could reduce in-hospital deaths from <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023243" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiogenic shock</a>.</p><p>The study results supported such <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> in people younger than 75 who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023243" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiogenic shock</a> caused by a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>.</p><p>Many more questions remain about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> diseases and conditions, including <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023243" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiogenic shock</a>. The NHLBI continues to support research aimed at learning more about these diseases and conditions.</p><p>Research often depends on the willingness of volunteers to take part in <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-clinicaltrials/">clinical trials</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Clinical trials</a> test new ways to prevent, diagnose, or treat various diseases and conditions.</p><p>For example, new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for a disease or condition (such as medicines, medical devices, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgeries</a>, or procedures) are tested in volunteers who have the illness. Testing shows whether a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> is safe and effective in humans before it is made available for widespread use.</p><p>By taking part in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, you can gain access to new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> before they’re widely available. You also will have the support of a team of health care providers, who will likely monitor your health closely. Even if you don’t directly benefit from the results of a clinical trial, the information gathered can help others and add to scientific knowledge.</p><p>If you volunteer for a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, the research will be explained to you in detail. You’ll learn about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> and tests you may receive, and the benefits and risks they may pose. You’ll also be given a chance to ask questions about the research. This process is called informed consent.</p><p>If you agree to take part in the trial, you’ll be asked to sign an informed consent form. This form is not a contract. You have the right to withdraw from a study at any time, for any reason. Also, you have the right to learn about new risks or findings that emerge during the trial.</p><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> related to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023243" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiogenic shock</a>, talk with your doctor. You also can visit the following Web sites to learn more about clinical research and to search for clinical trials:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>http://clinicalresearch.nih.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.clinicaltrials.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.researchmatch.org</div></li></ul></div><div style="display: none; width: 200px; top: -100px; left: -100px;" aria-live="assertive" aria-hidden="true" class="ui-helper-reset ui-ncbipopper-wrapper ui-ncbilinksmenu"><ul id="ui-ncbiinpagenav-6"><li><a href="#_nhlbi-shock-sec1-d1e35_">What Is Cardiogenic Shock?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-causes_">What Causes Cardiogenic Shock?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-atrisk_">Who Is at Risk for Cardiogenic Shock?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-signs_">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Cardiogenic Shock?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-diagnosis_">How Is Cardiogenic Shock Diagnosed?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-treatment_">How Is Cardiogenic Shock Treated?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-prevention_">How Can Cardiogenic Shock Be Prevented?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec |
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Cardiomyopathy |
<div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-cm-sec1-d1e38_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Is Cardiomyopathy?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023192" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Cardiomyopathy</a> (KAR-de-o-mi-OP-ah-thee) refers to diseases of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a>. These diseases have many causes, signs and symptoms, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a>.</p><p>In <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023192" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiomyopathy</a>, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a> becomes enlarged, thick, or rigid. In rare cases, the muscle <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> in the heart is replaced with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028156" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">scar</a> tissue.</p><p>As <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023192" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiomyopathy</a> worsens, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> becomes weaker. It's less able to pump <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> through the body and maintain a normal electrical rhythm. This can lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">irregular heartbeats</a> called <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-arr/">arrhythmias</a> (ah-RITH-me-ahs). In turn, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a> can cause fluid to build up in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024901" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ankles</a>, feet, legs, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022602" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abdomen</a>.</p><p>The weakening of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> also can cause other complications, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hvd/">heart valve problems</a>.</p><div id="nhlbi-cm-sec2-d1e63"><h3>Overview</h3><p>The main types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023192" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiomyopathy</a> are:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028153" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Dilated</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023192" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiomyopathy</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Hypertrophic (hi-per-TROF-ik) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023192" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiomyopathy</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Restrictive <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023192" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiomyopathy</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Arrhythmogenic (ah-rith-mo-JEN-ik) right ventricular <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024651" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">dysplasia</a> (dis-PLA-ze-ah)</div></li></ul><p>Other types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023192" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiomyopathy</a> sometimes are referred to as "unclassified cardiomyopathy."</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023192" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Cardiomyopathy</a> can be acquired or inherited. "Acquired" means you aren't born with the disease, but you develop it due to another disease, condition, or factor. "Inherited" means your parents passed the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a> for the disease on to you. Many times, the cause of cardiomyopathy isn't known.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023192" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Cardiomyopathy</a> can affect people of all ages. However, people in certain age groups are more likely to have certain types of cardiomyopathy. This article focuses on cardiomyopathy in adults.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-cm-sec2-d1e96"><h3>Outlook</h3><p>Some people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023192" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiomyopathy</a> have no signs or symptoms and need no <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>. For other people, the disease develops quickly, symptoms are severe, and serious complications occur.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatments</a> for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023192" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiomyopathy</a> include lifestyle changes, medicines, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>, implanted devices to correct <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmias</a>, and a nonsurgical procedure. These treatments can control symptoms, reduce complications, and stop the disease from getting worse.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-types"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-types_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Types of Cardiomyopathy</h2><div id="nhlbi-cm-sec2-d3e28"><h3>Dilated Cardiomyopathy</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028153" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Dilated</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023192" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiomyopathy</a> is the most common type of the disease. It mostly occurs in adults aged 20 to 60. Men are more likely than women to have this type of cardiomyopathy.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028153" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Dilated</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023192" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiomyopathy</a> affects the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a> (VEN-trih-kuls) and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022263" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atria</a> (AY-tree-uh). These are the lower and upper <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a> of the heart, respectively.</p><p>The disease often starts in the left <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricle</a>, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s main pumping <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chamber</a>. The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a> begins to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028153" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">dilate</a> (stretch and become thinner). This causes the inside of the chamber to enlarge. The problem often spreads to the right ventricle and then to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022263" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atria</a> as the disease gets worse.</p><p>When the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028153" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">dilate</a>, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a> doesn't contract normally. Also, the heart can't pump <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> very well. Over time, the heart becomes weaker and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a> can occur.</p><p>Common symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a> include shortness of breath, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fatigue</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tiredness</a>), and swelling of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024901" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ankles</a>, feet, legs, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022602" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abdomen</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027054" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neck</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028153" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Dilated</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023192" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiomyopathy</a> also can lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hvd/">heart valve problems</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-arr/">arrhythmias</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">irregular heartbeats</a>), and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-cm-sec2-d3e59"><h3>Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy</h3><p>Hypertrophic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023192" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiomyopathy</a> (HCM) is very common and can affect people of any age. About 1 out of every 500 people has HCM. It affects men and women equally.</p><p>HCM is a common cause of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-scda/">sudden cardiac arrest</a> (SCA) in young people, including young athletes.</p><p>HCM occurs if <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> enlarge and cause the walls of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a> (usually the left <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricle</a>) to thicken. Despite this thickening, the ventricle size often remains normal. However, the thickening may block <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow out of the ventricle. If this happens, the condition is called obstructive hypertrophic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023192" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiomyopathy</a>.</p><p>Sometimes, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022259" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">septum</a> thickens and bulges into the left <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricle</a>. This also can block <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow out of the left ventricle. (The septum is the wall that divides the left and right sides of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>.)</p><p>If a blockage occurs, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricle</a> must work hard to pump <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to the body. Symptoms can include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029722" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">dizziness</a>, shortness of breath, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029695" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fainting</a>.</p><p>HCM also can affect the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s mitral (MI-trul) valve, causing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to leak backward through the valve.</p><p>Sometimes the thickened <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a> doesn't block <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow out of the left <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricle</a>. This is called nonobstructive hypertrophic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023192" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiomyopathy</a>. The entire ventricle may thicken, or the thickening may happen only at the bottom of the heart. The right ventricle also may be affected.</p><p>In both types of HCM (obstructive and nonobstructive), the thickened <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscle</a> makes the inside of the left <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricle</a> smaller, so it holds less <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. The walls of the ventricle also may stiffen. As a result, the ventricle is less able to relax and fill with blood.</p><p>These changes can raise <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a> and the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. Changes also occur to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> in the damaged <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a>. This may disrupt the heart's electrical signals and lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmias</a>.</p><p>Some people who have HCM have no signs or symptoms. The disease doesn't affect their lives. Others have severe symptoms and complications. For example, they may have shortness of breath, serious <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmias</a>, or an inability to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">exercise</a>.</p><p>Rarely, people who have HCM can have SCA during very vigorous physical activity. The physical activity can trigger dangerous <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmias</a>. If you have HCM, ask your doctor what types and amounts of physical activity are safe for you.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-cm-sec2-d3e100"><h3>Restrictive Cardiomyopathy</h3><p>Restrictive <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023192" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiomyopathy</a> tends to mostly affect older adults. With this disease, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a> become stiff and rigid. This happens because abnormal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a>, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028156" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">scar</a> tissue, replaces the normal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a>.</p><p>As a result, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a> can't relax normally and fill with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>, and the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022263" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atria</a> become enlarged. Over time, blood flow in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> is reduced. This can lead to problems such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmias</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-cm-sec2-d3e110"><h3>Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia</h3><p>Arrhythmogenic right ventricular <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024651" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">dysplasia</a> (ARVD) is a rare type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023192" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiomyopathy</a>. ARVD occurs if the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscle</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> in the right <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricle</a> dies and is replaced with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028156" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">scar</a> tissue.</p><p>This process disrupts the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical signals and causes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmias</a>. Symptoms include <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hpl/">palpitations</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029695" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fainting</a> after physical activity. (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023167" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Palpitations</a> are feelings that your heart is skipping a beat, fluttering, or beating too hard or too fast.)</p><p>ARVD usually affects teens or young adults. It can cause SCA in young athletes.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-names"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-names_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Other Names for Cardiomyopathy</h2><div id="nhlbi-cm-sec2-d4e28"><h3>Other Names for Dilated Cardiomyopathy</h3><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Alcoholic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023192" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiomyopathy</a>. This term is used when overuse of alcohol causes the disease.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Congestive <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023192" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiomyopathy</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Diabetic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023192" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiomyopathy</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Familial <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028153" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">dilated</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023192" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiomyopathy</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022069" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Idiopathic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023192" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiomyopathy</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Ischemic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023192" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiomyopathy</a>. This term is used when <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">coronary heart disease</a> (also called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021983" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary artery disease</a>) or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a> causes the disease.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Peripartum <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023192" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiomyopathy</a>. This term is used when the disease develops in a woman shortly before or after she gives birth.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Primary <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023192" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiomyopathy</a>.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-cm-sec2-d4e65"><h3>Other Names for Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy</h3><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Asymmetric septal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypertrophy</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Familial hypertrophic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023192" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiomyopathy</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Hypertrophic nonobstructive <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023192" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiomyopathy</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Hypertrophic obstructive <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023192" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiomyopathy</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022069" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Idiopathic</a> hypertrophic subaortic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028125" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stenosis</a></div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-cm-sec2-d4e87"><h3>Other Names for Restrictive Cardiomyopathy</h3><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022069" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Idiopathic</a> restrictive <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023192" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiomyopathy</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Infiltrative <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023192" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiomyopathy</a></div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-cm-sec2-d4e99"><h3>Other Names for Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia</h3><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Arrhythmogenic right ventricular <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023192" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiomyopathy</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Right ventricular <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023192" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiomyopathy</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Right ventricular <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024651" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">dysplasia</a></div></li></ul></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes Cardiomyopathy?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023192" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Cardiomyopathy</a> can be acquired or inherited. "Acquired" means you aren't born with the disease, but you develop it due to another disease, condition, or factor.</p><p>"Inherited" means your parents passed the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a> for the disease on to you. Researchers continue to look for the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022031" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic</a> links to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023192" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiomyopathy</a>. They also continue to explore how these links cause or contribute to the various types of the disease.</p><p>Many times, the cause of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023192" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiomyopathy</a> isn't known. This often is the case when the disease occurs in children.</p><div id="nhlbi-cm-sec2-d5e37"><h3>Dilated Cardiomyopathy</h3><p>The cause of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028153" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">dilated</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023192" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiomyopathy</a> often isn't known. As many as one-third of the people who have dilated cardiomyopathy inherit it from their parents.</p><p>Certain diseases, conditions, and substances also can cause the disease, such as:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">Coronary heart disease</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">high blood pressure</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029359" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thyroid disease</a>, viral <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027053" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hepatitis</a>, and HIV</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Infections, especially <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024518" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">viral infections</a> that inflame the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Alcohol, especially if you also have a poor diet</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Complications during the last month of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a> or within 5 months of birth</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Certain <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030685" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">toxins</a>, such as cobalt</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Certain drugs (such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0009701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cocaine</a> and amphetamines) and two medicines used to treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancer</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0010035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">doxorubicin</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0009826" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">daunorubicin</a>)</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-cm-sec2-d5e77"><h3>Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy</h3><p>Hypertrophic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023192" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiomyopathy</a> (HCM) usually is inherited. It's caused by a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029640" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mutation</a> (change) in some of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a> in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022051" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">proteins</a>. HCM also can develop over time because of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood pressure</a> or aging.</p><p>Other diseases, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029359" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thyroid disease</a>, also can cause HCM. Sometimes the cause of the disease isn't known.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-cm-sec2-d5e87"><h3>Restrictive Cardiomyopathy</h3><p>Certain diseases, conditions, and factors can cause restrictive <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023192" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiomyopathy</a>, including:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hemo/">Hemochromatosis</a> (HE-mo-kro-mah-TOE-sis). This is a disease in which too much <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> builds up in your body. The extra iron is toxic to the body and can damage the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a>, including the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-sarc/">Sarcoidosis</a> (sar-koy-DOE-sis). This disease causes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022625" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inflammation</a> and can affect various <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> in the body. Researchers believe that an abnormal immune response may cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sarcoidosis</a>. This abnormal response causes tiny lumps of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> to form in the body's organs, including the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027113" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Amyloidosis</a> (AM-eh-loy-DOE-sis). This is a disease in which abnormal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022051" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">proteins</a> build up in the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a>, including the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030005" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Connective tissue disorders</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Some <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancer</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a>, such as radiation and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024232" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chemotherapy</a>.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-cm-sec2-d5e115"><h3>Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia</h3><p>Researchers think that arrhythmogenic right ventricular <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024651" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">dysplasia</a> is an inherited disease.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-atrisk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-atrisk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is at Risk for Cardiomyopathy?</h2><p>People of all ages and races can have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023192" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiomyopathy</a>. However, certain types of the disease are more common in certain groups.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028153" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Dilated</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023192" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiomyopathy</a> is more common in African Americans than Whites. This type of the disease also is more common in men than women.</p><p>Teens and young adults are more likely than older people to have arrhythmogenic right ventricular <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024651" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">dysplasia</a>, although it's rare in both groups.</p><div id="nhlbi-cm-sec2-d6e37"><h3>Major Risk Factors</h3><p>Certain diseases, conditions, or factors can raise your risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023192" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiomyopathy</a>. Major risk factors include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family history</a> of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023192" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiomyopathy</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-scda/">sudden cardiac arrest</a> (SCA)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A disease or condition that can lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023192" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiomyopathy</a>, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">coronary heart disease</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a>, or a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024518" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">viral infection</a> that inflames the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Diabetes</a> or other metabolic diseases, or severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-obe/">obesity</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Diseases that can damage the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hemo/">hemochromatosis</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-sarc/">sarcoidosis</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027113" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">amyloidosis</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Long-term alcoholism</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Long-term <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">high blood pressure</a> </div></li></ul><p>Some people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023192" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiomyopathy</a> never have signs or symptoms. Thus, it's important to identify people who may be at high risk for the disease. This can help prevent future problems, such as serious <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-arr/">arrhythmias</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">irregular heartbeats</a>) or SCA.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Cardiomyopathy?</h2><p>Some people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023192" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiomyopathy</a> never have signs or symptoms. Others don't have signs or symptoms in the early stages of the disease.</p><p>As <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023192" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiomyopathy</a> worsens and the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> weakens, signs and symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a> usually occur. These signs and symptoms include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Shortness of breath or trouble breathing, especially with physical exertion</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Fatigue</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tiredness</a>)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Swelling in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024901" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ankles</a>, feet, legs, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022602" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abdomen</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027054" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neck</a></div></li></ul><p>Other signs and symptoms may include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029722" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">dizziness</a>; light-headedness; <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029695" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fainting</a> during physical activity; <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-arr/">arrhythmias</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">irregular heartbeats</a>); <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain, especially after physical exertion or heavy meals; and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartmurmur/">heart murmurs</a>. (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023248" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart murmurs</a> are extra or unusual sounds heard during a heartbeat.)</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Cardiomyopathy Diagnosed?</h2><p>Your doctor will diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023192" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiomyopathy</a> based on your medical and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family histories</a>, a physical exam, and the results from tests and procedures.</p><div id="nhlbi-cm-sec2-d8e31"><h3>Specialists Involved</h3><p>Often, a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015644" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiologist</a> or pediatric cardiologist diagnoses and treats <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023192" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiomyopathy</a>. A cardiologist specializes in diagnosing and treating <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> diseases. A pediatric cardiologist is a cardiologist who treats children.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-cm-sec2-d8e37"><h3>Medical and Family Histories</h3><p>Your doctor will want to learn about your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029840" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">medical history</a>. He or she will want to know what signs and symptoms you have and how long you've had them.</p><p>Your doctor also will want to know whether anyone in your family has had <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023192" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiomyopathy</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-scda/">sudden cardiac arrest</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-cm-sec2-d8e53"><h3>Physical Exam</h3><p>Your doctor will use a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023209" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stethoscope</a> to listen to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> for sounds that may suggest <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023192" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiomyopathy</a>. These sounds may even suggest a certain type of the disease.</p><p>For example, the loudness, timing, and location of a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartmurmur/">heart murmur</a> may suggest obstructive hypertrophic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023192" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiomyopathy</a>. A "crackling" sound in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> may be a sign of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a>. (Heart failure often develops in the later stages of cardiomyopathy.)</p><p>Physical signs also help your doctor diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023192" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiomyopathy</a>. Swelling of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024901" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ankles</a>, feet, legs, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022602" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abdomen</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027054" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neck</a> suggests fluid buildup, a sign of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a>.</p><p>Your doctor may notice signs and symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023192" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiomyopathy</a> during a routine exam. For example, he or she may hear a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023248" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart murmur</a>, or you may have abnormal test results.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-cm-sec2-d8e72"><h3>Diagnostic Tests</h3><p>Your doctor may recommend one or more of the following tests to diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023192" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiomyopathy</a>.</p><div id="nhlbi-cm-sec3-d8e78"><h4>Blood Tests</h4><p>During a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bdt/">blood test</a>, a small amount of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> is taken from your body. It's often drawn from a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arm</a> using a needle. The procedure usually is quick and easy, although it may cause some short-term discomfort.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022070" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood tests</a> give your doctor information about your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and help rule out other conditions.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-cm-sec3-d8e91"><h4>Chest X Ray</h4><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cxray/">chest x ray</a> takes pictures of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> and structures inside your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a>, such as your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>. This test can show whether your heart is enlarged. A chest x ray also can show whether fluid is building up in your lungs.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-cm-sec3-d8e100"><h4>EKG (Electrocardiogram)</h4><p>An <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ekg/">EKG</a> is a simple test that records the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical activity. The test shows how fast the heart is beating and its rhythm (steady or irregular). An EKG also records the strength and timing of electrical signals as they pass through each part of the heart.</p><p>This test is used to detect and study many <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> problems, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attacks</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-arr/">arrhythmias</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">irregular heartbeats</a>), and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a>. EKG results also can suggest other disorders that affect heart function.</p><p>A standard EKG only records the heartbeat for a few seconds. It won't detect problems that don't happen during the test.</p><p>To diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> problems that come and go, your doctor may have you wear a portable EKG monitor. The two most common types of portable <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029879" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">EKGs</a> are Holter and event monitors.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-cm-sec3-d8e125"><h4>Holter and Event Monitors</h4><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-holt/">Holter and event monitors</a> are small, portable devices. They record your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical activity while you do your normal daily activities. A Holter monitor records the heart's electrical activity for a full 24- or 48-hour period.</p><p>An event monitor records your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical activity only at certain times while you're wearing it. For many event monitors, you push a button to start the monitor when you feel symptoms. Other event monitors start automatically when they sense abnormal heart rhythms.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-cm-sec3-d8e136"><h4>Echocardiography</h4><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-echo/">Echocardiography</a> (echo) is a test that uses sound waves to create a moving picture of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. The picture shows how well your heart is working and its size and shape.</p><p>There are several types of echo, including <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a> echo. This test is done as part of a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029874" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress test</a> (see below). Stress echo can show whether you have decreased <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, a sign of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">coronary heart disease</a>.</p><p>Another type of echo is transesophageal (tranz-ih-sof-uh-JEE-ul) echo, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-tee/">TEE</a>. TEE provides a view of the back of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>.</p><p>For this test, a sound wave wand is put on the end of a special tube. The tube is gently passed down your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024473" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">throat</a> and into your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015635" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">esophagus</a> (the passage leading from your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a> to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a>). Because this passage is right <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022359" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">behind</a> the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, TEE can create detailed pictures of the heart's structures.</p><p>Before TEE, you're given medicine to help you relax, and your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024473" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">throat</a> is sprayed with numbing medicine.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-cm-sec3-d8e163"><h4>Stress Test</h4><p>Some <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> problems are easier to diagnose when your heart is working hard and beating fast. During <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stress/">stress testing</a>, you <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">exercise</a> (or are given medicine if you're unable to exercise) to make your heart work hard and beat fast while heart tests are done.</p><p>These tests may include <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-nscan/">nuclear heart scanning</a>, echo, and positron emission tomography (PET) scanning of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-cm-sec2-d8e179"><h3>Diagnostic Procedures</h3><p>You may have one or more medical procedures to confirm a diagnosis or to prepare for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> (if surgery is planned). These procedures may include <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cath/">cardiac catheterization</a> (KATH-e-ter-i-ZA-shun), <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ca/">coronary angiography</a> (an-jee-OG-ra-fee), or myocardial (mi-o-KAR-de-al) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022958" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">biopsy</a>.</p><div id="nhlbi-cm-sec3-d8e191"><h4>Cardiac Catheterization</h4><p>This procedure checks the pressure and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a>. The procedure also allows your doctor to collect blood samples and look at your heart's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> using x-ray imaging.</p><p>During <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023205" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiac</a> catheterization, a long, thin, flexible tube called a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022169" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">catheter</a> is put into a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arm</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028097" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">groin</a> (upper thigh), or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027054" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neck</a> and threaded to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. This allows your doctor to study the inside of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> for blockages.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-cm-sec3-d8e201"><h4>Coronary Angiography</h4><p>This procedure often is done with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023205" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiac</a> catheterization. During the procedure, dye that can be seen on an x ray is injected into your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a>. The dye lets your doctor study <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow through your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>.</p><p>Dye also may be injected into your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a>. This allows your doctor to study the pumping function of your heart.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-cm-sec3-d8e210"><h4>Myocardial Biopsy</h4><p>For this procedure, your doctor removes a piece of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a>. This can be done during <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023205" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiac</a> catheterization. The heart muscle is studied under a microscope to see whether changes in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> have occurred. These changes may suggest <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023192" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiomyopathy</a>.</p><p>Myocardial <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022958" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">biopsy</a> is useful for diagnosing some types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023192" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiomyopathy</a>.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-cm-sec2-d8e220"><h3>Genetic Testing</h3><p>Some types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023192" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiomyopathy</a> run in families. Thus, your doctor may suggest <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022716" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic testing</a> to look for the disease in your parents, brothers and sisters, or other family members.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022716" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Genetic testing</a> can show how the disease runs in families. It also can find out the chances of parents passing the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a> for the disease on to their children.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022716" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Genetic testing</a> also may be useful if your doctor thinks you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023192" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiomyopathy</a>, but you don't yet have signs or symptoms. If the test shows you have the disease, your doctor can start <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> early, when it may work best.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Cardiomyopathy Treated?</h2><p>People who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023192" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiomyopathy</a> but no signs or symptoms may not need <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>. Sometimes, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028153" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">dilated</a> cardiomyopathy that comes on suddenly may even go away on its own.</p><p>For other people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023192" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiomyopathy</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> is needed. Treatment depends on the type of cardiomyopathy you have, the severity of your symptoms and complications, and your age and overall health.</p><p>The main goals of treating <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023192" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiomyopathy</a> include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Managing any conditions that cause or contribute to the disease</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Controlling signs and symptoms so that you can live as normally as possible</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Stopping the disease from getting worse</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Reducing complications and the risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-scda/">sudden cardiac arrest</a> (SCA)</div></li></ul><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatments</a> may include lifestyle changes, medicines, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>, implanted devices to correct <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-arr/">arrhythmias</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">irregular heartbeats</a>), and/or a nonsurgical procedure.</p><div id="nhlbi-cm-sec2-d9e62"><h3>Lifestyle Changes</h3><p>Your doctor may suggest lifestyle changes to manage a condition that's causing your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023192" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiomyopathy</a>. These changes can help reduce symptoms.</p><div id="nhlbi-cm-sec3-d9e68"><h4>Healthy Diet and Physical Activity</h4><p>A healthy diet and physical activity are part of a healthy lifestyle. A healthy diet includes a variety of fruits, vegetables, and grains; half of your grains should come from whole-grain products.</p><p>Choose foods that are low in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018272" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">saturated fat</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022582" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">trans fat</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" re |
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Carotid Artery Disease |
<div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-catd-sec1-d1e36_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Is Carotid Artery Disease?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022295" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Carotid</a> (ka-ROT-id) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a> disease is a disease in which a waxy substance called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> (plak) builds up inside the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022295" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carotid arteries</a>. You have two common carotid arteries, one on each side of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027054" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neck</a>. They each divide into internal and external carotid arteries.</p><p>The internal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022295" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carotid arteries</a> supply <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>. The external carotid arteries supply oxygen-rich blood to your face, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">scalp</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027054" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neck</a>.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figd1e48" co-legend-rid="figlgndd1e48"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063059/figure/d1e48/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figd1e48" rid-ob="figobd1e48"><img class="small-thumb" src="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063059/bin/cad_anatomy.gif" src-large="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063059/bin/cad_anatomy.jpg" alt="Carotid Arteries."></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndd1e48"><h4 id="d1e48"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063059/figure/d1e48/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd1e48">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Carotid Arteries. Figure A shows the location of the right carotid artery in the head and neck. Figure B shows the inside of a normal carotid artery that has normal blood flow. Figure C show the inside of a carotid artery that has plaque buildup and reduced <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063059/figure/d1e48/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd1e48">(more...)</a></p></div></div><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023187" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Carotid artery disease</a> is serious because it can cause a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a>, also called a “<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain attack</a>.” A stroke occurs if <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow to your brain is cut off.</p><p>If <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow is cut off for more than a few minutes, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> start to die. This impairs the parts of the body that the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024269" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain cells</a> control. A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a> can cause lasting brain damage; long-term disability, such as vision or speech problems or paralysis (an inability to move); or death.</p><div id="nhlbi-catd-sec2-d1e64"><h3>Overview</h3><p>If <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> builds up in the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>, the condition is called <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-atherosclerosis/">atherosclerosis</a> (ATH-er-o-skler-O-sis). Over time, plaque hardens and narrows the arteries. This may limit the flow of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> and other parts of your body.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023229" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Atherosclerosis</a> can affect any <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a> in the body. For example, if <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> builds up in the coronary (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>, a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a> can occur. If plaque builds up in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022295" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carotid arteries</a>, a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a> can occur.</p><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a> also can occur if <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots form in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022295" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carotid arteries</a>. This can happen if the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> in an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a> cracks or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ruptures</a>. Blood <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cell</a> fragments called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a> (PLATE-lets) stick to the site of the injury and may clump together to form blood clots. Blood clots can partly or fully block a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022295" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carotid artery</a>.</p><p>A piece of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> or a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clot also can break away from the wall of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022295" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carotid artery</a>. The plaque or clot can travel through the bloodstream and get stuck in one of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>'s smaller <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>. This can block blood flow in the artery and cause a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023187" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Carotid artery disease</a> may not cause signs or symptoms until the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022295" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carotid arteries</a> are severely narrowed or blocked. For some people, a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a> is the first sign of the disease.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-catd-sec2-d1e89"><h3>Outlook</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023187" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Carotid artery disease</a> causes more than half of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">strokes</a> that occur in the United States. Other conditions, such as certain <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> problems and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>, also can cause strokes.</p><p>Lifestyle changes, medicines, and medical procedures can help prevent or treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023187" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carotid artery disease</a> and may reduce the risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a>.</p><p>If you think you're having a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a>, you need urgent <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>. Call 9–1–1 right away if you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063059/#nhlbisec-signs">symptoms</a> of a stroke. Do not drive yourself to the hospital.</p><p>You have the best chance for full recovery if <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> to open a blocked <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a> is given within 4 hours of symptom onset. The sooner treatment occurs, the better your chances of recovery.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes Carotid Artery Disease?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023187" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Carotid artery disease</a> seems to start when damage occurs to the inner layers of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022295" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carotid arteries</a>. Major factors that contribute to damage include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Smoking</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>High levels of certain <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015646" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fats</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbc/">cholesterol</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">High blood pressure</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>High levels of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023305" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sugar</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> due to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023068" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">insulin resistance</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a></div></li></ul><p>When damage occurs, your body starts a healing process. The healing may cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> to build up where the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> are damaged.</p><p>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> in an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a> can crack or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rupture</a>. If this happens, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cell</a> fragments called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a> will stick to the site of the injury and may clump together to form blood clots. </p><p>The buildup of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots can severely narrow or block the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022295" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carotid arteries</a>. This limits the flow of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich blood to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>, which can cause a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-atrisk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-atrisk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is at Risk for Carotid Artery Disease?</h2><p>Certain traits, conditions, or habits may raise your risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023187" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carotid artery disease</a>. These conditions are known as risk factors. The more risk factors you have, the more likely you are to get the disease. Some risk factors you can control, but others you can't.</p><p>The major risk factors for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023187" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carotid artery disease</a>, listed below, also are the major risk factors for <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">coronary heart disease</a> (also called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021983" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary artery disease</a>) and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pad/">peripheral arterial disease</a>.</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbc/">Unhealthy blood cholesterol levels</a>. This includes high <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022292" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">LDL cholesterol</a> (sometimes called “bad” cholesterol) and low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022291" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">HDL cholesterol</a> (sometimes called “good” cholesterol).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">High blood pressure</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood pressure</a> is considered high if it stays at or above 140/90 mmHg over time. If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028183" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic kidney disease</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood pressure</a> is defined as 130/80 mmHg or higher. (The mmHg is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030527" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">millimeters of mercury</a>—the units used to measure blood pressure.)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">Smoking</a>. Smoking can damage and tighten <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>, lead to unhealthy <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cholesterol</a> levels, and raise <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a>. Smoking also can limit how much <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> reaches the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissues</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023068" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Insulin resistance</a>. This condition occurs if the body can't use its own insulin properly. Insulin is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hormone</a> that helps move <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024697" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood sugar</a> into <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> where it's used as an energy source. Insulin resistance may lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Diabetes</a>. With this disease, the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024697" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood sugar</a> level is too high because the body doesn't make enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024496" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">insulin</a> or doesn't use its insulin properly. People who have diabetes are four times more likely to have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023187" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carotid artery disease</a> than people who don't have diabetes.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-obe/">Overweight or obesity</a>. The terms "<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030700" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">overweight</a>" and "<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">obesity</a>" refer to body weight that's greater than what is considered healthy for a certain height.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ms/">Metabolic syndrome</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024493" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Metabolic syndrome</a> is the name for a group of risk factors that raise your risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a> and other health problems, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease. The five metabolic risk factors are a large waistline (abdominal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">obesity</a>), a high <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022017" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">triglyceride</a> (tri-GLIS-er-ide) level (a type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fat</a> found in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>), a low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022291" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">HDL cholesterol</a> level, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood pressure</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood sugar</a>. Metabolic syndrome is diagnosed if you have at least three of these metabolic risk factors.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Lack of physical activity. Lack of physical activity can worsen some other risk factors for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023187" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carotid artery disease</a>, such as unhealthy <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022289" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood cholesterol</a> levels, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood pressure</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030700" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">overweight</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">obesity</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Unhealthy diet. An unhealthy diet can raise your risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023187" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carotid artery disease</a>. Foods that are high in saturated and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022582" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">trans fats</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cholesterol</a>, sodium (salt), and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023305" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sugar</a> can worsen other carotid artery disease risk factors.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Older age. As you get older, your risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023187" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carotid artery disease</a> increases. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022031" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Genetic</a> or lifestyle factors cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> to build up in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> as you age. Before age 75, the risk is greater in men than women. However, after age 75, the risk is greater in women.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Family history</a> of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-atherosclerosis/">atherosclerosis</a>.</div></li></ul><p>Having any of these risk factors doesn't guarantee that you'll develop <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023187" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carotid artery disease</a>. However, if you know that you have one or more risk factors, you can take steps to help prevent or delay the disease.</p><p>Steps include following a healthy lifestyle and taking medicines as your doctor prescribes. (For more information, go to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063059/#nhlbisec-prevention">“How Can Carotid Artery Disease Be Prevented?”</a>)</p><p>If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> buildup in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022295" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carotid arteries</a>, you also may have plaque buildup in other arteries. People who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023187" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carotid artery disease</a> also are at increased risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021983" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary heart disease</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Carotid Artery Disease?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023187" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Carotid artery disease</a> may not cause signs or symptoms until it severely narrows or blocks a carotid artery. Signs and symptoms may include a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023206" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bruit</a> (broo-E), a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024787" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">transient ischemic attack</a> (TIA), or a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a>.</p><div id="nhlbi-catd-sec2-d5e37"><h3>Bruit</h3><p>During a physical exam, your doctor may listen to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022295" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carotid arteries</a> with a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023209" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stethoscope</a>. He or she may hear a whooshing sound called a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023206" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bruit</a>. This sound may suggest changed or reduced <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow due to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> buildup. To find out more, your doctor may recommend tests.</p><p>Not all people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023187" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carotid artery disease</a> have bruits.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-catd-sec2-d5e47"><h3>Transient Ischemic Attack (Mini-Stroke)</h3><p>For some people, having a TIA, or “mini-<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a>,” is the first sign of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023187" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carotid artery disease</a>. During a mini-stroke, you may have some or all of the symptoms of a stroke. However, the symptoms usually go away on their own within 24 hours.</p><p>The symptoms may include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Sudden weakness or numbness in the face or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">limbs</a>, often on just one side of the body</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The inability to move one or more of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">limbs</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Trouble speaking or understanding speech</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Sudden trouble seeing in one or both <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eyes</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029722" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Dizziness</a> or loss of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024854" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">balance</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A sudden, severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">headache</a> with no known cause</div></li></ul><p>Even if the symptoms stop quickly, you should see a doctor right away. Call 9–1–1 for help. Do not drive yourself to the hospital. It's important to get checked and to get <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> started as soon as possible.</p><p>A mini-<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a> is a warning sign that you're at high risk of having a stroke. You shouldn't ignore these symptoms. About one-third of people who have mini-<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">strokes</a> will later have strokes. Getting medical care can help find possible causes of a mini-stroke and help you manage risk factors. These actions might prevent a future stroke.</p><p>Although a mini-<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a> may warn of a stroke, it doesn't predict when a stroke will happen. A stroke may occur days, weeks, or even months after a mini-stroke. In about half of the cases of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">strokes</a> that follow <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024787" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">TIAs</a>, the strokes occur within 1 year.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-catd-sec2-d5e88"><h3>Stroke</h3><p>The symptoms of a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a> are the same as those of a mini-stroke, but the results are not. A stroke can cause lasting <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> damage; long-term disability, such as vision or speech problems or paralysis (an inability to move); or death. Most people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">strokes</a> have not previously had warning mini-strokes.</p><p>Getting <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> for a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a> right away is very important. You have the best chance for full recovery if treatment to open a blocked <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a> is given within 4 hours of symptom onset. The sooner treatment occurs, the better your chances of recovery.</p><p>Call 9–1–1 for help as soon as symptoms occur. Do not drive yourself to the hospital. It's very important to get checked and to get <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> started as soon as possible.</p><p>Make those close to you aware of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a> symptoms and the need for urgent action. Learning the signs and symptoms of a stroke will allow you to help yourself or someone close to you lower the risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> damage or death due to a stroke.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Carotid Artery Disease Diagnosed?</h2><p>Your doctor will diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023187" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carotid artery disease</a> based on your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029840" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">medical history</a>, a physical exam, and test results.</p><div id="nhlbi-catd-sec2-d6e31"><h3>Medical History</h3><p>Your doctor will find out whether you have any of the major <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063059/#nhlbisec-atrisk">risk factors</a> for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023187" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carotid artery disease</a>. He or she also will ask whether you've had any <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063059/#nhlbisec-signs">signs or symptoms</a> of a mini-<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a> or stroke.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-catd-sec2-d6e49"><h3>Physical Exam</h3><p>To check your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022295" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carotid arteries</a>, your doctor will listen to them with a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023209" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stethoscope</a>. He or she will listen for a whooshing sound called a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023206" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bruit</a>. This sound may indicate changed or reduced <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow due to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> buildup. To find out more, your doctor may recommend tests.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-catd-sec2-d6e56"><h3>Diagnostic Tests</h3><p>The following tests are common for diagnosing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023187" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carotid artery disease</a>. If you have symptoms of a mini-<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a> or stroke, your doctor may use other tests as well.</p><div id="nhlbi-catd-sec3-d6e62"><h4>Carotid Ultrasound</h4><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cu/">Carotid ultrasound</a> (also called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029835" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sonography</a>) is the most common test for diagnosing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023187" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carotid artery disease</a>. It's a painless, harmless test that uses sound waves to create pictures of the insides of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022295" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carotid arteries</a>. This test can show whether <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> has narrowed your carotid arteries and how narrow they are.</p><p>A standard <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029834" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carotid ultrasound</a> shows the structure of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022295" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carotid arteries</a>. A Doppler carotid ultrasound shows how <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> moves through your carotid arteries.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-catd-sec3-d6e74"><h4>Carotid Angiography</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022295" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Carotid</a> angiography (an-jee-OG-ra-fee) is a special type of x ray. This test may be used if the ultrasound results are unclear or don't give your doctor enough information.</p><p>For this test, your doctor will inject a substance (called contrast dye) into a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a>, most often in your leg. The dye travels to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022295" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carotid arteries</a> and highlights them on x-ray pictures.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-catd-sec3-d6e85"><h4>Magnetic Resonance Angiography</h4><p>Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) uses a large magnet and radio waves to take pictures of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022295" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carotid arteries</a>. Your doctor can see these pictures on a computer screen.</p><p>For this test, your doctor may give you contrast dye to highlight your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022295" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carotid arteries</a> on the pictures.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-catd-sec3-d6e97"><h4>Computed Tomography Angiography</h4><p>Computed tomography (to-MOG-rah-fee) angiography, or CT angiography, takes x-ray pictures of the body from many angles. A computer combines the pictures into two- and three-dimensional images.</p><p>For this test, your doctor may give you contrast dye to highlight your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022295" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carotid arteries</a> on the pictures.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Carotid Artery Disease Treated?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatments</a> for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023187" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carotid artery disease</a> may include lifestyle changes, medicines, and medical procedures. The goals of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> are to stop the disease from getting worse and to prevent a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a>.</p><p>Your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> will depend on your symptoms, how severe the disease is, and your age and overall health.</p><div id="nhlbi-catd-sec2-d7e37"><h3>Lifestyle Changes</h3><p>Making lifestyle changes can help prevent <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023187" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carotid artery disease</a> or keep it from getting worse. For some people, these changes may be the only <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> needed:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Follow a healthy diet to prevent or lower <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">high blood pressure</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbc/">high blood cholesterol</a> and to maintain a healthy weight.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Be physically active. Check with your doctor first to find out how much and what kinds of activity are safe for you.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>If you're <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-obe/">overweight or obese</a>, lose weight.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>If you smoke, quit. Also, try to avoid <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029761" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">secondhand smoke</a>.</div></li></ul><div id="nhlbi-catd-sec3-d7e68"><h4>Follow a Healthy Diet</h4><p>A healthy diet is an important part of a healthy lifestyle. Following a healthy diet can prevent or reduce <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood pressure</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022430" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood cholesterol</a> and help you maintain a healthy weight.</p><p>For information about healthy eating, go to the National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute's (NHLBI's) <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/obesity/lose_wt/index.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri"> Aim for a Healthy Weight</a> Web site. This site provides practical tips on healthy eating, physical activity, and controlling your weight.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Therapeutic</a> Lifestyle Changes (TLC). Your doctor may recommend a three-part program called TLC if you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022430" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood cholesterol</a>. TLC includes a healthy diet, physical activity, and weight management.</p><p>With the TLC diet, less than 7 percent of your daily calories should come from <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018272" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">saturated fat</a>. This kind of fat is found mainly in meat, poultry, and dairy products. No more than 25 to 35 percent of your daily calories should come from all <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015646" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fats</a>, including saturated, trans, monounsaturated, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015653" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">polyunsaturated fats</a>.</p><p>You also should have less than 200 mg a day of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cholesterol</a>. The amounts of cholesterol and the different kinds of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fat</a> in prepared foods can be found on the foods' Nutrition Facts labels.</p><p>Foods high in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027813" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">soluble</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022148" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fiber</a> also are part of a healthy diet. They help block the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022855" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">digestive tract</a> from absorbing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cholesterol</a>. These foods include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Whole-grain cereals such as oatmeal and oat bran</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Fruits such as apples, bananas, oranges, pears, and prunes</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Legumes such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidney</a> beans, lentils, chick peas, black-eyed peas, and lima beans</div></li></ul><p>A diet rich in fruits and vegetables can increase important <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cholesterol</a>-lowering <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023355" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">compounds</a> in your diet. These compounds, called plant stanols or sterols, work like <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027813" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">soluble</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022148" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fiber</a>.</p><p>Fish are an important part of a healthy diet. They're a good source of omega-3 <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030292" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fatty acids</a>, which help lower <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022289" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood cholesterol</a> levels. Try to have about two fish meals every week. Fish high in omega-3 fatty acids are salmon, tuna (canned or fresh), and mackerel.</p><p>You also should try to limit the amount of sodium (salt) that you eat. Too much sodium can raise your risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood pressure</a>. Choose low-sodium and "no added salt" foods and seasonings at the table or when cooking. The Nutrition Facts label on food packaging shows the amount of sodium in an item.</p><p>Try to limit drinks with alcohol. Too much alcohol will raise your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022017" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">triglyceride</a> level. (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022017" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Triglycerides</a> are a type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fat</a> found in the blood.) Alcohol also adds extra calories, which will cause weight gain.</p><p>Men should have no more than two drinks containing alcohol a day. Women should have no more than one drink containing alcohol a day. One drink is a glass of wine, beer, or a small amount of hard liquor.</p><p>For more information about TLC, go to the NHLBI's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/chol/chol_tlc.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">“Your Guide to Lowering Your Cholesterol With TLC.”</a> </p><p>Dietary Approaches to Stop <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Hypertension</a> (DASH). Your doctor may recommend the DASH eating plan if you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood pressure</a>. The DASH eating plan focuses on fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and other foods that are <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> healthy and low in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fat</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cholesterol</a>, and sodium.</p><p>DASH also focuses on <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fat</a>-free or low-fat milk and dairy products, fish, poultry, and nuts. The DASH eating plan is reduced in red meats (including lean red meats), sweets, added <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023305" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sugars</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023305" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sugar</a>-containing beverages. It's rich in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023354" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nutrients</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022148" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fiber</a>.</p><p>The DASH eating plan is a good healthy eating plan, even for those who don't have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood pressure</a>. For more information, go to the NHLBI's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/hbp/dash/index.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">"Your Guide to Lowering Your Blood Pressure With DASH."</a> </p></div><div id="nhlbi-catd-sec3-d7e145"><h4>Be Physically Active</h4><p>Regular physical activity can lower many <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023187" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carotid artery disease</a> risk factors, including LDL ("bad") <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cholesterol</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood pressure</a>, and excess weight.</p><p>Physical activity also can lower your risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a> and raise your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022291" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">HDL cholesterol</a> level. HDL cholesterol is the “good” cholesterol that helps prevent <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> buildup.</p><p>Talk with your doctor before you start a new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">exercise</a> plan. Ask him or her how much and what kinds of physical activity are safe for you.</p><p>People gain health benefits from as little as 60 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic activity per week. The more active you are, the more you will benefit.</p><p>For more information about physical activity, go to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services' "2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans," the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-phys/">Physical Activity and Your Heart</a> article, and the NHLBI's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/obesity/phy_active.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri"> "Your Guide to Physical Activity and Your Heart."</a> </p><p>Although the Health Topics article and “Your Guide” booklet focus on <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> health, they include information that applies to general health and well-being.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-catd-sec3-d7e178"><h4>Maintain a Healthy Weight</h4><p>Maintaining a healthy weight can lower your risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023187" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carotid artery disease</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a>. Even a modest weight gain can increase your risk of having a stroke.</p><p>If you're <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030700" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">overweight</a>, aim to reduce your weight by 7 to 10 percent during your first year of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>. This amount of weight loss can lower your risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023187" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carotid artery disease</a> and other health problems.</p><p>After the first year, you may have to continue to lose weight so you can lower your body mass index (BMI) to less than 25.</p><p>BMI measures your weight in relation to your height. A BMI between 25 and 29.9 is considered <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030700" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">overweight</a> for adults. A BMI of 30 or more is considered obese for adults. A BMI of less than 25 is the goal for preventing and treating <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023187" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carotid artery disease</a>.</p><p>You can measure your BMI using the NHLBI's online calculator, or your health care provider can measure your BMI.</p><p>For more information about losing weight or maintaining a healthy weight, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-obe/">Overweight and Obesity</a> article.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-catd-sec3-d7e206"><h4>Quit Smoking</h4><p>If you smoke or use <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029755" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tobacco</a>, quit. Smoking can damage your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> and raise your risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a> and other health problems. Also, try to avoid <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029761" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">secondhand smoke</a>.</p><p>Talk with your doctor about programs and products that can help you quit. For more information about how to quit smoking, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">Smoking and Your Heart</a> article and the NHLBI's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/other/your_guide/healthyheart.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri"> "Your Guide to a Healthy Heart."</a> Although these resources focus on heart health, they include general information about how to quit smoking.</p><p>The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services also has information about how to quit smoking.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-catd-sec2-d7e228"><h3>Medicines</h3><p>You may need medicines to treat diseases and conditions that damage the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022295" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carotid arteries</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">High blood pressure</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022430" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood cholesterol</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a> can worsen <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023187" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carotid artery disease</a>.</p><p>Some people can control these risk factors with lifestyle changes. Others also need medicines to achieve and maintain control.</p><p>You may need anticlotting medicines to prevent <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots from forming in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022295" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carotid arteries</a> and causing a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a>. Damage and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> buildup make blood clots more likely.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000168" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Aspirin</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0009687" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clopidogrel</a> are two common anticlotting medicines. They stop <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a> from clumping together to form clots. These medicines are a mainstay of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> for people who have known <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023187" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carotid artery disease</a>.</p><p>Your health care team will help find a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> plan that's right for you. Sticking to this plan will help avoid further harm to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022295" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carotid arteries</a>.</p><p>If you have a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a> due to a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clot, you may be given a clot-dissolving, or clot-busting, medicine. This type of medicine must be given within 4 hours of symptom onset.</p><p>The sooner <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> occurs, the better your chances of recovery. Thus, it's important to know the signs and symptoms of a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a> and call 9–1–1 right away for emergency care.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-catd-sec2-d7e253"><h3>Medical Procedures</h3><p>You may need a medical procedure to treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023187" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carotid artery disease</a>. Doctors use one of two methods to open narrowed or blocked <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022295" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carotid arteries</a>: carotid endarterectomy (END-ar-ter-EK-to-me) and carotid artery <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029847" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">angioplasty</a> and stenting.</p><div id="nhlbi-catd-sec3-d7e259"><h4>Carotid Endarterectomy</h4><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-carend/">Carotid endarterectomy</a> is mainly for people whose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022295" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carotid arteries</a> are blocked 50 percent or more.</p><p>For the procedure, a surgeon will make a cut in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027054" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neck</a> to reach the narrowed or blocked <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022295" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carotid artery</a>. Next, your surgeon will make a cut in the blocked part of the artery and remove the artery's inner lining.</p><p>Finally, your surgeon will close the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a> with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030128" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stitches</a> and stop any <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>. He or she will then close the cut in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027054" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neck</a>.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figd7e280" co-legend-rid="figlgndd7e280"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063059/figure/d7e280/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figd7e280" rid-ob="figobd7e280"><img class="small-thumb" src="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063059/bin/cad_endarterectomy.gif" src-large="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063059/bin/cad_endarterectomy.jpg" alt="Carotid Endarterectomy."></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndd7e280"><h4 id="d7e280"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063059/figure/d7e280/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd7e280">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Carotid Endarterectomy. The illustration shows the process of carotid endarterectomy. Figure A shows a carotid artery that has plaque buildup. The inset image shows a cross-section of the narrowed carotid artery. Figure B shows how the carotid artery <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063059/figure/d7e280/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd7e280">(more...)</a></p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbi-catd-sec3-d7e286"><h4>Carotid Artery Angioplasty and Stenting</h4><p>Doctors use a procedure called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029847" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">angioplasty</a> (AN-jee-oh-plas-tee) to widen the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022295" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carotid arteries</a> and restore <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>.</p><p>A thin tube with a deflated balloon on the end is threaded through a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027054" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neck</a> to the narrowed or blocked <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022295" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carotid artery</a>. Once in place, the balloon is inflated to push the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> outward against the wall of the artery.</p><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stents/">stent</a> (a small mesh tube) is then put in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a> to support the inner artery wall. The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029850" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics |
June 11, 2014. |
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Childhood Interstitial Lung Disease |
<div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-chld-sec1-d1e38_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Is Childhood Interstitial Lung Disease?</h2><p>Childhood <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022941" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">interstitial</a> (in-ter-STISH-al) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung disease</a>, or chILD, is a broad term for a group of rare <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung diseases</a> that can affect babies, children, and teens. These diseases have some similar symptoms, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cough/">chronic cough</a>, rapid breathing, and shortness of breath.</p><p>These diseases also harm the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> in similar ways. For example, they damage the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissues</a> that surround the lungs' <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022134" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">alveoli</a> (al-VEE-uhl-<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eye</a>; air <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022396" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sacs</a>) and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022178" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bronchial tubes</a> (airways). Sometimes these diseases directly damage the air sacs and airways.</p><p>The various types of chILD can decrease lung function, reduce <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> levels, and disturb the breathing process.</p><div id="nhlbi-chld-sec2-d1e53"><h3>Overview</h3><p>Researchers have only begun to study, define, and understand chILD in the last decade. Currently, they don't know how many children have chILD. They also don't know how many children have each type of chILD.</p><p>Diagnosing chILD and its specific diseases is hard because chILD is rare and complex. Also, chILD is a broad term for a group of diseases with similar symptoms—it's not a precise diagnosis.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022941" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Interstitial</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung disease</a> (ILD) also occurs in adults. However, the cause of ILD in adults may be different than the cause in children. Some types of chILD are similar to the adult forms of the disease. They may even have the same names as the adult forms, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hp/">hypersensitivity pneumonitis</a> (noo-mo-NI-tis), immunodeficiency-associated lung disease, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029567" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bronchiolitis</a> (brong-ke-o-LI-tis) obliterans.</p><p>However, research shows that the course and outcomes of these diseases often are very different for children than for adults.</p><p>Some ILDs only occur in children. They include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Lung growth abnormalities</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Neuroendocrine (noor-o-EN-do-krin) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cell</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hyperplasia</a> (hi-per-PLA-ze-ah) of infancy (NEHI)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022202" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pulmonary</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022941" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">interstitial</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027951" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">glycogenosis</a> (gli-ko-JEN-eh-sis)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Developmental disorders, such as alveolar (al-VE-o-lar) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022018" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">capillary</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024651" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">dysplasia</a></div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-chld-sec2-d1e94"><h3>Outlook</h3><p>Each form of chILD may differ in its severity and how it's treated. Thus, getting a correct diagnosis is vital for understanding and treating your child's illness.</p><p>You may want to consult a pediatric pulmonologist. This is a doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating children who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung diseases</a> and conditions. This doctor's training and experience can help him or her diagnose chILD.</p><p>The outlook for children who have chILD also depends on the specific type of disease they have. Some diseases are very severe and lead to early death. Others are <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> (long-term) diseases that parents and the child's medical team must work together to manage.</p><p>At this time, chILD has no cure. However, some children who have certain diseases, such as NEHI, may slowly improve over time.</p><p>Researchers are now starting to learn more about the causes of chILD. They're also trying to find distinct patterns and traits for the various forms of chILD. This information may help doctors better understand these diseases.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-types"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-types_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Types of Childhood Interstitial Lung Disease</h2><p>The broad term "<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022984" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">childhood interstitial lung disease</a>" (chILD) refers to a group of rare <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung diseases</a> that can affect babies, children, and teens. Some of these diseases are more common in certain age groups.</p><p>Diseases more common in infancy include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Surfactant (sur-FAK-tant) dysfunction <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029640" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mutations</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Developmental disorders, such as alveolar <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022018" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">capillary</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024651" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">dysplasia</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Lung growth abnormalities</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025393" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Neuroendocrine cell</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hyperplasia</a> of infancy (NEHI)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022202" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pulmonary</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022941" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">interstitial</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027951" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">glycogenosis</a> (PIG)</div></li></ul><p>Diseases more common in children older than 2 years of age and teens include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022069" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Idiopathic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022941" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">interstitial</a> pneumonias: <ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Nonspecific <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022941" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">interstitial</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumonia</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Cryptogenic organizing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumonia</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Acute</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022941" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">interstitial</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumonia</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Desquamative <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022941" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">interstitial</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumonia</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Lymphocytic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022941" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">interstitial</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumonia</a></div></li></ul> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Other primary disorders: <ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Alveolar <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemorrhage</a> syndromes</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030172" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Aspiration</a> syndromes</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hp/">Hypersensitivity pneumonitis</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Infectious or postinfectious disease (<a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/redir/disclaimer.htm?http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000975.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">bronchiolitis</a> obliterans)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Eosinophilic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumonia</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022202" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pulmonary</a> alveolar proteinosis</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022202" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pulmonary</a> infiltrates with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029653" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eosinophilia</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022202" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pulmonary</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025777" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymphatic</a> disorders (lymphangiomatosis, lymphangiectasis)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022202" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pulmonary</a> vascular disorders (haemangiomatosis)</div></li></ul> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>ILD associated with systemic disease processes: <ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030005" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Connective tissue diseases</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Histiocytosis</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Malignancy</a>-related <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung disease</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/sarc/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Sarcoidosis</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Storage diseases</div></li></ul> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Disorders of the compromised <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025680" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune system</a>: <ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029694" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Opportunistic infection</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Disorders related to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapeutic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025841" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">intervention</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Lung and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> transplant-associated <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung diseases</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Diffuse alveolar damage of unknown cause</div></li></ul> </div></li></ul><p>The various types of chILD can affect many parts of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, including the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022134" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">alveoli</a> (air <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022396" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sacs</a>), <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022178" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bronchial tubes</a> (airways), and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022018" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">capillaries</a>. (Capillaries are the tiny <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> that surround the air sacs.) The structures of the lung that chILD may affect are shown in the illustration below.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figd3e165" co-legend-rid="figlgndd3e165"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063015/figure/d3e165/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figd3e165" rid-ob="figobd3e165"><img class="small-thumb" src="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063015/bin/child.gif" src-large="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063015/bin/child.jpg" alt="Normal Lungs and Lung Structures."></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndd3e165"><h4 id="d3e165"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063015/figure/d3e165/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd3e165">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Normal Lungs and Lung Structures. Figure A shows the location of the lungs and airways in the body. Figure B is a detailed view of the lung structures that childhood interstitial lung disease may affect, such as the bronchioles, neuroendocrine cells, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063015/figure/d3e165/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd3e165">(more...)</a></p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-names"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-names_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Other Names for Childhood Interstitial Lung Disease</h2><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Chronic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung disease</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Diffuse infiltrative <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung disease</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Diffuse <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung disease</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Diffuse parenchyma <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung disease</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022941" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Interstitial</a> pneumonitis</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The chILD syndrome</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes Childhood Interstitial Lung Disease?</h2><p>Researchers don't yet know all of the causes of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022984" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">childhood interstitial lung disease</a> (chILD). Many times, these diseases have no clear cause.</p><p>Some conditions and factors that may cause or lead to chILD include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Inherited conditions, such as surfactant disorders. Surfactant is a liquid that coats the inside of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. It helps with breathing and may help protect the lungs from bacterial and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024518" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">viral infections</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029739" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Birth defects</a> that cause problems with the structure or function of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030172" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Aspiration</a> (as-pih-RA-shun). This term refers to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022221" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inhaling</a> substances—such as food, liquid, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024776" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vomit</a>—into the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. Inhaling these substances can injure the lungs. Aspiration may occur in children who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027073" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">swallowing</a> problems or gastroesophageal (GAS-tro-eh-so-fa-JE-al) reflux disease (GERD). GERD occurs if acid from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a> backs up into the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024473" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">throat</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025680" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Immune system</a> disorders. The immune system protects the body against <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bacteria</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022086" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">viruses</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030685" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">toxins</a>. Children who have immune system disorders aren't able to fight illness and disease as well as children who have healthy <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025680" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune systems</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Exposure to substances in the environment that can irritate the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029692" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">molds</a> and chemicals.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Some <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancer</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a>, such as radiation and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024232" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chemotherapy</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Systemic or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022033" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">autoimmune diseases</a>, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022811" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">collagen</a> vascular disease or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022800" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inflammatory bowel disease</a>. Systemic diseases are diseases that involve many of the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a>. Autoimmune diseases occur if the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025680" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune system</a> mistakenly attacks the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissues</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bmsct/">bone marrow transplant</a> or a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-lungtxp/">lung transplant</a>.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-atrisk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-atrisk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is at Risk for Childhood Interstitial Lung Disease?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022984" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Childhood interstitial lung disease</a> (chILD) is rare. Most children are not at risk for chILD. However, some factors increase the risk of developing chILD. These risk factors include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Having a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family history</a> of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022941" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">interstitial</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung disease</a> or chILD.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Having an inherited surfactant disorder or a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family history</a> of this type of disorder. Surfactant is a liquid that coats the inside of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. It helps with breathing and may help protect the lungs from bacterial and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024518" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">viral infections</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Having problems with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030172" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aspiration</a>. This term "aspiration" refers to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022221" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inhaling</a> substances—such as food, liquid, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024776" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vomit</a>—into the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Having an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025680" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune system</a> disorder. The immune system protects the body against <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bacteria</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022086" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">viruses</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030685" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">toxins</a>. Children who have immune system disorders aren't able to fight illness and disease as well as children who have healthy <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025680" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune systems</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Being exposed to substances in the environment that can irritate the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029692" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">molds</a> and chemicals.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Having a systemic or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022033" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">autoimmune disease</a>, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022811" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">collagen</a> vascular disease or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022800" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inflammatory bowel disease</a>. Systemic diseases are diseases that involve many of the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022033" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Autoimmune diseases</a> occur if the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025680" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune system</a> mistakenly attacks the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissues</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Undergoing some <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancer</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a>, such as radiation and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024232" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chemotherapy</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Having a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bmsct/">bone marrow transplant</a> or a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-lungtxp/">lung transplant</a>.</div></li></ul><p>Certain types of chILD are more common in infants and young children, while others can occur in children of any age. For more information, go to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063015/#nhlbisec-types">"Types of Childhood Interstitial Lung Disease."</a> </p><p>The risk of death seems to be higher for children who have chILD and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pah/">pulmonary hypertension</a>, developmental or growth disorders, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> transplants, or certain surfactant problems.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Childhood Interstitial Lung Disease?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022984" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Childhood interstitial lung disease</a> (chILD) has many signs and symptoms because the disease has many forms. Signs and symptoms may include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Fast breathing, which also is called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022344" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tachypnea</a> (tak-ip-NE-ah)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Labored breathing, which also is called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022181" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">respiratory</a> distress</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> levels in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>, which also is called hypoxemia (hi-POK-se-ah)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Recurrent <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cough/">coughing</a>, wheezing, or crackling sounds in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Shortness of breath during <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">exercise</a> (in older children) or while eating (in infants), which also is called dyspnea (disp-NE-ah)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Poor growth or failure to gain weight</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Recurrent <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pnu/">pneumonia</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029567" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bronchiolitis</a></div></li></ul><p>If your child has any of these signs and symptoms, contact his or her doctor. The doctor may refer you to a pediatric pulmonologist. This is a doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating children who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung diseases</a> and conditions.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Childhood Interstitial Lung Disease Diagnosed?</h2><p>Doctors diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022984" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">childhood interstitial lung disease</a> (chILD) based on a child's medical and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family histories</a> and the results from tests and procedures. To diagnose chILD, doctors may first need to rule out other diseases as the cause of a child's symptoms.</p><p>Early diagnosis of chILD may help doctors stop or even reverse lung function problems. Often though, doctors find chILD hard to diagnose because:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>There are many types of the disease and a range of underlying causes</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The disease's signs and symptoms are the same as those for many other diseases</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The disease may coexist with other diseases</div></li></ul><p>Going to a pediatric pulmonologist who has experience with chILD is helpful. A pediatric pulmonologist is a doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating children who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung diseases</a> and conditions.</p><div id="nhlbi-chld-sec2-d8e50"><h3>Medical and Family Histories</h3><p>Your child's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029840" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">medical history</a> can help his or her doctor diagnose chILD. The doctor may ask whether your child:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Has severe breathing problems that occur often.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Has had severe lung infections.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Had serious lung problems as a newborn.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Has been exposed to possible lung irritants in the environment, such as birds, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029692" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">molds</a>, dusts, or chemicals.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Has ever had radiation or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024232" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chemotherapy</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Has an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022033" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">autoimmune disease</a>, certain <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029739" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">birth defects</a>, or other medical conditions. (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022033" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Autoimmune diseases</a> occur if the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025680" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune system</a> mistakenly attacks the body’s <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissues</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a>.)</div></li></ul><p>The doctor also may ask how old your child was when symptoms began, and whether other family members have or have had severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung diseases</a>. If they have, your child may have an inherited form of chILD.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-chld-sec2-d8e81"><h3>Diagnostic Tests and Procedures</h3><p>No single test can diagnose the many types of chILD. Thus, your child's doctor may recommend one or more of the following tests. For some of these tests, infants and young children may be given medicine to help them relax or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a>.</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cxray/">chest x ray</a>. This painless test creates pictures of the structures inside your child's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a>, such as the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>. A chest x ray can help rule out other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung diseases</a> as the cause of your child's symptoms.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cct/">high-resolution CT scan</a> (HRCT). An HRCT scan uses x rays to create detailed pictures of your child's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. This test can show the location, extent, and severity of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung disease</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-lft/">Lung function tests</a>. These tests measure how much air your child can breathe in and out, how fast he or she can breathe air out, and how well your child's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> deliver <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. Lung function tests can assess the severity of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung disease</a>. Infants and young children may need to have these tests at a center that has special equipment for children.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Bronchoalveolar lavage (BRONG-ko-al-VE-o-lar lah-VAHZH). For this procedure, the doctor injects a small amount of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030277" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">saline</a> (salt water) through a tube inserted in the child's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. The fluid helps bring up <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissues</a> around the air <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022396" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sacs</a>. The doctor can then look at these cells under a microscope. This procedure can help detect an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>, lung injury, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030172" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aspiration</a>, or an airway problem.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Various tests to rule out conditions such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-asthma/">asthma</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cf/">cystic fibrosis</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028104" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acid reflux</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease, neuromuscular disease, and immune deficiency.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Various tests for systemic diseases linked to chILD. Systemic diseases are diseases that involve many of the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022070" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood tests</a> to check for inherited (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022031" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic</a>) diseases and disorders.</div></li></ul><p>If these tests don't provide enough information, your child's doctor may recommend a lung <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022958" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">biopsy</a>. A lung biopsy is the most reliable way to diagnose chILD and the specific disease involved.</p><p>A lung <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022958" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">biopsy</a> is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgical procedure</a> that's done in a hospital. Before the biopsy, your child will receive medicine to make him or her <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a>.</p><p>During the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022958" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">biopsy</a>, the doctor will take small samples of lung <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> from several places in your child's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. This often is done using video-assisted <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022278" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thoracoscopy</a> (thor-ah-KOS-ko-pe).</p><p>For this procedure, the doctor inserts a small tube with a light and camera (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022208" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">endoscope</a>) into your child's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> through small cuts between the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029862" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ribs</a>. The endoscope provides a video image of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> and allows the doctor to collect <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> samples.</p><p>After the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022958" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">biopsy</a>, the doctor will look at these samples under a microscope.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Childhood Interstitial Lung Disease Treated?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022984" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Childhood interstitial lung disease</a> (chILD) is rare, and little research has been done on how to treat it. At this time, chILD has no cure. However, some children who have certain diseases, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025393" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neuroendocrine cell</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hyperplasia</a> of infancy, may slowly improve over time.</p><p>Current <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> approaches include supportive <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a>, medicines, and, in the most serious cases, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-lungtxp/">lung transplants</a>.</p><div id="nhlbi-chld-sec2-d9e37"><h3>Supportive Therapy</h3><p>Supportive <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a> refers to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> that help relieve symptoms or improve quality of life. Supportive approaches used to relieve common chILD symptoms include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-oxt/">Oxygen therapy</a>. If your child's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> level is low, he or she may need <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029682" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen therapy</a>. This <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> can improve breathing, support growth, and reduce strain on the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Bronchodilators. These medications relax the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscles</a> around your child’s airways, which helps open the airways and makes breathing easier.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Breathing devices. Children who have severe disease may need <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-vent/">ventilators</a> or other devices to help them breathe easier.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Extra nutrition. This <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> can help improve your child's growth and help him or her gain weight. Close monitoring of growth is especially important.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Techniques and devices to help relieve lung congestion. These may include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030138" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">physical therapy</a> (CPT) or wearing a vest that helps move <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a> (a sticky substance) to the upper airways so it can be coughed up. CPT may involve pounding the chest and back over and over with your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hands</a> or a device to loosen mucus in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> so that your child can <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a> it up.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Supervised <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pulreh/">pulmonary rehabilitation</a> (PR). PR is a broad program that helps improve the well-being of people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> (ongoing) breathing problems.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-chld-sec2-d9e74"><h3>Medicines</h3><p>Corticosteroids are a common <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> for many children who have chILD. These medicines help reduce lung <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022625" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inflammation</a>.</p><p>Other medicines can help treat specific types or causes of chILD. For example, antimicrobial medicines can treat a lung <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>. Acid-blocking medicines can prevent <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028104" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acid reflux</a>, which can lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030172" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aspiration</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-chld-sec2-d9e83"><h3>Lung Transplant</h3><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028188" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung transplant</a> may be an option for children who have severe chILD if other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> haven't worked.</p><p>Currently, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028188" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung transplants</a> are the only effective <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> for some types of chILD that have a high risk of death, such as alveolar <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022018" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">capillary</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024651" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">dysplasia</a> and certain surfactant dysfunction <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029640" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mutations</a>.</p><p>Early diagnosis of these diseases gives children the chance to receive <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028188" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung transplants</a>. So far, chILD doesn't appear to come back in patients' transplanted <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>.</p><p>For more information about this <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-lungtxp/">Lung Transplant</a> article.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-prevention"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-prevention_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Can Childhood Interstitial Lung Disease Be Prevented?</h2><p>At this time, most types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022984" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">childhood interstitial lung disease</a> (chILD) can't be prevented. People who have a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family history</a> of inherited (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022031" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic</a>) interstitial lung disease may want to consider <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025312" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic counseling</a>. A counselor can explain the risk of children inheriting chILD.</p><p>You and your child can take steps to help prevent infections and other illnesses that worsen chILD and its symptoms. For example:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Make <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029859" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hand washing</a> a family habit to avoid <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025078" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">germs</a> and prevent illnesses.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Try to keep your child away from people who are sick. Even a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024671" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">common cold</a> can cause problems for someone who has chILD.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Talk with your child's doctor about vaccines that your child needs, such as an annual <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025769" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">flu</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022222" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">shot</a>. Make sure everyone in your household gets all of the vaccines that their doctors recommend.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Talk with your child's doctor about how to prevent your child from getting <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022181" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">respiratory</a> syncytial (sin-SIT-e-al) virus. This common virus leads to cold and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025769" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">flu</a> symptoms for most people. However, it can make children who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung diseases</a> very sick.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Avoid exposing your child to air pollution, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029755" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tobacco</a> smoke, and other substances that can irritate his or her <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. Strongly advise your child not to smoke now or in the future.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-livingwith"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-livingwith_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Living With Childhood Interstitial Lung Disease</h2><p>Caring for a child who has <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022984" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">childhood interstitial lung disease</a> (chILD) can be challenging. However, you can take steps to help your child manage his or her disease.</p><p>Make sure your child gets ongoing care and seek support to help you, your child, and your other family members cope with the effects of chILD on daily life.</p><div id="nhlbi-chld-sec2-d11e34"><h3>Ongoing Care</h3><p>Work with your child's health care team to manage your child's symptoms and keep him or her as healthy as possible.</p><p>This team may include doctors, nurses, dietitians, social workers, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030138" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">physical therapists</a>, and home health aides. Each of these specialists may have services that can help you and your child cope with his or her <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung disease</a>.</p><p>You also can take other steps to help manage your child's care. For example:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Give your child all of his or her prescribed medicines. Make sure to take your child to all followup medical visits.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Work with your child's health care team to ensure that your child is getting good nutrition. Your child's health care team also can suggest physical activities that meet your child's needs.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Ask your child's doctor about warning signs of worsening <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung disease</a> and when to seek emergency medical care. Agree on a plan of action if these warning signs occur.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Keep complete records of your child's care and any instructions you receive. This information can help you manage care at home and inform various doctors about your child's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029840" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">medical history</a> and status.</div></li></ul><p>Many children who have chILD need <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-oxt/">oxygen therapy</a> to help them breathe easier. Portable <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> units can make it easier for your child to move around and do many daily activities.</p><p>If your child's doctor prescribes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029682" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen therapy</a>, work with a home equipment provider to make sure you have the supplies and equipment you need. Trained personnel will show you how to use the equipment correctly and safely.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-chld-sec2-d11e71"><h3>Ongoing Support</h3><p>Your child may need support to help other people in his or her life understand the special needs related to chILD. For example, you may want to talk with your child's teachers about your child's illness. You can work with the teachers to decide how to meet your child's special school-related needs.</p><p>You also may want to alert relatives, caregivers, friends, and parents of friends about your child's illness. Let them know about your child's usual care and any signs or symptoms that require emergency care.</p><p>Taking care of yourself also is important. Managing your child's disease and ongoing care can be stressful. You and your family members may feel sad, guilty, or overwhelmed.</p><p>Social workers and mental health providers can help you cope with your feelings and provide support. They also can connect you with family support groups. Taking part in a support group can show you how other people have coped with chILD.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-trials"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-trials_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Clinical Trials</h2><p>The National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute (NHLBI) is strongly committed to supporting research aimed at preventing and treating heart, lung, and blood diseases and conditions and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorders</a>.</p><p>NHLBI-supported research has led to many advances in medical knowledge and care. Often, these advances depend on the willingness of volunteers to take part in <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-clinicaltrials/">clinical trials</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Clinical trials</a> test new ways to prevent, diagnose, or treat various diseases and conditions. For example, new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for a disease or condition (such as medicines, medical devices, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgeries</a>, or procedures) are tested in volunteers who have the illness. Testing shows whether a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> is safe and effective in humans before it is made available for widespread use.</p><p>By taking part in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, your child can gain access to new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> before they're widely available. Your child also will have the support of a team of health care providers, who will likely monitor his or her health closely. Even if your child doesn't directly benefit from the results of a clinical trial, the information gathered can help others and add to scientific knowledge.</p><p>Children (aged 18 and younger) get special protection as research subjects. Almost always, parents must give legal consent for their child to take part in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>.</p><p>When researchers think that a trial's potential risks are greater than minimal, both parents must give permission for their child to enroll. Also, children aged 7 and older often must agree (assent) to take part in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a>.</p><p>If you agree to have your child take part in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, you'll be asked to sign an informed consent form. This form is not a contract. You have the right to withdraw your child from a study at any time, for any reason. Also, you have the right to learn about new risks or findings that emerge during the trial.</p><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> related to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022984" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">childhood interstitial lung disease</a>, talk with your doctor. For more information about clinical trials for children, visit the NHLBI's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/childrenandclinicalstudies/index.php" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Children and Clinical Studies</a> Web page.</p><p>You also can visit the following Web sites to learn more about clinical research and to search for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a>:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>http://clinicalresearch.nih.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.clinicaltrials.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.researchmatch.org</div></li></ul></div><div style="display: none; width: 200px; top: -100px; left: -100px;" aria-live="assertive" aria-hidden="true" class="ui-helper-reset ui-ncbipopper-wrapper ui-ncbilinksmenu"><ul id="ui-ncbiinpagenav-6"><li><a href="#_nhlbi-chld-sec1-d1e38_">What Is Childhood Interstitial Lung Disease?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-types_">Types of Childhood Interstitial Lung Disease</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-names_">Other Names for Childhood Interstitial Lung Disease</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-causes_">What Causes Childhood Interstitial Lung Disease?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-atrisk_">Who Is at Risk for Childhood Interstitial Lung Disease?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-signs_">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Childhood Interstitial Lung Disease?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-diagnosis_">How Is Childhood Int |
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Congenital Heart Defects |
<div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-chd-sec1-d1e37_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are Congenital Heart Defects?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023376" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Congenital</a> (kon-JEN-ih-tal) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> defects are problems with the heart's structure that are present at birth. These defects can involve:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The interior walls of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The valves inside the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a> that carry <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> or the body</div></li></ul><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023239" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Congenital heart defects</a> change the normal flow of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> through the heart.</p><p>There are many types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023239" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">congenital heart defects</a>. They range from simple defects with no symptoms to complex defects with severe, life-threatening symptoms.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023239" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Congenital heart defects</a> are the most common type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029739" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">birth defect</a>. They affect 8 out of every 1,000 newborns. Each year, more than 35,000 babies in the United States are born with congenital heart defects.</p><p>Many of these defects are simple conditions. They need no <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> or are easily fixed. Some babies are born with complex <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023239" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">congenital heart defects</a>. These defects require special medical care soon after birth.</p><p>The diagnosis and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> of complex <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> defects has greatly improved over the past few decades. As a result, almost all children who have complex heart defects survive to adulthood and can live active, productive lives.</p><p>Most people who have complex <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> defects continue to need special heart care throughout their lives. They may need to pay special attention to how their condition affects issues such as health insurance, employment, birth control and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a>, and other health issues.</p><p>In the United States, more than 1 million adults are living with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023239" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">congenital heart defects</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-heartworks"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-heartworks_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How the Heart Works</h2><p>To understand <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023239" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">congenital heart defects</a>, it's helpful to know how a healthy heart works. Your child's heart is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscle</a> about the size of his or her fist. The heart works like a pump and beats 100,000 times a day.</p><p>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> has two sides, separated by an inner wall called the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022259" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">septum</a>. The right side of the heart pumps <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> to pick up <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>. The left side of the heart receives the oxygen-rich blood from the lungs and pumps it to the body.</p><p>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> has four <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a> and four valves and is connected to various <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Veins</a> are blood vessels that carry blood from the body to the heart. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Arteries</a> are blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart to the body.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figd3e41" co-legend-rid="figlgndd3e41"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062980/figure/d3e41/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figd3e41" rid-ob="figobd3e41"><img class="small-thumb" src="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062980/bin/heart_interior.gif" src-large="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062980/bin/heart_interior.jpg" alt="A Healthy Heart Cross-Section."></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndd3e41"><h4 id="d3e41"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062980/figure/d3e41/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd3e41">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">A Healthy Heart Cross-Section. The illustration shows a cross-section of a healthy heart and its inside structures. The blue arrow shows the direction in which oxygen-poor blood flows from the body to the lungs. The red arrow shows the direction in which <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062980/figure/d3e41/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd3e41">(more...)</a></p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-chd-sec2-d3e47"><h3>Heart Chambers</h3><p>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> has four <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a> or "rooms."</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022263" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atria</a> (AY-tree-uh) are the two upper <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a> that collect <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> as it flows into the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a> (VEN-trih-kuhls) are the two lower <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a> that pump <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> out of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> or other parts of the body.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-chd-sec2-d3e62"><h3>Heart Valves</h3><p>Four valves control the flow of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022263" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atria</a> to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a> and from the ventricles into the two large <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> connected to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>.</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The tricuspid (tri-CUSS-<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030415" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pid</a>) valve is in the right side of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, between the right atrium and the right <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricle</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022202" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary</a> (PULL-mun-ary) valve is in the right side of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, between the right <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricle</a> and the entrance to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022019" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary artery</a>. This artery carries <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> from the heart to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The mitral (MI-trul) valve is in the left side of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, between the left atrium and the left <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricle</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The aortic (ay-OR-tik) valve is in the left side of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, between the left <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricle</a> and the entrance to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022262" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aorta</a>. This <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a> carries <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> from the heart to the body.</div></li></ul><p>Valves are like doors that open and close. They open to allow <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to flow through to the next <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chamber</a> or to one of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>. Then they shut to keep blood from flowing backward.</p><p>When the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s valves open and close, they make a "lub-DUB" sound that a doctor can hear using a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023209" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stethoscope</a>.</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The first sound—the "lub"—is made by the mitral and tricuspid valves closing at the beginning of systole (SIS-toe-lee). Systole is when the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a> contract, or squeeze, and pump <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> out of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The second sound—the "DUB"—is made by the aortic and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022202" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary</a> valves closing at the beginning of diastole (di-AS-toe-lee). Diastole is when the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a> relax and fill with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> pumped into them by the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022263" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atria</a>.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-chd-sec2-d3e99"><h3>Arteries</h3><p>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> are major <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> connected to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>.</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022019" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary artery</a> carries <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> from the right side of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> to pick up a fresh supply of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022262" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aorta</a> is the main <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a> that carries <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> from the left side of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> to the body.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a> are the other important arteries attached to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. They carry <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022262" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aorta</a> to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a>, which must have its own blood supply to function.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-chd-sec2-d3e118"><h3>Veins</h3><p>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a> also are major <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> connected to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>.</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022264" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary veins</a> carry <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> to the left side of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> so it can be pumped to the body.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023101" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">superior</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023100" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inferior</a> vena cavae are large <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a> that carry <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-poor <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> from the body back to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>.</div></li></ul><p>For more information about how a healthy <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> works, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hhw/">How the Heart Works</a> article. This article contains animations that show how your heart pumps <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> and how your heart's electrical system works.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-types"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-types_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Types of Congenital Heart Defects</h2><p>With <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023239" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">congenital heart defects</a>, some part of the heart doesn’t form properly before birth. This changes the normal flow of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> through the heart.</p><p>There are many types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023239" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">congenital heart defects</a>. Some are simple, such as a hole in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022259" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">septum</a>. The hole allows <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> from the left and right sides of the heart to mix. Another example of a simple defect is a narrowed valve that blocks blood flow to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> or other parts of the body.</p><p>Other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> defects are more complex. They include combinations of simple defects, problems with the location of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> leading to and from the heart, and more serious problems with how the heart develops.</p><div id="nhlbi-chd-sec2-d4e37"><h3>Examples of Simple Congenital Heart Defects</h3><div id="nhlbi-chd-sec3-d4e41"><h4>Holes in the Heart (Septal Defects)</h4><p>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022259" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">septum</a> is the wall that separates the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a> on left and right sides of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. The wall prevents <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> from mixing between the two sides of the heart. Some babies are born with <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-holes/">holes in the septum</a>. These holes allow blood to mix between the two sides of the heart.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023507" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Atrial septal defect</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023507" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ASD</a>). An ASD is a hole in the part of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022259" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">septum</a> that separates the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022263" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atria</a>—the upper <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a> of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. The hole allows <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> from the left atrium to flow into the right atrium, instead of flowing into the left <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricle</a> as it should. Many children who have ASDs have few, if any, symptoms.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figd4e58" co-legend-rid="figlgndd4e58"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062980/figure/d4e58/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figd4e58" rid-ob="figobd4e58"><img class="small-thumb" src="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062980/bin/atrial_septal_defect.gif" src-large="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062980/bin/atrial_septal_defect.jpg" alt="Cross-Section of a Normal Heart and a Heart With an Atrial Septal Defect."></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndd4e58"><h4 id="d4e58"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062980/figure/d4e58/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd4e58">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Cross-Section of a Normal Heart and a Heart With an Atrial Septal Defect. Figure A shows the structure and blood flow inside a normal heart. Figure B shows a heart with an atrial septal defect. The hole allows oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium to mix <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062980/figure/d4e58/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd4e58">(more...)</a></p></div></div><p>ASDs can be small, medium, or large. Small ASDs allow only a little <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to leak from one atrium to the other. They don't affect how the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> works and don't need any special <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>. Many small ASDs close on their own as the heart grows during childhood.</p><p>Medium and large ASDs allow more <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to leak from one atrium to the other. They’re less likely to close on their own.</p><p>About half of all ASDs close on their own over time. Medium and large ASDs that need <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> can be repaired using a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022169" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">catheter</a> procedure or open-<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023508" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Ventricular septal defect</a> (VSD). A VSD is a hole in the part of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022259" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">septum</a> that separates the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a>—the lower <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a> of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. The hole allows <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to flow from the left <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricle</a> into the right ventricle, instead of flowing into the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022262" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aorta</a> and out to the body as it should.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figd4e84" co-legend-rid="figlgndd4e84"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062980/figure/d4e84/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figd4e84" rid-ob="figobd4e84"><img class="small-thumb" src="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062980/bin/ventr_septal_defect.gif" src-large="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062980/bin/ventr_septal_defect.jpg" alt="Cross-Section of a Normal Heart and a Heart With an Atrial Septal Defect Cross-Section of a Normal Heart and a Heart With a Ventricular Septal Defect."></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndd4e84"><h4 id="d4e84"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062980/figure/d4e84/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd4e84">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Cross-Section of a Normal Heart and a Heart With an Atrial Septal Defect Cross-Section of a Normal Heart and a Heart With a Ventricular Septal Defect. Figure A shows the structure and blood flow inside a normal heart. Figure B shows two common locations <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062980/figure/d4e84/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd4e84">(more...)</a></p></div></div><p>VSDs can be small, medium, or large. Small VSDs don't cause problems and may close on their own. Medium VSDs are less likely to close on their own and may require <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>.</p><p>Large VSDs allow a lot of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to flow from the left <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricle</a> to the right ventricle. As a result, the left side of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> must work harder than normal. Extra blood flow increases <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> in the right side of the heart and the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>.</p><p>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>’s extra workload can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a> and poor growth. If the hole isn't closed, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood pressure</a> can <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028156" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">scar</a> the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>.</p><p>Doctors use open-<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> to repair VSDs.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-chd-sec3-d4e106"><h4>Patent Ductus Arteriosus</h4><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pda/">Patent ductus arteriosus</a> (PDA) is a fairly common <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> defect that can occur soon after birth. In PDA, abnormal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow occurs between the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022262" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aorta</a> and the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022019" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary artery</a>.</p><p>Before birth, these <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> are connected by a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a> called the ductus arteriosus. This blood vessel is an essential part of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028116" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fetal</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023062" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood circulation</a>. Within minutes or up to a few days after birth, the ductus arteriosus closes.</p><p>In some babies, however, the ductus arteriosus remains open (patent). The opening allows <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022262" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aorta</a> to mix with oxygen-poor blood from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022019" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary artery</a>. This can strain the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and increase <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> in the lung <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>.</p><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartmurmur/">heart murmur</a> might be the only sign of PDA. (A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023248" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart murmur</a> is an extra or unusual sound heard during a heartbeat.) Other signs and symptoms can include shortness of breath, poor feeding and growth, tiring easily, and sweating with exertion.</p><p>PDA is treated with medicines, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022169" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">catheter</a>-based procedures, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>. Small PDAs often close without <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-chd-sec3-d4e130"><h4>Narrowed Valves</h4><p>Simple <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023239" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">congenital heart defects</a> also can involve the <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hvd/">heart's valves</a>. These valves control the flow of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022263" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atria</a> to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a> and from the ventricles into the two large <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> connected to the heart (the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022262" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aorta</a> and the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022019" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary artery</a>).</p><p>Valves can have the following types of defects:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028125" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Stenosis</a> (steh-NO-sis). This defect occurs if the flaps of a valve thicken, stiffen, or fuse together. As a result, the valve cannot fully open. Thus, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> has to work harder to pump <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> through the valve.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Atresia (ah-TRE-ze-AH). This defect occurs if a valve doesn't form correctly and lacks a hole for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to pass through. Atresia of a valve generally results in more complex <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023376" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">congenital</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Regurgitation (re-GUR-jih-TA-shun). This defect occurs if a valve doesn't close tightly. As a result, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> leaks back through the valve.</div></li></ul><p>The most common valve defect is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022269" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary valve</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028125" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stenosis</a>, which is a narrowing of the pulmonary valve. This valve allows <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to flow from the right <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricle</a> into the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022019" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary artery</a>. The blood then travels to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> to pick up <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022269" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pulmonary valve</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028125" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stenosis</a> can range from mild to severe. Most children who have this defect have no signs or symptoms other than a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023248" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart murmur</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatment</a> isn't needed if the stenosis is mild.</p><p>In babies who have severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022269" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary valve</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028125" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stenosis</a>, the right <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricle</a> can get very overworked trying to pump <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022019" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary artery</a>. These infants may have signs and symptoms such as rapid or heavy breathing, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fatigue</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tiredness</a>), and poor feeding. Older children who have severe pulmonary valve stenosis may have symptoms such as fatigue while exercising.</p><p>Some babies may have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022269" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary valve</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028125" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stenosis</a> and PDA or ASDs. If this happens, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-poor <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> can flow from the right side of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> to the left side. This can cause cyanosis (si-ah-NO-sis). Cyanosis is a bluish tint to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024368" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lips</a>, and fingernails. It occurs because the oxygen level in the blood leaving the heart is below normal.</p><p>Severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022269" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary valve</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028125" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stenosis</a> is treated with a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022169" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">catheter</a> procedure.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-chd-sec2-d4e171"><h3>Example of a Complex Congenital Heart Defect</h3><p>Complex <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023239" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">congenital heart defects</a> need to be repaired with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>. Advances in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> now allow doctors to successfully repair even very complex congenital heart defects.</p><p>The most common complex <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> defect is <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-tof/">tetralogy of Fallot</a> (teh-TRAL-o-je of fah-LO), which is a combination of four defects:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022269" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pulmonary valve</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028125" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stenosis</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A large VSD.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>An overriding <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022262" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aorta</a>. In this defect, the aorta is located between the left and right <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a>, directly over the VSD. As a result, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-poor <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> from the right <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricle</a> can flow directly into the aorta instead of into the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022019" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary artery</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Right ventricular <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypertrophy</a> (hi-PER-tro-fe). In this defect, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscle</a> of the right <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricle</a> is thicker than usual because it has to work harder than normal.</div></li></ul><p>In tetralogy of Fallot, not enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> is able to reach the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> to get <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>, and oxygen-poor blood flows to the body.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figd4e205" co-legend-rid="figlgndd4e205"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062980/figure/d4e205/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figd4e205" rid-ob="figobd4e205"><img class="small-thumb" src="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062980/bin/tetralogy_fallot.gif" src-large="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062980/bin/tetralogy_fallot.jpg" alt="Cross-Section of a Normal Heart and a Heart With an Atrial Septal Defect Cross-Section of a Normal Heart and a Heart With a Ventricular Septal Defect Cross-Section of a Normal Heart and a Heart With Tetralogy of Fallot."></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndd4e205"><h4 id="d4e205"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062980/figure/d4e205/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd4e205">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Cross-Section of a Normal Heart and a Heart With an Atrial Septal Defect Cross-Section of a Normal Heart and a Heart With a Ventricular Septal Defect Cross-Section of a Normal Heart and a Heart With Tetralogy of Fallot. Figure A shows the structure and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062980/figure/d4e205/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd4e205">(more...)</a></p></div></div><p>Babies and children who have tetralogy of Fallot have episodes of cyanosis, which can be severe. In the past, when this condition wasn't treated in infancy, older children would get very tired during <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">exercise</a> and might <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029695" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">faint</a>. Tetralogy of Fallot is repaired in infancy now to prevent these problems.</p><p>Tetralogy of Fallot must be repaired with open-<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>, either soon after birth or later in infancy. The timing of the surgery will depend on how narrow the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022019" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary artery</a> is.</p><p>Children who have had this <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> defect repaired need lifelong medical care from a specialist to make sure they stay as healthy as possible.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-names"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-names_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Other Names for Congenital Heart Defects</h2><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023376" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Congenital</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a> defects</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023376" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Congenital</a> cardiovascular malformations</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes Congenital Heart Defects?</h2><p>If your child has a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023239" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">congenital heart defect</a>, you may think you did something wrong during your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a> to cause the problem. However, doctors often don't know why <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023239" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">congenital heart defects</a> occur.</p><p>Heredity may play a role in some <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> defects. For example, a parent who has a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023239" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">congenital heart defect</a> may be more likely than other people to have a child with the defect. Rarely, more than one child in a family is born with a heart defect.</p><p>Children who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022031" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic</a> disorders, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024723" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Down syndrome</a>, often have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023239" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">congenital heart defects</a>. In fact, half of all babies who have Down syndrome have congenital heart defects.</p><p>Smoking during <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a> also has been linked to several <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023239" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">congenital heart defects</a>, including septal defects.</p><p>Researchers continue to search for the causes of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023239" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">congenital heart defects</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Congenital Heart Defects?</h2><p>Many <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023239" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">congenital heart defects</a> cause few or no signs and symptoms. A doctor may not even detect signs of a heart defect during a physical exam.</p><p>Some <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> defects do cause signs and symptoms. They depend on the number, type, and severity of the defects. Severe defects can cause signs and symptoms, usually in newborns. These signs and symptoms may include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Rapid breathing</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Cyanosis (a bluish tint to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024368" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lips</a>, and fingernails)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Fatigue</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tiredness</a>)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Poor <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023062" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood circulation</a></div></li></ul><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023239" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Congenital heart defects</a> don't cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain or other painful symptoms.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a> defects can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartmurmur/">heart murmurs</a> (extra or unusual sounds heard during a heartbeat). Doctors can hear <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023248" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart murmurs</a> using a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023209" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stethoscope</a>. However, not all murmurs are signs of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023239" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">congenital heart defects</a>. Many healthy children have heart murmurs.</p><p>Normal growth and development depend on a normal workload for the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and normal flow of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to all parts of the body. Babies who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023239" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">congenital heart defects</a> may have cyanosis and tire easily while feeding. As a result, they may not gain weight or grow as they should.</p><p>Older children who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023239" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">congenital heart defects</a> may get tired easily or short of breath during physical activity.</p><p>Many types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023239" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">congenital heart defects</a> cause the heart to work harder than it should. With severe defects, this can lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart failure</a> is a condition in which the heart can't pump enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to meet the body's needs. Symptoms of heart failure include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Shortness of breath or trouble breathing</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Fatigue</a> with physical activity</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A buildup of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> and fluid in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Swelling in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024901" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ankles</a>, feet, legs, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022602" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abdomen</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027054" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neck</a></div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Are Congenital Heart Defects Diagnosed?</h2><p>Severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023239" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">congenital heart defects</a> generally are diagnosed during <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a> or soon after birth. Less severe defects often aren't diagnosed until children are older.</p><p>Minor defects often have no signs or symptoms. Doctors may diagnose them based on results from a physical exam and tests done for another reason.</p><div id="nhlbi-chd-sec2-d8e34"><h3>Specialists Involved</h3><p>Pediatric <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015644" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiologists</a> are doctors who specialize in the care of babies and children who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> problems. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023205" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Cardiac</a> surgeons are specialists who repair heart defects using <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-chd-sec2-d8e41"><h3>Physical Exam</h3><p>During a physical exam, the doctor will:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Listen to your child's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> with a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023209" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stethoscope</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Look for signs of a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> defect, such as cyanosis (a bluish tint to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024368" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lips</a>, or fingernails), shortness of breath, rapid breathing, delayed growth, or signs of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a> </div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-chd-sec2-d8e58"><h3>Diagnostic Tests</h3><div id="nhlbi-chd-sec3-d8e61"><h4>Echocardiography</h4><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-echo/">Echocardiography</a> (echo) is a painless test that uses sound waves to create a moving picture of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. During the test, the sound waves (called ultrasound) bounce off the structures of the heart. A computer converts the sound waves into pictures on a screen.</p><p>Echo allows the doctor to clearly see any problem with the way the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> is formed or the way it's working.</p><p>Echo is an important test for both diagnosing a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> problem and following the problem over time. The test can show problems with the heart's structure and how the heart is reacting to those problems. Echo will help your child's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015644" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiologist</a> decide if and when <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> is needed.</p><p>During <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a>, if your doctor suspects that your baby has a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023239" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">congenital heart defect</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028116" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fetal</a> echo can be done. This test uses sound waves to create a picture of the baby's heart while the baby is still in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022603" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">womb</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028116" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Fetal</a> echo usually is done at about 18 to 22 weeks of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a>. If your child is diagnosed with a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023239" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">congenital heart defect</a> before birth, your doctor can plan <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> before the baby is born.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-chd-sec3-d8e82"><h4>EKG (Electrocardiogram)</h4><p>An <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ekg/">EKG</a> is a simple, painless test that records the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical activity. The test shows how fast the heart is beating and its rhythm (steady or irregular). An EKG also records the strength and timing of electrical signals as they pass through the heart.</p><p>An EKG can detect if one of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a> is enlarged, which can help diagnose a heart problem.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-chd-sec3-d8e95"><h4>Chest X Ray</h4><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cxray/">chest x ray</a> is a painless test that creates pictures of the structures in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a>, such as the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. This test can show whether the heart is enlarged. It also can show whether the lungs have extra <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow or extra fluid, a sign of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-chd-sec3-d8e104"><h4>Pulse Oximetry</h4><p>For this test, a small sensor is attached to a finger or toe (like an adhesive bandage). The sensor gives an estimate of how much <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> is in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-chd-sec3-d8e110"><h4>Cardiac Catheterization</h4><p>During <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cath/">cardiac catheterization</a> ( |
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Coronary Heart Disease |
<div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-cad-sec1-d1e38_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Is Coronary Heart Disease?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021983" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Coronary heart disease</a> (CHD) is a disease in which a waxy substance called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> (plak) builds up inside the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a>. These arteries supply <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a>.</p><p>When <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> builds up in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>, the condition is called <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-atherosclerosis/">atherosclerosis</a> (ATH-er-o-skler-O-sis). The buildup of plaque occurs over many years.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figd1e53" co-legend-rid="figlgndd1e53"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063012/figure/d1e53/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figd1e53" rid-ob="figobd1e53"><img class="small-thumb" src="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063012/bin/atherosclerosis_2011.gif" src-large="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063012/bin/atherosclerosis_2011.jpg" alt="Atherosclerosis."></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndd1e53"><h4 id="d1e53"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063012/figure/d1e53/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd1e53">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Atherosclerosis. Figure A shows the location of the heart in the body. Figure B shows a normal coronary artery with normal blood flow. The inset image shows a cross-section of a normal coronary artery. Figure C shows a coronary artery narrowed by plaque. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063012/figure/d1e53/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd1e53">(more...)</a></p></div></div><p>Over time, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> can harden or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rupture</a> (break open). Hardened plaque narrows the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a> and reduces the flow of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>.</p><p>If the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ruptures</a>, a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clot can form on its surface. A large blood clot can mostly or completely block blood flow through a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary artery</a>. Over time, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ruptured</a> plaque also hardens and narrows the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a>.</p><div id="nhlbi-cad-sec2-d1e66"><h3>Overview</h3><p>If the flow of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a> is reduced or blocked, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-angina/">angina</a> (an-JI-nuh or AN-juh-nuh) or a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a> can occur.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Angina</a> is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain or discomfort. It may feel like pressure or squeezing in your chest. The pain also can occur in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022435" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">shoulders</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arms</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027054" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neck</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030529" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">jaw</a>, or back. Angina pain may even feel like <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">indigestion</a>.</p><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a> occurs if the flow of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to a section of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a> is cut off. If blood flow isn’t restored quickly, the section of heart muscle begins to die. Without quick <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>, a heart attack can lead to serious health problems or death.</p><p>Over time, CHD can weaken the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a> and lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-arr/">arrhythmias</a> (ah-RITH-me-ahs). <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart failure</a> is a condition in which your heart can't pump enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to meet your body’s needs. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Arrhythmias</a> are problems with the rate or rhythm of the heartbeat.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-cad-sec2-d1e94"><h3>Outlook</h3><p>CHD is the most common type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease. In the United States, CHD is the #1 cause of death for both men and women. Lifestyle changes, medicines, and medical procedures can help prevent or treat CHD. These <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> may reduce the risk of related health problems.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-names"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-names_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Other Names for Coronary Heart Disease</h2><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-atherosclerosis/">Atherosclerosis</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021983" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Coronary artery disease</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Hardening of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a> disease</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Ischemic (is-KE-mik) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Narrowing of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a></div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes Coronary Heart Disease?</h2><p>Research suggests that <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021983" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary heart disease</a> (CHD) starts when certain factors damage the inner layers of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a>. These factors include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">Smoking</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>High levels of certain <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015646" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fats</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbc/">cholesterol</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">High blood pressure</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>High levels of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023305" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sugar</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> due to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023068" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">insulin resistance</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood vessel</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022625" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inflammation</a></div></li></ul><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Plaque</a> might begin to build up where the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> are damaged. The buildup of plaque in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a> may start in childhood.</p><p>Over time, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> can harden or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rupture</a> (break open). Hardened plaque narrows the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a> and reduces the flow of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. This can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-angina/">angina</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain or discomfort).</p><p>If the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ruptures</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cell</a> fragments called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a> (PLATE-lets) stick to the site of the injury. They may clump together to form blood clots.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> clots can further narrow the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a> and worsen <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">angina</a>. If a clot becomes large enough, it can mostly or completely block a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary artery</a> and cause a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-atrisk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-atrisk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is at Risk for Coronary Heart Disease?</h2><p>In the United States, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021983" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary heart disease</a> (CHD) is the #1 cause of death for both men and women. Each year, more than 400,000 Americans die from CHD.</p><p>Certain traits, conditions, or habits may raise your risk for CHD. The more risk factors you have, the more likely you are to develop the disease.</p><p>You can control many risk factors, which may help prevent or delay CHD.</p><div id="nhlbi-cad-sec2-d5e37"><h3>Major Risk Factors</h3><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbc/">Unhealthy blood cholesterol levels</a>. This includes high <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022292" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">LDL cholesterol</a> (sometimes called “bad” cholesterol) and low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022291" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">HDL cholesterol</a> (sometimes called “good” cholesterol).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">High blood pressure</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood pressure</a> is considered high if it stays at or above 140/90 mmHg over time. If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028183" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic kidney disease</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood pressure</a> is defined as 130/80 mmHg or higher. (The mmHg is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030527" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">millimeters of mercury</a>—the units used to measure blood pressure.)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">Smoking</a>. Smoking can damage and tighten <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>, lead to unhealthy <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cholesterol</a> levels, and raise <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a>. Smoking also can limit how much <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> reaches the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissues</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023068" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Insulin resistance</a>. This condition occurs if the body can't use its own insulin properly. Insulin is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hormone</a> that helps move <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024697" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood sugar</a> into <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> where it's used for energy. Insulin resistance may lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Diabetes</a>. With this disease, the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024697" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood sugar</a> level is too high because the body doesn't make enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024496" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">insulin</a> or doesn't use its insulin properly.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-obe/">Overweight or obesity</a>. The terms “<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030700" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">overweight</a>” and “<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">obesity</a>” refer to body weight that’s greater than what is considered healthy for a certain height.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ms/">Metabolic syndrome</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024493" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Metabolic syndrome</a> is the name for a group of risk factors that raises your risk for CHD and other health problems, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stroke/">stroke</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Lack of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-phys/">physical activity</a>. Being physically inactive can worsen other risk factors for CHD, such as unhealthy <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022289" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood cholesterol</a> levels, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood pressure</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030700" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">overweight</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">obesity</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Unhealthy diet. An unhealthy diet can raise your risk for CHD. Foods that are high in saturated and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022582" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">trans fats</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cholesterol</a>, sodium (salt), and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023305" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sugar</a> can worsen other risk factors for CHD.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Older age. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022031" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Genetic</a> or lifestyle factors cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> to build up in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> as you age. By the time you're middle-aged or older, enough plaque has built up to cause signs or symptoms. In men, the risk for CHD increases after age 45. In women, the risk for CHD increases after age 55.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Family history</a> of early <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease. Your risk increases if your father or a brother was diagnosed with CHD before 55 years of age, or if your mother or a sister was diagnosed with CHD before 65 years of age.</div></li></ul><p>Although older age and a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family history</a> of early <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease are risk factors, it doesn't mean that you’ll develop CHD if you have one or both. Controlling other risk factors often can lessen <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022031" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic</a> influences and help prevent CHD, even in older adults.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-cad-sec2-d5e104"><h3>Emerging Risk Factors</h3><p>Researchers continue to study other possible risk factors for CHD.</p><p>High levels of a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> called C-reactive protein (CRP) in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> may raise the risk of CHD and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a>. High levels of CRP are a sign of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022625" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inflammation</a> in the body.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022625" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Inflammation</a> is the body's response to injury or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>. Damage to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>' inner walls may trigger inflammation and help <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> grow.</p><p>Research is under way to find out whether reducing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022625" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inflammation</a> and lowering CRP levels also can reduce the risk of CHD and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>.</p><p>High levels of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022017" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">triglycerides</a> (tri-GLIH-seh-rides) in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> also may raise the risk of CHD, especially in women. Triglycerides are a type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fat</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-cad-sec2-d5e126"><h3>Other Risks Related to Coronary Heart Disease</h3><p>Other conditions and factors also may contribute to CHD, including:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-sleepapnea/">Sleep apnea</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sleep</a> apnea is a common disorder in which you have one or more pauses in breathing or shallow breaths while you sleep. Untreated sleep apnea can increase your risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood pressure</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>, and even a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Stress</a>. Research shows that the most commonly reported "trigger" for a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a> is an emotionally upsetting event, especially one involving anger.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Alcohol. Heavy drinking can damage the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a> and worsen other CHD risk factors. Men should have no more than two drinks containing alcohol a day. Women should have no more than one drink containing alcohol a day.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Preeclampsia (pre-e-KLAMP-se-ah). This condition can occur during <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a>. The two main signs of preeclampsia are a rise in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> and excess <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022162" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">urine</a>. Preeclampsia is linked to an increased lifetime risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease, including CHD, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>, <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/hf/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">heart failure</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood pressure</a>.</div></li></ul><p>For more detailed information, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hd/">Coronary Heart Disease Risk Factors</a> article.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Coronary Heart Disease?</h2><p>A common symptom of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021983" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary heart disease</a> (CHD) is <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-angina/">angina</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Angina</a> is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain or discomfort that occurs if an area of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a> doesn't get enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Angina</a> may feel like pressure or squeezing in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a>. You also may feel it in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022435" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">shoulders</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arms</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027054" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neck</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030529" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">jaw</a>, or back. Angina pain may even feel like <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">indigestion</a>. The pain tends to get worse with activity and go away with rest. Emotional <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a> also can trigger the pain.</p><p>Another common symptom of CHD is shortness of breath. This symptom occurs if CHD causes <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a>. When you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a>, your heart can't pump enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to meet your body’s needs. Fluid builds up in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, making it hard to breathe.</p><p>The severity of these symptoms varies. They may get more severe as the buildup of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> continues to narrow the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a>.</p><div id="nhlbi-cad-sec2-d6e47"><h3>Signs and Symptoms of Heart Problems Related to Coronary Heart Disease</h3><p>Some people who have CHD have no signs or symptoms—a condition called silent CHD. The disease might not be diagnosed until a person has signs or symptoms of a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a>, or an <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-arr/">arrhythmia</a> (an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">irregular heartbeat</a>). </p><div id="nhlbi-cad-sec3-d6e59"><h4>Heart Attack</h4><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a> occurs if the flow of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to a section of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a> is cut off. This can happen if an area of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary artery</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ruptures</a> (breaks open).</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cell</a> fragments called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a> stick to the site of the injury and may clump together to form blood clots. If a clot becomes large enough, it can mostly or completely block blood flow through a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary artery</a>.</p><p>If the blockage isn’t treated quickly, the portion of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a> fed by the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a> begins to die. Healthy heart <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> is replaced with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028156" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">scar</a> tissue. This heart damage may not be obvious, or it may cause severe or long-lasting problems.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figd6e75" co-legend-rid="figlgndd6e75"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063012/figure/d6e75/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figd6e75" rid-ob="figobd6e75"><img class="small-thumb" src="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063012/bin/heart_attack_10-4-11.gif" src-large="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063012/bin/heart_attack_10-4-11.jpg" alt="Heart With Muscle Damage and a Blocked Artery."></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndd6e75"><h4 id="d6e75"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063012/figure/d6e75/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd6e75">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Heart With Muscle Damage and a Blocked Artery. Figure A shows the location of the heart in the body. Figure B is an overview of a heart and coronary artery showing damage (dead heart muscle) caused by a heart attack. Figure C is a cross-section of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063012/figure/d6e75/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd6e75">(more...)</a></p></div></div><p>The most common <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a> symptom is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain or discomfort. Most heart attacks involve discomfort in the center or left side of the chest that often lasts for more than a few minutes or goes away and comes back.</p><p>The discomfort can feel like uncomfortable pressure, squeezing, fullness, or pain. The feeling can be mild or severe. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart attack</a> pain sometimes feels like <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">indigestion</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028109" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heartburn</a>.</p><p>The symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">angina</a> can be similar to the symptoms of a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>. Angina pain usually lasts for only a few minutes and goes away with rest.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Chest</a> pain or discomfort that doesn’t go away or changes from its usual pattern (for example, occurs more often or while you’re resting) might be a sign of a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>. If you don’t know whether your chest pain is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">angina</a> or a heart attack, call 9–1–1.</p><p>All <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain should be checked by a doctor.</p><p>Other common signs and symptoms of a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a> include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Upper body discomfort in one or both <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arms</a>, the back, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027054" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neck</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030529" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">jaw</a>, or upper part of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Shortness of breath, which may occur with or before <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> discomfort</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024775" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Nausea</a> (feeling sick to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a>), <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024776" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vomiting</a>, light-headedness or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029695" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fainting</a>, or breaking out in a cold <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sweat</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sleep</a> problems, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fatigue</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tiredness</a>), or lack of energy</div></li></ul><p>For more information, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">Heart Attack</a> article.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-cad-sec3-d6e121"><h4>Heart Failure</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart failure</a> is a condition in which your heart can't pump enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to meet your body’s needs. Heart failure doesn't mean that your heart has stopped or is about to stop working.</p><p>The most common signs and symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a> are shortness of breath or trouble breathing; <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fatigue</a>; and swelling in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024901" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ankles</a>, feet, legs, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027054" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neck</a>.</p><p>All of these symptoms are the result of fluid buildup in your body. When symptoms start, you may feel tired and short of breath after routine physical effort, like climbing stairs.</p><p>For more information, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">Heart Failure</a> article.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-cad-sec3-d6e140"><h4>Arrhythmia</h4><p>An <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmia</a> is a problem with the rate or rhythm of the heartbeat. When you have an arrhythmia, you may notice that your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> is skipping beats or beating too fast.</p><p>Some people describe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmias</a> as a fluttering feeling in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a>. These feelings are called <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hpl/">palpitations</a> (pal-pih-TA-shuns).</p><p>Some <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmias</a> can cause your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> to suddenly stop beating. This condition is called <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-scda/">sudden cardiac arrest</a> (SCA). SCA usually causes death if it's not treated within minutes.</p><p>For more information, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-arr/">Arrhythmia</a> article.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Coronary Heart Disease Diagnosed?</h2><p>Your doctor will diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021983" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary heart disease</a> (CHD) based on your medical and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family histories</a>, your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063012/#nhlbisec-atrisk">risk factors</a> for CHD, a physical exam, and the results from tests and procedures.</p><p>No single test can diagnose CHD. If your doctor thinks you have CHD, he or she may recommend one or more of the following tests.</p><div id="nhlbi-cad-sec2-d7e37"><h3>EKG (Electrocardiogram)</h3><p>An <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ekg/">EKG</a> is a simple, painless test that detects and records the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical activity. The test shows how fast the heart is beating and its rhythm (steady or irregular). An EKG also records the strength and timing of electrical signals as they pass through the heart.</p><p>An EKG can show signs of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> damage due to CHD and signs of a previous or current <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-cad-sec2-d7e53"><h3>Stress Testing</h3><p>During <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stress/">stress testing</a>, you <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">exercise</a> to make your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> work hard and beat fast while heart tests are done. If you can't exercise, you may be given medicine to raise your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024325" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart rate</a>.</p><p>When your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> is working hard and beating fast, it needs more <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Plaque</a>-narrowed <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> can't supply enough oxygen-rich blood to meet your heart's needs.</p><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029874" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress test</a> can show possible signs and symptoms of CHD, such as:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Abnormal changes in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024325" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart rate</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Shortness of breath or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Abnormal changes in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> rhythm or your heart's electrical activity</div></li></ul><p>If you can't <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">exercise</a> for as long as what is considered normal for someone your age, your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> may not be getting enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. However, other factors also can prevent you from exercising long enough (for example, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung diseases</a>, <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/anemia/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">anemia</a>, or poor general fitness).</p><p>As part of some <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029874" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress tests</a>, pictures are taken of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> while you <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">exercise</a> and while you rest. These imaging stress tests can show how well <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> is flowing in your heart and how well your heart pumps blood when it beats.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-cad-sec2-d7e90"><h3>Echocardiography</h3><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-echo/">Echocardiography</a> (echo) uses sound waves to create a moving picture of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. The picture shows the size and shape of your heart and how well your heart <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a> and valves are working.</p><p>Echo also can show areas of poor <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, areas of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a> that aren't contracting normally, and previous injury to the heart muscle caused by poor blood flow.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-cad-sec2-d7e101"><h3>Chest X Ray</h3><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cxray/">chest x ray</a> takes pictures of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> and structures inside your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a>, such as your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>.</p><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> x ray can reveal signs of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a>, as well as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung disorders</a> and other causes of symptoms not related to CHD.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-cad-sec2-d7e117"><h3>Blood Tests</h3><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bdt/">Blood tests</a> check the levels of certain <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015646" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fats</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cholesterol</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023305" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sugar</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022051" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">proteins</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. Abnormal levels might be a sign that you're at risk for CHD.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-cad-sec2-d7e125"><h3>Coronary Angiography and Cardiac Catheterization</h3><p>Your doctor may recommend <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ca/">coronary angiography</a> (an-jee-OG-rah-fee) if other tests or factors show that you're likely to have CHD. This test uses dye and special x rays to show the insides of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a>.</p><p>To get the dye into your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a>, your doctor will use a procedure called <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cath/">cardiac catheterization</a> (KATH-eh-ter-ih-ZA-shun).</p><p>A thin, flexible tube called a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022169" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">catheter</a> is put into a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arm</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028097" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">groin</a> (upper thigh), or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027054" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neck</a>. The tube is threaded into your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a>, and the dye is released into your bloodstream.</p><p>Special x rays are taken while the dye is flowing through your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a>. The dye lets your doctor study the flow of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> through your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023205" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Cardiac</a> catheterization usually is done in a hospital. You're awake during the procedure. It usually causes little or no pain, although you may feel some soreness in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a> where your doctor inserts the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022169" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">catheter</a>.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Coronary Heart Disease Treated?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatments</a> for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021983" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary heart disease</a> (CHD) include lifestyle changes, medicines, and medical procedures. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatment</a> goals may include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Relieving symptoms.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Reducing risk factors in an effort to slow, stop, or reverse the buildup of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Lowering the risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots forming. (Blood clots can cause a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a>.)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Widening or bypassing clogged <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Preventing complications of CHD.</div></li></ul><div id="nhlbi-cad-sec2-d8e52"><h3>Lifestyle Changes</h3><p>Making lifestyle changes often can help prevent or treat CHD. Lifestyle changes might be the only <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> that some people need.</p><div id="nhlbi-cad-sec3-d8e59"><h4>Follow a Healthy Diet</h4><p>A healthy diet is an important part of a healthy lifestyle. Following a healthy diet can prevent or reduce <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">high blood pressure</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbc/">high blood cholesterol</a> and help you maintain a healthy weight.</p><p>For information about healthy eating, go to the National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute's (NHLBI's) <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/obesity/lose_wt/index.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri"> Aim for a Healthy Weight</a> Web site. This site provides practical tips on healthy eating, physical activity, and controlling your weight.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Therapeutic</a> Lifestyle Changes (TLC). Your doctor may recommend TLC if you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022430" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood cholesterol</a>. TLC is a three-part program that includes a healthy diet, physical activity, and weight management.</p><p>With the TLC diet, less than 7 percent of your daily calories should come from <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018272" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">saturated fat</a>. This kind of fat is found in some meats, dairy products, chocolate, baked goods, and deep-fried and processed foods.</p><p>No more than 25 to 35 percent of your daily calories should come from all <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015646" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fats</a>, including saturated, trans, monounsaturated, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015653" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">polyunsaturated fats</a>.</p><p>You also should have less than 200 mg a day of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cholesterol</a>. The amounts of cholesterol and the types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fat</a> in prepared foods can be found on the foods' Nutrition Facts labels.</p><p>Foods high in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027813" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">soluble</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022148" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fiber</a> also are part of a healthy diet. They help prevent the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022855" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">digestive tract</a> from absorbing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cholesterol</a>. These foods include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Whole-grain cereals such as oatmeal and oat bran</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Fruits such as apples, bananas, oranges, pears, and prunes</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Legumes such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidney</a> beans, lentils, chick peas, black-eyed peas, and lima beans</div></li></ul><p>A diet rich in fruits and vegetables can increase important <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cholesterol</a>-lowering <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023355" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">compounds</a> in your diet. These compounds, called plant stanols or sterols, work like <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027813" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">soluble</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022148" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fiber</a>.</p><p>A healthy diet also includes some types of fish, such as salmon, tuna (canned or fresh), and mackerel. These fish are a good source of omega-3 <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030292" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fatty acids</a>. These acids may help protect the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> from <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022625" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inflammation</a> and reduce the risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a>. Try to have about two fish meals every week.</p><p>You also should try to limit the amount of sodium (salt) that you eat. This means choosing low-salt and "no added salt" foods and seasonings at the table or while cooking. The Nutrition Facts label on food packaging shows the amount of sodium in the item.</p><p>Try to limit drinks that contain alcohol. Too much alcohol will raise your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022017" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">triglyceride</a> level. (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022017" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Triglycerides</a> are a type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fat</a> found in the blood.) Alcohol also adds extra calories, which will cause weight gain.</p><p>Men should have no more than two drinks containing alcohol a day. Women should have no more than one drink containing alcohol a day. One drink is a glass of wine, beer, or a small amount of hard liquor.</p><p>For more information about TLC, go to the NHLBI's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/chol/chol_tlc.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">"Your Guide to Lowering Your Cholesterol With TLC."</a> </p><p>Dietary Approaches to Stop <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Hypertension</a> (DASH). Your doctor may recommend the DASH eating plan if you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood pressure</a>. The DASH eating plan focuses on fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and other foods that are <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> h |
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Coronary Heart Disease Risk Factors |
<div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-hd-sec1-d1e31_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are Coronary Heart Disease Risk Factors?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021983" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Coronary heart disease</a> risk factors are conditions or habits that raise your risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">coronary heart disease</a> (CHD) and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a>. These risk factors also increase the chance that existing CHD will worsen.</p><p>CHD, also called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021983" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary artery disease</a>, is a condition in which a waxy substance called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> (plak) builds up on the inner walls of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a>. These arteries supply <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Plaque</a> narrows the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> and reduces <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a>. Reduced blood flow can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain, especially when you're active. Eventually, an area of plaque can <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rupture</a> (break open). This causes a blood clot to form on the surface of the plaque.</p><p>If the clot becomes large enough, it can block the flow of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to the portion of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a> fed by the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a>. Blocked blood flow to the heart muscle causes a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>.</p><div id="nhlbi-hd-sec2-d1e53"><h3>Overview</h3><p>There are many known CHD risk factors. You can control some risk factors, but not others. Risk factors you can control include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbc/">High blood cholesterol</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022017" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">triglyceride</a> (tri-GLIS-er-ide) levels (a type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fat</a> found in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">High blood pressure</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Diabetes</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029848" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">prediabetes</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-obe/">Overweight and obesity</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">Smoking</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Lack of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-phys/">physical activity</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Unhealthy diet</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Stress</a></div></li></ul><p>The risk factors you can't control are age, gender, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family history</a> of CHD.</p><p>Many people have at least one CHD risk factor. Your risk of CHD and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a> increases with the number of risk factors you have and their severity. Also, some risk factors put you at greater risk of CHD and heart attack than others. Examples of these risk factors include smoking and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>.</p><p>Many CHD risk factors start during childhood. This is even more common now because many children are <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030700" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">overweight</a> and don't get enough physical activity. Some CHD risk factors can even develop within the first 10 years of life.</p><p>Researchers continue to study and learn more about CHD risk factors.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hd-sec2-d1e108"><h3>Outlook</h3><p>CHD is the #1 killer of both women and men in the United States. Following a healthy lifestyle can help you and your children prevent or control many CHD risk factors.</p><p>Because many lifestyle habits begin during childhood, parents and families should encourage their children to make <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> healthy choices. For example, you and your children can lower your risk of CHD if you maintain a healthy weight, follow a healthy diet, do physical activity regularly, and don't smoke.</p><p>On average, people at low risk of CHD live nearly 10 years longer than people at high risk of CHD.</p><p>If you already have CHD, lifestyle changes can help you control your risk factors. This may prevent CHD from worsening. Even if you're in your seventies or eighties, a healthy lifestyle can lower your risk of dying from CHD.</p><p>If lifestyle changes aren't enough, your doctor may recommend other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> to help control your risk factors.</p><p>Your doctor can help you find out whether you have CHD risk factors. He or she also can help you create a plan for lowering your risk of CHD, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>, and other heart problems.</p><p>If you have children, talk with their doctors about their <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> health and whether they have CHD risk factors. If they do, ask your doctor to help create a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> plan to reduce or control these risk factors.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-atrisk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-atrisk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Coronary Heart Disease Risk Factors</h2><div id="nhlbi-hd-sec2-d3e28"><h3>High Blood Cholesterol and Triglyceride Levels</h3><div id="nhlbi-hd-sec3-d3e31"><h4>Cholesterol</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022430" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">High blood cholesterol</a> is a condition in which your blood has too much cholesterol—a waxy, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fat</a>-like substance. The higher your blood cholesterol level, the greater your risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">coronary heart disease</a> (CHD) and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Cholesterol</a> travels through the bloodstream in small packages called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022294" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lipoproteins</a> (LI-po-pro-teens). Two major kinds of lipoproteins carry cholesterol throughout your body:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Low-density <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022294" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lipoproteins</a> (LDL). <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022292" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">LDL cholesterol</a> sometimes is called "bad" cholesterol. This is because it carries cholesterol to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissues</a>, including your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>. A high LDL cholesterol level raises your risk of CHD.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>High-density <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022294" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lipoproteins</a> (HDL). <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022291" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">HDL cholesterol</a> sometimes is called "good" cholesterol. This is because it helps remove cholesterol from your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>. A low HDL cholesterol level raises your risk of CHD.</div></li></ul><p>Many factors affect your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cholesterol</a> levels. For example, after <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023140" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">menopause</a>, women's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022292" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">LDL cholesterol</a> levels tend to rise, and their <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022291" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">HDL cholesterol</a> levels tend to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029705" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fall</a>. Other factors—such as age, gender, diet, and physical activity—also affect your cholesterol levels.</p><p>Healthy levels of both LDL and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022291" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">HDL cholesterol</a> will prevent <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> from building up in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>. Routine <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bdt/">blood tests</a> can show whether your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022289" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood cholesterol</a> levels are healthy. Talk with your doctor about having your cholesterol tested and what the results mean.</p><p>Children also can have unhealthy <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cholesterol</a> levels, especially if they're <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030700" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">overweight</a> or their parents have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022430" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood cholesterol</a>. Talk with your child's doctor about testing your child' cholesterol levels.</p><p>To learn more about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022430" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood cholesterol</a> and how to manage the condition, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbc/">High Blood Cholesterol</a> article.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hd-sec3-d3e74"><h4>Triglycerides</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022017" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Triglycerides</a> are a type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fat</a> found in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. Some studies suggest that a high level of triglycerides in the blood may raise the risk of CHD, especially in women.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-hd-sec2-d3e81"><h3>High Blood Pressure</h3><p>"<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood pressure</a>" is the force of blood pushing against the walls of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> as your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> pumps blood. If this pressure rises and stays high over time, it can damage your heart and lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> buildup.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood pressure</a> is measured as systolic (sis-TOL-ik) and diastolic (di-a-STOL-ik) pressures. "Systolic" refers to blood pressure when the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> beats while pumping blood. "Diastolic" refers to blood pressure when the heart is at rest between beats.</p><p>You most often will see <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> numbers written with the systolic number above or before the diastolic number, such as 120/80 mmHg. (The mmHg is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030527" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">millimeters of mercury</a>—the units used to measure blood pressure.)</p><p>All levels above 120/80 mmHg raise your risk of CHD. This risk grows as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> levels rise. Only one of the two blood pressure numbers has to be above normal to put you at greater risk of CHD and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>.</p><p>Often, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood pressure</a> has no signs or symptoms. However, the condition can be detected using a simple test that involves placing a blood pressure cuff around your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arm</a>.</p><p>Most adults should have their <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> checked at least once a year. If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood pressure</a>, you'll likely need to be checked more often. Talk with your doctor about how often you should have your blood pressure checked.</p><p>Children also can develop <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood pressure</a>, especially if they're <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030700" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">overweight</a>. Your child's doctor should check your child's blood pressure at each routine checkup.</p><p>In children, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> normally rises with age and body size. Newborns often have very <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">low blood pressure</a> numbers, while older teens have numbers similar to adults. The ranges for normal blood pressure and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood pressure</a> generally are lower for youth than for adults.</p><p>Your child should have routine <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> checks starting at 3 years of age. To find out whether a child has <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood pressure</a>, a doctor will compare the child's blood pressure numbers to average numbers for his or her age, gender, and height.</p><p>Both children and adults are more likely to develop <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood pressure</a> if they're <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030700" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">overweight</a> or have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>.</p><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood pressure</a> and how to manage the condition, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">High Blood Pressure</a> article.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hd-sec2-d3e122"><h3>Diabetes and Prediabetes</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Diabetes</a> is a disease in which the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024697" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood sugar</a> level is too high. The two <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028168" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">types of diabetes</a> are type 1 and type 2.</p><p>In <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024702" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">type 1 diabetes</a>, the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024697" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood sugar</a> level is high because the body doesn't make enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024496" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">insulin</a>. Insulin is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hormone</a> that helps move blood sugar into <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a>, where it's used for energy. In <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024703" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">type 2 diabetes</a>, the body's blood sugar level is high mainly because the body doesn't use its insulin properly.</p><p>Over time, a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood sugar</a> level can lead to increased <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> buildup in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>. Having <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a> doubles your risk of CHD.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029848" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Prediabetes</a> is a condition in which your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024697" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood sugar</a> level is higher than normal, but not as high as it is in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>. If you have prediabetes and don't take steps to manage it, you'll likely develop <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024703" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">type 2 diabetes</a> within 10 years. You're also at higher risk of CHD.</p><p>Being <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030700" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">overweight</a> or obese raises your risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024703" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">type 2 diabetes</a>. With modest weight loss and moderate physical activity, people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029848" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">prediabetes</a> may be able to delay or prevent type 2 diabetes. They also may be able to lower their risk of CHD and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>. Weight loss and physical activity also can help control diabetes.</p><p>Even children can develop <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024703" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">type 2 diabetes</a>. Most children who have type 2 diabetes are <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030700" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">overweight</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024703" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Type 2 diabetes</a> develops over time and sometimes has no symptoms. Go to your doctor or local clinic to have your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024697" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood sugar</a> levels tested regularly to check for diabetes and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029848" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">prediabetes</a>.</p><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-dhd/">Diabetic Heart Disease</a> article. For more information about diabetes and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029848" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">prediabetes</a>, go to the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028181" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Kidney Diseases</a>' (NIDDK's) Introduction to Diabetes.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hd-sec2-d3e156"><h3>Overweight and Obesity</h3><p>The terms "<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030700" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">overweight</a>" and "<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">obesity</a>" refer to body weight that's greater than what is considered healthy for a certain height. More than two-thirds of American adults are overweight, and almost one-third of these adults are obese.</p><p>The most useful measure of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030700" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">overweight</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">obesity</a> is body mass index (BMI). BMI is calculated from your height and weight. In adults, a BMI of 18.5 to 24.9 is considered normal. A BMI of 25 to 29.9 is considered overweight. A BMI of 30 or more is considered obese.</p><p>You can use the National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute's (NHLBI's) online BMI calculator to figure out your BMI, or your doctor can help you.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030700" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Overweight</a> is defined differently for children and teens than it is for adults. Children are still growing, and boys and girls mature at different rates. Thus, BMIs for children and teens compare their heights and weights against growth charts that take age and gender into account. This is called BMI-for-age percentile.</p><p>For more information about BMI-for-age percentile, go to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC's) BMI-for-age calculator.</p><p>Being <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030700" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">overweight</a> or obese can raise your risk of CHD and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>. This is mainly because overweight and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">obesity</a> are linked to other CHD risk factors, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022430" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood cholesterol</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022017" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">triglyceride</a> levels, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood pressure</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>.</p><p>For more information, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-obe/">Overweight and Obesity</a> article.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hd-sec2-d3e191"><h3>Smoking</h3><p>Smoking <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029755" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tobacco</a> or long-term exposure to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029761" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">secondhand smoke</a> raises your risk of CHD and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>.</p><p>Smoking triggers a buildup of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>. Smoking also increases the risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots forming in your arteries. Blood clots can block plaque-narrowed arteries and cause a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>.</p><p>Some research shows that smoking raises your risk of CHD in part by lowering <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022291" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">HDL cholesterol</a> levels.</p><p>The more you smoke, the greater your risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>. Studies show that if you quit smoking, you cut your risk of heart attack in half within a year. The benefits of quitting smoking occur no matter how long or how much you've smoked.</p><p>Most people who smoke start when they're teens. Parents can help prevent their children from smoking by not smoking themselves. Talk with your child about the health dangers of smoking and ways to overcome peer pressure to smoke.</p><p>For more information, including tips on how to quit smoking, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">Smoking and Your Hear</a> <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/smo/smo_how.html" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">t</a> article and the NHLBI's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/other/your_guide/healthyheart.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri"> "Your Guide to a Healthy Heart."</a> </p><p>For more information about children and smoking, go to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services' (HHS') Kids and Smoking Web page and the CDC's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029756" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Smoking and Tobacco Use</a> Web page.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hd-sec2-d3e229"><h3>Lack of Physical Activity</h3><p>Inactive people are nearly twice as likely to develop CHD as those who are active. A lack of physical activity can worsen other CHD risk factors, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022430" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood cholesterol</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022017" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">triglyceride</a> levels, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood pressure</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029848" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">prediabetes</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030700" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">overweight</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">obesity</a>.</p><p>It's important for children and adults to make physical activity part of their daily routines. One reason many Americans aren't active enough is because of hours spent in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">front</a> of TVs and computers doing work, schoolwork, and leisure activities.</p><p>Some experts advise that children and teens should reduce screen time because it limits time for physical activity. They recommend that children aged 2 and older should spend no more than 2 hours a day watching TV or using a computer (except for school work).</p><p>Being physically active is one of the most important things you can do to keep your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> healthy. The good news is that even modest amounts of physical activity are good for your health. The more active you are, the more you will benefit.</p><p>For more information, go to HHS' "2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans," the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-phys/">Physical Activity and Your Heart</a> article, and the NHLBI's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/obesity/phy_active.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri"> "Your Guide to Physical Activity and Your Heart."</a> </p></div><div id="nhlbi-hd-sec2-d3e256"><h3>Unhealthy Diet</h3><p>An unhealthy diet can raise your risk of CHD. For example, foods that are high in saturated and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022582" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">trans fats</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cholesterol</a> raise <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022292" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">LDL cholesterol</a>. Thus, you should try to limit these foods.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018272" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Saturated fats</a> are found in some meats, dairy products, chocolate, baked goods, and deep-fried and processed foods. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022582" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Trans fats</a> are found in some fried and processed foods. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Cholesterol</a> is found in eggs, many meats, dairy products, commercial baked goods, and certain types of shellfish.</p><p>It's also important to limit foods that are high in sodium (salt) and added <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023305" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sugars</a>. A high-salt diet can raise your risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood pressure</a>.</p><p>Added <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023305" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sugars</a> will give you extra calories without <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023354" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nutrients</a> like <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023352" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamins</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023353" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">minerals</a>. This can cause you to gain weight, which raises your risk of CHD. Added sugars are found in many desserts, canned fruits packed in syrup, fruit drinks, and nondiet sodas.</p><p>You also should try to limit how much alcohol you drink. Too much alcohol will raise your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a>. It also will add calories, which can cause weight gain.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hd-sec2-d3e281"><h3>Stress</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Stress</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024918" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anxiety</a> may play a role in causing CHD. Stress and anxiety also can trigger your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> to tighten. This can raise your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> and your risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>.</p><p>The most commonly reported trigger for a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a> is an emotionally upsetting event, especially one involving anger. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Stress</a> also may indirectly raise your risk of CHD if it makes you more likely to smoke or overeat foods high in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fat</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023305" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sugar</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hd-sec2-d3e290"><h3>Age</h3><p>As you get older, your risk of CHD and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a> rises. This is in part due to the slow buildup of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> inside your heart <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>, which can start during childhood.</p><p>In men, the risk of CHD increases faster after age 45. In women, the risk of CHD increases faster after age 55.</p><p>Most people have some <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> buildup in their <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> by the time they're in their seventies. However, only about 25 percent of those people have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain, heart attacks, or other signs of CHD.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hd-sec2-d3e303"><h3>Gender</h3><p>Before age 55, women have a lower risk of CHD than men. This is because before <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023140" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">menopause</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023144" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">estrogen</a> provides women some protection against CHD. After age 55, however, the risk of CHD increases similarly in both women and men.</p><p>Some risk factors may affect CHD risk differently in women than in men. For example, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a> raises the risk of CHD more in women.</p><p>Also, some risk factors for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease only affect women, such as preeclampsia (pre-e-KLAMP-se-ah). Preeclampsia is a condition that can develop during <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a>. The two main signs of preeclampsia are a rise in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> and excess <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022162" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">urine</a>.</p><p>Preeclampsia is linked to an increased lifetime risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease, including CHD, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood pressure</a>. (Likewise, having heart disease risk factors, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">obesity</a>, increases your risk of preeclampsia.)</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hd-sec2-d3e325"><h3>Family History</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Family history</a> plays a role in CHD risk. Your risk increases if your father or a brother was diagnosed with CHD before 55 years of age, or if your mother or a sister was diagnosed with CHD before 65 years of age.</p><p>However, having a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family history</a> of CHD doesn't mean that you will have it too. This is especially true if your affected family member smoked or had other CHD risk factors that were not well treated.</p><p>Making lifestyle changes and taking medicines to treat other risk factors often cen lessen <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022031" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic</a> influences and stop or slow the progress of CHD. </p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-prevent"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-prevent_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How To Prevent and Control Coronary Heart Disease Risk Factors</h2><p>You can prevent and control many <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">coronary heart disease</a> (CHD) risk factors with lifestyle changes and medicines. Examples of these controllable risk factors include <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbc/">high blood cholesterol</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">high blood pressure</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-obe/">overweight and obesity</a>. Only a few risk factors—such as age, gender, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family history</a>—can't be controlled.</p><p>To reduce your risk of CHD and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a>, try to control each risk factor you can. The good news is that many lifestyle changes help control several CHD risk factors at the same time. For example, physical activity may lower your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a>, help control <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029848" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">prediabetes</a>, reduce <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a>, and help control your weight.</p><div id="nhlbi-hd-sec2-d4e52"><h3>A Lifelong Approach</h3><p>Many lifestyle habits begin during childhood. Thus, parents and families should encourage their children to make <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> healthy choices, such as following a healthy diet and being physically active. Make following a healthy lifestyle a family goal.</p><p>To achieve this goal, you should learn about key health measures, such as weight, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, and your child's BMI-for-age percentile. For more information about BMI in adults and children, go to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062987/#nhlbisec-atrisk">"Coronary Heart Disease Risk Factors."</a> </p><p>Be aware of your and your family members' <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022289" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood cholesterol</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024697" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood sugar</a> levels. Once you know these numbers, you can work to bring them into, or keep them within, a healthy range.</p><p>Making lifestyle changes can be hard. But if you make these changes as a family, it may be easier for everyone to prevent or control their CHD risk factors.</p><p>For tips on how to help your children adopt healthy habits, visit the National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute's (NHLBI's) <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/obesity/wecan/index.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri"> We Can!® Ways to Enhance Children's Activity & Nutrition</a> Web site.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hd-sec2-d4e81"><h3>Lifestyle Changes</h3><p>A healthy lifestyle can lower the risk of CHD. If you already have CHD, a healthy lifestyle may prevent it from getting worse. A healthy lifestyle includes:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Following a healthy diet</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Being physically active</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Maintaining a healthy weight</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Quitting smoking</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Managing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a></div></li></ul><div id="nhlbi-hd-sec3-d4e106"><h4>Following a Healthy Diet</h4><p>A healthy diet is an important part of a healthy lifestyle. To lower your risk of CHD and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>, you and your family should follow a diet that is:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Low in saturated and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022582" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">trans fats</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018272" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Saturated fats</a> are found in some meats, dairy products, chocolate, baked goods, and deep-fried and processed foods. Trans fats are found in some fried and processed foods. Both types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fat</a> raise your low-density <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022294" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lipoprotein</a> (LDL), or "bad," <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cholesterol</a> level.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>High in the types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fat</a> found in fish and olive <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023011" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oil</a>. These <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015646" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fats</a> are rich in omega-3 <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030292" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fatty acids</a>. Omega-3 fatty acids lower your risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>, in part by helping prevent <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>High in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022148" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fiber</a>. Fiber is found in whole grains, fruits, and vegetables. A fiber-rich diet not only helps lower your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022292" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">LDL cholesterol</a> level, but also provides <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023354" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nutrients</a> that may help protect against CHD.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Low in salt and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023305" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sugar</a>. A low-salt diet can help you manage your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a>. A low-sugar diet can help you prevent weight gain and control <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029848" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">prediabetes</a>.</div></li></ul><p>Research suggests that drinking small to moderate amounts of alcohol regularly also can lower your risk of CHD. One drink a day can lower your risk by raising your high-density <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022294" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lipoprotein</a> (HDL), or "good," <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cholesterol</a> level. One drink is a glass of wine, beer, or a small amount of hard liquor.</p><p>If you don't drink, this isn't a recommendation to start using alcohol. If you're pregnant, if you're planning to become pregnant, or if you have another health condition that could make alcohol use harmful, you shouldn't drink.</p><p>Also, too much alcohol can cause you to gain weight and raise your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022017" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">triglyceride</a> level. In women, even one drink a day may raise the risk of certain types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancer</a>.</p><p>Teach your children how to make healthy food choices. For example, have them help you shop for and make healthy foods. Set a good example by following the same <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> healthy diet that you ask your children to follow.</p><p>For more information about following a healthy diet, go to the NHLBI's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/obesity/lose_wt/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Aim for a Healthy Weight</a> Web site, <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/other/your_guide/healthyheart.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri"> "Your Guide to a Healthy Heart,"</a> <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/hbp/dash/index.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">"Your Guide to Lowering Your Blood Pressure With DASH,"</a> and <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/chol/chol_tlc.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">"Your Guide to Lowering Your Cholesterol With TLC."</a> All of these resources provide general information about healthy eating.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hd-sec3-d4e161"><h4>Being Physically Active</h4><p>You don't have to be an athlete to lower your risk of CHD. You can benefit from as little as 60 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic activity per week.</p><p>For major health benefits, adults should do at least 150 minutes (2.5 hours) of moderate-intensity aerobic activity or 75 minutes (1 hour and 15 minutes) of vigorous-intensity aerobic activity each week.</p><p>Another option is to do a combination of both. A general rule is that 2 minutes of moderate-intensity activity counts the same as 1 minute of vigorous-intensity activity.</p><p>The more active you are, the more you'll benefit. If you're obese, or if you haven't been active in the past, start physical activity slowly and build up the intensity over time.</p><p>Children and youth should do 60 minutes or more of physical activity every day. A great way to encourage physical activity is to do it as a family. You also may want to limit your children's TV, video, and computer time to encourage them to be more active.</p><p>If you have CHD or symptoms such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029722" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">dizziness</a>, talk with your doctor before you start a new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">exercise</a> plan. Find out how much and what kinds of physical activity are safe for you. Avoid exercising outdoors when air pollution levels are high or the temperature is very hot or cold.</p><p>For more information about physical activity, go to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services' (HHS') "2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans," the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-phys/">Physical Activity and Your Heart</a> article, and the NHLBI's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/obesity/phy_active.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri"> "Your Guide to Physical Activity and Your Heart."</a> </p></div><div id="nhlbi-hd-sec3-d4e194"><h4>Maintaining a Healthy Weight</h4><p>Following a healthy diet and being physically active can help you maintain a healthy weight. Controlling your weight helps you control CHD risk factors.</p><p>If you're <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030700" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">overweight</a> or obese, try to lose weight. A loss of just 5 to 10 percent of your current weight can lower your risk of CHD.</p><p>To lose weight, cut back your calorie intake and do more physical activity. Eat smaller portions and choose lower calorie foods. Don't feel that you have to finish the entrees served at restaurants. Many restaurant portions are oversized and have too many calories for the average person.</p><p>For <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030700" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">overweight</a> children and teens, slowing the rate of weight gain is important. However, reduced-calorie diets aren't advised, unless approved by a doctor.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hd-sec3-d4e210"><h4>Quitting Smoking</h4><p>If you smoke, quit. Smoking can raise your risk of CHD and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a> and worsen other CHD risk factors. Talk with your doctor about programs and products that can help you quit smoking. Also, try to avoid <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029761" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">secondhand smoke</a>.</p><p>If you have trouble quitting smoking on your own, consider joining a support group. Many hospitals, workplaces, and community groups offer classes to help people quit smoking.</p><p>You can help your children avoid smoking or quit smoking. Talk with them about the health effects of smoking. Teach them how to handle peer pressure to smoke.</p><p>Teens who have parents who smoke are more likely to smoke themselves. Set a good example by not smoking or quitting smoking. Set firm rules about no <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029755" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tobacco</a> use in your home.</p><p>If you have a child who smokes, help him or her create a plan to quit. Offer your child information and resources on how to quit. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Stress</a> the natural rewards that come with quitting, such as freedom from addiction, better fitness and sports performance, and improved appearance. Reinforce the decision to quit with praise.</p><p>For more information about how to quit smoking, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">Smoking and Your Heart</a> article and the NHLBI's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/other/your_guide/healthyheart.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri"> "Your Guide to a Healthy Heart."</a> </p><p>For more information about children and smoking, go to HHS' Kids and Smoking Web page and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029756" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Smoking and Tobacco Use</a> Web page.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hd-sec3-d4e247"><h4>Managing Stress</h4><p>Learning how to manage <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a>, relax, and cope with problems can improve your emotional and physical health. Having supportive people in your life with whom you can share your feelings or concerns can help relieve stress.</p><p>Physical activity, medicine, and relaxation <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a> also can help relieve <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a>. You may want to consider taking part in a stress management program.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hd-sec3-d4e256"><h4>Other Lifestyle Concerns</h4><p>If making lifestyle changes is hard for you, try taking things one step at a time. Learn about the benefits of lifestyle changes. Talk with your doctor, and read some of the resources in "<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062987/#nhlbisec-links">Links to Other Information About Coronary Heart Disease Risk Factors</a> <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/hd/hd_links.html" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">.</a>"</p><p>Figure out what's stopping you from making or sticking to your lifestyle changes. Try to find ways to overcome these issues. For example, if you're too tired to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">exercise</a> after work, you may want to try working out before you go to work.</p><p>Make a plan to carry out your lifestyle changes that includes specific, realistic goals. Act on your plan and work toward your goals. You may want to do so with the help of a support group or supportive friends and family.</p><p>Reward yourself for the gains you've made. Think about what you need to do to maintain your lifestyle changes and avoid unhealthy habits.</p><p>Don't give up if you go off your diet or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">exercise</a> plan or start smoking again. Instead, find out what you need to do to get back on track so you can meet your goals. Many people find that it takes more than one try to make long-term lifestyle changes.</p><p>Changing the eating and activity habits of children takes time. Start with small, easy steps. For example, cut out after-dinner snacks or go for an after-dinner walk instead of watching TV.</p><p>Set a good example, and try to get your children involved in choosing a new healthy step to take each day. If you make lifestyle changes a group effort, it will make them easier.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-hd-sec2-d4e286"><h3>Medicines</h3><p>Sometimes lifestyle changes aren't enough to control your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cholesterol</a> levels, or other CHD risk factors. Your doctor also may prescribe medicines. For example, you may need medicines to:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Lower your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022292" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">LDL cholesterol</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Lower your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Lower your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024697" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood sugar</a> level</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Prevent <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots and/or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022625" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inflammation</a></div></li></ul><p>Take your medicines as prescribed. Don't cut back on the dosage unless your doctor tells you to. If you have side effects or other problems related to your medicines, talk with your doctor. He or she may be able to provide other options.</p><p>You should still follow a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> healthy lifestyle, even if you take medicines to control your CHD risk factors.</p><p>____________ ® We Can! is a registered trademark of HHS.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-trials"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-trials_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Clinical Trials</h2><p>The National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute (NHLBI) is strongly committed to supporting research aimed at preventing and treating heart, lung, and blood diseases and conditions and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorders</a>.</p><p>NHLBI-supported research has led to many advances in medical knowledge and care. For example, this research has helped doctors learn more about <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">coronary heart disease</a> (CHD) risk factors, as well as ways to prevent or treat them.</p><p>The NHLBI continues to support research aimed at learning more about CHD risk factors. For example, NHLBI-supported research includes studies that explore:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>How risk factors for CHD affect people's health as they age</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Whether omega-3 <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030292" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fatty acids</a> reduce early signs of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease risk</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>How nutritional and behavioral <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapies</a> can help treat CHD risk factors</div></li></ul><p>Much of this research depends on the willingness of volunteers to take part in <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-clinicaltrials/">clinical trials</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Clinical trials</a> test new ways to prevent, diagnose, or treat vari |
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2018-02-02 05:09:40 |
Coronary Microvascular Disease |
<div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-cmd-sec1-d1e37_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Is Coronary Microvascular Disease?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027308" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Coronary microvascular disease</a> (MVD) is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease that affects the tiny coronary (heart) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>. In <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027308" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary MVD</a>, the walls of the heart's tiny arteries are damaged or diseased.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027308" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Coronary MVD</a> is different from traditional <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">coronary heart disease</a> (CHD), also called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021983" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary artery disease</a>. In CHD, a waxy substance called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> (plak) builds up in the large <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Plaque</a> narrows the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s large <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> and reduces the flow of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a>. The buildup of plaque also makes it more likely that blood clots will form in your arteries. Blood clots can mostly or completely block blood flow through a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary artery</a>.</p><p>In <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027308" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary MVD</a>, however, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s tiny <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> are affected. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Plaque</a> doesn't create blockages in these vessels as it does in the heart's large arteries.</p><p> </p><div class="graphic left label"><img src="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062964/bin/coronary-mvd_9-28-11.jpg" alt="Figure A shows the small coronary artery network (microvasculature), containing a normal artery and an artery with coronary MVD. Figure B shows a large coronary artery with plaque buildup."></div> <p></p><div id="nhlbi-cmd-sec2-d1e66"><h3>Overview</h3><p>Studies have shown that women are more likely than men to have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027308" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary MVD</a>. Many researchers think the disease is caused by a drop in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023144" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">estrogen</a> levels during <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023140" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">menopause</a> combined with traditional <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease risk factors.</p><p>Both men and women who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027308" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary MVD</a> often have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">high blood pressure</a>. Some people who have coronary MVD may have inherited <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cm/">heart muscle diseases</a>.</p><p>Diagnosing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027308" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary MVD</a> has been a challenge for doctors. Standard tests used to diagnose CHD aren't designed to detect coronary MVD. More research is needed to find the best diagnostic tests and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for the disease.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-cmd-sec2-d1e88"><h3>Outlook</h3><p>Most of what is known about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027308" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary MVD</a> comes from the National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/news/press-releases/2006/wise-study-of-women-and-heart-disease-yields-important-findings-on-frequently-undiagnosed-coronary-syndrome.html" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri"> Wise study</a> (Women's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023204" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Ischemia</a> Syndrome Evaluation).</p><p>The WISE study started in 1996. The goal of the study was to learn more about how <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease develops in women.</p><p>Currently, research is ongoing to learn more about the role of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hormones</a> in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease and to find better ways to diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027308" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary MVD</a>.</p><p>Studies also are under way to learn more about the causes of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027308" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary MVD</a>, how to treat the disease, and the expected health outcomes for people with coronary MVD.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-names"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-names_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Other Names for Coronary Microvascular Disease</h2><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027308" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Cardiac syndrome X</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Nonobstructive <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021983" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary heart disease</a></div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes Coronary Microvascular Disease?</h2><p>The same risk factors that cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-atherosclerosis/">atherosclerosis</a> (ATH-er-o-skler-O-sis) may cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027308" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary microvascular disease</a> (MVD). <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023229" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Atherosclerosis</a> is a disease in which <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> builds up inside the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>.</p><p>Risk factors for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023229" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atherosclerosis</a> include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbc/">Unhealthy blood cholesterol levels</a>. This includes high <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022292" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">LDL cholesterol</a> (sometimes called "bad" cholesterol) and low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022291" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">HDL cholesterol</a> (sometimes called "good" cholesterol).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">High blood pressure</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood pressure</a> is considered high if it stays at or above 140/90 mmHg over time. If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028183" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic kidney disease</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood pressure</a> is defined as 130/80 mmHg or higher. (The mmHg is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030527" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">millimeters of mercury</a>—the units used to measure blood pressure.)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">Smoking</a>. Smoking can damage and tighten <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>, raise <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cholesterol</a> levels, and raise <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a>. Smoking also doesn't allow enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> to reach the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissues</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023068" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Insulin resistance</a>. This condition occurs if the body can't use its insulin properly. Insulin is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hormone</a> that helps move <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024697" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood sugar</a> into <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> where it's used for energy. Insulin resistance can lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Diabetes</a>. This is a disease in which the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024697" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood sugar</a> level is too high because the body doesn't make enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024496" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">insulin</a> or doesn't use its insulin properly.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-obe/">Overweight and obesity</a>. The terms "<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030700" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">overweight</a>" and "<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">obesity</a>" refer to body weight that's greater than what is considered healthy for a certain height.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Lack of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-phys/">physical activity</a>. Physical inactivity can worsen other risk factors for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023229" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atherosclerosis</a>, such as unhealthy <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022289" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood cholesterol</a> levels, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood pressure</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030700" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">overweight</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">obesity</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Unhealthy diet. An unhealthy diet can raise your risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023229" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atherosclerosis</a>. Foods that are high in saturated and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022582" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">trans fats</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cholesterol</a>, sodium (salt), and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023305" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sugar</a> can worsen other atherosclerosis risk factors.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Older age. As you get older, your risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023229" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atherosclerosis</a> increases. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022031" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Genetic</a> or lifestyle factors cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> to build up in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> as you age. By the time you're middle-aged or older, enough plaque has built up to cause signs and symptoms. In men, the risk increases after age 45. In women, the risk increases after age 55.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Family history</a> of early <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease. Your risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023229" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atherosclerosis</a> increases if your father or a brother was diagnosed with heart disease before 55 years of age, or if your mother or a sister was diagnosed with heart disease before 65 years of age.</div></li></ul><p>In women, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027308" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary MVD</a> also may be linked to low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023144" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">estrogen</a> levels occurring before or after <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023140" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">menopause</a>. Also, the disease may be linked to <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-anemia/">anemia</a> or conditions that affect <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030009" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood clotting</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Anemia</a> is thought to slow the growth of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> needed to repair damaged <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>.</p><p>Researchers continue to explore other possible causes of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027308" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary MVD</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-risk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-risk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is at Risk for Coronary Microvascular Disease?</h2><p>Studies have shown that women are more likely than men to have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027308" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary microvascular disease</a> (MVD). Women at high risk for the disease often have multiple risk factors for <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-atherosclerosis/">atherosclerosis</a>. (For a detailed list of these risk factors, go to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062964/#nhlbisec-causes">"What Causes Coronary Microvascular Disease?"</a>)</p><p>Women may be at risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027308" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary MVD</a> if they have lower than normal levels of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023144" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">estrogen</a> at any point in their adult lives. (This refers to the estrogen that the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022599" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ovaries</a> produce, not the estrogen used in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hormone</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a>.)</p><p>Low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023144" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">estrogen</a> levels before <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023140" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">menopause</a> can raise younger women's risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027308" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary MVD</a>. One cause of low estrogen levels in younger women is mental <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a>. Another cause is a problem with the function of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022599" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ovaries</a>.</p><p>Women who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">high blood pressure</a> before <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023140" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">menopause</a>, especially high systolic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a>, are at increased risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027308" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary MVD</a>. (Systolic blood pressure is the top or first number of a blood pressure measurement.)</p><p>After <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023140" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">menopause</a>, women tend to have more of the traditional risk factors for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023229" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atherosclerosis</a>, which also puts them at higher risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027308" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary MVD</a>.</p><p>Women who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease are more likely to have a worse outcome, such as a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a>, if they also have <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-anemia/">anemia</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Anemia</a> is thought to slow the growth of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> needed to repair damaged <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Coronary Microvascular Disease?</h2><p>The signs and symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027308" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary microvascular disease</a> (MVD) often differ from the signs and symptoms of traditional <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">coronary heart disease</a> (CHD).</p><p>Many women with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027308" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary MVD</a> have <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-angina/">angina</a> (an-JI-nuh or AN-juh-nuh). <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Angina</a> is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain or discomfort that occurs when your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a> doesn't get enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Angina</a> may feel like pressure or squeezing in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a>. You also may feel it in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022435" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">shoulders</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arms</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027054" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neck</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030529" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">jaw</a>, or back. Angina pain may even feel like <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">indigestion</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Angina</a> also is a common symptom of CHD. However, the angina that occurs in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027308" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary MVD</a> may differ from the typical angina that occurs in CHD. In coronary MVD, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain usually lasts longer than 10 minutes, and it can last longer than 30 minutes. Typical angina is more common in women older than 65.</p><p>Other signs and symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027308" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary MVD</a> are shortness of breath, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> problems, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fatigue</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tiredness</a>), and lack of energy.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027308" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Coronary MVD</a> symptoms often are first noticed during routine daily activities (such as shopping, cooking, cleaning, and going to work) and times of mental <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a>. It's less likely that women will notice these symptoms during physical activity (such as jogging or walking fast).</p><p>This differs from CHD, in which symptoms often first appear while a person is being physically active—such as while jogging, walking on a treadmill, or going up stairs.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Coronary Microvascular Disease Diagnosed?</h2><p>Your doctor will diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027308" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary microvascular disease</a> (MVD) based on your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029840" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">medical history</a>, a physical exam, and test results. He or she will check to see whether you have any risk factors for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease.</p><p>For example, your doctor may measure your weight and height to check for <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-obe/">overweight or obesity</a>. He or she also may recommend tests for <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbc/">high blood cholesterol</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ms/">metabolic syndrome</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>.</p><p>Your doctor may ask you to describe any <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain, including when it started and how it changed during physical activity or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023146" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">periods</a> of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a>. He or she also may ask about other symptoms, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fatigue</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tiredness</a>), lack of energy, and shortness of breath. Women may be asked about their menopausal status.</p><div id="nhlbi-cmd-sec2-d7e49"><h3>Specialists Involved</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015644" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Cardiologists</a> and doctors who specialize in family and internal medicine might help diagnose and treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027308" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary MVD</a>. Cardiologists are doctors who specialize in diagnosing and treating <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> diseases and conditions.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-cmd-sec2-d7e56"><h3>Diagnostic Tests</h3><p>The risk factors for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027308" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary MVD</a> and traditional <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">coronary heart disease</a> (CHD) often are the same. Thus, your doctor may recommend tests for CHD, such as:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ca/">Coronary angiography</a> (an-jee-OG-rah-fee). This test uses dye and special x rays to show the insides of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a>. Coronary angiography can show <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> buildup in the large coronary arteries. This test often is done during a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a> to help find blockages in the coronary arteries.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stress/">Stress testing</a>. This test shows how <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flows through your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> during physical <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a>, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">exercise</a>. Even if coronary angiography doesn't show <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> buildup in the large <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a>, a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029874" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress test</a> may still show abnormal blood flow. This may be a sign of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027308" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary MVD</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-mri/">Cardiac MRI</a> (magnetic resonance imaging) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029874" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress test</a>. Doctors may use this test to evaluate people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain.</div></li></ul><p>Unfortunately, standard tests for CHD aren't designed to detect <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027308" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary MVD</a>. These tests look for blockages in the large <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a>. Coronary MVD affects the tiny coronary arteries.</p><p>If test results show that you don't have CHD, your doctor might still diagnose you with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027308" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary MVD</a>. This could happen if signs are present that not enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> is reaching your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s tiny <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027308" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Coronary MVD</a> symptoms often first occur during routine daily tasks. Thus, your doctor may ask you to fill out a questionnaire called the Duke Activity Status Index (DASI). The questionnaire will ask you how well you're able to do daily activities, such as shopping, cooking, and going to work.</p><p>The DASI results will help your doctor decide which kind of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029874" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress test</a> you should have. The results also give your doctor information about how well <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> is flowing through your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a>.</p><p>Your doctor also may recommend <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bdt/">blood tests</a>, including a test for <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-anemia/">anemia</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Anemia</a> is thought to slow the growth of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> needed to repair damaged <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>.</p><p>Research is ongoing for better ways to detect and diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027308" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary MVD</a>. Currently, researchers have not agreed on the best way to diagnose the disease.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Coronary Microvascular Disease Treated?</h2><p>Relieving pain is one of the main goals of treating <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027308" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary microvascular disease</a> (MVD). <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatments</a> also are used to control risk factors and other symptoms.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatments</a> may include medicines such as:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Statins to improve <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cholesterol</a> levels</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025472" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ACE inhibitors</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">beta blockers</a> to lower <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> and decrease the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s workload</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000168" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Aspirin</a> to help prevent <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots or control <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022625" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inflammation</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0001281" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Nitroglycerin</a> to relax <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>, improve blood flow to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a>, and treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain</div></li></ul><p>If you're diagnosed with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027308" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary MVD</a> and also have <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-anemia/">anemia</a>, you may benefit from <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> for that condition. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Anemia</a> is thought to slow the growth of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> needed to repair damaged <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>.</p><p>If you're diagnosed with and treated for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027308" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary MVD</a>, you should get ongoing care from your doctor.</p><p>Research is under way to find the best <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027308" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary MVD</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-prevention"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-prevention_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Can Coronary Microvascular Disease Be Prevented?</h2><p>No specific studies have been done on how to prevent <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027308" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary microvascular disease</a> (MVD).</p><p>Researchers don't yet known how or in what way preventing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027308" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary MVD</a> differs from preventing <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">coronary heart disease</a> (CHD). Coronary MVD affects the tiny <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a>, while CHD affects the large coronary arteries.</p><p>Taking action to control <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hd/">heart disease risk factors</a> can help prevent or delay CHD. You can't control some risk factors, such as older age and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family history</a> of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease. However, you can take steps to prevent or control other risk factors, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">high blood pressure</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-obe/">overweight and obesity</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbc/">high blood cholesterol</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">smoking</a>.</p><p>Lifestyle changes and ongoing care can help you lower your risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease.</p><div id="nhlbi-cmd-sec2-d9e63"><h3>Lifestyle Changes</h3><p>Following a healthy diet is an important part of a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> healthy lifestyle. A healthy diet includes a variety of vegetables and fruits. It also includes whole grains, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fat</a>-free or low-fat dairy products, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> foods, such as lean meats, poultry without <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>, seafood, processed soy products, nuts, seeds, beans, and peas.</p><p>A healthy diet is low in sodium (salt), added <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023305" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sugars</a>, solid <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015646" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fats</a>, and refined grains. Solid fats are <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018272" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">saturated fat</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022582" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">trans fatty acids</a>. Refined grains come from processing whole grains, which results in a loss of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023354" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nutrients</a> (such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022146" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">dietary fiber</a>).</p><p>The National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute's (NHLBI's) <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/chol/chol_tlc.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Therapeutic Lifestyle Changes (TLC)</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-dash/">Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH)</a> are two programs that promote healthy eating.</p><p>If you're <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-obe/">overweight or obese</a>, work with your doctor to create a reasonable weight-loss plan. Controlling your weight helps you control <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease risk factors.</p><p>Be as physically active as you can. Physical activity can improve your fitness level and your health. People gain health benefits from as little as 60 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic activity per week. The more active you are, the more you'll benefit.</p><p>For more information about physical activity, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-phys/">Physical Activity and Your Heart</a> article and the NHLBI's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/obesity/phy_active.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri"> "Your Guide to Physical Activity and Your Heart."</a> </p><p>If you smoke, quit. Smoking can damage and tighten your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>. It also can raise your risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a> and worsen other heart disease risk factors.</p><p>Talk with your doctor about programs and products that can help you quit smoking. Also, try to avoid <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029761" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">secondhand smoke</a>. For more information about quitting smoking, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">Smoking and Your Heart</a> article and the NHLBI's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/other/your_guide/healthyheart.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri"> "Your Guide to a Healthy Heart."</a> </p><p>Learn how to manage <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a>, relax, and cope with problems. This can improve your emotional and physical health. Physical activity, medicine, and relaxation <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a> can help relieve stress. You also may want to consider taking part in a stress management program.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-cmd-sec2-d9e122"><h3>Ongoing Care</h3><p>Learn more about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease and the traits, conditions, and habits that can raise your risk for it. Talk with your doctor about your risk factors for heart disease and how to control them.</p><p>If lifestyle changes aren't enough, your doctor may prescribe medicines to control your risk factors. Take all of your medicines as your doctor advises.</p><p>Know your numbers—ask your doctor for these three tests, and have the results explained to you:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022294" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Lipoprotein</a> panel. This test measures total <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cholesterol</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022292" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">LDL cholesterol</a> (sometimes called "bad" cholesterol), <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022291" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">HDL cholesterol</a> (sometimes called "good" cholesterol), and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022017" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">triglycerides</a> (a type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fat</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood pressure</a> measurement.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Fasting <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024697" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood glucose</a>. This test is for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>.</div></li></ul><p>Know your body mass index (BMI) and waist measurement. BMI measures your weight in relation to your height and gives an estimate of your total <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018959" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">body fat</a>. You can use the NHLBI's online BMI calculator to figure out your BMI, or your doctor can help you.</p><p>In adults, a BMI of 18.5 to 24.9 is considered normal. A BMI of 25 to 29.9 is considered <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030700" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">overweight</a>. A BMI of 30 or more is considered obese.</p><p>To measure your waistline, stand and place a tape measure around your middle, just above your hipbones. Measure your waist just after you breathe out. A waist measurement of 35 inches or more for women and 40 inches or more for men is a risk factor for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease and other health problems.</p><p>Know your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family history</a> of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease. If you or someone in your family has heart disease, tell your doctor.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-livingwith"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-livingwith_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Living With Coronary Microvascular Disease</h2><p>If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027308" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary microvascular disease</a> (MVD), you can take action to control it. Follow the steps described in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062964/#nhlbisec-prevention">"How Can Coronary Microvascular Disease Be Prevented?"</a> </p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027308" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Coronary MVD</a>, like traditional <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">coronary heart disease</a>, increases your risk for a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a>. If you have signs or symptoms of a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>, call 9–1–1 at once.</p><p>These signs and symptoms may include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain, upper body discomfort, shortness of breath, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024775" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nausea</a> (feeling sick to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a>). For more detailed information about the warning signs of a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>, go to the section on warning signs below.</p><div id="nhlbi-cmd-sec2-d10e45"><h3>Ongoing Care</h3><p>If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027308" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary MVD</a>, see your doctor regularly to make sure the disease isn't getting worse. Work with your doctor to keep track of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cholesterol</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024697" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood sugar</a> levels. This will help your doctor adjust your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> as needed.</p><p>You may need to see a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015644" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiologist</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> specialist) in addition to your primary care doctor. Talk with your doctor about how often you should schedule office visits or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bdt/">blood tests</a>. Between those visits, call your doctor if you have any new symptoms or your symptoms worsen.</p><p>You should:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Know your symptoms and how and when to seek medical help.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Be able to describe the usual pattern of your symptoms.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Know which medicines you take and when and how to take them.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Know how to control your symptoms, including <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-angina/">angina</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Know the limits of your physical activity.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Learn ways to avoid or cope with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a>.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-cmd-sec2-d10e86"><h3>Warning Signs</h3><p>If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027308" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary MVD</a>, learn the warning signs of a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>. The signs and symptoms of a heart attack include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Chest</a> pain or discomfort. This involves uncomfortable pressure, squeezing, fullness, or pain in the center or left side of the chest that can be mild or strong. This pain or discomfort often lasts more than a few minutes or goes away and comes back.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Upper body discomfort in one or both <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arms</a>, the back, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027054" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neck</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030529" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">jaw</a>, or upper part of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Shortness of breath, which may occur with or before <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> discomfort.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024775" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Nausea</a> (feeling sick to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a>), <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024776" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vomiting</a>, light-headedness or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029695" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fainting</a>, or breaking out in a cold <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sweat</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sleep</a> problems, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fatigue</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tiredness</a>), and lack of energy.</div></li></ul><p>If you think you're having a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>, call 9–1–1 at once. Early <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> can prevent or limit damage to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a>. Do not drive to the hospital or let someone else drive you. Instead, call an ambulance so that medical personnel can begin life-saving treatment on the way to the emergency room.</p><p>Let the people you see regularly know you're at risk for a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>. They can seek emergency care if you suddenly <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029695" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">faint</a>, collapse, or have other severe symptoms.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-trials"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-trials_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Clinical Trials</h2><p>The National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute (NHLBI) is strongly committed to supporting research aimed at preventing and treating heart, lung, and blood diseases and conditions and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorders</a>.</p><p>NHLBI-supported research has led to many advances in medical knowledge and care. For example, this research has helped doctors learn more about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease, its risk factors, and ways to prevent and treat the disease.</p><p>The NHLBI continues to support research aimed at learning more about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease, including <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027308" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary microvascular disease</a> (MVD). For example, NHLBI-supported research includes studies that:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Examine <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a> risks and recovery in young women (aged 18–55)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Explore whether taking daily <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0001921" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin D</a> or fish <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023011" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oil</a> (omega-3) supplements reduces the risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease and other conditions</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Examine the role that <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hormones</a> play in women's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease risk</div></li></ul><p>Much of this research depends on the willingness of volunteers to take part in <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-clinicaltrials/">clinical trials</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Clinical trials</a> test new ways to prevent, diagnose, or treat various diseases and conditions.</p><p>For example, new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for a disease or condition (such as medicines, medical devices, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgeries</a>, or procedures) are tested in volunteers who have the illness. Testing shows whether a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> is safe and effective in humans before it is made available for widespread use.</p><p>By taking part in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, you can gain access to new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> before they're widely available. You also will have the support of a team of health care providers, who will likely monitor your health closely. Even if you don't directly benefit from the results of a clinical trial, the information gathered can help others and add to scientific knowledge.</p><p>If you volunteer for a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, the research will be explained to you in detail. You'll learn about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> and tests you may receive, and the benefits and risks they may pose. You'll also be given a chance to ask questions about the research. This process is called informed consent.</p><p>If you agree to take part in the trial, you'll be asked to sign an informed consent form. This form is not a contract. You have the right to withdraw from a study at any time, for any reason. Also, you have the right to learn about new risks or findings that emerge during the trial.</p><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> related to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027308" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary microvascular disease</a>, talk with your doctor. You also can visit the following Web sites to learn more about clinical research and to search for clinical trials:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>http://clinicalresearch.nih.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.clinicaltrials.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.researchmatch.org</div></li></ul></div><div style="display: none; width: 200px; top: -100px; left: -100px;" aria-live="assertive" aria-hidden="true" class="ui-helper-reset ui-ncbipopper-wrapper ui-ncbilinksmenu"><ul id="ui-ncbiinpagenav-6"><li><a href="#_nhlbi-cmd-sec1-d1e37_">What Is Coronary Microvascular Disease?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-names_">Other Names for Coronary Microvascular Disease</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-causes_">What Causes Coronary Microvascular Disease?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-risk_">Who Is at Risk for Coronary Microvascular Disease?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-signs_">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Coronary Microvascular Disease?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-diagnosis_">How Is Coronary Microvascular Disease Diagnosed?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-treatment_">How Is Coronary Microvascular Disease Treated?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-prevention_">How Can Coronary Microvascular Disease Be Prevented?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-livingwith_">Living With Coronary Microvascular Disease</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbi |
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<L1> diseases_conditions
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2018-02-02 05:09:59 |
Cough |
<div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-cough-sec1-d1e35_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Is Cough?</h2><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a> is a natural reflex that protects your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Coughing</a> helps clear your airways of lung irritants, such as smoke and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a> (a slimy substance). This helps prevent infections. A cough also can be a symptom of a medical problem.</p><p>Prolonged <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coughing</a> can cause unpleasant side effects, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain, exhaustion, light-headedness, and loss of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021898" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bladder</a> control. Coughing also can interfere with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a>, socializing, and work.</p><div id="nhlbi-cough-sec2-d1e44"><h3>Overview</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Coughing</a> occurs when the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022678" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nerve</a> endings in your airways become irritated. The airways are tubes that carry air into and out of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. Certain substances (such as smoke and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030651" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pollen</a>), medical conditions, and medicines can irritate these nerve endings.</p><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a> can be <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acute</a>, subacute, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a>, depending on how long it lasts.</p><p>An <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acute</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a> lasts less than 3 weeks. Common causes of an acute cough are a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024671" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">common cold</a> or other upper <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022181" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">respiratory</a> (RES-pi-rah-tor-e) infections. Examples of other upper respiratory infections include the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025769" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">flu</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pnu/">pneumonia</a> (nu-MO-ne-ah), and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029703" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">whooping cough</a>.</p><p>A subacute <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a> lasts 3 to 8 weeks. This type of cough remains even after a cold or other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022181" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">respiratory</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> is over.</p><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a> lasts more than 8 weeks. Common causes of a chronic cough are upper airway cough syndrome (UACS); <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-asthma/">asthma</a>; and gastroesophageal (GAS-tro-eh-so-fa-JE-al) reflux disease, or GERD.</p><p>"UACS" is a term used to describe conditions that inflame the upper airways and cause a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a>. Examples include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024561" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sinus</a> infections and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">allergies</a>. These conditions can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a> to run down your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024473" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">throat</a> from the back of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025667" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nose</a>. This is called postnasal drip.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Asthma</a> is a long-term <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung disease</a> that inflames and narrows the airways. GERD occurs if acid from your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a> backs up into your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024473" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">throat</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-cough-sec2-d1e79"><h3>Outlook</h3><p>The best way to treat a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a> is to treat its cause. For example, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a> is treated with medicines that open the airways.</p><p>Your doctor may recommend <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a> medicine if the cause of your cough is unknown and the cough causes a lot of discomfort. Cough medicines may harm children. If your child has a cough, talk with his or her doctor about how to treat it.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes Cough?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Coughing</a> occurs when the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022678" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nerve</a> endings in your airways become irritated. Certain irritants and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030650" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">allergens</a>, medical conditions, and medicines can irritate these nerve endings.</p><div id="nhlbi-cough-sec2-d3e31"><h3>Irritants and Allergens</h3><p>An irritant is something you're sensitive to. For example, smoking or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022221" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inhaling</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029761" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">secondhand smoke</a> can irritate your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. Smoking also can lead to medical conditions that can cause a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a>. Other irritants include air pollution, paint fumes, or scented products like perfumes or air fresheners.</p><p>An <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030650" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">allergen</a> is something you're allergic to, such as dust, animal dander, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029692" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mold</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030651" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pollens</a> from trees, grasses, and flowers.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Coughing</a> helps clear your airways of irritants and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030650" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">allergens</a>. This helps prevent infections.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-cough-sec2-d3e44"><h3>Medical Conditions</h3><p>Many medical conditions can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acute</a>, subacute, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a>.</p><p>Common causes of an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acute</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a> are a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024671" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">common cold</a> or other upper <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022181" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">respiratory</a> infections. Examples of other upper respiratory infections include the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025769" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">flu</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pnu/">pneumonia</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029703" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">whooping cough</a>. An acute cough lasts less than 3 weeks.</p><p>A lingering <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a> that remains after a cold or other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022181" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">respiratory</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> is gone often is called a subacute cough. A subacute cough lasts 3 to 8 weeks.</p><p>Common causes of a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a> are upper airway cough syndrome (UACS), <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-asthma/">asthma</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028105" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gastroesophageal reflux disease</a> (GERD). A chronic cough lasts more than 8 weeks.</p><p>"UACS" is a term used to describe conditions that inflame the upper airways and cause a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a>. Examples include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024561" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sinus</a> infections and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">allergies</a>. These conditions can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a> (a slimy substance) to run down your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024473" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">throat</a> from the back of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025667" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nose</a>. This is called postnasal drip.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Asthma</a> is a long-term <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung disease</a> that inflames and narrows the airways. GERD is a condition in which acid from your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a> backs up into your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024473" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">throat</a>.</p><p>Other conditions that can cause a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a> include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022181" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Respiratory</a> infections. A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a> from an upper respiratory <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> can develop into a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> cough.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-brnchi/">Chronic bronchitis</a> (bron-KI-tis). This condition occurs if the lining of the airways is constantly irritated and inflamed. Smoking is the main cause of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022636" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bronchitis</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022844" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Bronchiectasis</a> (brong-ke-EK-tah-sis). This is a condition in which damage to the airways causes them to widen and become flabby and scarred. This prevents the airways from properly moving <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a> out of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. An <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> or other condition that injures the walls of the airways usually causes bronchiectasis.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-copd/">COPD</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022631" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic obstructive pulmonary disease</a>). COPD is a disease that prevents enough air from flowing in and out of the airways.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021885" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Lung cancer</a>. In rare cases, a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a> is due to lung cancer. Most people who develop lung cancer smoke or used to smoke.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">Heart failure</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart failure</a> is a condition in which the heart can't pump enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to meet the body's needs. Fluid can build up in the body and lead to many symptoms. If fluid builds up in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, it can cause a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a>.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-cough-sec2-d3e106"><h3>Medicines</h3><p>Certain medicines can cause a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a>. Examples of these medicines are <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025472" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ACE inhibitors</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">beta blockers</a>. ACE inhibitors are used to treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">high blood pressure</a> (HBP). Beta blockers are used to treat HBP, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024778" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">migraine headaches</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">glaucoma</a>.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-atrisk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-atrisk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is At Risk for Cough?</h2><p>People at risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a> include those who:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Are exposed to things that irritate their airways (called irritants) or things that they're allergic to (called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030650" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">allergens</a>). Examples of irritants are cigarette smoke, air pollution, paint fumes, and scented products. Examples of allergens are dust, animal dander, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029692" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mold</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030651" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pollens</a> from trees, grasses, and flowers.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Have certain conditions that irritate the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-asthma/">asthma</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024561" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sinus</a> infections, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024671" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">colds</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028105" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gastroesophageal reflux disease</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Smoke. Smoking can irritate your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> and cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coughing</a>. Smoking and/or exposure to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029761" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">secondhand smoke</a> also can lead to medical conditions that can cause a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Take certain medicines, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025472" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ACE inhibitors</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">beta blockers</a>. ACE inhibitors are used to treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">high blood pressure</a> (HBP). Beta blockers are used to treat HBP, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024778" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">migraine headaches</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">glaucoma</a>.</div></li></ul><p>Women are more likely than men to develop a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a>. For more information about the substances and conditions that put you at risk for cough, go to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062988/#nhlbisec-causes">"What Causes Cough?"</a> </p></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Cough?</h2><p>When you <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a> (a slimy substance) may come up. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Coughing</a> helps clear the mucus in your airways from a cold, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-brnchi/">bronchitis</a>, or other condition. Rarely, people cough up <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. If this happens, you should call your doctor right away.</p><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a> may be a symptom of a medical condition. Thus, it may occur with other signs and symptoms of that condition. For example, if you have a cold, you may have a runny or stuffy <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025667" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nose</a>. If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028105" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gastroesophageal reflux disease</a>, you may have a sour <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028130" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">taste</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a>.</p><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a> can make you feel tired because you use a lot of energy to cough. It also can prevent you from sleeping well and interfere with work and socializing. A chronic cough also can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">headaches</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain, loss of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021898" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bladder</a> control, sweating, and, rarely, fractured <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029862" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ribs</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is the Cause of Cough Diagnosed?</h2><p>Your doctor will diagnose the cause of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a> based on your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029840" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">medical history</a>, a physical exam, and test results.</p><div id="nhlbi-cough-sec2-d6e31"><h3>Medical History</h3><p>Your doctor will likely ask questions about your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a>. He or she may ask how long you've had it, whether you're <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coughing</a> anything up (such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a>, a slimy substance), and how much you cough.</p><p>Your doctor also may ask:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>About your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029840" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">medical history</a>, including whether you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">allergies</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-asthma/">asthma</a>, or other medical conditions.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Whether you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028109" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heartburn</a> or a sour <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028130" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">taste</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a>. These may be signs of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028105" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gastroesophageal reflux disease</a> (GERD).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Whether you've recently had a cold or the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025769" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">flu</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Whether you smoke or spend time around others who smoke.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Whether you've been around air pollution, a lot of dust, or fumes.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-cough-sec2-d6e65"><h3>Physical Exam</h3><p>To check for signs of problems related to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a>, your doctor will use a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023209" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stethoscope</a> to listen to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. He or she will listen for wheezing (a whistling or squeaky sound when you breathe) or other abnormal sounds.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-cough-sec2-d6e71"><h3>Diagnostic Tests</h3><p>Your doctor may recommend tests based on the results of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029840" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">medical history</a> and physical exam. For example, if you have symptoms of GERD, your doctor may recommend a pH probe. This test measures the acid level of the fluid in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024473" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">throat</a>.</p><p>Other tests may include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>An exam of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a> from your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025667" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nose</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024473" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">throat</a>. This test can show whether you have a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024516" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bacterial infection</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cxray/">A chest x ray</a>. A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> x ray takes a picture of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. This test can help diagnose conditions such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pnu/">pneumonia</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021885" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung cancer</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-lft/">Lung function tests</a>. These tests measure how much air you can breathe in and out, how fast you can breathe air out, and how well your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> deliver <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. Lung function tests can help diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a> and other conditions.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>An x ray of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024561" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sinuses</a>. This test can help diagnose a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024561" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sinus</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>.</div></li></ul></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Cough Treated?</h2><p>The best way to treat a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a> is to treat its cause. However, sometimes the cause is unknown. Other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a>, such as medicines and a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022666" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vaporizer</a>, can help relieve the cough itself.</p><div id="nhlbi-cough-sec2-d7e31"><h3>Treating the Cause of a Cough</h3><div id="nhlbi-cough-sec3-d7e34"><h4>Acute and Subacute Cough</h4><p>An <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acute</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a> lasts less than 3 weeks. Common causes of an acute cough are a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024671" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">common cold</a> or other upper <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022181" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">respiratory</a> infections. Examples of other upper respiratory infections include the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025769" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">flu</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pnu/">pneumonia</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029703" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">whooping cough</a>. An acute cough usually goes away after the illness that caused it is over.</p><p>A subacute <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a> lasts 3 to 8 weeks. This type of cough remains even after a cold or other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022181" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">respiratory</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> is over.</p><p>Studies show that antibiotics and cold medicines can't cure a cold. However, your doctor may prescribe medicines to treat another cause of an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acute</a> or subacute <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a>. For example, antibiotics may be given for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumonia</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-cough-sec3-d7e50"><h4>Chronic Cough</h4><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a> lasts more than 8 weeks. Common causes of a chronic cough are upper airway cough syndrome (UACS), <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-asthma/">asthma</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028105" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gastroesophageal reflux disease</a> (GERD).</p><p>"UACS" is a term used to describe conditions that inflame the upper airways and cause a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a>. Examples include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024561" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sinus</a> infections and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">allergies</a>. These conditions can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a> (a slimy substance) to run down your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024473" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">throat</a> from the back of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025667" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nose</a>. This is called postnasal drip.</p><p>If you have a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024561" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sinus</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>, your doctor may prescribe antibiotics. He or she also may suggest you use a medicine that you spray into your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025667" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nose</a>. If <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">allergies</a> are causing your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a>, your doctor may advise you to avoid the substances that you're allergic to (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030650" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">allergens</a>) if possible.</p><p>If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a>, try to avoid irritants and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030650" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">allergens</a> that make your asthma worse. Take your asthma medicines as your doctor prescribes.</p><p>GERD occurs if acid from your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a> backs up into your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024473" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">throat</a>. Your doctor may prescribe a medicine to reduce acid in your stomach. You also may be able to relieve GERD symptoms by waiting 3 to 4 hours after a meal before lying down, and by sleeping with your head raised.</p><p>Smoking also can cause a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a>. If you smoke, it's important to quit. Talk with your doctor about programs and products that can help you quit smoking. Also, try to avoid <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029761" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">secondhand smoke</a>.</p><p>Many hospitals have programs that help people quit smoking, or hospital staff can refer you to a program. The Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">Smoking and Your Heart</a> article and the National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/other/your_guide/healthyheart.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">"Your Guide to a Healthy Heart"</a> booklet have more information about how to quit smoking.</p><p>Other causes of a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a> include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022181" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">respiratory</a> infections, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-brnchi/">chronic bronchitis</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-brn/">bronchiectasis</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021885" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung cancer</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatments</a> for these causes may include medicines, procedures, and other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapies</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatment</a> also may include avoiding irritants and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030650" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">allergens</a> and quitting smoking.</p><p>If your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a> is due to a medicine you're taking, your doctor may prescribe a different medicine.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-cough-sec2-d7e103"><h3>Treating the Cough Rather Than the Cause</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Coughing</a> is important because it helps clear your airways of irritants, such as smoke and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a> (a slimy substance). Coughing also helps prevent infections.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Cough</a> medicines usually are used only when the cause of the cough is unknown and the cough causes a lot of discomfort.</p><p>Medicines can help control a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a> and make it easier to cough up <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a>. Your doctor may recommend medicines such as:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Prescription <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a> suppressants, also called antitussives. These medicines can help relieve a cough. However, they're usually used when nothing else works. No evidence shows that over-the-counter cough suppressants relieve a cough.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Expectorants. These medicines may loosen <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a>, making it easier to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a> up.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Bronchodilators. These medicines relax your airways.</div></li></ul><p>Other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> also may relieve an irritated <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024473" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">throat</a> and loosen <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a>. Examples include using a cool-mist humidifier or steam <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022666" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vaporizer</a> and drinking enough fluids. Examples of fluids are water, soup, and juice. Ask your doctor how much fluid you need.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-cough-sec2-d7e131"><h3>Cough in Children</h3><p>No evidence shows that <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a> and cold medicines help children recover more quickly from <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024671" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">colds</a>. These medicines can even harm children. Talk with your child's doctor about your child's cough and how to treat it.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-livingwith"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-livingwith_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Living With Cough</h2><p>If you have a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a>, you can take steps to recover from the condition that's causing the cough. You also can take steps to relieve your cough. Ongoing care and lifestyle changes can help you.</p><div id="nhlbi-cough-sec2-d8e31"><h3>Ongoing Care</h3><p>Follow the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> plan your doctor gives you for treating the cause of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a>. Take all medicines as your doctor prescribes. If you're using antibiotics, continue to take the medicine until it's all gone. You may start to feel better before you finish the medicine, but you should continue to take it.</p><p>Ask your doctor about ways to relieve your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a>. He or she may recommend cough medicines. These medicines usually are used only when the cause of a cough is unknown and the cough is causing a lot of discomfort.</p><p>A cool-mist humidifier or steam <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022666" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vaporizer</a> may help relieve an irritated <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024473" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">throat</a> and loosen <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a>. Getting enough fluids (for example, water, soup, or juice) may have the same effect. Ask your doctor about how much fluid you need.</p><p>Your doctor will let you know when to schedule followup care.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-cough-sec2-d8e47"><h3>Lifestyle Changes</h3><p>If you smoke, quit. Ask your doctor about programs and products that can help you quit smoking. The Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">Smoking and Your Heart</a> article and the National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/other/your_guide/healthyheart.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">"Your Guide to a Healthy Heart"</a> booklet have more information about how to quit smoking.</p><p>Try to avoid irritants and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030650" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">allergens</a> that make you <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a>. Examples of irritants include cigarette smoke, air pollution, paint fumes, and scented products like perfumes or air fresheners. Examples of allergens include dust, animal dander, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029692" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mold</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030651" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pollens</a> from trees, grasses, and flowers.</p><p>Follow a healthy diet and be as physically active as you can. A healthy diet includes a variety of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. It also includes lean meats, poultry, fish, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fat</a>-free or low-fat milk or milk products. A healthy diet also is low in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018272" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">saturated fat</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022582" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">trans fat</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cholesterol</a>, sodium (salt), and added <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023305" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sugar</a>.</p><p>For more information about following a healthy diet, go to the National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/obesity/lose_wt/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Aim for a Healthy Weight</a> Web site, <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/other/your_guide/healthyheart.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">"Your Guide to a Healthy Heart,"</a> and <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/hbp/dash/index.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">"Your Guide to Lowering Your Blood Pressure With DASH."</a> All of these resources include general advice about healthy eating.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-trials"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-trials_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Clinical Trials</h2><p>The National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute (NHLBI) is strongly committed to supporting research aimed at preventing and treating heart, lung, and blood diseases and conditions and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorders</a>.</p><p>NHLBI-supported research has led to many advances in medical knowledge and care. Often, these advances depend on the willingness of volunteers to take part in <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-clinicaltrials/">clinical trials</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Clinical trials</a> test new ways to prevent, diagnose, or treat various diseases and conditions. For example, new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for a disease or condition (such as medicines, medical devices, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgeries</a>, or procedures) are tested in volunteers who have the illness. Testing shows whether a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> is safe and effective in humans before it is made available for widespread use.</p><p>By taking part in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, you can gain access to new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> before they're widely available. You also will have the support of a team of health care providers, who will likely monitor your health closely. Even if you don't directly benefit from the results of a clinical trial, the information gathered can help others and add to scientific knowledge.</p><p>If you volunteer for a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, the research will be explained to you in detail. You'll learn about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> and tests you may receive, and the benefits and risks they may pose. You'll also be given a chance to ask questions about the research. This process is called informed consent.</p><p>If you agree to take part in the trial, you'll be asked to sign an informed consent form. This form is not a contract. You have the right to withdraw from a study at any time, for any reason. Also, you have the right to learn about new risks or findings that emerge during the trial.</p><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> related to your disease or condition, talk with your doctor. You also can visit the following Web sites to learn more about clinical research and to search for clinical trials:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>http://clinicalresearch.nih.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.clinicaltrials.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.researchmatch.org</div></li></ul><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> for children, visit the NHLBI's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/childrenandclinicalstudies/index.php" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Children and Clinical Studies</a> Web page.</p></div><div style="display: none; width: 200px; top: -100px; left: -100px;" aria-live="assertive" aria-hidden="true" class="ui-helper-reset ui-ncbipopper-wrapper ui-ncbilinksmenu"><ul id="ui-ncbiinpagenav-6"><li><a href="#_nhlbi-cough-sec1-d1e35_">What Is Cough?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-causes_">What Causes Cough?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-atrisk_">Who Is At Risk for Cough?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-signs_">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Cough?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-diagnosis_">How Is the Cause of Cough Diagnosed?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-treatment_">How Is Cough Treated?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-livingwith_">Living With Cough</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-trials_">Clinical Trials</a></li></ul></div></div></div> |
June 11, 2014. |
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2018-02-02 04:25:06 |
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<L1> diseases_conditions
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2018-02-02 05:10:10 |
Cystic Fibrosis |
<div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-cf-sec1-d1e36_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Is Cystic Fibrosis?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022782" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Cystic fibrosis</a> (SIS-tik fi-BRO-sis), or CF, is an inherited disease of the secretory (see-KREH-tor-ee) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022072" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">glands</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022074" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Secretory glands</a> include glands that make <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sweat</a>.</p><p>"Inherited" means the disease is passed from parents to children through <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a>. People who have CF inherit two faulty genes for the disease—one from each parent. The parents likely don't have the disease themselves.</p><p>CF mainly affects the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015631" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pancreas</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022247" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">intestines</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024561" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sinuses</a>, and sex <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a>.</p><div id="nhlbi-cf-sec2-d1e48"><h3>Overview</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Mucus</a> is a substance made by <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissues</a> that line some <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> and body <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023279" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cavities</a>, such as the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025667" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nose</a>. Normally, mucus is a slippery, watery substance. It keeps the linings of certain organs moist and prevents them from drying out or getting infected.</p><p>If you have CF, your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a> becomes thick and sticky. It builds up in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> and blocks your airways. (Airways are tubes that carry air in and out of your lungs.)</p><p>The buildup of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a> makes it easy for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bacteria</a> to grow. This leads to repeated, serious lung infections. Over time, these infections can severely damage your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>.</p><p>The thick, sticky <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a> also can block tubes, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024112" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ducts</a>, in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015631" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pancreas</a> (an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organ</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022602" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abdomen</a>). As a result, the digestive <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022049" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">enzymes</a> that your pancreas makes can't reach your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022231" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">small intestine</a>.</p><p>These <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022049" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">enzymes</a> help break down food. Without them, your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022247" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">intestines</a> can't fully absorb <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015646" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fats</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022051" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">proteins</a>. This can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023352" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin</a> deficiency and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030687" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">malnutrition</a> because <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023354" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nutrients</a> pass through your body without being used. You also may have bulky stools, intestinal gas, a swollen belly from severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024803" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">constipation</a>, and pain or discomfort.</p><p>CF also causes your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sweat</a> to become very salty. Thus, when you sweat, you lose large amounts of salt. This can upset the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024854" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">balance</a> of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023353" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">minerals</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> and cause many health problems. Examples of these problems include dehydration (a lack of fluid in your body), increased <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024325" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart rate</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fatigue</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tiredness</a>), weakness, decreased <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a>, heat <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a>, and, rarely, death.</p><p>If you or your child has CF, you're also at higher risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a> or two <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022807" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone</a>-thinning conditions called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024680" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">osteoporosis</a> (OS-te-o-po-RO-sis) and osteopenia (OS-te-o-PEE-nee-uh).</p><p>CF also causes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025041" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infertility</a> in men, and the disease can make it harder for women to get pregnant. (The term "infertility" refers to the inability to have children.)</p></div><div id="nhlbi-cf-sec2-d1e80"><h3>Outlook</h3><p>The symptoms and severity of CF vary. If you or your child has the disease, you may have serious lung and digestive problems. If the disease is mild, symptoms may not show up until the teen or adult years.</p><p>The symptoms and severity of CF also vary over time. Sometimes you'll have few symptoms. Other times, your symptoms may become more severe. As the disease gets worse, you'll have more severe symptoms more often.</p><p>Lung function often starts to decline in early childhood in people who have CF. Over time, damage to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> can cause severe breathing problems. <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-rf/">Respiratory failure</a> is the most common cause of death in people who have CF.</p><p>As <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for CF continue to improve, so does life expectancy for those who have the disease. Today, some people who have CF are living into their forties or fifties, or longer.</p><p>Early <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> for CF can improve your quality of life and increase your lifespan. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatments</a> may include nutritional and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022181" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">respiratory</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapies</a>, medicines, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">exercise</a>, and other treatments.</p><p>Your doctor also may recommend <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pulreh/">pulmonary rehabilitation</a> (PR). PR is a broad program that helps improve the well-being of people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> (ongoing) breathing problems.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-names"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-names_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Other Names for Cystic Fibrosis</h2><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022782" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Cystic fibrosis</a> of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015631" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pancreas</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022782" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Fibrocystic disease</a> of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015631" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pancreas</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022782" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Mucoviscidosis</a> (MU-ko-vis-ih-DO-sis)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022782" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Mucoviscidosis</a> of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015631" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pancreas</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015631" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pancreas</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022782" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fibrocystic disease</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Pancreatic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022782" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cystic fibrosis</a></div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes Cystic Fibrosis?</h2><p>A defect in the CFTR <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a> causes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022782" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cystic fibrosis</a> (CF). This gene makes a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> that controls the movement of salt and water in and out of your body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a>. In people who have CF, the gene makes a protein that doesn't work well. This causes thick, sticky <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a> and very salty <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sweat</a>.</p><p>Research suggests that the CFTR <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> also affects the body in other ways. This may help explain other symptoms and complications of CF.</p><p>More than a thousand known defects can affect the CFTR <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a>. The type of defect you or your child has may affect the severity of CF. Other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a> also may play a role in the severity of the disease.</p><div id="nhlbi-cf-sec2-d4e37"><h3>How Is Cystic Fibrosis Inherited?</h3><p>Every person inherits two CFTR <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a>—one from each parent. Children who inherit a faulty CFTR <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a> from each parent will have CF.</p><p>Children who inherit one faulty CFTR <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a> and one normal CFTR gene are "CF carriers." CF carriers usually have no symptoms of CF and live normal lives. However, they can pass the faulty CFTR gene to their children.</p><p>The image below shows how two parents who are both CF carriers can pass the faulty CFTR <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a> to their children.</p><p> </p><div class="graphic left label"><img src="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063023/bin/cysticfibrosis02.jpg" alt="Figure A shows the organs that cystic fibrosis can affect. Figure B shows a cross-section of a normal airway. Figure C shows an airway affected by cystic fibrosis. The widened airway is blocked by thick, sticky mucus containing blood and bacteria. "></div> <p></p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-atrisk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-atrisk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is at Risk for Cystic Fibrosis?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022782" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Cystic fibrosis</a> (CF) affects both males and females and people from all racial and ethnic groups. However, the disease is most common among Caucasians of Northern European descent.</p><p>CF also is common among Latinos and American Indians, especially the Pueblo and Zuni. The disease is less common among African Americans and Asian Americans.</p><p>More than 10 million Americans are carriers of a faulty CF <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a>. Many of them don't know that they're CF carriers.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Cystic Fibrosis?</h2><p>The signs and symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022782" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cystic fibrosis</a> (CF) vary from person to person and over time. Sometimes you'll have few symptoms. Other times, your symptoms may become more severe.</p><p>One of the first signs of CF that parents may notice is that their baby's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028130" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tastes</a> salty when kissed, or the baby doesn't pass <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022950" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stool</a> when first born.</p><p>Most of the other signs and symptoms of CF happen later. They're related to how CF affects the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022181" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">respiratory</a>, digestive, or reproductive systems of the body.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figd6e41" co-legend-rid="figlgndd6e41"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063023/figure/d6e41/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figd6e41" rid-ob="figobd6e41"><img class="small-thumb" src="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063023/bin/cysticfibrosis01.gif" src-large="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063023/bin/cysticfibrosis01.jpg" alt="Cystic Fibrosis."></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndd6e41"><h4 id="d6e41"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063023/figure/d6e41/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd6e41">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Cystic Fibrosis. Figure A shows the organs that cystic fibrosis can affect. Figure B shows a cross-section of a normal airway. Figure C shows an airway with cystic fibrosis. The widened airway is blocked by thick, sticky mucus that contains blood and bacteria. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063023/figure/d6e41/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd6e41">(more...)</a></p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-cf-sec2-d6e47"><h3>Respiratory System Signs and Symptoms</h3><p>People who have CF have thick, sticky <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a> that builds up in their airways. This buildup of mucus makes it easier for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bacteria</a> to grow and cause infections. Infections can block the airways and cause frequent <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cough/">coughing</a> that brings up thick <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025092" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sputum</a> (spit) or mucus that's sometimes bloody.</p><p>People who have CF tend to have lung infections caused by unusual <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025078" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">germs</a> that don't respond to standard antibiotics. For example, lung infections caused by <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bacteria</a> called mucoid Pseudomonas are much more common in people who have CF than in those who don't. An <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> caused by these bacteria may be a sign of CF.</p><p>People who have CF have frequent bouts of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024567" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sinusitis</a> (si-nu-SI-tis), an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024561" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sinuses</a>. The sinuses are hollow air spaces around the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eyes</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025667" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nose</a>, and forehead. Frequent bouts of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-brnchi/">bronchitis</a> (bron-KI-tis) and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pnu/">pneumonia</a> (nu-MO-ne-ah) also can occur. These infections can cause long-term lung damage.</p><p>As CF gets worse, you may have more serious problems, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pleurisy/">pneumothorax</a> (noo-mo-THOR-aks) or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-brn/">bronchiectasis</a> (brong-ke-EK-ta-sis).</p><p>Some people who have CF also develop nasal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022750" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">polyps</a> (growths in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025667" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nose</a>) that may require <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-cf-sec2-d6e84"><h3>Digestive System Signs and Symptoms</h3><p>In CF, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a> can block tubes, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024112" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ducts</a>, in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015631" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pancreas</a> (an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organ</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022602" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abdomen</a>). These blockages prevent <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022049" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">enzymes</a> from reaching your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022247" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">intestines</a>.</p><p>As a result, your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022247" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">intestines</a> can't fully absorb <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015646" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fats</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022051" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">proteins</a>. This can cause ongoing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024806" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diarrhea</a> or bulky, foul-smelling, greasy stools. Intestinal blockages also may occur, especially in newborns. Too much gas or severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024803" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">constipation</a> in the intestines may cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a> pain and discomfort.</p><p>A hallmark of CF in children is poor weight gain and growth. These children are unable to get enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023354" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nutrients</a> from their food because of the lack of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022049" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">enzymes</a> to help absorb <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015646" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fats</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022051" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">proteins</a>.</p><p>As CF gets worse, other problems may occur, such as:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022875" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pancreatitis</a> (PAN-kre-ah-TI-tis). This is a condition in which the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015631" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pancreas</a> become inflamed, which causes pain.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030548" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Rectal prolapse</a>. Frequent <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coughing</a> or problems passing stools may cause rectal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> from inside you to move out of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022230" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rectum</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Liver</a> disease due to inflamed or blocked <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018954" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bile ducts</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Diabetes</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018967" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Gallstones</a>.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-cf-sec2-d6e120"><h3>Reproductive System Signs and Symptoms</h3><p>Men who have CF are infertile because they're born without a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024430" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vas deferens</a>. The vas deferens is a tube that delivers <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022595" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sperm</a> from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024429" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">testes</a> to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024426" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">penis</a>.</p><p>Women who have CF may have a hard time getting pregnant because of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a> blocking the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021895" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cervix</a> or other CF complications.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-cf-sec2-d6e129"><h3>Other Signs, Symptoms, and Complications</h3><p>Other signs and symptoms of CF are related to an upset of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024854" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">balance</a> of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023353" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">minerals</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>.</p><p>CF causes your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sweat</a> to become very salty. As a result, your body loses large amounts of salt when you sweat. This can cause dehydration (a lack of fluid in your body), increased <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024325" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart rate</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fatigue</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tiredness</a>), weakness, decreased <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a>, heat <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a>, and, rarely, death.</p><p>CF also can cause clubbing and low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024682" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone density</a>. Clubbing is the widening and rounding of the tips of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023112" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fingers</a> and toes. This sign develops late in CF because your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> aren't moving enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> into your bloodstream.</p><p>Low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024682" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone density</a> also tends to occur late in CF. It can lead to bone-thinning disorders called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024680" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">osteoporosis</a> and osteopenia.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Cystic Fibrosis Diagnosed?</h2><p>Doctors diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022782" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cystic fibrosis</a> (CF) based on the results from various tests.</p><div id="nhlbi-cf-sec2-d7e31"><h3>Newborn Screening</h3><p>All States screen newborns for CF using a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022716" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic test</a> or a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022070" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood test</a>. The genetic test shows whether a newborn has faulty CFTR <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a>. The blood test shows whether a newborn's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015631" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pancreas</a> is working properly.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-cf-sec2-d7e37"><h3>Sweat Test</h3><p>If a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022716" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic test</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022070" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood test</a> suggests CF, a doctor will confirm the diagnosis using a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sweat</a> test. This test is the most useful test for diagnosing CF. A sweat test measures the amount of salt in sweat.</p><p>For this test, the doctor triggers sweating on a small patch of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> on an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arm</a> or leg. He or she rubs the skin with a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sweat</a>-producing chemical and then uses an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">electrode</a> to provide a mild electrical current. This may cause a tingling or warm feeling.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sweat</a> is collected on a pad or paper and then analyzed. The sweat test usually is done twice. High salt levels confirm a diagnosis of CF.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-cf-sec2-d7e53"><h3>Other Tests</h3><p>If you or your child has CF, your doctor may recommend other tests, such as:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022716" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Genetic tests</a> to find out what type of CFTR defect is causing your CF.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cxray/">chest x ray</a>. This test creates pictures of the structures in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a>, such as your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>. A chest x ray can show whether your lungs are inflamed or scarred, or whether they trap air.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024561" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sinus</a> x ray. This test may show signs of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024567" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sinusitis</a>, a complication of CF.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-lft/"> </a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-lft/">Lung function tests</a>. These tests measure how much air you can breathe in and out, how fast you can breathe air out, and how well your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> deliver <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025092" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sputum</a> culture. For this test, your doctor will take a sample of your sputum (spit) to see whether <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bacteria</a> are growing in it. If you have bacteria called mucoid Pseudomonas, you may have more advanced CF that needs aggressive <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-cf-sec2-d7e88"><h3>Prenatal Screening</h3><p>If you're pregnant, prenatal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022716" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic tests</a> can show whether your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028116" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fetus</a> has CF. These tests include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030510" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">amniocentesis</a> (AM-ne-o-sen-TE-sis) and chorionic villus (ko-re-ON-ik VIL-us) sampling (CVS).</p><p>In <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030510" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">amniocentesis</a>, your doctor inserts a hollow needle through your abdominal wall into your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022603" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">uterus</a>. He or she removes a small amount of fluid from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022396" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sac</a> around the baby. The fluid is tested to see whether both of the baby's CFTR <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a> are normal.</p><p>In CVS, your doctor threads a thin tube through the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022600" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vagina</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021895" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cervix</a> to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030321" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">placenta</a>. The doctor removes a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> sample from the placenta using gentle suction. The sample is tested to see whether the baby has CF.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-cf-sec2-d7e100"><h3>Cystic Fibrosis Carrier Testing</h3><p>People who have one normal CFTR <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a> and one faulty CFTR gene are CF carriers. CF carriers usually have no symptoms of CF and live normal lives. However, carriers can pass faulty CFTR <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a> on to their children.</p><p>If you have a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family history</a> of CF or a partner who has CF (or a family history of it) and you're planning a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a>, you may want to find out whether you're a CF carrier.</p><p>A genetics counselor can test a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024478" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">saliva</a> sample to find out whether you have a faulty CF <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a>. This type of testing can detect faulty CF <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a> in 9 out of 10 cases.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Cystic Fibrosis Treated?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022782" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Cystic fibrosis</a> (CF) has no cure. However, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> have greatly improved in recent years. The goals of CF <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Preventing and controlling lung infections</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Loosening and removing thick, sticky <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a> from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Preventing or treating blockages in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022247" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">intestines</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Providing enough nutrition</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Preventing dehydration (a lack of fluid in the body)</div></li></ul><p>Depending on the severity of CF, you or your child may be treated in a hospital.</p><div id="nhlbi-cf-sec2-d8e52"><h3>Specialists Involved</h3><p>If you or your child has CF, you may be treated by a CF specialist. This is a doctor who is familiar with the complex nature of CF.</p><p>Often, a CF specialist works with a medical team of nurses, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030138" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">physical therapists</a>, dietitians, and social workers. CF specialists often are located at major medical centers.</p><p>The United States also has more than 100 CF Care Centers. These centers have teams of doctors, nurses, dietitians, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022181" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">respiratory</a> therapists, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030138" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">physical therapists</a>, and social workers who have special training related to CF care. Most CF Care Centers have pediatric and adult programs or clinics.</p><p>For more information about CF Care Centers, go to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022782" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Cystic Fibrosis</a> Foundation's Care Center Network Web page.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-cf-sec2-d8e71"><h3>Treatment for Lung Problems</h3><p>The main <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for lung problems in people who have CF are <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030138" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">physical therapy</a> (CPT), <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">exercise</a>, and medicines. Your doctor also may recommend a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pulreh/">pulmonary rehabilitation</a> (PR) program.</p><div id="nhlbi-cf-sec3-d8e81"><h4>Chest Physical Therapy</h4><p>CPT also is called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> clapping or percussion. It involves pounding your chest and back over and over with your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hands</a> or a device to loosen the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a> from your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> so that you can <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a> it up.</p><p>You might sit down or lie on your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a> with your head down while you do CPT. Gravity and force help drain the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a> from your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>.</p><p>Some people find CPT hard or uncomfortable to do. Several devices have been developed that may help with CPT, such as:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>An electric <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> clapper, known as a mechanical percussor.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>An inflatable <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a> vest that uses high-frequency airwaves to force the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a> that's deep in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> toward your upper airways so you can <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a> it up.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A small, handheld device that you exhale through. The device causes vibrations that dislodge the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A mask that creates vibrations that help break the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a> loose from your airway walls.</div></li></ul><p>Breathing techniques also may help dislodge <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a> so you can <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a> it up. These techniques include forcing out a couple of short breaths or deeper breaths and then doing relaxed breathing. This may help loosen the mucus in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> and open your airways.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-cf-sec3-d8e112"><h4>Exercise</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022362" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Aerobic exercise</a> that makes you breathe harder can help loosen the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a> in your airways so you can <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a> it up. Exercise also helps improve your overall physical condition.</p><p>However, CF causes your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sweat</a> to become very salty. As a result, your body loses large amounts of salt when you sweat. Thus, your doctor may recommend a high-salt diet or salt supplements to maintain the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024854" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">balance</a> of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023353" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">minerals</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>.</p><p>If you <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">exercise</a> regularly, you may be able to cut back on your CPT. However, you should check with your doctor first.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-cf-sec3-d8e124"><h4>Medicines</h4><p>If you have CF, your doctor may prescribe antibiotics, anti-inflammatory medicines, bronchodilators, or medicines to help clear the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a>. These medicines help treat or prevent lung infections, reduce swelling and open up the airways, and thin mucus. If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029640" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mutations</a> in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a> called G551D, which occurs in about 5 percent of people who have CF, your doctor may prescribe the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025395" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oral</a> medicine <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0010811" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ivacaftor</a> (approved for people with CF who are 6 years of age and older).</p><p>Antibiotics are the main <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> to prevent or treat lung infections. Your doctor may prescribe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025395" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oral</a>, inhaled, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022191" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">intravenous</a> (IV) antibiotics.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025395" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Oral</a> antibiotics often are used to treat mild lung infections. Inhaled antibiotics may be used to prevent or control infections caused by the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bacteria</a> mucoid Pseudomonas. For severe or hard-to-treat infections, you may be given antibiotics through an IV tube (a tube inserted into a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a>). This type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> may require you to stay in a hospital.</p><p>Anti-inflammatory medicines can help reduce swelling in your airways due to ongoing infections. These medicines may be inhaled or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025395" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oral</a>.</p><p>Bronchodilators help open the airways by relaxing the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscles</a> around them. These medicines are inhaled. They're often taken just before CPT to help clear <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a> out of your airways. You also may take bronchodilators before <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022221" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inhaling</a> other medicines into your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>.</p><p>Your doctor may prescribe medicines to reduce the stickiness of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a> and loosen it up. These medicines can help clear out mucus, improve lung function, and prevent worsening lung symptoms.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-cf-sec3-d8e149"><h4>Treatments for Advanced Lung Disease</h4><p>If you have advanced <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung disease</a>, you may need <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-oxt/">oxygen therapy</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Oxygen</a> usually is given through nasal prongs or a mask.</p><p>If other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> haven't worked, a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-lungtxp/">lung transplant</a> may be an option if you have severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung disease</a>. A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028188" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung transplant</a> is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> to remove a person's diseased lung and replace it with a healthy lung from a deceased donor.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-cf-sec3-d8e165"><h4>Pulmonary Rehabilitation</h4><p>Your doctor may recommend PR as part of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> plan. PR is a broad program that helps improve the well-being of people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> (ongoing) breathing problems.</p><p>PR doesn't replace medical <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a>. Instead, it's used with medical therapy and may include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Exercise</a> training</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Nutritional counseling</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Education on your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung disease</a> or condition and how to manage it</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Energy-conserving techniques</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Breathing strategies</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Psychological counseling and/or group support</div></li></ul><p>PR has many benefits. It can improve your ability to function and your quality of life. The program also may help relieve your breathing problems. Even if you have advanced <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung disease</a>, you can still benefit from PR.</p><p>For more information, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pulreh/">Pulmonary Rehabilitation</a> article.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-cf-sec2-d8e206"><h3>Treatment for Digestive Problems</h3><p>CF can cause many digestive problems, such as bulky stools, intestinal gas, a swollen belly, severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024803" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">constipation</a>, and pain or discomfort. Digestive problems also can lead to poor growth and development in children.</p><p>Nutritional <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a> can improve your strength and ability to stay active. It also can improve growth and development in children. Nutritional therapy also may make you strong enough to resist some lung infections. A nutritionist can help you create a nutritional plan that meets your needs.</p><p>In addition to having a well-balanced diet that's rich in calories, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fat</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a>, your nutritional <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a> may include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025395" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Oral</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022903" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pancreatic enzymes</a> to help you digest <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015646" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fats</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022051" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">proteins</a> and absorb more <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023352" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamins</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Supplements of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023352" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamins</a> A, D, E, and K to replace the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fat</a>-<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027813" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">soluble</a> vitamins that your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022247" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">intestines</a> can't absorb.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>High-calorie shakes to provide you with extra <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023354" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nutrients</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A high-salt diet or salt supplements that you take before exercising.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A feeding tube to give you more calories at night while you're sleeping. The tube may be threaded through your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025667" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nose</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024473" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">throat</a> and into your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a>. Or, the tube may be placed directly into your stomach through a surgically made hole. Before you go to bed each night, you'll attach a bag with a nutritional solution to the entrance of the tube. It will feed you while you <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a>.</div></li></ul><p>Other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for digestive problems may include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022929" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">enemas</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a>-thinning medicines to treat intestinal blockages. Sometimes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> is needed to remove an intestinal blockage.</p><p>Your doctor also may prescribe medicines to reduce your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a> acid and help <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025395" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oral</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022903" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pancreatic enzymes</a> work better.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-cf-sec2-d8e243"><h3>Treatments for Cystic Fibrosis Complications</h3><p>A common complication of CF is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>. The type of diabetes associated with CF often requires different <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> than other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028168" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">types of diabetes</a>.</p><p>Another common CF complication is the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022807" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone</a>-thinning disorder <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024680" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">osteoporosis</a>. Your doctor may prescribe medicines that prevent your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022807" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bones</a> from losing their density.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-livingwith"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-livingwith_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Living With Cystic Fibrosis</h2><p>If you or your child has <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022782" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cystic fibrosis</a> (CF), you should learn as much as you can about the disease. Work closely with your doctors to learn how to manage CF.</p><div id="nhlbi-cf-sec2-d9e31"><h3>Ongoing Care</h3><p>Having ongoing medical care by a team of doctors, nurses, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022181" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">respiratory</a> therapists who specialize in CF is important. These specialists often are located at major medical centers or CF Care Centers.</p><p>The United States has more than 100 CF Care Centers. Most of these centers have pediatric and adult programs or clinics. For more information about CF Care Centers, go to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022782" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Cystic Fibrosis</a> Foundation's Care Center Network Web page.</p><p>It's standard to have CF checkups every 3 months. Talk with your doctor about whether you should get an annual <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025769" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">flu</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022222" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">shot</a> and other vaccines. Take all of your medicines as your doctor prescribes. In between checkups, be sure to contact your doctor if you have:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a>, increased amounts of mucus, or a change in the color or consistency of your mucus.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Decreased energy or appetite.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024803" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">constipation</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024806" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diarrhea</a>, severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024811" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abdominal pain</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024776" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vomit</a> that's dark green.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fever</a>, which is a sign of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>. (However, you may still have a serious infection that needs <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> even if you don't have a fever.)</div></li></ul><div id="nhlbi-cf-sec3-d9e62"><h4>Transition of Care</h4><p>Better <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for CF allow people who have the disease to live longer now than in the past. Thus, the move from pediatric care to adult care is an important step in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>.</p><p>If your child has CF, encourage him or her to learn about the dis |
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Deep Vein Thrombosis |
<div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-dvt-sec1-d1e38_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Is Deep Vein Thrombosis?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021984" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Deep vein thrombosis</a> (throm-BO-sis), or DVT, is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clot that forms in a vein deep in the body. Blood clots occur when blood thickens and clumps together.</p><p>Most deep <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots occur in the lower leg or thigh. They also can occur in other parts of the body.</p><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clot in a deep <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a> can break off and travel through the bloodstream. The loose clot is called an embolus (EM-bo-lus). It can travel to an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> and block blood flow. This condition is called <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pe/">pulmonary embolism</a> (PULL-mun-ary EM-bo-lizm), or PE.</p><p>PE is a very serious condition. It can damage the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> and other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> in the body and cause death.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> clots in the thighs are more likely to break off and cause PE than blood clots in the lower legs or other parts of the body. Blood clots also can form in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a> closer to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>'s surface. However, these clots won't break off and cause PE.</p><p>The animation below shows a deep <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clot. Click the "start" button to play the animation. Written and spoken explanations are provided with each frame. Use the buttons in the lower right corner to pause, restart, or replay the animation, or use the scroll bar below the buttons to move through the frames.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figdvtpe" co-legend-rid="figlgnddvtpe"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062951/figure/dvt_pe/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img" rid-ob="figobdvtpe"><img class="small-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/bookshelf/static/media-icon.gif" alt="Figure Icon"></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgnddvtpe"><h4 id="dvt_pe"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062951/figure/dvt_pe/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobdvtpe">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">The animation shows how a blood clot in a deep vein of the leg can break off, travel to the lungs, and block blood flow. </p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-names"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-names_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Other Names for Deep Vein Thrombosis</h2><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> clot in the leg.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Thrombophlebitis.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Venous thrombosis.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021985" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Venous thromboembolism</a> (VTE). This term is used for both <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021984" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">deep vein thrombosis</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pe/">pulmonary embolism</a>.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes Deep Vein Thrombosis?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> clots can form in your body's deep <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a> if:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a>'s inner lining is damaged. Injuries caused by physical, chemical, or biological factors can damage the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a>. Such factors include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>, serious injuries, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022625" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inflammation</a>, and immune responses.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> flow is sluggish or slow. Lack of motion can cause sluggish or slow blood flow. This may occur after <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>, if you're ill and in bed for a long time, or if you're traveling for a long time.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> is thicker or more likely to clot than normal. Some inherited conditions (such as factor V Leiden) increase the risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030009" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood clotting</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Hormone</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a> or birth control pills also can increase the risk of clotting.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-atrisk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-atrisk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is at Risk for Deep Vein Thrombosis?</h2><p>The risk factors for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021984" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">deep vein thrombosis</a> (DVT) include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A history of DVT.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Conditions or factors that make your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> thicker or more likely to clot than normal. Some inherited blood disorders (such as factor V Leiden) will do this. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Hormone</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a> or birth control pills also increase the risk of clotting.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Injury to a deep <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a> from <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>, a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028122" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">broken bone</a>, or other trauma.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Slow <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow in a deep <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a> due to lack of movement. This may occur after <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>, if you're ill and in bed for a long time, or if you're traveling for a long time.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pregnancy</a> and the first 6 weeks after giving birth.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Recent or ongoing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancer</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A central venous <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022169" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">catheter</a>. This is a tube placed in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a> to allow easy access to the bloodstream for medical <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Older age. Being older than 60 is a risk factor for DVT, although DVT can occur at any age.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-obe/">Overweight or obesity</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">Smoking</a>.</div></li></ul><p>Your risk for DVT increases if you have more than one of the risk factors listed above.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Deep Vein Thrombosis?</h2><p>The signs and symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021984" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">deep vein thrombosis</a> (DVT) might be related to DVT itself or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pe/">pulmonary embolism</a> (PE). See your doctor right away if you have signs or symptoms of either condition. Both DVT and PE can cause serious, possibly life-threatening problems if not treated.</p><div id="nhlbi-dvt-sec2-d6e34"><h3>Deep Vein Thrombosis</h3><p>Only about half of the people who have DVT have signs and symptoms. These signs and symptoms occur in the leg affected by the deep <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a> clot. They include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Swelling of the leg or along a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a> in the leg</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Pain or tenderness in the leg, which you may feel only when standing or walking</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Increased warmth in the area of the leg that's swollen or painful</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Red or discolored <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> on the leg</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-dvt-sec2-d6e56"><h3>Pulmonary Embolism</h3><p>Some people aren't aware of a deep <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a> clot until they have signs and symptoms of PE. Signs and symptoms of PE include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Unexplained shortness of breath</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Pain with deep breathing</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Coughing</a> up <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a></div></li></ul><p>Rapid breathing and a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022345" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fast heart rate</a> also may be signs of PE.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Deep Vein Thrombosis Diagnosed?</h2><p>Your doctor will diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021984" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">deep vein thrombosis</a> (DVT) based on your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029840" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">medical history</a>, a physical exam, and test results. He or she will identify your risk factors and rule out other causes of your symptoms.</p><p>For some people, DVT might not be diagnosed until after they receive emergency <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> for <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pe/">pulmonary embolism</a> (PE).</p><div id="nhlbi-dvt-sec2-d7e37"><h3>Medical History</h3><p>To learn about your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029840" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">medical history</a>, your doctor may ask about:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Your overall health</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Any prescription medicines you're taking</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Any recent <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgeries</a> or injuries you've had</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Whether you've been treated for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancer</a></div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-dvt-sec2-d7e59"><h3>Physical Exam</h3><p>Your doctor will check your legs for signs of DVT, such as swelling or redness. He or she also will check your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> and your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-dvt-sec2-d7e65"><h3>Diagnostic Tests</h3><p>Your doctor may recommend tests to find out whether you have DVT.</p><div id="nhlbi-dvt-sec3-d7e71"><h4>Common Tests</h4><p>The most common test for diagnosing deep <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots is ultrasound. This test uses sound waves to create pictures of blood flowing through the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a> in the affected leg.</p><p>Your doctor also may recommend a D-dimer test or venography (ve-NOG-rah-fee).</p><p>A D-dimer test measures a substance in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> that's released when a blood clot dissolves. If the test shows high levels of the substance, you may have a deep <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a> blood clot. If your test results are normal and you have few risk factors, DVT isn't likely.</p><p>Your doctor may suggest venography if an ultrasound doesn't provide a clear diagnosis. For venography, dye is injected into a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a> in the affected leg. The dye makes the vein visible on an x-ray image. The x ray will show whether <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow is slow in the vein, which may suggest a blood clot.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-dvt-sec3-d7e87"><h4>Other Tests</h4><p>Other tests used to diagnose DVT include magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (to-MOG-rah-fee), or CT, scanning. These tests create pictures of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissues</a>.</p><p>You may need <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bdt/">blood tests</a> to check whether you have an inherited <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030009" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood clotting</a> disorder that can cause DVT. This may be the case if you have repeated blood clots that are not related to another cause. Blood clots in an unusual location (such as the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidney</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>) also may suggest an inherited clotting disorder.</p><p>If your doctor thinks that you have PE, he or she may recommend more tests, such as a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-lvq/">lung ventilation perfusion scan</a> (VQ scan). A lung VQ scan shows how well <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> are flowing to all areas of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>.</p><p>For more information about diagnosing PE, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pe/">Pulmonary Embolism</a> article.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Deep Vein Thrombosis Treated?</h2><p>Doctors treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021984" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">deep vein thrombosis</a> (DVT) with medicines and other devices and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapies</a>. The main goals of treating DVT are to:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Stop the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clot from getting bigger</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Prevent the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clot from breaking off and moving to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Reduce your chance of having another <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clot</div></li></ul><div id="nhlbi-dvt-sec2-d8e43"><h3>Medicines</h3><p>Your doctor may prescribe medicines to prevent or treat DVT.</p><div id="nhlbi-dvt-sec3-d8e50"><h4>Anticoagulants</h4><p>Anticoagulants (AN-te-ko-AG-u-lants) are the most common medicines for treating DVT. They're also known as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> thinners.</p><p>These medicines decrease your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>'s ability to clot. They also stop existing blood clots from getting bigger. However, blood thinners can't break up blood clots that have already formed. (The body dissolves most blood clots with time.)</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> thinners can be taken as a pill, an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022222" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">injection</a> under the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>, or through a needle or tube inserted into a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a> (called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022191" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">intravenous</a>, or IV, injection).</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0012678" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Warfarin</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0010545" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heparin</a> are two <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> thinners used to treat DVT. Warfarin is given in pill form. (Coumadin® is a common brand name for warfarin.) Heparin is given as an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022222" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">injection</a> or through an IV tube. There are different types of heparin. Your doctor will discuss the options with you.</p><p>Your doctor may treat you with both <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0010545" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heparin</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0012678" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">warfarin</a> at the same time. Heparin acts quickly. Warfarin takes 2 to 3 days before it starts to work. Once the warfarin starts to work, the heparin is stopped.</p><p>Pregnant women usually are treated with just <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0010545" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heparin</a> because <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0012678" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">warfarin</a> is dangerous during <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatment</a> for DVT using <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> thinners usually lasts for 6 months. The following situations may change the length of treatment:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>If your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clot occurred after a short-term risk (for example, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>), your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> time may be shorter.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>If you've had <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots before, your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> time may be longer.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>If you have certain other illnesses, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancer</a>, you may need to take <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> thinners for as long as you have the illness.</div></li></ul><p>The most common side effect of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> thinners is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>. Bleeding can happen if the medicine thins your blood too much. This side effect can be life threatening.</p><p>Sometimes the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> is internal (inside your body). People treated with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> thinners usually have regular <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bdt/">blood tests</a> to measure their blood's ability to clot. These tests are called PT and PTT tests.</p><p>These tests also help your doctor make sure you're taking the right amount of medicine. Call your doctor right away if you have easy bruising or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>. These may be signs that your medicines have thinned your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> too much.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-dvt-sec3-d8e103"><h4>Thrombin Inhibitors</h4><p>These medicines interfere with the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030009" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood clotting</a> process. They're used to treat blood clots in patients who can't take <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0010545" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heparin</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-dvt-sec3-d8e109"><h4>Thrombolytics</h4><p>Doctors prescribe these medicines to quickly dissolve large <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots that cause severe symptoms. Because thrombolytics can cause sudden <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>, they're used only in life-threatening situations.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-dvt-sec2-d8e115"><h3>Other Types of Treatment</h3><div id="nhlbi-dvt-sec3-d8e118"><h4>Vena Cava Filter</h4><p>If you can't take <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> thinners or they're not working well, your doctor may recommend a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vena cava</a> filter.</p><p>The filter is inserted inside a large <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a> called the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vena cava</a>. The filter catches <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots before they travel to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, which prevents <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pe/">pulmonary embolism</a>. However, the filter doesn't stop new blood clots from forming.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-dvt-sec3-d8e131"><h4>Graduated Compression Stockings</h4><p>Graduated compression stockings can reduce leg swelling caused by a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clot. These stockings are worn on the legs from the arch of the foot to just above or below the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">knee</a>.</p><p>Compression stockings are tight at the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024901" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ankle</a> and become looser as they go up the leg. This creates gentle pressure up the leg. The pressure keeps <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> from pooling and clotting.</p><p>There are three types of compression stockings. One type is support pantyhose, which offer the least amount of pressure.</p><p>The second type is over-the-counter compression hose. These stockings give a little more pressure than support pantyhose. Over-the-counter compression hose are sold in medical supply stores and pharmacies.</p><p>Prescription-strength compression hose offer the greatest amount of pressure. They also are sold in medical supply stores and pharmacies. However, a specially trained person needs to fit you for these stockings.</p><p>Talk with your doctor about how long you should wear compression stockings.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-prevention"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-prevention_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Can Deep Vein Thrombosis Be Prevented?</h2><p>You can take steps to prevent <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021984" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">deep vein thrombosis</a> (DVT) and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pe/">pulmonary embolism</a> (PE). If you're at risk for these conditions:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>See your doctor for regular checkups.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Take all medicines as your doctor prescribes.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Get out of bed and move around as soon as possible after <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> or illness (as your doctor recommends). Moving around lowers your chance of developing a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clot.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Exercise</a> your lower leg <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscles</a> during long trips. This helps prevent <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots from forming.</div></li></ul><p>If you've had DVT or PE before, you can help prevent future <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots. Follow the steps above and:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Take all medicines that your doctor prescribes to prevent or treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Follow up with your doctor for tests and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Use compression stockings as your doctor directs to prevent leg swelling</div></li></ul><p>Contact your doctor at once if you have any signs or symptoms of DVT or PE. For more information, go to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062951/#nhlbisec-signs">"What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Deep Vein Thrombosis?"</a> </p><div id="nhlbi-dvt-sec2-d9e70"><h3>Travel Tips</h3><p>The risk of developing DVT while traveling is low. The risk increases if the travel time is longer than 4 hours or you have other DVT risk factors.</p><p>During long trips, it may help to:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Walk up and down the aisles of the bus, train, or airplane. If traveling by car, stop about every hour and walk around.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Move your legs and flex and stretch your feet to improve <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow in your calves.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Wear loose and comfortable clothing.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Drink plenty of fluids and avoid alcohol.</div></li></ul><p>If you have risk factors for DVT, your doctor may advise you to wear compression stockings while traveling. Or, he or she may suggest that you take a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>-thinning medicine before traveling.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-livingwith"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-livingwith_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Living With Deep Vein Thrombosis</h2><p>If you've had a deep <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clot, you're at greater risk for another one. During <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> and after:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Take steps to prevent <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021984" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">deep vein thrombosis</a> (DVT). (For more information, go to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062951/#nhlbisec-prevention">"How Can Deep Vein Thrombosis Be Prevented?"</a>)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Check your legs for signs of DVT. These include swollen areas, pain or tenderness, increased warmth in swollen or painful areas, or red or discolored <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> on the legs.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Contact your doctor right away if you have signs or symptoms of DVT.</div></li></ul><div id="nhlbi-dvt-sec2-d10e46"><h3>Ongoing Health Care Needs</h3><p>DVT often is treated with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>-thinning medicines. These medicines can thin your blood too much and cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> (sometimes inside the body). This side effect can be life threatening.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Bleeding</a> can occur in the digestive system or the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>. Signs and symptoms of bleeding in the digestive system include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Bright red <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024776" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vomit</a> or vomit that looks like coffee grounds</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Bright red <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> in your stools or black, tarry stools</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Pain in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022602" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abdomen</a></div></li></ul><p>Signs and symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Severe pain in your head</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Sudden changes in your vision</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Sudden loss of movement in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arms</a> or legs</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Memory loss or confusion</div></li></ul><p>If you have any of these signs or symptoms, seek medical care right away. If you have a lot of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> after a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029705" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fall</a> or injury, call 9–1–1. This could be a sign that your DVT medicines have thinned your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> too much.</p><p>You might want to wear a medical ID bracelet or necklace that states you're at risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>. If you're injured, the ID will alert medical personnel of your condition.</p><p>Talk with your doctor before taking any medicines other than your DVT medicines. This includes over-the-counter medicines. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000168" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Aspirin</a>, for example, also can thin your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. Taking two medicines that thin your blood may raise your risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>.</p><p>Ask your doctor about how your diet affects these medicines. Foods that contain <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024016" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin K</a> can change how <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0012678" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">warfarin</a> (a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>-thinning medicine) works. Vitamin K is found in green, leafy vegetables and some oils, like canola and soybean oils. Your doctor can help you plan a balanced and healthy diet.</p><p>Discuss with your doctor whether drinking alcohol will interfere with your medicines. Your doctor can tell you what amount of alcohol is safe for you.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-trials"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-trials_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Clinical Trials</h2><p>The National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute (NHLBI) is strongly committed to supporting research aimed at preventing and treating heart, lung, and blood diseases and conditions and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorders</a>.</p><p>Researchers have learned a lot about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> disorders over the years. That knowledge has led to advances in medical knowledge and care. However, many questions remain about various blood disorders, including <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021984" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">deep vein thrombosis</a> (DVT).</p><p>The NHLBI continues to support research aimed at learning more about DVT. For example, NHLBI-supported research includes studies that:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Analyze <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022031" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic</a> factors to determine the best doses of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>-thinning medicines for certain populations</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Explore whether a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022169" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">catheter</a> procedure to dissolve deep <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots can help improve outcomes for people who have DVT</div></li></ul><p>Much of the NHLBI's research depends on the willingness of volunteers to take part in <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-clinicaltrials/">clinical trials</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Clinical trials</a> test new ways to prevent, diagnose, or treat various diseases and conditions.</p><p>For example, new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for a disease or condition (such as medicines, medical devices, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgeries</a>, or procedures) are tested in volunteers who have the illness. Testing shows whether a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> is safe and effective in humans before it is made available for widespread use.</p><p>By taking part in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, you can gain access to new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> before they're widely available. You also will have the support of a team of health care providers, who will likely monitor your health closely. Even if you don't directly benefit from the results of a clinical trial, the information gathered can help others and add to scientific knowledge.</p><p>If you volunteer for a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, the research will be explained to you in detail. You'll learn about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> and tests you may receive, and the benefits and risks they may pose. You'll also be given a chance to ask questions about the research. This process is called informed consent.</p><p>If you agree to take part in the trial, you'll be asked to sign an informed consent form. This form is not a contract. You have the right to withdraw from a study at any time, for any reason. Also, you have the right to learn about new risks or findings that emerge during the trial.</p><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> related to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021984" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">deep vein thrombosis</a>, talk with your doctor. You also can visit the following Web sites to learn more about clinical research and to search for clinical trials:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>http://clinicalresearch.nih.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.clinicaltrials.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.researchmatch.org</div></li></ul><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> for children, visit the NHLBI's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/childrenandclinicalstudies/index.php" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Children and Clinical Studies</a> Web page.</p></div><div style="display: none; width: 200px; top: -100px; left: -100px;" aria-live="assertive" aria-hidden="true" class="ui-helper-reset ui-ncbipopper-wrapper ui-ncbilinksmenu"><ul id="ui-ncbiinpagenav-6"><li><a href="#_nhlbi-dvt-sec1-d1e38_">What Is Deep Vein Thrombosis?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-names_">Other Names for Deep Vein Thrombosis</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-causes_">What Causes Deep Vein Thrombosis?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-atrisk_">Who Is at Risk for Deep Vein Thrombosis?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-signs_">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Deep Vein Thrombosis?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-diagnosis_">How Is Deep Vein Thrombosis Diagnosed?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-treatment_">How Is Deep Vein Thrombosis Treated?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-prevention_">How Can Deep Vein Thrombosis Be Prevented?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-livingwith_">Living With Deep Vein Thrombosis</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-trials_">Clinical Trials</a></li></ul></div></div></div> |
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Diabetic Heart Disease |
<div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-dhd-sec1-d1e36_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Is Diabetic Heart Disease?</h2><p>The term "diabetic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease" (DHD) refers to heart disease that develops in people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>. Compared with people who don't have diabetes, people who have diabetes:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Are at higher risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Have additional causes of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>May develop <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease at a younger age</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>May have more severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease</div></li></ul><div id="nhlbi-dhd-sec2-d1e60"><h3>What Is Diabetes?</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Diabetes</a> is a disease in which the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024697" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood glucose</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023305" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sugar</a>) level is too high. Normally, the body breaks down food into glucose and carries it to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> throughout the body. The cells use a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hormone</a> called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024496" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">insulin</a> to turn the glucose into energy.</p><p>The two main <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028168" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">types of diabetes</a> are type 1 and type 2. In <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024702" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">type 1 diabetes</a>, the body doesn't make enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024496" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">insulin</a>. This causes the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024697" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood sugar</a> level to rise.</p><p>In <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024703" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">type 2 diabetes</a>, the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> don't use <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024496" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">insulin</a> properly (a condition called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023068" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">insulin resistance</a>). At first, the body reacts by making more insulin. Over time, though, the body can't make enough insulin to control its <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024697" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood sugar</a> level.</p><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>, go to the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028181" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Kidney Diseases</a>' Introduction to Diabetes Web page.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-dhd-sec2-d1e82"><h3>What Heart Diseases Are Involved in Diabetic Heart Disease?</h3><p>DHD may include <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">coronary heart disease</a> (CHD), <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a>, and/or diabetic <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cm/">cardiomyopathy</a> (KAR-de-o-mi-OP-ah-thee).</p><div id="nhlbi-dhd-sec3-d1e97"><h4>Coronary Heart Disease</h4><p>In CHD, a waxy substance called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> (plak) builds up inside the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a>. These arteries supply your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a> with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Plaque</a> is made up of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fat</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cholesterol</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022775" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">calcium</a>, and other substances found in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. When plaque builds up in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>, the condition is called <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-atherosclerosis/">atherosclerosis</a> (ATH-er-o-skler-O-sis).</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Plaque</a> narrows the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a> and reduces <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a>. The buildup of plaque also makes it more likely that blood clots will form in your arteries. Blood clots can partially or completely block blood flow.</p><p>CHD can lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain or discomfort called <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-angina/">angina</a> (an-JI-nuh or AN-juh-nuh), <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">irregular heartbeats</a> called <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-arr/">arrhythmias</a> (ah-RITH-me-ahs), a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a>, or even death.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-dhd-sec3-d1e125"><h4>Heart Failure</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart failure</a> is a condition in which your heart can't pump enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to meet your body's needs. The term “heart failure” doesn't mean that your heart has stopped or is about to stop working. However, heart failure is a serious condition that requires medical care.</p><p>If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a>, you may tire easily and have to limit your activities. CHD can lead to heart failure by weakening the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a> over time.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-dhd-sec3-d1e135"><h4>Diabetic Cardiomyopathy</h4><p>Diabetic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023192" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiomyopathy</a> is a disease that damages the structure and function of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. This disease can lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmias</a>, even in people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a> but don't have CHD.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-dhd-sec2-d1e141"><h3>Overview</h3><p>People who have type 1 or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024703" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">type 2 diabetes</a> can develop DHD. The higher a person's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024697" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood sugar</a> level is, the higher his or her risk of DHD.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Diabetes</a> affects <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease risk in three major ways.</p><p>First, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a> alone is a very serious risk factor for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease, just like <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">smoking</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">high blood pressure</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbc/">high blood cholesterol</a>. In fact, people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024703" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">type 2 diabetes</a> have the same risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a> and dying from heart disease as people who already have had heart attacks.</p><p>Second, when combined with other risk factors, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a> further raises the risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease. Although research is ongoing, it's clear that diabetes and other conditions—such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-obe/">overweight and obesity</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ms/">metabolic syndrome</a>—interact to cause harmful physical changes to the heart.</p><p>Third, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a> raises the risk of earlier and more severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> problems. Also, people who have DHD tend to have less success with some heart disease <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a>, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cabg/">coronary artery bypass grafting</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-angioplasty/">angioplasty</a> (AN-jee-oh-plas-tee).</p></div><div id="nhlbi-dhd-sec2-d1e181"><h3>Outlook</h3><p>If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>, you can lower your risk of DHD. Making lifestyle changes and taking prescribed medicines can help you prevent or control many risk factors.</p><p>Taking action to manage multiple risk factors helps improve your outlook. The good news is that many lifestyle changes help control multiple risk factors. For example, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-phys/">physical activity</a> can lower your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a>, help control your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024697" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood sugar</a> level and your weight, and reduce <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a>.</p><p>It's also very important to follow your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> plan for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a> and see your doctor for ongoing care.</p><p>If you already have DHD, follow your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> plan as your doctors advises. This may help you avoid or delay serious problems, such as a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a>.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes Diabetic Heart Disease?</h2><p>At least four complex processes, alone or combined, can lead to diabetic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease (DHD). They include coronary <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-atherosclerosis/">atherosclerosis</a>; <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ms/">metabolic syndrome</a>; <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023068" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">insulin resistance</a> in people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024703" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">type 2 diabetes</a>; and the interaction of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">coronary heart disease</a> (CHD), <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">high blood pressure</a>, and diabetes.</p><p>Researchers continue to study these processes because all of the details aren't yet known.</p><div id="nhlbi-dhd-sec2-d3e53"><h3>Coronary Atherosclerosis</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023229" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Atherosclerosis</a> is a disease in which <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> builds up inside the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>. The exact cause of atherosclerosis isn't known. However, studies show that it is a slow, complex disease that may start in childhood. The disease develops faster as you age.</p><p>Coronary <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023229" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atherosclerosis</a> may start when certain factors damage the inner layers of the coronary (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>. These factors include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">Smoking</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>High amounts of certain <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015646" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fats</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbc/">cholesterol</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">High blood pressure</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>High amounts of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023305" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sugar</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> due to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023068" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">insulin resistance</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a></div></li></ul><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Plaque</a> may begin to build up where the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> are damaged. Over time, plaque hardens and narrows the arteries. This reduces the flow of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a>.</p><p>Eventually, an area of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> can <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rupture</a> (break open). When this happens, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cell</a> fragments called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a> (PLATE-lets) stick to the site of the injury. They may clump together to form blood clots.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> clots narrow the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a> even more. This limits the flow of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich blood to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and may worsen <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-angina/">angina</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain) or cause a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-dhd-sec2-d3e97"><h3>Metabolic Syndrome</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024493" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Metabolic syndrome</a> is the name for a group of risk factors that raises your risk of both CHD and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024703" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">type 2 diabetes</a>.</p><p>If you have three or more of the five metabolic risk factors, you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024493" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">metabolic syndrome</a>. The risk factors are:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A large waistline (a waist measurement of 35 inches or more for women and 40 inches or more for men).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A high <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022017" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">triglyceride</a> (tri-GLIH-seh-ride) level (or you’re on medicine to treat high <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022017" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">triglycerides</a>). Triglycerides are a type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fat</a> found in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022291" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">HDL cholesterol</a> level (or you're on medicine to treat low HDL cholesterol). HDL sometimes is called "good" cholesterol. This is because it helps remove cholesterol from your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">High blood pressure</a> (or you’re on medicine to treat high blood pressure).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A high fasting <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024697" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood sugar</a> level (or you're on medicine to treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood sugar</a>).</div></li></ul><p>It's unclear whether these risk factors have a common cause or are mainly related by their combined effects on the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>.</p><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-obe/">Obesity</a> seems to set the stage for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024493" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">metabolic syndrome</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Obesity</a> can cause harmful changes in body <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015646" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fats</a> and how the body uses <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024496" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">insulin</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Chronic</a> (ongoing) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022625" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inflammation</a> also may occur in people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024493" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">metabolic syndrome</a>. Inflammation is the body's response to illness or injury. It may raise your risk of CHD and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>. Inflammation also may contribute to or worsen metabolic syndrome.</p><p>Research is ongoing to learn more about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024493" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">metabolic syndrome</a> and how metabolic risk factors interact.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-dhd-sec2-d3e140"><h3>Insulin Resistance in People Who Have Type 2 Diabetes</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024703" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Type 2 diabetes</a> usually begins with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023068" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">insulin resistance</a>. Insulin resistance means that the body can't properly use the insulin it makes.</p><p>People who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024703" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">type 2 diabetes</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023068" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">insulin resistance</a> have higher levels of substances in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> that cause blood clots. Blood clots can block the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a> and cause a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a> or even death.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-dhd-sec2-d3e149"><h3>The Interaction of Coronary Heart Disease, High Blood Pressure, and Diabetes</h3><p>Each of these risk factors alone can damage the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. CHD reduces the flow of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">High blood pressure</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a> may cause harmful changes in the structure and function of the heart.</p><p>Having CHD, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood pressure</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a> is even more harmful to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. Together, these conditions can severely damage the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a>. As a result, the heart has to work harder than normal. Over time, the heart weakens and isn’t able to pump enough blood to meet the body’s needs. This condition is called <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a>.</p><p>As the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> weakens, the body may release <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022051" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">proteins</a> and other substances into the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. These proteins and substances also can harm the heart and worsen <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a>.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-atrisk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-atrisk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is at Risk for Diabetic Heart Disease?</h2><p>People who have type 1 or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024703" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">type 2 diabetes</a> are at risk for diabetic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease (DHD). Diabetes affects heart disease risk in three major ways.</p><p>First, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a> alone is a very serious risk factor for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease. Second, when combined with other risk factors, diabetes further raises the risk of heart disease. Third, compared with people who don't have diabetes, people who have the disease are more likely to:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Have <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attacks</a> and other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a> diseases. In men, the risk is double; in women, the risk is triple.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Have more complications after a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-angina/">angina</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain or discomfort) and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Die from <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease.</div></li></ul><p>The higher your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024697" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood sugar</a> level is, the higher your risk of DHD. (A higher than normal blood sugar level is a risk factor for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease even in people who don't have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>.)</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024703" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Type 2 diabetes</a> raises your risk of having “silent” <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease—that is, heart disease with no signs or symptoms. You can even have a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a> without feeling symptoms. Diabetes-related <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022678" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nerve</a> damage that blunts heart pain may explain why symptoms aren't noticed.</p><div id="nhlbi-dhd-sec2-d4e65"><h3>Other Risk Factors</h3><p>Other factors also can raise the risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">coronary heart disease</a> (CHD) in people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a> and in those who don't. You can control most of these risk factors, but some you can't.</p><p>For a more detailed discussion of these risk factors, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hd/">Coronary Heart Disease Risk Factors</a> article.</p><div id="nhlbi-dhd-sec3-d4e80"><h4>Risk Factors You Can Control</h4><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbc/">Unhealthy blood cholesterol levels</a>. This includes high <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022292" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">LDL cholesterol</a> (sometimes called "bad" cholesterol) and low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022291" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">HDL cholesterol</a> (sometimes called "good" cholesterol).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">High blood pressure</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood pressure</a> is considered high if it stays at or above 140/90 mmHg over time. If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028183" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic kidney disease</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood pressure</a> is defined as 130/80 mmHg or higher. (The mmHg is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030527" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">millimeters of mercury</a>—the units used to measure blood pressure.)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">Smoking</a>. Smoking can damage and tighten <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>, lead to unhealthy <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cholesterol</a> levels, and raise <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a>. Smoking also can limit how much <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> reaches the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissues</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029848" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Prediabetes</a>. This is a condition in which your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024697" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood sugar</a> level is higher than normal, but not as high as it is in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>. If you have prediabetes and don't take steps to manage it, you'll likely develop <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024703" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">type 2 diabetes</a> within 10 years.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-obe/">Overweight or obesity</a>. Being <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030700" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">overweight</a> or obese raises your risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>. Overweight and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">obesity</a> also are linked to other heart disease risk factors, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022430" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood cholesterol</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood pressure</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>. Most people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024703" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">type 2 diabetes</a> are overweight.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ms/">Metabolic syndrome</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024493" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Metabolic syndrome</a> is the name for a group of risk factors that raises your risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024703" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">type 2 diabetes</a>. Metabolic syndrome also raises your risk of other health problems, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stroke/">stroke</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Lack of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-phys/">physical activity</a>. Lack of physical activity can worsen other risk factors for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease, such as unhealthy <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022289" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood cholesterol</a> levels, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood pressure</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030700" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">overweight</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">obesity</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Unhealthy diet. An unhealthy diet can raise your risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease. Foods that are high in saturated and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022582" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">trans fats</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cholesterol</a>, sodium (salt), and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023305" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sugar</a> can worsen other heart disease risk factors.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Stress</a>. Stress and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024918" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anxiety</a> can trigger your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> to tighten. This can raise your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> and your risk of having a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>. Stress also may indirectly raise your risk of heart disease if it makes you more likely to smoke or overeat foods high in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fat</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023305" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sugar</a>.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-dhd-sec3-d4e136"><h4>Risk Factors You Can't Control</h4><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Age. As you get older, your risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a> rises. In men, the risk of heart disease increases after age 45. In women, the risk increases after age 55. In people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>, the risk of heart disease increases after age 40.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Gender. Before age 55, women seem to have a lower risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease than men. After age 55, however, the risk of heart disease increases similarly in both women and men.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Family history</a> of early <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease. Your risk increases if your father or a brother was diagnosed with heart disease before 55 years of age, or if your mother or a sister was diagnosed with heart disease before 65 years of age.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Preeclampsia (pre-e-KLAMP-se-ah). This condition can develop during <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a>. The two main signs of preeclampsia are a rise in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> and excess <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022162" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">urine</a>. Preeclampsia is linked to an increased lifetime risk of CHD, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood pressure</a>.</div></li></ul></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Diabetic Heart Disease?</h2><p>Some people who have diabetic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease (DHD) may have no signs or symptoms of heart disease. This is called “silent” heart disease. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Diabetes</a>-related <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022678" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nerve</a> damage that blunts heart pain may explain why symptoms aren't noticed.</p><p>Thus, people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a> should have regular medical checkups. Tests may reveal a problem before they're aware of it. Early <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> can reduce or delay related problems.</p><p>Some people who have DHD will have some or all of the typical symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease. Be aware of the symptoms described below and seek medical care if you have them.</p><p>If you think you're having a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a>, call 9–1–1 right away for emergency care. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatment</a> for a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a> works best when it's given right after symptoms occur.</p><div id="nhlbi-dhd-sec2-d5e47"><h3>Coronary Heart Disease</h3><p>A common symptom of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">coronary heart disease</a> (CHD) is <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-angina/">angina</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Angina</a> is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain or discomfort that occurs if your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a> doesn't get enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Angina</a> may feel like pressure or squeezing in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a>. You also may feel it in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022435" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">shoulders</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arms</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027054" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neck</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030529" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">jaw</a>, or back. Angina pain may even feel like <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">indigestion</a>. The pain tends to get worse with activity and go away with rest. Emotional <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a> also can trigger the pain.</p><p>See your doctor if you think you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">angina</a>. He or she may recommend tests to check your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a> and to see whether you have CHD risk factors.</p><p>Other CHD signs and symptoms include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024775" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nausea</a> (feeling sick to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a>), <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fatigue</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tiredness</a>), shortness of breath, sweating, light-headedness, and weakness.</p><p>Some people don't realize they have CHD until they have a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>. A heart attack occurs if a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clot forms in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary artery</a> and blocks blood flow to part of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a>.</p><p>The most common <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a> symptom is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain or discomfort. Most heart attacks involve discomfort in the center or left side of the chest that often lasts for more than a few minutes or goes away and comes back.</p><p>The discomfort can feel like uncomfortable pressure, squeezing, fullness, or pain. The feeling can be mild or severe. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart attack</a> pain sometimes feels like <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">indigestion</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028109" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heartburn</a>. Shortness of breath may occur with or before <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> discomfort.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a> attacks also can cause upper body discomfort in one or both <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arms</a>, the back, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027054" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neck</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030529" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">jaw</a>, or upper part of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a>. Other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a> symptoms include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024775" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nausea</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024776" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vomiting</a>, light-headedness or sudden <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029722" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">dizziness</a>, breaking out in a cold <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sweat</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> problems, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fatigue</a>, and lack of energy.</p><p>Some <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a> symptoms are similar to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">angina</a> symptoms. Angina pain usually lasts for only a few minutes and goes away with rest. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Chest</a> pain or discomfort that doesn't go away or changes from its usual pattern (for example, occurs more often or while you're resting) can be a sign of a heart attack.</p><p>If you don't know whether your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">angina</a> or a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>, call 9–1–1 right away for emergency care.</p><p>Not everyone who has a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a> has typical symptoms. If you've already had a heart attack, your symptoms may not be the same for another one. Also, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>-related <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022678" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nerve</a> damage can interfere with pain signals in the body. As a result, some people who have diabetes may have heart attacks without symptoms.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-dhd-sec2-d5e91"><h3>Heart Failure</h3><p>The most common symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a> are shortness of breath or trouble breathing, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fatigue</a>, and swelling in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024901" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ankles</a>, feet, legs, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022602" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abdomen</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027054" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neck</a>. As the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> weakens, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022297" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure symptoms</a> worsen.</p><p>People who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a> can live longer and more active lives if the condition is diagnosed early and they follow their <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> plans. If you have any form of DHD, talk with your doctor about your risk of heart failure.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-dhd-sec2-d5e103"><h3>Diabetic Cardiomyopathy</h3><p>Diabetic <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cm/">cardiomyopathy</a> may not cause symptoms in its early stages. Later, you may have weakness, shortness of breath, a severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cough/">cough</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fatigue</a>, and swelling of the legs and feet.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Diabetic Heart Disease Diagnosed?</h2><p>Your doctor will diagnose diabetic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease (DHD) based on your signs and symptoms, medical and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family histories</a>, a physical exam, and the results from tests and procedures.</p><p>Doctors and researchers are still trying to find out whether routine testing for DHD will benefit people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a> but no <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease symptoms.</p><div id="nhlbi-dhd-sec2-d6e37"><h3>Initial Tests</h3><p>No single test can diagnose DHD, which may involve <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">coronary heart disease</a> (CHD), <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a>, and/or diabetic <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cm/">cardiomyopathy</a>. Initially, your doctor may recommend one or more of the following tests.</p><div id="nhlbi-dhd-sec3-d6e53"><h4>Blood Pressure Measurement</h4><p>To measure your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a>, your doctor or nurse will use some type of a gauge, a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023209" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stethoscope</a> (or electronic sensor), and a blood pressure cuff.</p><p>Most often, you'll sit or lie down with the cuff around your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arm</a> as your doctor or nurse checks your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a>. If he or she doesn't tell you what your blood pressure numbers are, you should ask.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-dhd-sec3-d6e62"><h4>Blood Tests</h4><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bdt/">Blood tests</a> check the levels of certain <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015646" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fats</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cholesterol</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023305" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sugar</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022051" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">proteins</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. Abnormal levels of these substances may show that you're at risk for DHD.</p><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022070" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood test</a> also can check the level of a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hormone</a> called BNP (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> natriuretic peptide) in your blood. The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> makes BNP, and the level of BNP rises during <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-dhd-sec3-d6e74"><h4>Chest X Ray</h4><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cxray/">chest x ray</a> takes pictures of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> and structures inside your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a>, such as your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>. A chest x ray can reveal signs of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-dhd-sec3-d6e83"><h4>EKG (Electrocardiogram)</h4><p>An <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ekg/">EKG</a> is a simple, painless test that detects and records your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical activity. The test shows how fast your heart is beating and its rhythm (steady or irregular). An EKG also records the strength and timing of electrical signals as they pass through your heart.</p><p>An EKG can show signs of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> damage due to CHD and signs of a previous or current <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-dhd-sec3-d6e98"><h4>Stress Test</h4><p>Some <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> problems are easier to diagnose when your heart is working hard and beating fast. <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stress/">Stress testing</a> gives your doctor information about how your heart works during physical <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a>.</p><p>During a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029874" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress test</a>, you <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">exercise</a> (walk or run on a treadmill or pedal a bicycle) to make your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> work hard and beat fast. Tests are done on your heart while you exercise. If you can’t exercise, you may be given medicine to raise your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024325" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart rate</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-dhd-sec3-d6e111"><h4>Urinalysis</h4><p>For this test, you'll give a sample of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022162" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">urine</a> for analysis. The sample is checked for abnormal levels of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a>. In people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>, protein in the urine is a risk factor for DHD.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-dhd-sec2-d6e117"><h3>Other Tests and Procedures</h3><p>Your doctor may refer you to a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015644" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiologist</a> if your initial test results suggest that you have a form of DHD. A cardiologist is a doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> diseases and conditions.</p><p>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015644" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiologist</a> may recommend other tests or procedures to get more detailed information about the nature and extent of your DHD. </p><p>For more information about other tests and procedures, go to the diagnosis sections of the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">Coronary Heart Disease</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">Heart Failure</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cm/">Cardiomyopathy</a> articles.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Diabetic Heart Disease Treated?</h2><p>Diabetic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease (DHD) is treated with lifestyle |
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Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation |
<div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-dic-sec1-d1e36_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Is Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022062" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Disseminated intravascular coagulation</a> (ko-ag-u-LA-shun), or DIC, is a condition in which <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots form throughout the body's small <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>. These blood clots can reduce or block blood flow through the blood vessels, which can damage the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a>.</p><p>In DIC, the increased clotting uses up <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a> (PLATE-lets) and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clotting factors</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. Platelets are blood <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cell</a> fragments that stick together to seal small cuts and breaks on <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a> walls and stop <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>. Clotting factors are <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022051" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">proteins</a> needed for normal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030009" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood clotting</a>.</p><p>With fewer <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clotting factors</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>, serious <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> can occur. DIC can cause internal and external bleeding.</p><p>Internal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> occurs inside the body. External bleeding occurs underneath or from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022772" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucosa</a>. (The mucosa is the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> that lines some <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> and body <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023279" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cavities</a>, such as your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025667" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nose</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a>.)</p><p>DIC can cause life-threatening <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>.</p><div id="nhlbi-dic-sec2-d1e55"><h3>Overview</h3><p>To understand DIC, it helps to understand the body's normal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030009" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood clotting</a> process. Your body has a system to control <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>. When small cuts or breaks occur on <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a> walls, your body activates <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clotting factors</a>. These clotting factors, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0012405" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thrombin</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022065" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fibrin</a>, work with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a> to form blood clots.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> clots seal the small cuts or breaks on the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a> walls. After <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> stops and the vessels heal, your body breaks down and removes the clots.</p><p>Some diseases and conditions can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clotting factors</a> to become overactive, leading to DIC. These diseases and conditions include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027083" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sepsis</a> (an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> in the bloodstream)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Surgery</a> and trauma</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Cancer</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Serious complications of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a> and childbirth</div></li></ul><p>Examples of less common causes of DIC are bites from poisonous snakes (such as rattlesnakes and other vipers), <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029381" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">frostbite</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027084" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">burns</a>.</p><p>The two types of DIC are <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acute</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a>. Acute DIC develops quickly (over hours or days) and must be treated right away. The condition begins with <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ebc/">excessive blood clotting</a> in the small <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> and quickly leads to serious <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Chronic</a> DIC develops slowly (over weeks or months). It lasts longer and usually isn't recognized as quickly as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acute</a> DIC. Chronic DIC causes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022064" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">excessive blood clotting</a>, but it usually doesn't lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Cancer</a> is the most common cause of chronic DIC.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatment</a> for DIC involves treating the clotting and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> problems and the underlying cause of the condition.</p><p>People who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acute</a> DIC may need <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bt/">blood transfusions</a>, medicines, and other life-saving measures. People who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> DIC may need medicines to help prevent <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots from forming in their small <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-dic-sec2-d1e104"><h3>Outlook</h3><p>The outlook for DIC depends on its severity and underlying cause. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Acute</a> DIC can damage the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> and even cause death if it's not treated right away. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Chronic</a> DIC also can damage the body's organs.</p><p>Researchers are looking for ways to prevent DIC or diagnose it early. They're also studying the use of various clotting <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022051" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">proteins</a> and medicines to treat the condition.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-names"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-names_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Other Names for Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation</h2><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022062" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Consumption coagulopathy</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022062" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Defibrination syndrome</a></div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation?</h2><p>Some diseases and conditions can disrupt the body's normal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030009" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood clotting</a> process and lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022062" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">disseminated intravascular coagulation</a> (DIC). These diseases and conditions include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027083" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sepsis</a> (an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> in the bloodstream)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Surgery</a> and trauma</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Cancer</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Serious complications of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a> and childbirth</div></li></ul><p>Examples of less common causes of DIC are bites from poisonous snakes (such as rattlesnakes and other vipers), <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029381" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">frostbite</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027084" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">burns</a>.</p><p>The two types of DIC are <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acute</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a>. Acute DIC begins with clotting in the small <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> and quickly leads to serious <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>. Chronic DIC causes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030009" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood clotting</a>, but it usually doesn't lead to bleeding. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Cancer</a> is the most common cause of chronic DIC.</p><div id="nhlbi-dic-sec2-d4e53"><h3>Similar Clotting Conditions</h3><p>Two other conditions cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030009" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood clotting</a> in the small <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>. However, their causes and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> differ from those of DIC.</p><p>These conditions are <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ttp/">thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura</a> (throm-BOT-ik throm-bo-cy-toe-PEE-nick PURR-purr-ah), or TTP, and hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS). HUS is more common in children than adults. It's also more likely to cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidney</a> damage than TTP.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-atrisk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-atrisk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is at Risk for Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022062" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Disseminated intravascular coagulation</a> (DIC) is the result of an underlying disease or condition. People who have one or more of the following conditions are most likely to develop DIC:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027083" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sepsis</a> (an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> in the bloodstream)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Surgery</a> and trauma</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Cancer</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Serious complications of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a> and childbirth</div></li></ul><p>People who are bitten by poisonous snakes (such as rattlesnakes and other vipers), or those who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029381" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">frostbite</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027084" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">burns</a>, also are at risk for DIC.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation?</h2><p>Signs and symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022062" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">disseminated intravascular coagulation</a> (DIC) depend on its cause and whether the condition is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acute</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Acute</a> DIC develops quickly (over hours or days) and is very serious. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Chronic</a> DIC develops more slowly (over weeks or months). It lasts longer and usually isn't recognized as quickly as acute DIC.</p><p>With <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acute</a> DIC, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030009" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood clotting</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> usually occurs first, followed by <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>. However, bleeding may be the first obvious sign. Serious bleeding can occur very quickly after developing acute DIC. Thus, emergency <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> in a hospital is needed.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030009" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood clotting</a> also occurs with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> DIC, but it usually doesn't lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>. Sometimes chronic DIC has no signs or symptoms.</p><div id="nhlbi-dic-sec2-d6e41"><h3>Signs and Symptoms of Excessive Blood Clotting</h3><p>In DIC, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots form throughout the body's small <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>. These blood clots can reduce or block blood flow through the blood vessels. This can cause the following signs and symptoms:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Chest</a> pain and shortness of breath if <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots form in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Pain, redness, warmth, and swelling in the lower leg if <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots form in the deep <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a> of your leg.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Headaches</a>, speech changes, paralysis (an inability to move), <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029722" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">dizziness</a>, and trouble speaking and understanding if <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots form in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>. These signs and symptoms may indicate a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stroke/">stroke</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">Heart attack</a> and lung and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidney</a> problems if <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots lodge in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidneys</a>. These <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> may even begin to fail.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-dic-sec2-d6e67"><h3>Signs and Symptoms of Bleeding</h3><p>In DIC, the increased clotting activity uses up the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clotting factors</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. As a result, serious <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> can occur. DIC can cause internal and external bleeding.</p><div id="nhlbi-dic-sec3-d6e73"><h4>Internal Bleeding</h4><p>Internal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> can occur in your body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a>, such as the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidneys</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022247" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">intestines</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>. This bleeding can be life threatening. Signs and symptoms of internal bleeding include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022162" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">urine</a> from <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidneys</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021898" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bladder</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> in your stools from <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022247" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">intestines</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a>. Blood in your stools can appear red or as a dark, tarry color. (Taking <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> supplements also can cause dark, tarry stools.)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Headaches</a>, double vision, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">seizures</a>, and other symptoms from <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-dic-sec3-d6e92"><h4>External Bleeding</h4><p>External <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> can occur underneath or from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>, such as at the site of cuts or an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022191" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">intravenous</a> (IV) needle. External bleeding also can occur from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022772" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucosa</a>. (The mucosa is the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> that lines some <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> and body <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023279" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cavities</a>, such as your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025667" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nose</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a>.)</p><p>External <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> may cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023091" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">purpura</a> (PURR-purr-ah) or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022067" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">petechiae</a> (peh-TEE-key-ay). Purpura are purple, brown, and red bruises. This bruising may happen easily and often. Petechiae are small red or purple dots on your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figd6e105" co-legend-rid="figlgndd6e105"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063055/figure/d6e105/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figd6e105" rid-ob="figobd6e105"><img class="small-thumb" src="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063055/bin/itp_photo.gif" src-large="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063055/bin/itp_photo.jpg" alt="Purpura and Petechiae."></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndd6e105"><h4 id="d6e105"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063055/figure/d6e105/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd6e105">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Purpura and Petechiae. The photograph shows purpura (bruises) and petechiae (dots) on the skin. Bleeding under the skin causes the purple, brown, and red colors of the purpura and petechiae. </p></div></div><p>Other signs of external <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Prolonged <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>, even from minor cuts.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Bleeding</a> or oozing from your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023265" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gums</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025667" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nose</a>, especially nosebleeds or bleeding from brushing your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023261" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">teeth</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Heavy or extended menstrual <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> in women.</div></li></ul></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation Diagnosed?</h2><p>Your doctor will diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022062" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">disseminated intravascular coagulation</a> (DIC) based on your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029840" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">medical history</a>, a physical exam, and test results. Your doctor also will look for the cause of DIC.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Acute</a> DIC requires emergency <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>. The condition can be life threatening if it's not treated right away. If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063055/#nhlbisec-signs">signs or symptoms</a> of severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots, call 9–1–1 right away.</p><div id="nhlbi-dic-sec2-d7e37"><h3>Medical History and Physical Exam</h3><p>Your doctor will ask whether you have or have had any diseases or conditions that can trigger DIC. For more information about these diseases and conditions, go to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063055/#nhlbisec-causes">"What Causes Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation?"</a> </p><p>Your doctor will ask about signs and symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>. He or she also will do a physical exam to look for signs and symptoms of blood clots and internal and external bleeding. For example, your doctor may look for bleeding from your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023265" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gums</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-dic-sec2-d7e49"><h3>Diagnostic Tests</h3><p>To diagnose DIC, your doctor may recommend <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bdt/">blood tests</a> to look at your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> and the clotting process. For these tests, a small amount of blood is drawn from a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a>, usually in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arm</a>.</p><div id="nhlbi-dic-sec3-d7e58"><h4>Complete Blood Count and Blood Smear</h4><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">complete blood count</a> (CBC) measures the number of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022046" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">white blood cells</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a> in your blood.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Platelets</a> are <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cell</a> fragments that help with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030009" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood clotting</a>. Abnormal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> numbers may be a sign of a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> disorder (not enough clotting) or a thrombotic disorder (too much clotting).</p><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> smear is a test that may reveal whether your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> are damaged.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-dic-sec3-d7e71"><h4>Tests for Clotting Factors and Clotting Time</h4><p>The following tests examine the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022051" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">proteins</a> active in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030009" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood clotting</a> process and how long it takes them to form a blood clot.</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>PT and PTT tests. These tests measure how long it takes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots to form.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Serum <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022066" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fibrinogen</a>. Fibrinogen is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> that helps the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clot. This test measures how much fibrinogen is in your blood.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022065" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Fibrin</a> degradation. After <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots dissolve, substances called fibrin degradation products are left <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022359" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">behind</a> in the blood. This test measures the amount of these substances in the blood.</div></li></ul></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation Treated?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatment</a> for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022062" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">disseminated intravascular coagulation</a> (DIC) depends on its severity and cause. The main goals of treating DIC are to control <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> and clotting problems and treat the underlying cause.</p><div id="nhlbi-dic-sec2-d8e31"><h3>Acute Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation</h3><p>People who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acute</a> DIC may have severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> that requires emergency <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> in a hospital. Treatment may include <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bt/">blood transfusions</a>, medicines, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-oxt/">oxygen therapy</a>. (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Oxygen</a> is given through nasal prongs, a mask, or a breathing tube.)</p><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029754" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood transfusion</a> is a safe, common procedure. You receive blood through an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022191" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">intravenous</a> (IV) line in one of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029754" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood transfusions</a> are done to replace blood loss due to an injury, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>, or illness.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> is made up of various parts, including <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022046" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">white blood cells</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0014603" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plasma</a>. Some <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029754" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood transfusions</a> involve <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029699" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">whole blood</a> (blood with all of its parts). More often though, only some parts of blood are transfused.</p><p>If you have DIC, you may be given <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clotting factors</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0014603" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plasma</a> (the liquid part of blood).</p></div><div id="nhlbi-dic-sec2-d8e53"><h3>Chronic Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation</h3><p>People who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> DIC are more likely to have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030009" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood clotting</a> problems than <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>. If you have chronic DIC, your doctor may treat you with medicines called anticoagulants, or blood thinners.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> thinners help prevent blood clots from forming. They also keep existing blood clots from getting larger.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-livingwith"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-livingwith_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Living With Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation</h2><p>If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022062" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">disseminated intravascular coagulation</a> (DIC), ask your doctor how often you should schedule followup care and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bdt/">blood tests</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022070" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood tests</a> help track how well your blood is clotting.</p><p>You may need to take <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>-thinning medicines (blood thinners) to help prevent blood clots or to keep existing clots from getting larger. If you take blood thinners, let everyone on your health care team know.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> thinners may thin your blood too much and cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>. A lot of bleeding after a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029705" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fall</a> or injury or easy bruising or bleeding may mean that your blood is too thin.</p><p>Call your doctor right away if you have any <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063055/#nhlbisec-signs">signs of bleeding</a>. If you have severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>, call 9–1–1 right away.</p><p>Also, you should talk with your doctor before using any over-the-counter medicines or products, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023352" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamins</a>, supplements, or herbal remedies. Some of these products also can affect <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030009" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood clotting</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>. For example, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000168" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aspirin</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000915" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ibuprofen</a> may thin your blood too much. This can increase your risk of bleeding.</p><p>If you need <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>, your doctor may adjust the amount of medicine you take before, during, and after the surgery to prevent <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>. This also may happen for dental work, but it's less common.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-trials"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-trials_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Clinical Trials</h2><p>The National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute (NHLBI) is strongly committed to supporting research aimed at preventing and treating heart, lung, and blood diseases and conditions and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorders</a>.</p><p>NHLBI-supported research has led to many advances in medical knowledge and care. Often, these advances depend on the willingness of volunteers to take part in <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-clinicaltrials/">clinical trials</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Clinical trials</a> test new ways to prevent, diagnose, or treat various diseases and conditions. For example, new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for a disease or condition (such as medicines, medical devices, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgeries</a>, or procedures) are tested in volunteers who have the illness. Testing shows whether a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> is safe and effective in humans before it is made available for widespread use.</p><p>By taking part in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, you can gain access to new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> before they're widely available. You also will have the support of a team of health care providers, who will likely monitor your health closely. Even if you don't directly benefit from the results of a clinical trial, the information gathered can help others and add to scientific knowledge.</p><p>If you volunteer for a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, the research will be explained to you in detail. You'll learn about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> and tests you may receive, and the benefits and risks they may pose. You'll also be given a chance to ask questions about the research. This process is called informed consent.</p><p>If you agree to take part in the trial, you'll be asked to sign an informed consent form. This form is not a contract. You have the right to withdraw from a study at any time, for any reason. Also, you have the right to learn about new risks or findings that emerge during the trial.</p><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> related to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022062" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">disseminated intravascular coagulation</a>, talk with your doctor. You also can visit the following Web sites to learn more about clinical research and to search for clinical trials:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>http://clinicalresearch.nih.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.clinicaltrials.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.researchmatch.org</div></li></ul><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> for children, visit the NHLBI's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/childrenandclinicalstudies/index.php" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Children and Clinical Studies</a> Web page.</p></div><div style="display: none; width: 200px; top: -100px; left: -100px;" aria-live="assertive" aria-hidden="true" class="ui-helper-reset ui-ncbipopper-wrapper ui-ncbilinksmenu"><ul id="ui-ncbiinpagenav-6"><li><a href="#_nhlbi-dic-sec1-d1e36_">What Is Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-names_">Other Names for Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-causes_">What Causes Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-atrisk_">Who Is at Risk for Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-signs_">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-diagnosis_">How Is Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation Diagnosed?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-treatment_">How Is Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation Treated?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-livingwith_">Living With Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-trials_">Clinical Trials</a></li></ul></div></div></div> |
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<L1> diseases_conditions
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2018-02-02 05:11:18 |
Endocarditis |
<div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-endo-sec1-d1e35_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Is Endocarditis?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023223" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Endocarditis</a> (EN-do-kar-DI-tis) is an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> of the inner lining of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a> and valves. This lining is called the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023222" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">endocardium</a> (en-do-KAR-de-um). The condition also is called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023224" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infective endocarditis</a> (IE).</p><p>The term "<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023223" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">endocarditis</a>" also is used to describe an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022625" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inflammation</a> of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023222" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">endocardium</a> due to other conditions. This article only discusses endocarditis related to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>.</p><p>IE occurs if <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bacteria</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022590" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fungi</a>, or other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025078" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">germs</a> invade your bloodstream and attach to abnormal areas of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> can damage your heart and cause serious and sometimes fatal complications.</p><p>IE can develop quickly or slowly; it depends on what type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025078" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">germ</a> is causing it and whether you have an underlying <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> problem. When IE develops quickly, it's called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acute</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023224" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infective endocarditis</a>. When it develops slowly, it's called subacute infective endocarditis.</p><div id="nhlbi-endo-sec2-d1e51"><h3>Overview</h3><p>IE mainly affects people who have:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Damaged or artificial (man-made) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valves</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-chd/">Congenital heart defects</a> (defects present at birth)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Implanted medical devices in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a></div></li></ul><p>People who have normal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valves</a> also can have IE. However, the condition is much more common in people who have abnormal hearts.</p><p>Certain factors make it easier for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bacteria</a> to enter your bloodstream. These factors put you at higher risk for IE. For example, poor dental hygiene and unhealthy <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023261" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">teeth</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023265" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gums</a> increase your risk for the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>.</p><p>Other risk factors include using <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022191" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">intravenous</a> (IV) drugs, having a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022169" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">catheter</a> (tube) or another medical device in your body for long <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023146" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">periods</a>, and having a history of IE.</p><p>Common symptoms of IE are <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fever</a> and other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025769" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">flu</a>-like symptoms. Because the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> can affect people in different ways, the signs and symptoms vary. IE also can cause problems in many other parts of the body besides the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>.</p><p>If you're at high risk for IE, seek medical care if you have signs or symptoms of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>, especially a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fever</a> that persists or unexplained <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fatigue</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tiredness</a>).</p></div><div id="nhlbi-endo-sec2-d1e87"><h3>Outlook</h3><p>IE is treated with antibiotics for several weeks. You also may need <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hs/">heart surgery</a> to repair or replace <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valves</a> or remove infected heart <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a>.</p><p>Most people who are treated with the proper antibiotics recover. But if the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> isn't treated, or if it persists despite <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> (for example, if the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bacteria</a> are resistant to antibiotics), it's usually fatal.</p><p>If you have signs or symptoms of IE, see your doctor as soon as you can, especially if you have abnormal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valves</a>.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes Endocarditis?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023224" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Infective endocarditis</a> (IE) occurs if <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bacteria</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022590" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fungi</a>, or other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025078" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">germs</a> invade your bloodstream and attach to abnormal areas of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. Certain factors increase the risk of this happening.</p><p>A common underlying factor in IE is a structural <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> defect, especially <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/hvd/hvd_whatis.html" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">f</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hvd/">aulty heart valves</a>. Usually your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025680" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune system</a> will kill <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025078" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">germs</a> in your bloodstream. However, if your heart has a rough lining or abnormal valves, the invading germs can attach and multiply in the heart.</p><p>Other factors also can play a role in causing IE. Common activities, such as brushing your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023261" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">teeth</a> or having certain dental procedures, can allow <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bacteria</a> to enter your bloodstream. This is even more likely to happen if your teeth and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023265" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gums</a> are in poor condition.</p><p>Having a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022169" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">catheter</a> (tube) or another medical device inserted through your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>, especially for long <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023146" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">periods</a>, also can allow <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bacteria</a> to enter your bloodstream. People who use <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022191" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">intravenous</a> (IV) drugs also are at risk for IE because of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025078" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">germs</a> on needles and syringes.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Bacteria</a> also may spread to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> from infections in other parts of the body, such as the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022247" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gut</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>, or genitals.</p><div id="nhlbi-endo-sec2-d3e49"><h3>Endocarditis Complications</h3><p>As the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bacteria</a> or other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025078" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">germs</a> multiply in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, they form clumps with other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> and matter found in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. These clumps are called vegetations (vej-eh-TA-shuns).</p><p>As IE worsens, pieces of the vegetations can break off and travel to almost any other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organ</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> in the body. There, the pieces can block <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow or cause a new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>. As a result, IE can cause a range of complications.</p><div id="nhlbi-endo-sec3-d3e58"><h4>Heart Complications</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a> problems are the most common complication of IE. They occur in one-third to one-half of all people who have the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>. These problems may include a new <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartmurmur/">heart murmur</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valve</a> damage, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hb/">heart block</a>, or, rarely, a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-endo-sec3-d3e77"><h4>Central Nervous System Complications</h4><p>These complications occur in as many as 20 to 40 percent of people who have IE. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024762" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Central nervous system</a> complications most often occur when bits of the vegetation, called emboli (EM-bo-li), break away and lodge in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>.</p><p>The emboli can cause local infections called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022195" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abscesses</a>. Or, they can cause a more widespread brain <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024781" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">meningitis</a> (men-in-JI-tis).</p><p>Emboli also can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">strokes</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">seizures</a>. This happens if they block <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> or affect the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>'s electrical signals. These complications can cause long-term damage to the brain and may even be fatal.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-endo-sec3-d3e89"><h4>Complications in Other Organs</h4><p>IE also can affect other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> in the body, such as the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidneys</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022189" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spleen</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Lungs</a>. The lungs are especially at risk when IE affects the right side of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. This is called right-sided <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023224" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infective endocarditis</a>.</p><p>A vegetation or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clot going to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> can cause a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pe/">pulmonary embolism</a> (PE) and lung damage. A PE is a sudden blockage in a lung <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a>.</p><p>Other lung complications include <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pnu/">pneumonia</a> and a buildup of fluid or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024835" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pus</a> around the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Kidneys</a>. IE can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidney</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022195" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abscesses</a> and kidney damage. The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> also can inflame the internal filtering structures of the kidneys.</p><p>Signs and symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidney</a> complications include back or side pain, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022162" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">urine</a>, or a change in the color or amount of urine. In some cases, IE can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidney failure</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022189" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Spleen</a>. The spleen is an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organ</a> located in the left upper part of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022602" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abdomen</a> near the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a>. In some people who have IE, the spleen enlarges (especially in people who have long-term IE). Sometimes emboli also can damage the spleen.</p><p>Signs and symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022189" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spleen</a> problems include pain or discomfort in the upper left <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022602" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abdomen</a> and/or left <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022435" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">shoulder</a>, a feeling of fullness or the inability to eat large meals, and hiccups.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-atrisk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-atrisk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is At Risk for Endocarditis?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023224" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Infective endocarditis</a> (IE) is an uncommon condition that can affect both children and adults. It's more common in men than women.</p><p>IE typically affects people who have abnormal hearts or other conditions that put them at risk for the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>. Sometimes IE does affect people who were healthy before the infection.</p><div id="nhlbi-endo-sec2-d4e34"><h3>Major Risk Factors</h3><p>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025078" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">germs</a> that cause IE tend to attach and multiply on damaged, malformed, or artificial (man-made) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valves</a> and implanted medical devices. Certain conditions put you at higher risk for IE. These include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-chd/">Congenital heart defects</a> (defects that are present at birth). Examples include a malformed <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> or abnormal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valves</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Artificial <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valves</a>, an implanted medical device in the heart (such as a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pace/">pacemaker wire</a>), or an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022191" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">intravenous</a> (IV) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022169" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">catheter</a> (tube) in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a> for a long time.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart valves</a> damaged by <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030135" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rheumatic fever</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022775" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">calcium</a> deposits that cause age-related valve thickening. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028156" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Scars</a> in the heart from a previous case of IE also can damage heart valves.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>IV drug use, especially if needles are shared or reused, contaminated substances are injected, or the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> isn't properly cleaned before <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022222" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">injection</a>.</div></li></ul></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Endocarditis?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023224" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Infective endocarditis</a> (IE) can cause a range of signs and symptoms that can vary from person to person. Signs and symptoms also can vary over time in the same person.</p><p>Signs and symptoms differ depending on whether you have an underlying <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> problem, the type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025078" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">germ</a> causing the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>, and whether you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acute</a> or subacute IE.</p><p>Signs and symptoms of IE may include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025769" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Flu</a>-like symptoms, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fever</a>, chills, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fatigue</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tiredness</a>), aching <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscles</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022450" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">joints</a>, night sweats, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">headaches</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Shortness of breath or a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cough/">cough</a> that won't go away.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A new <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartmurmur/">heart murmur</a> or a change in an existing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023248" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart murmur</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Skin</a> changes such as: <ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Overall paleness.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Small, painful, red or purplish bumps under the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> on the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023112" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fingers</a> or toes.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Small, dark, painless flat spots on the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023128" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">palms</a> of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hands</a> or the soles of the feet.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Tiny spots under the fingernails, on the whites of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eyes</a>, on the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029367" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">roof of the mouth</a> and inside of the cheeks, or on the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a>. These spots are from broken <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>.</div></li></ul> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024775" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Nausea</a> (feeling sick to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a>), <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024776" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vomiting</a>, a decrease in appetite, a sense of fullness with discomfort on the upper left side of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022602" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abdomen</a>, or weight loss with or without a change in appetite.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022162" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">urine</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Swelling in the feet, legs, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022602" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abdomen</a>.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Endocarditis Diagnosed?</h2><p>Your doctor will diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023224" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infective endocarditis</a> (IE) based on your risk factors, your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029840" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">medical history</a> and signs and symptoms, and test results.</p><p>Diagnosis of IE often is based on many factors, rather than a single positive test result, sign, or symptom.</p><div id="nhlbi-endo-sec2-d6e34"><h3>Diagnostic Tests</h3><div id="nhlbi-endo-sec3-d6e37"><h4>Blood Tests</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> cultures are the most important <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bdt/">blood tests</a> used to diagnose IE. Blood is drawn several times over a 24-hour period. It's put in special culture bottles that allow <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bacteria</a> to grow.</p><p>Doctors then identify and test the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bacteria</a> to see which antibiotics will kill them. Sometimes the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> cultures don't grow any bacteria, even if a person has IE. This is called culture-negative <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023223" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">endocarditis</a>, and it requires antibiotic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>.</p><p>Other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022070" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood tests</a> also are used to diagnose IE. For example, a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">complete blood count</a> may be used to check the number of red and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022046" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">white blood cells</a> in your blood. Blood tests also may be used to check your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025680" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune system</a> and to check for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022625" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inflammation</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-endo-sec3-d6e53"><h4>Echocardiography</h4><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-echo/">Echocardiography</a> (echo) is a painless test that uses sound waves to create pictures of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. Two types of echo are useful in diagnosing IE.</p><p>Transthoracic (tranz-thor-AS-ik) echo. For this painless test, gel is applied to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> on your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a>. A device called a transducer is moved around on the outside of your chest.</p><p>This device sends sound waves called ultrasound through your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a>. As the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029836" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ultrasound waves</a> bounce off your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, a computer converts them into pictures on a screen.</p><p>Your doctor uses the pictures to look for vegetations, areas of infected <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> (such as an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022195" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abscess</a>), and signs of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> damage.</p><p>Because the sound waves have to pass through <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscle</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022807" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, the pictures may not have enough detail. Thus, your doctor may recommend transesophageal (tranz-ih-sof-uh-JEE-ul) echo (TEE).</p><p>Transesophageal echo. For <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-tee/">TEE</a>, a much smaller transducer is attached to the end of a long, narrow, flexible tube. The tube is passed down your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024473" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">throat</a>. Before the procedure, you're given medicine to help you relax, and your throat is sprayed with numbing medicine.</p><p>The doctor then passes the transducer down your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015635" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">esophagus</a> (the passage from your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a> to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a>). Because this passage is right <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022359" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">behind</a> the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, the transducer can get detailed pictures of the heart's structures.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-endo-sec3-d6e87"><h4>EKG</h4><p>An <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ekg/">EKG</a> is a simple, painless test that detects your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical activity. The test shows how fast your heart is beating, whether your heart rhythm is steady or irregular, and the strength and timing of electrical signals as they pass through your heart.</p><p>An EKG typically isn't used to diagnose IE. However, it may be done to see whether IE is affecting your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical activity.</p><p>For this test, soft, sticky patches called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">electrodes</a> are attached to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arms</a>, and legs. You lie still while the electrodes detect your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical signals. A machine records these signals on graph paper or shows them on a computer screen. The entire test usually takes about 10 minutes.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Endocarditis Treated?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023224" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Infective endocarditis</a> (IE) is treated with antibiotics and sometimes with <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hs/">heart surgery</a>.</p><div id="nhlbi-endo-sec2-d7e34"><h3>Antibiotics</h3><p>Antibiotics usually are given for 2 to 6 weeks through an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022191" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">intravenous</a> (IV) line inserted into a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a>. You're often in a hospital for at least the first week or more of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>. This allows your doctor to make sure the medicine is helping.</p><p>If you're allowed to go home before the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> is done, the antibiotics are almost always continued by <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a> at home. You'll need special care if you get IV antibiotic treatment at home. Before you leave the hospital, your medical team will arrange for you to receive home-based care so you can continue your treatment.</p><p>You also will need close medical followup, usually by a team of doctors. This team often includes a doctor who specializes in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023003" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infectious diseases</a>, a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015644" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiologist</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> specialist), and a heart surgeon.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-endo-sec2-d7e47"><h3>Surgery</h3><p>Sometimes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> is needed to repair or replace a damaged <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valve</a> or to help clear up IE. For example, IE caused by <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022590" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fungi</a> often requires surgery. This is because this type of IE is harder to treat than IE caused by <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bacteria</a>.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-prevention"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-prevention_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Can Endocarditis Be Prevented?</h2><p>If you're at risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023224" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infective endocarditis</a> (IE), you can take steps to prevent the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> and its complications.</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Be alert to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063042/#nhlbisec-signs">signs and symptoms</a> of IE. Contact your doctor right away if you have any of these signs or symptoms, especially a persistent <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fever</a> or unexplained <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fatigue</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tiredness</a>).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Brush and floss your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023261" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">teeth</a> regularly, and have regular dental checkups. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025078" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Germs</a> from a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023265" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gum</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> can enter your bloodstream.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Avoid body piercing, tattoos, and other procedures that may allow <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025078" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">germs</a> to enter your bloodstream.</div></li></ul><p>Research shows that not everyone at risk for IE needs to take antibiotics before routine dental exams and certain other dental and medical procedures.</p><p>Let your health care providers, including your dentist, know if you're at risk for IE. They can tell you whether you need antibiotics before exams and procedures.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-trials"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-trials_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Clinical Trials</h2><p>The National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute (NHLBI) is strongly committed to supporting research aimed at preventing and treating heart, lung, and blood diseases and conditions and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorders</a>.</p><p>NHLBI-supported research has led to many advances in medical knowledge and care. Often, these advances depend on the willingness of volunteers to take part in <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-clinicaltrials/">clinical trials</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Clinical trials</a> test new ways to prevent, diagnose, or treat various diseases and conditions. For example, new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for a disease or condition (such as medicines, medical devices, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgeries</a>, or procedures) are tested in volunteers who have the illness. Testing shows whether a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> is safe and effective in humans before it is made available for widespread use.</p><p>By taking part in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, you can gain access to new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> before they're widely available. You also will have the support of a team of health care providers, who will likely monitor your health closely. Even if you don't directly benefit from the results of a clinical trial, the information gathered can help others and add to scientific knowledge.</p><p>If you volunteer for a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, the research will be explained to you in detail. You'll learn about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> and tests you may receive, and the benefits and risks they may pose. You'll also be given a chance to ask questions about the research. This process is called informed consent.</p><p>If you agree to take part in the trial, you'll be asked to sign an informed consent form. This form is not a contract. You have the right to withdraw from a study at any time, for any reason. Also, you have the right to learn about new risks or findings that emerge during the trial.</p><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> related to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023224" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infective endocarditis</a>, talk with your doctor. You also can visit the following Web sites to learn more about clinical research and to search for clinical trials:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>http://clinicalresearch.nih.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.clinicaltrials.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.researchmatch.org</div></li></ul><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> for children, visit the NHLBI's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/childrenandclinicalstudies/index.php" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Children and Clinical Studies</a> Web page.</p></div><div style="display: none; width: 200px; top: -100px; left: -100px;" aria-live="assertive" aria-hidden="true" class="ui-helper-reset ui-ncbipopper-wrapper ui-ncbilinksmenu"><ul id="ui-ncbiinpagenav-6"><li><a href="#_nhlbi-endo-sec1-d1e35_">What Is Endocarditis?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-causes_">What Causes Endocarditis?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-atrisk_">Who Is At Risk for Endocarditis?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-signs_">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Endocarditis?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-diagnosis_">How Is Endocarditis Diagnosed?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-treatment_">How Is Endocarditis Treated?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-prevention_">How Can Endocarditis Be Prevented?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-trials_">Clinical Trials</a></li></ul></div></div></div> |
June 11, 2014. |
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2018-02-02 05:11:31 |
Excessive Blood Clotting |
<div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-ebc-sec1-d1e37_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Is Excessive Blood Clotting?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022064" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Excessive blood clotting</a> is a condition in which blood clots form too easily or don't dissolve properly. Normally, blood clots form to seal small cuts or breaks on <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a> walls and stop <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>.</p><p>Slow <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> also can cause blood clots to form. For example, if a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a> narrows, blood may slow down as it moves through the vessel.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022064" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Excessive blood clotting</a> has many causes. Problems with the blood, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a> defects, or other factors can cause the condition. Regardless of the cause, blood clots can limit or block blood flow. This can damage the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> and may even cause death.</p><div id="nhlbi-ebc-sec2-d1e49"><h3>Overview</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022064" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Excessive blood clotting</a> can be acquired or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022031" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic</a>. Acquired causes of excessive blood clotting are more common than genetic causes.</p><p>"Acquired" means that another disease, condition, or factor triggers the condition. For example, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-atherosclerosis/">atherosclerosis</a> (ath-er-o-skler-O-sis) can damage the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>, which can cause blood clots to form. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023229" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Atherosclerosis</a> is a disease in which a fatty substance called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> (plak) builds up inside the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>.</p><p>Other acquired causes of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022064" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">excessive blood clotting</a> include <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">smoking</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-obe/">overweight and obesity</a>, and being unable to move around much (for example, if you're in the hospital). </p><p>If <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022064" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">excessive blood clotting</a> is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022031" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic</a>, it’s caused by a faulty <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a>. Most genetic defects that cause excessive blood clotting occur in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022051" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">proteins</a> needed for blood clotting. Defects also can occur with the substances that delay or dissolve blood clots.</p><p>Although the acquired and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022031" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic</a> causes of the condition aren't related, a person can have both. People at highest risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022064" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">excessive blood clotting</a> have both causes.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ebc-sec2-d1e77"><h3>Outlook</h3><p>The outlook and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022064" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">excessive blood clotting</a> depend on the cause of the blood clots, how severe they are, and how well they can be controlled.</p><p>Life-threatening <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots are treated as emergencies. Medicines that thin the blood are used as routine <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030009" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood clotting</a> problems. Some people must take these medicines for the rest of their lives.</p><p>With medicines and ongoing care, many people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022064" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">excessive blood clotting</a> can successfully manage it.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-names"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-names_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Other Names for Excessive Blood Clotting</h2><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Hypercoagulable disorders or states</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022064" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Hypercoagulation</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Thromboembolic states</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022064" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Thrombophilia</a> (a name used mainly for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022031" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic</a> conditions)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Thrombotic disorders</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes Excessive Blood Clotting?</h2><p>To understand what causes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022064" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">excessive blood clotting</a>, it helps to understand the body's normal blood clotting process.</p><p>Normally, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots form to seal small cuts or breaks on <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a> walls and stop <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>. After the bleeding has stopped and healing has occurred, the body breaks down and removes the clots.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030009" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood clotting</a> is a complex process, but it mainly involves:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The inner layer of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> lining the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>. These cells play a major role in causing blood clots to form.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Clotting factors</a>. These <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022051" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">proteins</a> help create a network of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022065" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fibrin</a>—another type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a>. Fibrin acts like glue to hold <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots together.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Platelets</a> (PLATE-lets). These small <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cell</a> fragments can stick together to form clots.</div></li></ul><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022064" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Excessive blood clotting</a> can occur if the body's clotting process is altered or wrongly triggered. Blood clots can form in, or travel to, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidneys</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">limbs</a>. (Arteries and veins are the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> that carry blood to your heart and body.)</p><p>Certain diseases and conditions, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022031" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029640" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mutations</a>, medicines, and other factors can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022064" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">excessive blood clotting</a>.</p><div id="nhlbi-ebc-sec2-d4e56"><h3>Diseases and Conditions</h3><p>Many diseases and conditions can cause the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to clot too much or prevent blood clots from dissolving properly. Certain diseases and conditions are more likely to cause clots to form in certain areas of the body.</p><div id="nhlbi-ebc-sec3-d4e62"><h4>Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome</h4><p>This condition, also called <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-aps/">APS</a>, is an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022033" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">autoimmune disorder</a>. If you have APS, your body makes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antibodies</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022051" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">proteins</a>) that <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024324" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">attack</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022036" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">phospholipids</a> (fos-fo-<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024368" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">LIP</a>-ids)—a type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fat</a>. Phospholipids are found in all living <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cell</a> membranes, including <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> cells and the lining of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>.</p><p>In APS, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antibodies</a> trigger <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots to form in the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a>. These blood clots can lead to many health problems, including frequent <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030691" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">miscarriages</a>.</p><p>APS is more common in women and people who have other autoimmune or rheumatic disorders, such as <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/redir/disclaimer.htm?http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/lupus.html" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">lupus</a>. ("Rheumatic" refers to disorders that affect the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022450" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">joints</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022807" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bones</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscles</a>.)</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ebc-sec3-d4e81"><h4>Bone Marrow Disorders</h4><p>Some <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029893" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow disorders</a> can cause your body to make too many <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> that can lead to blood clots. Examples include <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-poly/">polycythemia vera</a> (POL-e-si-THE-me-ah VE-ra), or PV, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-thrm/">thrombocythemia</a> (THROM-bo-si-THE-me-ah).</p><p>PV is a rare <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> disease in which your body makes too many <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>. These extra red blood cells make your blood thicker than normal. This slows the flow of blood through your small <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>, which can cause blood clots to form.</p><p>Thrombocythemia is a condition in which your body makes too many <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a>. The platelets can stick together to form <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ebc-sec3-d4e100"><h4>Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura and Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation</h4><p>Two rare, but serious conditions that can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots are <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ttp/">thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura</a> (throm-BOT-ik throm-bo-cy-toe-PEE-nick PURR-purr-ah), or TTP, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-dic/">disseminated intravascular coagulation</a> (ko-ag-u-LA-shun), or DIC.</p><p>TTP causes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots to form in the body's small <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>, including vessels in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidneys</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>.</p><p>DIC is a rare complication of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a>, severe infections, or severe trauma. DIC causes tiny <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots to form suddenly throughout the body.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ebc-sec3-d4e118"><h4>Problems With Blood Clot Breakdown</h4><p>After a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clot has done its job, the body normally breaks down the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022065" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fibrin</a> that holds the clot together.</p><p>Several rare <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022031" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic</a> and acquired conditions affect the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022065" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fibrin</a> network that holds <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots together. Thus, the clots don't break down properly, and they remain in the body longer than needed.</p><p>In one condition, for example, the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022065" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fibrin</a> is abnormal and resists being broken down. In another condition, the body has a decreased amount of plasmin. This <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> helps break down fibrin.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ebc-sec3-d4e131"><h4>Excessive Blood Clotting That Mainly Affects the Heart and Brain</h4><p>Any condition that damages the smooth inner surface of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> can trigger <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030009" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood clotting</a>. Many of these conditions are acquired. However, some <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022031" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic</a> problems also can damage the inner surface of the blood vessels.</p><p>Certain diseases, conditions, or factors can trigger <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022064" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">excessive blood clotting</a> mainly in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a> of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023229" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Atherosclerosis</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-atherosclerosis/">Atherosclerosis</a> is a disease in which a waxy substance called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> builds up inside your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>. Over time, the plaque may <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rupture</a> (break open). <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Platelets</a> clump together to form <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots at the site of the damage. Atherosclerosis is a major cause of damage to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a> walls.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015657" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Vasculitis</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-vas/">Vasculitis</a> (vas-kyu-LI-tis) is a disorder that causes the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> to become inflamed. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Platelets</a> may stick to areas where the blood vessels are damaged and form blood clots. Vasculitis also is a major cause of damage to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a> walls.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Diabetes</a>. <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/redir/disclaimer.htm?http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/overview/index.aspx" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Diabetes</a> increases the risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> buildup in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>, which can cause dangerous <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots. Nearly 80 percent of people who have diabetes will eventually die of clot-related causes. Many of these deaths are related to complications with the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart failure</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">Heart failure</a> is a condition in which the heart is damaged or weakened. As a result, it can't pump enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to meet the body's needs. Heart failure slows blood flow, which can cause blood clots to form.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023162" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Atrial fibrillation</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-af/">Atrial fibrillation</a> (A-tre-al fih-brih-LA-shun), or AF, is the most common type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-arr/">arrhythmia</a> (ah-RITH-me-ah). An <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmia</a> is a problem with the rate or rhythm of the heartbeat. AF can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to pool in the upper <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a> of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. This can cause blood clots to form.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030700" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Overweight</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">obesity</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-obe/">Overweight and obesity</a> refer to body weight that's greater than what is considered healthy for a certain height. These conditions can lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023229" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atherosclerosis</a>, which increases the risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024493" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Metabolic syndrome</a>. Some research shows that people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ms/">metabolic syndrome</a> are at increased risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022064" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">excessive blood clotting</a>. Metabolic syndrome is the name for a group of risk factors that increases your chance of having <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease and other health problems.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ebc-sec3-d4e201"><h4>Excessive Blood Clotting That Mainly Affects the Limbs</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> clots can form in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a> deep in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">limbs</a>. This condition is called <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-dvt/">deep vein thrombosis</a> (DVT). DVT usually affects the deep veins of the legs.</p><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clot in a deep <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a> can break off and travel through the bloodstream. If the clot travels to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> and blocks blood flow, the condition is called <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pe/">pulmonary embolism</a> (PULL-mun-ary EM-bo-lizm), or PE.</p><p>Certain diseases, conditions, or factors can trigger <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022064" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">excessive blood clotting</a> mainly in the deep <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a> of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">limbs</a>. Examples include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Hospitalization for major <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>, a serious medical illness, trauma, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028122" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">broken bones</a>. If you're not able to be active for long <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023146" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">periods</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a> slows down. As a result, blood clots may form in your legs.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>"Coach class." This term refers to a situation in which you must stay in one position for a long time, such as in a car or plane. Staying in one position can slow <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow and lead to blood clots in the legs.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Cancer</a> growth and cancer <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>.</div></li></ul></div></div><div id="nhlbi-ebc-sec2-d4e231"><h3>Genetic Mutations</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022031" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Genetic</a> causes of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022064" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">excessive blood clotting</a> most often are due to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029640" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mutations</a> (changes to a normal gene).</p><p>Common <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029640" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mutations</a> include Factor V Leiden and Prothrombin G20210A mutations. Fairly rare <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022031" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic</a> mutations include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022051" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">proteins</a> C and S deficiencies and antithrombin III deficiency.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ebc-sec2-d4e241"><h3>Medicines</h3><p>Some medicines can disrupt the body's normal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030009" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood clotting</a> process. Medicines containing the female <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hormone</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023144" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">estrogen</a> are linked to an increased risk of blood clots. Examples of medicines that may contain estrogen include birth control pills and hormone <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0010545" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heparin</a> is a medicine commonly used to prevent <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots. But, in some people, the medicine can cause blood clots and a low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> count. This condition is called heparin-induced <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023083" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thrombocytopenia</a> (HIT).</p><p>HIT rarely occurs outside of a hospital because <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0010545" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heparin</a> usually is given in hospitals. In HIT, the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025680" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune system</a> attacks the heparin and a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> on the surface of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a>. This <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024324" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">attack</a> prompts the platelets to start forming <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ebc-sec2-d4e254"><h3>Other Factors That Can Alter the Blood Clotting Process</h3><p>Many other factors also can alter the clotting process and lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022064" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">excessive blood clotting</a>. Common examples include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">Smoking</a>. Smoking raises the risk of unwanted <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots and makes it more likely that <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a> will stick together. Smoking also damages the lining of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>, which can cause blood clots to form.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Increased homocysteine levels. Homocysteine is an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024260" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">amino acid</a> linked to a high risk of vascular disease. Increased levels of this substance may damage the inner lining of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pregnancy</a>. Women are more likely to develop <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots when they're pregnant. This is because they have more <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clotting factors</a> in their blood during pregnancy. Also, during pregnancy, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022603" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">uterus</a> compresses the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a>. This slows blood flow, which can lead to blood clots.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>HIV and HIV <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a>. The risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots is highest in HIV patients who have infections, are taking certain medicines, have been hospitalized, or are older than 45.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Dehydration. This is a condition in which your body doesn't have enough fluids. This condition causes your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> to narrow and your blood to thicken, which raises your risk for blood clots.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Organ</a> transplants and implanted devices, such as central venous <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022169" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">catheters</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022165" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">dialysis</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029696" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">shunts</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Surgery</a> or procedures done on <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> may injure the vessel walls. This can cause blood clots to form. Also, catheters and shunts have a man-made surface that may trigger <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030009" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood clotting</a>.</div></li></ul></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-atrisk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-atrisk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is at Risk for Excessive Blood Clotting?</h2><p>People at highest risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022064" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">excessive blood clotting</a> have both acquired and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022031" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic</a> risk factors. For example, if you smoke and have the Factor V Leiden <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029640" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mutation</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-atherosclerosis/">atherosclerosis</a>, you're at higher risk than someone who has only one of these risk factors.</p><p>For more information about the diseases, conditions, and other factors that can lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022064" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">excessive blood clotting</a>, go to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062998/#nhlbisec-causes">"What Causes Excessive Blood Clotting?"</a> </p><div id="nhlbi-ebc-sec2-d5e39"><h3>Genetic Risk Factors</h3><p>You're more likely to have a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022031" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic</a> cause of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022064" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">excessive blood clotting</a> if you have:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Family members who have had dangerous <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A personal history of repeated <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots before the age of 40</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A personal history of unexplained <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030691" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">miscarriages</a></div></li></ul><p>Factor V Leiden is one of the most common <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022031" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029640" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mutations</a> that can alter the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030009" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood clotting</a> process. This <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029640" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mutation</a> accounts for 40–50 percent of genetic blood clotting disorders in Caucasians.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ebc-sec2-d5e61"><h3>Other Risk Factors</h3><p>Another risk factor for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022064" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">excessive blood clotting</a> is <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-aps/">antiphospholipid antibody syndrome</a>. APS is an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022033" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">autoimmune disorder</a> that can trigger blood clots to form in the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a>. These blood clots can lead to many health problems, including frequent <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030691" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">miscarriages</a>.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Excessive Blood Clotting?</h2><p>Signs and symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022064" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">excessive blood clotting</a> depend on where the clots form. For example, symptoms of a blood clot in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> may include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain, shortness of breath, and upper body discomfort in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arms</a>, back, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027054" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neck</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030529" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">jaw</a>. These symptoms may suggest a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pe/">pulmonary embolism</a> (PE).</p><p>Signs and symptoms of a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clot in the deep <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a> of the leg may include pain, redness, warmth, and swelling in the lower leg. These signs and symptoms may suggest <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-dvt/">deep vein thrombosis</a> (DVT).</p><p>Signs and symptoms of a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clot in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> may include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">headaches</a>, speech changes, paralysis (an inability to move), <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029722" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">dizziness</a>, and trouble speaking or understanding speech. These signs and symptoms may suggest a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stroke/">stroke</a>.</p><p>If you have signs or symptoms of a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>, PE, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a>, call 9–1–1 right away. If you have signs or symptoms of DVT, call your doctor right away. The cause of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clot needs to be found and treated as soon as possible.</p><div id="nhlbi-ebc-sec2-d6e53"><h3>Complications of Blood Clots</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> clots can form in, or travel to, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidneys</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">limbs</a>. Blood clots can limit or block blood flow. This can damage the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> and cause many problems. Sometimes blood clots can be fatal.</p><div id="nhlbi-ebc-sec3-d6e59"><h4>Stroke</h4><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a> can occur if <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> is cut off. If blood flow is cut off for more than a few minutes, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> in your brain start to die. This impairs the parts of the body that the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024269" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain cells</a> control.</p><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a> can cause lasting <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> damage, long-term disability, paralysis (an inability to move), or death.</p><p>For more information, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stroke/">Stroke</a> article and the National Institute of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029895" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Neurological Disorders</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Stroke</a>'s <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/redir/disclaimer.htm?http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/stroke/stroke.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Stroke Information Page</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ebc-sec3-d6e78"><h4>Heart Attack</h4><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clot in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary artery</a> can lead to a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>. A heart attack occurs if blood flow to a section of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a> becomes blocked. If blood flow isn't restored quickly, the section of heart muscle becomes damaged from lack of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> and begins to die.</p><p>This <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> damage may not be obvious, or it may cause severe or long-lasting problems such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-arr/">arrhythmias</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">irregular heartbeats</a>).</p><p>For more information, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">Heart Attack</a> article.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ebc-sec3-d6e99"><h4>Kidney Problems and Kidney Failure</h4><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clot in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidneys</a> can lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidney</a> problems or <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/redir/disclaimer.htm?http://kidney.niddk.nih.gov/KUDiseases/topics/failure.aspx" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">kidney failure</a>. Kidney failure occurs if the kidneys can no longer remove fluids and waste from your body. This causes a buildup of these fluids and waste in your body, <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/hbp/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">high blood pressure</a>, and other health problems.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ebc-sec3-d6e112"><h4>Pulmonary Embolism</h4><p>If a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clot travels from a deep <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a> in the body to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, it's called a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022020" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary embolism</a>, or PE. PE is a serious condition that can damage your lungs and other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> and cause low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> levels in your blood.</p><p>For more information, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pe/">Pulmonary Embolism</a> article.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ebc-sec3-d6e124"><h4>Deep Vein Thrombosis</h4><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clot in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a> deep in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arm</a> or leg can cause pain, swelling, redness, or increased warmth in the affected <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">limb</a>. This type of clot is called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021984" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">deep vein thrombosis</a>, or DVT. Deep vein clots can break off, travel to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, and cause PE.</p><p>For more information, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-dvt/">Deep Vein Thrombosis</a> article.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ebc-sec3-d6e137"><h4>Pregnancy-Related Problems</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> clots can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030691" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">miscarriages</a>, stillbirths, and other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a>-related problems, such as <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/redir/disclaimer.htm?http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/highbloodpressureinpregnancy.html" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">preeclampsia</a> (pre-e-KLAMP-se-ah). Preeclampsia is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood pressure</a> that occurs during pregnancy.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Excessive Blood Clotting Diagnosed?</h2><p>If your doctor thinks that you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022064" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">excessive blood clotting</a> based on your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062998/#nhlbisec-signs">signs and symptoms</a>, he or she will look for the cause of the condition.</p><p>Your doctor will ask about your medical and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family histories</a>, do a physical exam, and review the results from tests.</p><p>Your primary care doctor may refer you to a hematologist. This is a doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> diseases and disorders.</p><div id="nhlbi-ebc-sec2-d7e40"><h3>Medical and Family Histories</h3><p>Your doctor may ask you detailed questions about your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029840" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">medical history</a> and your family's medical history. He or she may ask whether you or a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> relative:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Has a history of repeated <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots before age 40</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Has had <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots during <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a> or while on birth control pills</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Has had unexplained <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030691" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">miscarriages</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Has a history of excessive or unusual <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots (such as clots in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidneys</a>)</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-ebc-sec2-d7e62"><h3>Physical Exam</h3><p>Your doctor will do a physical exam to see how severe your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030009" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood clotting</a> problem is and to look for a possible cause.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ebc-sec2-d7e68"><h3>Diagnostic Tests</h3><p>Your doctor may recommend <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bdt/">blood tests</a> to look at your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> and the clotting process. If he or she thinks you have a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022031" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic</a> condition, you may need more <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022070" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood tests</a>.</p><p>Tests to find the cause of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022064" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">excessive blood clotting</a> might be delayed for weeks or even months while you receive <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> for a blood clot.</p><div id="nhlbi-ebc-sec3-d7e81"><h4>Complete Blood Count and Platelet Count</h4><p>Initial <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022070" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood tests</a> will include a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bdt/#nhlbisec-types">complete blood count</a> and a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> count. These tests measure the number of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022046" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">white blood cells</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a> in your blood.</p><p>In this situation, your doctor will want to know the number of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. Platelets are blood <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cell</a> fragments that stick together to form clots.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ebc-sec3-d7e93"><h4>Tests for Clotting Factors and Clotting Time</h4><p>You also may need <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022070" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood tests</a> that look at the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022051" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">proteins</a> active in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030009" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood clotting</a> process and how long it takes them to form a blood clot.</p><p>Clotting <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022051" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">proteins</a> or factors react with each other along two pathways called the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways. (A pathway is a string of chemical reactions that always occur in a certain order.) The two pathways join in a common pathway to make a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022065" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fibrin</a> network that holds <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots together.</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>PT test. This test looks at the extrinsic and common pathways to measure how long it takes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots to form. People who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022064" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">excessive blood clotting</a> may take the medicine <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0012678" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">warfarin</a> to prolong their clotting times.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A PTT test. This test looks at the intrinsic and common pathways to measure how long it takes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots to form. People also may take blood thinners, like <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0010545" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heparin</a>, to slow their clotting times.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-ebc-sec3-d7e112"><h4>Followup Tests</h4><p>If your doctor thinks your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030009" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood clotting</a> condition is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022031" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic</a>, you may need other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022070" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood tests</a>. For example, you might need tests to check:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>For <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029640" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mutations</a> that can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022064" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">excessive blood clotting</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>For <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antibodies</a> related to <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-aps/">antiphospholipid antibody syndrome</a>—a cause of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022064" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">excessive blood clotting</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Your homocysteine levels (if you're at risk for vascular disease)</div></li></ul></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Excessive Blood Clotting Treated?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022064" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Excessive blood clotting</a> is treated with medicines. Depending on the size and location of the clot(s), you may need emergency <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> or routine treatment.</p><div id="nhlbi-ebc-sec2-d8e31"><h3>Emergency Treatment</h3 |
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Fanconi Anemia |
<div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-fanconi-sec1-d1e36_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Is Fanconi Anemia?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022008" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Fanconi anemia</a> (fan-KO-nee uh-NEE-me-uh), or FA, is a rare, inherited <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> disorder that leads to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> failure. The disorder also is called Fanconi’s anemia.</p><p>FA prevents your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> from making enough new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> for your body to work normally. FA also can cause your bone marrow to make many faulty blood cells. This can lead to serious health problems, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024326" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">leukemia</a> (a type of blood <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancer</a>).</p><p>Although FA is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> disorder, it also can affect many of your body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissues</a>, and systems. Children who inherit FA are at higher risk of being born with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029739" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">birth defects</a>. FA also increases the risk of some <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancers</a> and other serious health problems.</p><p>FA is different from Fanconi syndrome. Fanconi syndrome affects the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidneys</a>. It's a rare and serious condition that mostly affects children.</p><p>Children who have Fanconi syndrome pass large amounts of key <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023354" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nutrients</a> and chemicals through their <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022162" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">urine</a>. These children may have serious health and developmental problems.</p><div id="nhlbi-fanconi-sec2-d1e55"><h3>Bone Marrow and Blood</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Bone marrow</a> is the spongy <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> inside the large <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022807" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bones</a> of your body. Healthy bone marrow contains <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022023" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stem cells</a> that develop into the three types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> cells that the body needs:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Red blood cells</a>, which carry <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> to all parts of your body. Red blood cells also remove <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022309" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carbon dioxide</a> (a waste product) from your body's cells and carry it to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> to be exhaled.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022046" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">White blood cells</a>, which help fight infections.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Platelets</a> (PLATE-lets), which help your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clot.</div></li></ul><p>It's normal for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> to die. The lifespan of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> is about 120 days. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022046" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">White blood cells</a> live less than 1 day. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Platelets</a> live about 6 days. As a result, your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> must constantly make new blood cells.</p><p>If your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> can't make enough new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> to replace the ones that die, serious health problems can occur.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-fanconi-sec2-d1e80"><h3>Fanconi Anemia and Your Body</h3><p>FA is one of many types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-anemia/">anemia</a>. The term "<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>" usually refers to a condition in which the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> has a lower than normal number of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>.</p><p>FA is a type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-aplastic/">aplastic anemia</a>. In <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022029" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aplastic anemia</a>, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> stops making or doesn't make enough of all three types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a>. Low levels of the three types of blood cells can harm many of the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissues</a>, and systems.</p><p>With too few <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>, your body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissues</a> won't get enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> to work well. With too few <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022046" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">white blood cells</a>, your body may have problems fighting infections. This can make you sick more often and make infections worse. With too few <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a>, your blood can’t clot normally. As a result, you may have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> problems.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-fanconi-sec2-d1e98"><h3>Outlook</h3><p>People who have FA have a greater risk than other people for some <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancers</a>. About 10 percent of people who have FA develop <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024326" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">leukemia</a>.</p><p>People who have FA and survive to adulthood are much more likely than others to develop cancerous solid <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024119" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tumors</a>.</p><p>The risk of solid <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024119" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tumors</a> increases with age in people who have FA. These tumors can develop in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022322" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tongue</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024473" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">throat</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015635" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">esophagus</a> (eh-SOF-ah-gus). (The esophagus is the passage leading from the mouth to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a>.)</p><p>Women who have FA are at much greater risk than other women of developing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024119" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tumors</a> in the reproductive <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a>.</p><p>FA is an unpredictable disease. The average lifespan for people who have FA is between 20 and 30 years. The most common causes of death related to FA are <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> failure, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024326" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">leukemia</a>, and solid <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024119" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tumors</a>.</p><p>Advances in care and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> have improved the chances of surviving longer with FA. <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bmsct/">Blood and marrow stem cell transplant</a> is the major advance in treatment. However, even with this treatment, the risk of some <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancers</a> is greater in people who have FA.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes Fanconi Anemia?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022008" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Fanconi anemia</a> (FA) is an inherited disease. The term “inherited” means that the disease is passed from parents to children through <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a>. At least 13 faulty genes are associated with FA. FA occurs when both parents pass the same faulty FA <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a> to their child.</p><p>People who have only one faulty FA <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a> are FA "carriers." Carriers don't have FA, but they can pass the faulty gene to their children.</p><p>If both of your parents have a faulty FA <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a>, you have:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A 25 percent chance of having FA</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A 25 percent chance of not having FA</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A 50 percent chance of being an FA carrier and passing the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a> to any children you have</div></li></ul><p>If only one of your parents has a faulty FA <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a>, you won't have the disorder. However, you have a 50 percent chance of being an FA carrier and passing the gene to any children you have.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-atrisk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-atrisk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is at Risk for Fanconi Anemia?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022008" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Fanconi anemia</a> (FA) occurs in all racial and ethnic groups and affects men and women equally.</p><p>In the United States, about 1 out of every 181 people is an FA carrier. This carrier rate leads to about 1 in 130,000 people being born with FA.</p><p>Two ethnic groups, Ashkenazi Jews and Afrikaners, are more likely than other groups to have FA or be FA carriers.</p><p>Ashkenazi Jews are people who are descended from the Jewish population of Eastern Europe. Afrikaners are White natives of South Africa who speak a language called Afrikaans. This ethnic group is descended from early Dutch, French, and German settlers.</p><p>In the United States, 1 out of 90 Ashkenazi Jews is an FA carrier, and 1 out of 30,000 is born with FA.</p><div id="nhlbi-fanconi-sec2-d4e44"><h3>Major Risk Factors</h3><p>FA is an inherited disease—that is, it's passed from parents to children through <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a>. At least 13 faulty genes are associated with FA. FA occurs if both parents pass the same faulty FA <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a> to their child.</p><p>Children born into families with histories of FA are at risk of inheriting the disorder. Children whose mothers and fathers both have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family histories</a> of FA are at even greater risk. A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family history</a> of FA means that it's possible that a parent carries a faulty <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a> associated with the disorder.</p><p>Children whose parents both carry the same faulty <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a> are at greatest risk of inheriting FA. Even if these children aren't born with FA, they're still at risk of being FA carriers.</p><p>Children who have only one parent who carries a faulty FA <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a> also are at risk of being carriers. However, they're not at risk of having FA.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Fanconi Anemia?</h2><div id="nhlbi-fanconi-sec2-d5e28"><h3>Major Signs and Symptoms</h3><p>Your doctor may suspect you or your child has <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022008" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Fanconi anemia</a> (FA) if you have signs and symptoms of:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-anemia/">Anemia</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Bone marrow</a> failure</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029739" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Birth defects</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Developmental or eating problems</div></li></ul><p>FA is an inherited disorder—that is, it's passed from parents to children through <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a>. If a child has FA, his or her brothers and sisters also should be tested for the disorder.</p><div id="nhlbi-fanconi-sec3-d5e54"><h4>Anemia</h4><p>The most common symptom of all types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a> is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fatigue</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tiredness</a>). Fatigue occurs because your body doesn't have enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> to carry <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> to its various parts. If you have anemia, you may not have the energy to do normal activities.</p><p>A low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cell</a> count also can cause shortness of breath, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029722" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">dizziness</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">headaches</a>, coldness in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hands</a> and feet, pale <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-fanconi-sec3-d5e63"><h4>Bone Marrow Failure</h4><p>When your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> fails, it can't make enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022046" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">white blood cells</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a>. This can cause many problems that have various signs and symptoms.</p><p>With too few <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>, you can develop <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>. In FA, the size of your red blood cells also can be much larger than normal. This makes it harder for the cells to work well.</p><p>With too few <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022046" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">white blood cells</a>, you're at risk for infections. Infections also may last longer and be more serious than normal.</p><p>With too few <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a>, you may bleed and bruise easily, suffer from internal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>, or have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022067" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">petechiae</a> (pe-TEE-kee-ay). Petechiae are tiny red or purple spots on the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>. Bleeding in small <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> just below your skin causes these spots.</p><p>In some people who have FA, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> makes a lot of harmful, immature <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022046" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">white blood cells</a> called blasts. Blasts don't work like normal blood cells. As they build up, they prevent the bone marrow from making enough normal blood cells.</p><p>A large number of blasts in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> can lead to a type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancer</a> called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024327" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acute myeloid leukemia</a> (AML).</p></div><div id="nhlbi-fanconi-sec3-d5e85"><h4>Birth Defects</h4><p>Many <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029739" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">birth defects</a> can be signs of FA. These include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022807" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Bone</a> or skeletal defects. FA can cause missing, oddly shaped, or three or more <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023114" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thumbs</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Arm</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022807" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bones</a>, hips, legs, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hands</a>, and toes may not form fully or normally. People who have FA may have a curved <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024395" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spine</a>, a condition called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">scoliosis</a> (sco-le-O-sis).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Eye</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024836" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ear</a> defects. The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eyes</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022376" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eyelids</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024836" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ears</a> may not have a normal shape. Children who have FA also might be born deaf.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Skin</a> discoloration. This includes coffee-colored areas or odd-looking patches of lighter skin.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Kidney</a> problems. A child who has FA might be born with a missing kidney or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidneys</a> that aren't shaped normally.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-chd/">Congenital heart defects</a>. The most common <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023239" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">congenital heart defect</a> linked to FA is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-holes/">ventricular septal defect</a> (VSD). A VSD is a hole or defect in the lower part of the wall that separates the heart’s left and right <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a>.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-fanconi-sec3-d5e115"><h4>Developmental Problems</h4><p>Other signs and symptoms of FA are related to physical and mental development. They include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Low birth weight</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Poor appetite</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Delayed growth</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Below-average height</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Small head size</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Mental retardation or learning disabilities</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-fanconi-sec3-d5e143"><h4>Signs and Symptoms of Fanconi Anemia in Adults</h4><p>Some signs and symptoms of FA may develop as you or your child gets older. Women who have FA may have some or all of the following:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Sex <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> that are less developed than normal</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Menstruating later than women who don't have FA</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Starting <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023140" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">menopause</a> earlier than women who don't have FA</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Problems getting pregnant and carrying a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a> to full term</div></li></ul><p>Men who have FA may have sex <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> that are less developed than normal. They also may be less fertile than men who don't have the disease. </p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Fanconi Anemia Diagnosed?</h2><p>People who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022008" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Fanconi anemia</a> (FA) are born with the disorder. They may or may not show signs or symptoms of it at birth. For this reason, FA isn't always diagnosed when a person is born. In fact, most people who have the disorder are diagnosed between the ages of 2 and 15 years.</p><p>The tests used to diagnose FA depend on a person's age and symptoms. In all cases, medical and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family histories</a> are an important part of diagnosing FA. However, because FA has many of the same signs and symptoms as other diseases, only <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022716" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic testing</a> can confirm its diagnosis.</p><div id="nhlbi-fanconi-sec2-d6e34"><h3>Specialists Involved</h3><p>A geneticist is a doctor or scientist who studies how <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a> work and how diseases and traits are passed from parents to children through genes.</p><p>Geneticists do <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022716" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic testing</a> for FA. They also can provide counseling about how FA is inherited and the types of prenatal (before birth) testing used to diagnose it.</p><p>An obstetrician may detect <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029739" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">birth defects</a> linked to FA before your child is born. An obstetrician is a doctor who specializes in providing care for pregnant women.</p><p>After your child is born, a pediatrician also can help find out whether your child has FA. A pediatrician is a doctor who specializes in treating children and teens.</p><p>A hematologist (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> disease specialist) also may help diagnose FA.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-fanconi-sec2-d6e53"><h3>Family and Medical Histories</h3><p>FA is an inherited disease. Some parents are aware that their family has a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029840" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">medical history</a> of FA, even if they don't have the disease.</p><p>Other parents, especially if they're FA carriers, may not be aware of a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family history</a> of FA. Many parents may not know that FA can be passed from parents to children.</p><p>Knowing your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family medical history</a> can help your doctor diagnose whether you or your child has FA or another condition with similar symptoms.</p><p>If your doctor thinks that you, your siblings, or your children have FA, he or she may ask you detailed questions about:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Any personal or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family history</a> of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-anemia/">anemia</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Any <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgeries</a> you’ve had related to the digestive system</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Any personal or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family history</a> of immune disorders</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Your appetite, eating habits, and any medicines you take</div></li></ul><p>If you know your family has a history of FA, or if your answers to your doctor's questions suggest a possible diagnosis of FA, your doctor will recommend further testing.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-fanconi-sec2-d6e89"><h3>Diagnostic Tests and Procedures</h3><p>The signs and symptoms of FA aren't unique to the disease. They're also linked to many other diseases and conditions, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-aplastic/">aplastic anemia</a>. For this reason, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022716" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic testing</a> is needed to confirm a diagnosis of FA. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022716" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Genetic tests</a> for FA include the following.</p><div id="nhlbi-fanconi-sec3-d6e99"><h4>Chromosome Breakage Test</h4><p>This is the most common test for FA. It's available only in special laboratories (labs). It shows whether your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025047" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chromosomes</a> (long chains of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a>) break more easily than normal.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Skin</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> sometimes are used for the test. Usually, though, a small amount of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> is taken from a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arm</a> using a needle. A technician combines some of the blood cells with certain chemicals.</p><p>If you have FA, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025047" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chromosomes</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> sample break and rearrange when mixed with the test chemicals. This doesn't happen in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> of people who don't have FA.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-fanconi-sec3-d6e111"><h4>Cytometric Flow Analysis</h4><p>Cytometric flow analysis, or CFA, is done in a lab. This test examines how chemicals affect your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025047" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chromosomes</a> as your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> grow and divide. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Skin</a> cells are used for this test.</p><p>A technician mixes the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> with chemicals that can cause the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025047" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chromosomes</a> in the cells to act abnormally. If you have FA, your cells are much more sensitive to these chemicals.</p><p>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025047" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chromosomes</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> will break at a high rate during the test. This doesn't happen in the cells of people who don't have FA.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-fanconi-sec3-d6e124"><h4>Mutation Screening</h4><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029640" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mutation</a> is an abnormal change in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a>. Geneticists and other specialists can examine your genes, usually using a sample of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a>. With special equipment and lab processes, they can look for gene <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029640" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mutations</a> that are linked to FA.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-fanconi-sec2-d6e130"><h3>Diagnosing Different Age Groups</h3><div id="nhlbi-fanconi-sec3-d6e134"><h4>Before Birth (Prenatal)</h4><p>If your family has a history of FA and you get pregnant, your doctor may want to test you or your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028116" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fetus</a> for FA.</p><p>Two tests can be used to diagnose FA in a developing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028116" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fetus</a>: <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030510" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">amniocentesis</a> (AM-ne-o-sen-TE-sis) and chorionic villus (ko-re-ON-ik VIL-us) sampling (CVS). Both tests are done in a doctor's office or hospital.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030510" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Amniocentesis</a> is done 15 to 18 weeks after a pregnant woman's last period. A doctor uses a needle to remove a small amount of fluid from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022396" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sac</a> around the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028116" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fetus</a>. A technician tests <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025047" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chromosomes</a> (chains of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a>) from the fluid sample to see whether they have faulty genes associated with FA.</p><p>CVS is done 10 to 12 weeks after a pregnant woman's last period. A doctor inserts a thin tube through the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022600" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vagina</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021895" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cervix</a> to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030321" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">placenta</a> (the temporary <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organ</a> that connects the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028116" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fetus</a> to the mother).</p><p>The doctor removes a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> sample from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030321" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">placenta</a> using gentle suction. The tissue sample is sent to a lab to be tested for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022031" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic</a> defects associated with FA.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-fanconi-sec3-d6e153"><h4>At Birth</h4><p>Three out of four people who inherit FA are born with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029739" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">birth defects</a>. If your baby is born with certain birth defects, your doctor may recommend <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022716" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic testing</a> to confirm a diagnosis of FA.</p><p>For more information about these defects, go to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062975/#nhlbisec-signs">“What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Fanconi Anemia?”</a> </p></div><div id="nhlbi-fanconi-sec3-d6e164"><h4>Childhood and Later</h4><p>Some people who have FA are not born with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029739" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">birth defects</a>. Doctors may not diagnose them with the disorder until signs of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> failure or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancer</a> occur. This usually happens within the first 10 years of life.</p><p>Signs of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> failure most often begin between the ages of 3 and 12 years, with 7 to 8 years as the most common ages. However, 10 percent of children who have FA aren't diagnosed until after 16 years of age.</p><p>If your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> is failing, you may have signs of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022029" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aplastic anemia</a>. FA is one type of aplastic anemia.</p><p>In <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022029" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aplastic anemia</a>, your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> stops making or doesn't make enough of all three types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a>: <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022046" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">white blood cells</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022029" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Aplastic anemia</a> can be inherited or acquired after birth through exposure to chemicals, radiation, or medicines.</p><p>Doctors diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022029" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aplastic anemia</a> using:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Family and medical histories</a> and a physical exam.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bdt/#nhlbisec-types">complete blood count</a> (CBC) to check the number, size, and condition of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>. The CBC also checks numbers of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022046" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">white blood cells</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A reticulocyte (re-TIK-u-lo-site) count. This test counts the number of new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> in your blood to see whether your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> is making red blood cells at the proper rate.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bmt/">Bone marrow tests</a>. For a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030172" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aspiration</a>, a small amount of liquid bone marrow is removed and tested to see whether it's making enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a>. For a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030171" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow biopsy</a>, a small amount of bone marrow <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> is removed and tested to see whether it's making enough blood cells.</div></li></ul><p>If you or your child is diagnosed with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022029" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aplastic anemia</a>, your doctor will want to find the cause. If your doctor suspects you have FA, he or she may recommend <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022716" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic testing</a>.</p><p>For more information, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-aplastic/">Aplastic Anemia</a> article.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Fanconi Anemia Treated?</h2><p>Doctors decide how to treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022008" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Fanconi anemia</a> (FA) based on a person's age and how well the person's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> is making new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a>.</p><div id="nhlbi-fanconi-sec2-d7e31"><h3>Goals of Treatment</h3><p>Long-term <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for FA can:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Cure the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>. Damaged <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> are replaced with healthy ones that can make enough of all three types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> cells on their own.</div></li></ul><p>—Or—</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Treat the symptoms without curing the cause. This is done using medicines and other substances that can help your body make more <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> for a limited time.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-fanconi-sec2-d7e53"><h3>Screening and Short-Term Treatment</h3><p>Even if you or your child has FA, your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> might still be able to make enough new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a>. If so, your doctor might suggest frequent blood count checks so he or she can watch your condition.</p><p>Your doctor will probably want you to have <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bmt/">bone marrow tests</a> once a year. He or she also will screen you for any signs of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancer</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024119" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tumors</a>.</p><p>If your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> counts begin to drop sharply and stay low, your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> might be failing. Your doctor may prescribe antibiotics to help your body fight infections. In the short term, he or she also may want to give you <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bt/">blood transfusions</a> to increase your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood cell counts</a> to normal levels.</p><p>However, long-term use of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029754" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood transfusions</a> can reduce the chance that other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> will work.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-fanconi-sec2-d7e75"><h3>Long-Term Treatment</h3><p>The four main types of long-term <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> for FA are:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bmsct/">Blood and marrow stem cell transplant</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Androgen <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Synthetic growth factors</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Gene</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a></div></li></ul><div id="nhlbi-fanconi-sec3-d7e97"><h4>Blood and Marrow Stem Cell Transplant</h4><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> and marrow <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022023" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stem cell</a> transplant is the current standard <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> for patients who have FA that's causing major <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> failure. Healthy <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022023" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stem cells</a> from another person, called a donor, are used to replace the faulty cells in your bone marrow.</p><p>If you're going to receive <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022023" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stem cells</a> from another person, your doctor will want to find a donor whose stem cells match yours as closely as possible.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022023" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Stem cell</a> transplants are most successful in younger people who:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Have few or no serious health problems</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Receive <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022023" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stem cells</a> from a brother or sister who is a good donor match </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Have had few or no previous <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029754" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood transfusions</a></div></li></ul><p>During the transplant, you'll get donated <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022023" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stem cells</a> in a procedure that's like a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029754" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood transfusion</a>. Once the new stem cells are in your body, they travel to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> and begin making new blood cells.</p><p>A successful <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022023" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stem cell</a> transplant will allow your body to make enough of all three types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a>.</p><p>Even if you've had a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022023" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stem cell</a> transplant to treat FA, you’re still at risk for some types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancer</a> and cancerous solid <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024119" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tumors</a>. Your doctor will check your health regularly after the procedure.</p><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022023" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stem cell</a> transplants—including finding a donor, having the procedure, and learning about the risks—go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bmsct/">Blood and Marrow Stem Cell Transplant</a> article.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-fanconi-sec3-d7e138"><h4>Androgen Therapy</h4><p>Before improvements made <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022023" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stem cell</a> transplants more effective, androgen <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a> was the standard <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> for people who had FA. Androgens are man-made male <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hormones</a> that can help your body make more <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> for long <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023146" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">periods</a>.</p><p>Androgens increase your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cell</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> counts. They don't work as well at raising your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022046" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">white blood cell</a> count.</p><p>Unlike a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022023" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stem cell</a> transplant, androgens don't allow your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> to make enough of all three types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> on its own. You may need ongoing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> with androgens to control the effects of FA.</p><p>Also, over time, androgens lose their ability to help your body make more <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a>, which means you'll need other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a>.</p><p>Androgen <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a> can have serious side effects, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver</a> disease. This <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> also can't prevent you from developing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024326" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">leukemia</a> (a type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancer</a>).</p></div><div id="nhlbi-fanconi-sec3-d7e157"><h4>Synthetic Growth Factors</h4><p>Your doctor may choose to treat your FA with growth factors. These are substances found in your body, but they also can be man-made.</p><p>Growth factors help your body make more red and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022046" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">white blood cells</a>. Growth factors that help your body make more <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a> still are being studied.</p><p>More research is needed on growth factor <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> for FA. Early results suggest that growth factors may have fewer and less serious side effects than androgens.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-fanconi-sec3-d7e169"><h4>Gene Therapy</h4><p>Researchers are looking for ways to replace faulty FA <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a> with normal, healthy genes. They hope these genes will make <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022051" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">proteins</a> that can repair and protect your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a>. Early results of this <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a> hold promise, but more research is needed.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-fanconi-sec2-d7e176"><h3>Surgery</h3><p>FA can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029739" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">birth defects</a> that affect the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arms</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023114" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thumbs</a>, hips, legs, and other parts of the body. Doctors may recommend <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> to repair some defects.</p><p>For example, your child might be born with a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-holes/">ventricular septal defect</a>—a hole or defect in the wall that separates the lower <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a> of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. His or her doctor may recommend <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> to close the hole so the heart can work properly.</p><p>Children who have FA also may need <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> to correct digestive system problems that can harm their nutrition, growth, and survival.</p><p>One of the most common problems is an FA-related <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029739" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">birth defect</a> in which the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022078" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">trachea</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022078" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">windpipe</a>), which carries air to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, is connected to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015635" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">esophagus</a>, which carries food to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a>.</p><p>This can cause serious breathing, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027073" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">swallowing</a>, and eating problems and can lead to lung infections. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Surgery</a> is needed to separate the two <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> and allow normal eating and breathing.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-prevention"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-prevention_" class="ui-helper-clearfix" |
June 11, 2014. |
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2018-02-02 04:25:06 |
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2018-02-02 05:12:09 |
Heart Attack |
<div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-heartattack-sec1-d1e38_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Is a Heart Attack?</h2><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a> happens when the flow of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to a section of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a> suddenly becomes blocked and the heart can't get oxygen. If blood flow isn't restored quickly, the section of heart muscle begins to die.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a> attacks are a leading killer of both men and women in the United States. The good news is that excellent <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> are available for heart attacks. These treatments can save lives and prevent disabilities.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart attack</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> works best when it's given right after symptoms occur. If you think you or someone else is having a heart attack (even if you're not fully sure), call 9–1–1 right away.</p><div id="nhlbi-heartattack-sec2-d1e53"><h3>Overview</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a> attacks most often occur as a result of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">coronary heart disease</a> (CHD), also called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021983" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary artery disease</a>. CHD is a condition in which a waxy substance called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> (plak) builds up inside the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a>. These arteries supply <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to your heart.</p><p>When <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> builds up in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>, the condition is called <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-atherosclerosis/">atherosclerosis</a> (ath-er-o-skler-O-sis). The buildup of plaque occurs over many years.</p><p>Eventually, an area of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> can <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rupture</a> (break open) inside of an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a>. This causes a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clot to form on the plaque's surface. If the clot becomes large enough, it can mostly or completely block blood flow through a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary artery</a>.</p><p>If the blockage isn't treated quickly, the portion of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a> fed by the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a> begins to die. Healthy heart <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> is replaced with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028156" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">scar</a> tissue. This heart damage may not be obvious, or it may cause severe or long-lasting problems.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figd1e81" co-legend-rid="figlgndd1e81"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062989/figure/d1e81/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figd1e81" rid-ob="figobd1e81"><img class="small-thumb" src="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062989/bin/heart_coronary_artery.gif" src-large="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062989/bin/heart_coronary_artery.jpg" alt="Heart With Muscle Damage and a Blocked Artery."></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndd1e81"><h4 id="d1e81"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062989/figure/d1e81/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd1e81">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Heart With Muscle Damage and a Blocked Artery. Figure A shows a heart with dead heart muscle caused by a heart attack. Figure B is a cross-section of a coronary artery with plaque buildup and a blood clot. </p></div></div><p>A less common cause of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a> is a severe spasm (tightening) of a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary artery</a>. The spasm cuts off <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow through the artery. Spasms can occur in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a> that aren't affected by <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023229" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atherosclerosis</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a> attacks can be associated with or lead to severe health problems, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a> and life-threatening <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-arr/">arrhythmias</a> (ah-RITH-me-ahs).</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart failure</a> is a condition in which the heart can't pump enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to meet the body's needs. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Arrhythmias</a> are <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">irregular heartbeats</a>. Ventricular fibrillation is a life-threatening <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmia</a> that can cause death if not treated right away.</p><div id="nhlbi-heartattack-sec3-d1e103"><h4>Don't Wait—Get Help Quickly</h4><p>Acting fast at the first sign of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a> symptoms can save your life and limit damage to your heart. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatment</a> works best when it's given right after symptoms occur.</p><p>Many people aren't sure what's wrong when they are having symptoms of a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>. Some of the most common warning symptoms of a heart attack for both men and women are:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Chest</a> pain or discomfort. Most <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> attacks involve discomfort in the center or left side of the chest. The discomfort usually lasts more than a few minutes or goes away and comes back. It can feel like pressure, squeezing, fullness, or pain. It also can feel like <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028109" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heartburn</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">indigestion</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Upper body discomfort. You may feel pain or discomfort in one or both <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arms</a>, the back, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022435" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">shoulders</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027054" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neck</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030529" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">jaw</a>, or upper part of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a> (above the belly button).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Shortness of breath. This may be your only symptom, or it may occur before or along with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain or discomfort. It can occur when you are resting or doing a little bit of physical activity.</div></li></ul><p>Other possible symptoms of a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a> include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Breaking out in a cold <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sweat</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Feeling unusually tired for no reason, sometimes for days (especially if you are a woman)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024775" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Nausea</a> (feeling sick to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a>) and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024776" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vomiting</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Light-headedness or sudden <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029722" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">dizziness</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Any sudden, new symptom or a change in the pattern of symptoms you already have (for example, if your symptoms become stronger or last longer than usual)</div></li></ul><p>Not all <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> attacks begin with the sudden, crushing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain that often is shown on TV or in the movies, or other common symptoms such as chest discomfort. The symptoms of a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a> can vary from person to person. Some people can have few symptoms and are surprised to learn they've had a heart attack. If you've already had a heart attack, your symptoms may not be the same for another one. </p><p>Quick Action Can Save Your Life: Call 9–1–1</p><p>If you think you or someone else may be having <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a> symptoms or a heart attack, don't ignore it or feel embarrassed to call for help. Call 9–1–1 for emergency medical care. Acting fast can save your life.</p><p>Do not drive to the hospital or let someone else drive you. Call an ambulance so that medical personnel can begin life-saving <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> on the way to the emergency room. Take a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0001281" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nitroglycerin</a> pill if your doctor has prescribed this type of treatment.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-heartattack-sec2-d1e168"><h3>Outlook</h3><p>Each year, close to 1 million people in the United States have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> attacks, and many of them die. CHD, which often results in heart attacks, is the leading killer of both men and women in the United States.</p><p>Many more people could survive or recover better from <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> attacks if they got help faster. Of the people who die from heart attacks, about half die within an hour of the first symptoms and before they reach the hospital.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-names"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-names_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Other Names for a Heart Attack</h2><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Myocardial infarction</a> (MI)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Acute</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">myocardial infarction</a> (AMI)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Acute</a> coronary syndrome</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Coronary thrombosis</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Coronary occlusion</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes a Heart Attack?</h2><div id="nhlbi-heartattack-sec2-d4e28"><h3>Coronary Heart Disease</h3><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a> happens if the flow of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to a section of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a> suddenly becomes blocked and the heart can't get oxygen. Most heart attacks occur as a result of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">coronary heart disease</a> (CHD).</p><p>CHD is a condition in which a waxy substance called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> builds up inside of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a>. These arteries supply <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>.</p><p>When <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> builds up in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>, the condition is called <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-atherosclerosis/">atherosclerosis</a>. The buildup of plaque occurs over many years.</p><p>Eventually, an area of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> can <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rupture</a> (break open) inside of an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a>. This causes a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clot to form on the plaque's surface. If the clot becomes large enough, it can mostly or completely block blood flow through a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary artery</a>.</p><p>If the blockage isn't treated quickly, the portion of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a> fed by the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a> begins to die. Healthy heart <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> is replaced with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028156" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">scar</a> tissue. This heart damage may not be obvious, or it may cause severe or long-lasting problems.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-heartattack-sec2-d4e53"><h3>Coronary Artery Spasm</h3><p>A less common cause of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a> is a severe spasm (tightening) of a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary artery</a>. The spasm cuts off <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow through the artery. Spasms can occur in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a> that aren't affected by <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023229" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atherosclerosis</a>.</p><p>What causes a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary artery</a> to spasm isn't always clear. A spasm may be related to:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Taking certain drugs, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0009701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cocaine</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Emotional <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a> or pain</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Exposure to extreme cold</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Cigarette smoking</div></li></ul><p>The animation below shows how <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> buildup or a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary artery</a> spasm can lead to a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>. Click the "start" button to play the animation. Written and spoken explanations are provided with each frame. Use the buttons in the lower right corner to pause, restart, or replay the animation, or use the scroll bar below the buttons to move through the frames.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figheartattack" co-legend-rid="figlgndheartattack"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062989/figure/heart_attack/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img" rid-ob="figobheartattack"><img class="small-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/bookshelf/static/media-icon.gif" alt="Figure Icon"></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndheartattack"><h4 id="heart_attack"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062989/figure/heart_attack/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobheartattack">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">The animation shows how blocked blood flow in a coronary artery can lead to a heart attack. </p></div></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-risks"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-risks_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is at Risk for a Heart Attack?</h2><p>Certain risk factors make it more likely that you'll develop <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">coronary heart disease</a> (CHD) and have a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>. You can control many of these risk factors.</p><div id="nhlbi-heartattack-sec2-d5e34"><h3>Risk Factors You Can Control</h3><p>The major risk factors for a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a> that you can control include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">Smoking</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">High blood pressure</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbc/">High blood cholesterol</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-obe/">Overweight and obesity</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>An unhealthy diet (for example, a diet high in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018272" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">saturated fat</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022582" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">trans fat</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cholesterol</a>, and sodium)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Lack of routine <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-phys/">physical activity</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">High blood sugar</a> due to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023068" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">insulin resistance</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a> </div></li></ul><p>Some of these risk factors—such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">obesity</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood pressure</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood sugar</a>—tend to occur together. When they do, it's called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024493" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">metabolic syndrome</a>.</p><p>In general, a person who has <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024493" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">metabolic syndrome</a> is twice as likely to develop <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease and five times as likely to develop <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a> as someone who doesn't have metabolic syndrome.</p><p>For more information about the risk factors that are part of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024493" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">metabolic syndrome</a>, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ms/">Metabolic Syndrome</a> article.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-heartattack-sec2-d5e93"><h3>Risk Factors You Can't Control</h3><p>Risk factors that you can't control include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Age. The risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease increases for men after age 45 and for women after age 55 (or after <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023140" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">menopause</a>).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Family history</a> of early <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease. Your risk increases if your father or a brother was diagnosed with heart disease before 55 years of age, or if your mother or a sister was diagnosed with heart disease before 65 years of age.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Preeclampsia (pre-e-KLAMP-se-ah). This condition can develop during <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a>. The two main signs of preeclampsia are a rise in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> and excess <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022162" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">urine</a>. Preeclampsia is linked to an increased lifetime risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease, including CHD, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood pressure</a>.</div></li></ul></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Symptoms of a Heart Attack?</h2><p>Not all <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> attacks begin with the sudden, crushing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain that often is shown on TV or in the movies. In one study, for example, one-third of the patients who had heart attacks had no chest pain. These patients were more likely to be older, female, or diabetic.</p><p>The symptoms of a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a> can vary from person to person. Some people can have few symptoms and are surprised to learn they've had a heart attack. If you've already had a heart attack, your symptoms may not be the same for another one. It is important for you to know the most common symptoms of a heart attack and also remember these facts:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a> attacks can start slowly and cause only mild pain or discomfort. Symptoms can be mild or more intense and sudden. Symptoms also may come and go over several hours.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>People who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood sugar</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>) may have no symptoms or very mild ones.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The most common symptom, in both men and women, is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain or discomfort.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Women are somewhat more likely to have shortness of breath, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024775" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nausea</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024776" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vomiting</a>, unusual <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tiredness</a> (sometimes for days), and pain in the back, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022435" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">shoulders</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030529" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">jaw</a>.</div></li></ul><p>Some people don't have symptoms at all. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a> attacks that occur without any symptoms or with very mild symptoms are called silent heart attacks.</p><div id="nhlbi-heartattack-sec2-d6e53"><h3>Most Common Symptoms</h3><p>The most common warning symptoms of a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a> for both men and women are:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Chest</a> pain or discomfort. Most <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> attacks involve discomfort in the center or left side of the chest. The discomfort usually lasts for more than a few minutes or goes away and comes back. It can feel like pressure, squeezing, fullness, or pain. It also can feel like <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028109" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heartburn</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">indigestion</a>. The feeling can be mild or severe.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Upper body discomfort. You may feel pain or discomfort in one or both <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arms</a>, the back, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022435" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">shoulders</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027054" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neck</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030529" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">jaw</a>, or upper part of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a> (above the belly button).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Shortness of breath. This may be your only symptom, or it may occur before or along with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain or discomfort. It can occur when you are resting or doing a little bit of physical activity.</div></li></ul><p>The symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-angina/">angina</a> (an-JI-nuh or AN-juh-nuh) can be similar to the symptoms of a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Angina</a> is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain that occurs in people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">coronary heart disease</a>, usually when they're active. Angina pain usually lasts for only a few minutes and goes away with rest.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Chest</a> pain or discomfort that doesn't go away or changes from its usual pattern (for example, occurs more often or while you're resting) can be a sign of a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>.</p><p>All <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain should be checked by a doctor.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-heartattack-sec2-d6e93"><h3>Other Common Symptoms</h3><p>Pay attention to these other possible symptoms of a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Breaking out in a cold <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sweat</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Feeling unusually tired for no reason, sometimes for days (especially if you are a woman)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024775" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Nausea</a> (feeling sick to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a>) and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024776" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vomiting</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Light-headedness or sudden <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029722" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">dizziness</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Any sudden, new symptoms or a change in the pattern of symptoms you already have (for example, if your symptoms become stronger or last longer than usual)</div></li></ul><p>Not everyone having a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a> has typical symptoms. If you've already had a heart attack, your symptoms may not be the same for another one. However, some people may have a pattern of symptoms that recur.</p><p>The more signs and symptoms you have, the more likely it is that you're having a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-heartattack-sec2-d6e123"><h3>Quick Action Can Save Your Life: Call 9–1–1 </h3><p>The signs and symptoms of a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a> can develop suddenly. However, they also can develop slowly—sometimes within hours, days, or weeks of a heart attack.</p><p>Any time you think you might be having <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a> symptoms or a heart attack, don't ignore it or feel embarrassed to call for help. Call 9–1–1 for emergency medical care, even if you are not sure whether you're having a heart attack. Here's why:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Acting fast can save your life.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>An ambulance is the best and safest way to get to the hospital. Emergency medical services (EMS) personnel can check how you are doing and start life-saving medicines and other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> right away. People who arrive by ambulance often receive faster <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> at the hospital. </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The 9–1–1 operator or EMS technician can give you advice. You might be told to crush or chew an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000168" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aspirin</a> if you're not allergic, unless there is a medical reason for you not to take one. Aspirin taken during a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a> can limit the damage to your heart and save your life.</div></li></ul><p>Every minute matters. Never delay calling 9–1–1 to take <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000168" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aspirin</a> or do anything else you think might help.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is a Heart Attack Diagnosed?</h2><p>Your doctor will diagnose a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a> based on your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062989/#nhlbisec-signs">signs and symptoms</a>, your medical and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family histories</a>, and test results.</p><div id="nhlbi-heartattack-sec2-d7e34"><h3>Diagnostic Tests</h3><div id="nhlbi-heartattack-sec3-d7e37"><h4>EKG (Electrocardiogram)</h4><p>An <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ekg/">EKG</a> is a simple, painless test that detects and records the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical activity. The test shows how fast the heart is beating and its rhythm (steady or irregular). An EKG also records the strength and timing of electrical signals as they pass through each part of the heart.</p><p>An EKG can show signs of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> damage due to <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">coronary heart disease</a> (CHD) and signs of a previous or current <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-heartattack-sec3-d7e53"><h4>Blood Tests</h4><p>During a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> die and release <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022051" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">proteins</a> into the bloodstream. <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bdt/">Blood tests</a> can measure the amount of these proteins in the bloodstream. Higher than normal levels of these proteins suggest a heart attack.</p><p>Commonly used <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022070" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood tests</a> include troponin tests, CK or CK–MB tests, and serum <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024695" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">myoglobin</a> tests. Blood tests often are repeated to check for changes over time.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-heartattack-sec3-d7e65"><h4>Coronary Angiography</h4><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ca/">Coronary angiography</a> (an-jee-OG-ra-fee) is a test that uses dye and special x rays to show the insides of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a>. This test often is done during a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a> to help find blockages in the coronary arteries.</p><p>To get the dye into your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a>, your doctor will use a procedure called <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cath/">cardiac catheterization</a> (KATH-e-ter-ih-ZA-shun).</p><p>A thin, flexible tube called a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022169" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">catheter</a> is put into a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arm</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028097" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">groin</a> (upper thigh), or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027054" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neck</a>. The tube is threaded into your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a>, and the dye is released into your bloodstream.</p><p>Special x rays are taken while the dye is flowing through the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a>. The dye lets your doctor study the flow of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> through the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>.</p><p>If your doctor finds a blockage, he or she may recommend a procedure called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022980" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">percutaneous</a> (per-ku-TA-ne-us) coronary <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025841" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">intervention</a> (PCI), sometimes referred to as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-angioplasty/">coronary angioplasty</a> (AN-jee-oh-plas-tee). This procedure can help restore <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow through a blocked <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a>. Sometimes a small mesh tube called a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stents/">stent</a> is placed in the artery to help prevent blockages after the procedure.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is a Heart Attack Treated?</h2><p>Early <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> for a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a> can prevent or limit damage to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a>. Acting fast, at the first symptoms of a heart attack, can save your life. Medical personnel can begin diagnosis and treatment even before you get to the hospital.</p><p>Certain <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> usually are started right away if a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a> is suspected, even before the diagnosis is confirmed. These include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-oxt/">Oxygen therapy</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000168" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Aspirin</a> to thin your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> and prevent further <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030009" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood clotting</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0001281" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Nitroglycerin</a> to reduce your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s workload and improve <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow through the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatment</a> for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain</div></li></ul><p>Once the diagnosis of a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a> is confirmed or strongly suspected, doctors start <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> to try to promptly restore <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow to the heart. The two main treatments are "clot-busting" medicines and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029846" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">percutaneous coronary intervention</a> (PCI), sometimes referred to as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-angioplasty/">coronary angioplasty</a>, a procedure used to open blocked <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a>.</p><div id="nhlbi-heartattack-sec2-d8e57"><h3>Clot-Busting Medicines</h3><p>Thrombolytic medicines, also called "clot busters," are used to dissolve <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots that are blocking the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a>. To work best, these medicines must be given within several hours of the start of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a> symptoms. Ideally, the medicine should be given as soon as possible.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-heartattack-sec2-d8e63"><h3>Percutaneous Coronary Intervention</h3><p>PCI is a nonsurgical procedure that opens blocked or narrowed <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a>. This procedure also is called <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-angioplasty/">coronary angioplasty</a>.</p><p>A thin, flexible tube with a balloon or other device on the end is threaded through a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a>, usually in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028097" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">groin</a> (upper thigh), to the narrowed or blocked <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary artery</a>.</p><p>Once in place, the balloon is inflated to compress the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> against the wall of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a>. This restores <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow through the artery.</p><p>During the procedure, the doctor may put a small mesh tube called a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stents/">stent</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a>. The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029850" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stent</a> helps prevent blockages in the artery in the months or years after the procedure.</p><p>For more information, go to the Health Topics <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/angioplasty/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri"> Coronary Angioplasty</a> article.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-heartattack-sec2-d8e92"><h3>Other Treatments for Heart Attack</h3><div id="nhlbi-heartattack-sec3-d8e95"><h4>Medicines</h4><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Beta blockers</a>. Beta blockers decrease your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s workload. These medicines also are used to relieve <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain and discomfort and to help prevent repeat heart attacks. Beta blockers also are used to treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-arr/">arrhythmias</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">irregular heartbeats</a>).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025472" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ACE inhibitors</a>. ACE inhibitors lower <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> and reduce strain on your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. They also help slow down further weakening of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Anticoagulants. Anticoagulants, or "<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> thinners," prevent blood clots from forming in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>. These medicines also keep existing clots from getting larger.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Anticlotting medicines. Anticlotting medicines stop <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a> from clumping together and forming unwanted <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots. Examples of anticlotting medicines include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000168" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aspirin</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0009687" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clopidogrel</a>.</div></li></ul><p>You also may be given medicines to relieve pain and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024918" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anxiety</a>, treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmias</a> (which often occur during a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>), or lower your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cholesterol</a> (these medicines are called statins).</p></div><div id="nhlbi-heartattack-sec3-d8e120"><h4>Medical Procedures</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029844" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Coronary artery bypass grafting</a> (CABG) also may be used to treat a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>. During CABG, a surgeon removes a healthy artery or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a> from your body. The artery or vein is then connected, or grafted, to the blocked coronary artery.</p><p>The grafted <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a> bypasses (that is, goes around) the blocked portion of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary artery</a>. This provides a new route for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to flow to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a>.</p><p>For more information, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cabg/">Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting</a> article.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-heartattack-sec2-d8e135"><h3>Treatment After You Leave the Hospital</h3><p>Most people spend several days in the hospital after a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>. When you leave the hospital, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> doesn't stop. At home, your treatment may include daily medicines and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-rehab/">cardiac rehabilitation</a> (rehab). Your doctor may want you to have a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025769" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">flu</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022222" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">shot</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0014177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumococcal vaccine</a> each year.</p><p>Your doctor also may recommend lifestyle changes, including following a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> healthy diet, being physically active, maintaining a healthy weight, and quitting <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">smoking</a>. Taking these steps can lower your chances of having another <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>.</p><div id="nhlbi-heartattack-sec3-d8e151"><h4>Cardiac Rehabilitation</h4><p>Your doctor may recommend <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029877" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiac rehab</a> to help you recover from a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a> and to help prevent another heart attack. Almost everyone who has had a heart attack can benefit from rehab.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029877" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Cardiac rehab</a> is a medically supervised program that may help improve the health and well-being of people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> problems.</p><p>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029877" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiac rehab</a> team may include doctors, nurses, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">exercise</a> specialists, physical and occupational therapists, dietitians or nutritionists, and psychologists or other mental health specialists.</p><p>Rehab has two parts:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Exercise</a> training. This part helps you learn how to exercise safely, strengthen your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscles</a>, and improve your stamina. Your exercise plan will be based on your personal abilities, needs, and interests.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Education, counseling, and training. This part of rehab helps you understand your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> condition and find ways to reduce your risk of future heart problems. The rehab team will help you learn how to cope with the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a> of adjusting to a new lifestyle and deal with your fears about the future.</div></li></ul><p>For more information, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-rehab/">Cardiac Rehabilitation</a> article.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-prevention"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-prevention_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Can a Heart Attack Be Prevented?</h2><p>Lowering your risk factors for <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">coronary heart disease</a> (CHD) can help you prevent a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>. (For more information about risk factors, go to "<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062989/#nhlbisec-risks">Who Is at Risk for a Heart Attack?</a>")</p><p>Even if you already have CHD, you can still take steps to lower your risk for a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>. These steps involve following a heart healthy lifestyle and getting ongoing care.</p><div id="nhlbi-heartattack-sec2-d9e40"><h3>Heart Healthy Lifestyle</h3><p>Following a healthy diet is an important part of a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> healthy lifestyle. A healthy diet includes a variety of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. It also includes lean meats, poultry, fish, beans, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fat</a>-free or low-fat milk or milk products. A healthy diet is low in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018272" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">saturated fat</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022582" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">trans fat</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cholesterol</a>, sodium (salt), and added <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023305" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sugars</a>.</p><p>For more information about following a healthy diet, go to the National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute's (NHLBI's) <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/obesity/lose_wt/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Aim for a Healthy Weight</a> Web site, <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/other/your_guide/healthyheart.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri"> "Your Guide to a Healthy Heart,"</a> and <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/hbp/dash/index.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">"Your Guide to Lowering Your Blood Pressure With DASH."</a> All of these resources provide general information about healthy eating.</p><p>If you're <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-obe/">overweight or obese</a>, work with your doctor to create a reasonable weight-loss plan that involves diet and physical activity. Controlling your weight helps you control risk factors for CHD and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>.</p><p>Be as physically active as you can. Physical activity can improve your fitness level and your health. Talk with your doctor about what types of activity are safe for you.</p><p>For more information about physical activity, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-phys/">Physical Activity and Your Heart</a> article and the NHLBI's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/obesity/phy_active.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri"> "Your Guide to Physical Activity and Your Heart."</a> </p><p>If you smoke, quit. Smoking can raise your risk of CHD and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=l |
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Heart Block |
<div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-hb-sec1-d1e37_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Is Heart Block?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023283" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart block</a> is a problem that occurs with the heart's electrical system. This system controls the rate and rhythm of heartbeats. ("Rate" refers to the number of times your heart beats per minute. "Rhythm" refers to the pattern of regular or irregular pulses produced as the heart beats.)</p><p>With each heartbeat, an electrical signal spreads across the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> from the upper to the lower <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a>. As it travels, the signal causes the heart to contract and pump <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023283" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart block</a> occurs if the electrical signal is slowed or disrupted as it moves through the heart.</p><div id="nhlbi-hb-sec2-d1e49"><h3>Overview</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023283" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart block</a> is a type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-arr/">arrhythmia</a> (ah-RITH-me-ah). An <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmia</a> is any problem with the rate or rhythm of the heartbeat.</p><p>Some people are born with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023283" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart block</a>, while others develop it during their lifetimes. If you're born with the condition, it's called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023376" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">congenital</a> (kon-JEN-ih-tal) heart block. If the condition develops after birth, it's called acquired heart block.</p><p>Doctors might detect <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023376" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">congenital</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023283" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart block</a> before or after a baby is born. Certain diseases that may occur during <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a> can cause heart block in a baby. Some <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-chd/">congenital heart defects</a> also can cause heart block. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023239" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Congenital heart defects</a> are problems with the heart's structure that are present at birth. Often, doctors don't know what causes these defects.</p><p>Acquired <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023283" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart block</a> is more common than <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023376" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">congenital</a> heart block. Damage to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a> or its electrical system causes acquired heart block. Diseases, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>, or medicines can cause this damage.</p><p>The three types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023283" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart block</a> are first degree, second degree, and third degree. First degree is the least severe, and third degree is the most severe. This is true for both <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023376" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">congenital</a> and acquired heart block.</p><p>Doctors use a test called an <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ekg/">EKG</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029879" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">electrocardiogram</a>) to help diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023283" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart block</a>. This test detects and records the heart's electrical activity. It maps the data on a graph for the doctor to review.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hb-sec2-d1e81"><h3>Outlook</h3><p>The symptoms and severity of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023283" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart block</a> depend on which type you have. First-degree heart block may not cause any severe symptoms.</p><p>Second-degree <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023283" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart block</a> may result in the heart skipping a beat or beats. This type of heart block also can make you feel dizzy or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029695" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">faint</a>.</p><p>Third-degree <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023283" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart block</a> limits the heart's ability to pump <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to the rest of the body. This type of heart block may cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fatigue</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tiredness</a>), <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029722" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">dizziness</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029695" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fainting</a>. Third-degree heart block requires prompt <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> because it can be fatal.</p><p>A medical device called a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pace/">pacemaker</a> is used to treat third-degree <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023283" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart block</a> and some cases of second-degree heart block. This device uses electrical pulses to prompt the heart to beat at a normal rate. Pacemakers typically are not used to treat first-degree heart block.</p><p>All types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023283" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart block</a> may increase your risk for other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmias</a>, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-af/">atrial fibrillation</a> (A-tre-al fih-brih-LA-shun). Talk with your doctor to learn more about the signs and symptoms of arrhythmias.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-understanding"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-understanding_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Understanding the Heart's Electrical System and EKG Results</h2><p>Doctors use a test called an <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ekg/">EKG</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029879" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">electrocardiogram</a>) to help diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023283" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart block</a>. This test detects and records the heart's electrical activity. An EKG records the strength and timing of electrical signals as they pass through the heart.</p><p>The data are recorded on a graph so your doctor can study your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical activity. Different parts of the graph show each step of an electrical signal's journey through the heart.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figd3e40" co-legend-rid="figlgndd3e40"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063066/figure/d3e40/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figd3e40" rid-ob="figobd3e40"><img class="small-thumb" src="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063066/bin/ekg.gif" src-large="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063066/bin/ekg.jpg" alt="EKG."></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndd3e40"><h4 id="d3e40"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063066/figure/d3e40/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd3e40">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">EKG. The image shows the standard setup for an EKG. In figure A, a normal heart rhythm recording shows the electrical pattern of a regular heartbeat. In figure B, a patient lies in a bed with EKG electrodes attached to his chest, upper arms, and legs. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063066/figure/d3e40/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd3e40">(more...)</a></p></div></div><p>Each electrical signal begins in a group of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> called the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024561" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sinus</a> node or sinoatrial (SA) node. The SA node is located in the right atrium (AY-tree-um), which is the upper right <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chamber</a> of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. (Your heart has two upper <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a> and two lower chambers.)</p><p>In a healthy adult <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> at rest, the SA node sends an electrical signal to begin a new heartbeat 60 to 100 times a minute.</p><p>From the SA node, the signal travels through the right and left <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022263" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atria</a>. This causes the atria to contract, which helps move <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> into the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s lower <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a>, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a> (VEN-trih-kuls). The electrical signal moving through the atria is recorded as the P wave on the EKG.</p><p>The electrical signal passes between the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022263" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atria</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a> through a group of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> called the atrioventricular (AV) node. The signal slows down as it passes through the AV node. This slowing allows the ventricles enough time to finish filling with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. On the EKG, this part of the process is the flat line between the end of the P wave and the beginning of the Q wave.</p><p>The electrical signal then leaves the AV node and travels along a pathway called the bundle of His. From there, the signal travels into the right and left bundle branches. The signal spreads quickly across your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a>, causing them to contract and pump <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> and the rest of your body. This process is recorded as the QRS waves on the EKG.</p><p>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a> then recover their normal electrical state (shown as the T wave on the EKG). The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscle</a> stops contracting to allow the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> to refill with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. This entire process continues over and over with each new heartbeat.</p><p>The animation below shows how your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical system works and how an EKG records your heart's electrical activity. Click the "start" button to play the animation. Written and spoken explanations are provided with each frame. Use the buttons in the lower right corner to pause, restart, or replay the animation, or use the scroll bar below the buttons to move through the frames.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figelectrical" co-legend-rid="figlgndelectrical"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063066/figure/electrical/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img" rid-ob="figobelectrical"><img class="small-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/bookshelf/static/media-icon.gif" alt="Figure Icon"></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndelectrical"><h4 id="electrical"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063066/figure/electrical/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobelectrical">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">The animation shows how an electrical signal moves through your heart and how an EKG records your heart's electrical activity. </p></div></div><p>For more information about the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical system, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hhw/">How the Heart Works</a> article.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-types"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-types_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Types of Heart Block</h2><p>Some people are born with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023283" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart block</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023376" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">congenital</a>), while others develop it during their lifetimes (acquired). Acquired heart block is more common than congenital heart block.</p><p>The three types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023283" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart block</a> are first degree, second degree, and third degree. First degree is the least severe, and third degree is the most severe. This is true for both <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023376" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">congenital</a> and acquired heart block.</p><div id="nhlbi-hb-sec2-d4e34"><h3>First-Degree Heart Block</h3><p>In first-degree <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023283" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart block</a>, the heart's electrical signals are slowed as they move from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022263" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atria</a> to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a> (the heart's upper and lower <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a>, respectively). This results in a longer, flatter line between the P and the R waves on the <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ekg/">EKG</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029879" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">electrocardiogram</a>).</p><p>First-degree <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023283" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart block</a> may not cause any symptoms or require <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hb-sec2-d4e47"><h3>Second-Degree Heart Block</h3><p>In this type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023283" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart block</a>, electrical signals between the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022263" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atria</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a> are slowed to a large degree. Some signals don't reach the ventricles. On an EKG, the pattern of QRS waves doesn't follow each P wave as it normally would.</p><p>If an electrical signal is blocked before it reaches the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a>, they won't contract and pump <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> and the rest of the body.</p><p>Second-degree <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023283" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart block</a> is divided into two types: Mobitz type I and Mobitz type II.</p><div id="nhlbi-hb-sec3-d4e59"><h4>Mobitz Type I</h4><p>In this type (also known as Wenckebach's block), the electrical signals are delayed more and more with each heartbeat, until the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> skips a beat. On the EKG, the delay is shown as a line (called the PR interval) between the P and QRS waves. The line gets longer and longer until the QRS waves don't follow the next P wave.</p><p>Sometimes people who have Mobitz type I feel dizzy or have other symptoms. This type of second-degree <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023283" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart block</a> is less serious than Mobitz type II.</p><p>The animation below shows how your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical system works. It also shows what happens during second-degree Mobitz type I <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023283" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart block</a>. Click the "start" button to play the animation. Written and spoken explanations are provided with each frame. Use the buttons in the lower right corner to pause, restart, or replay the animation, or use the scroll bar below the buttons to move through the frames.</p><p>The first part of this animation is the same as the animation in the section on understanding the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical system and EKG results. If you want to skip directly to the frames on Mobitz type I <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023283" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart block</a>, click the "skip intro" link above the start, pause, and replay buttons.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figheartblock" co-legend-rid="figlgndheartblock"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063066/figure/heart_block/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img" rid-ob="figobheartblock"><img class="small-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/bookshelf/static/media-icon.gif" alt="Figure Icon"></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndheartblock"><h4 id="heart_block"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063066/figure/heart_block/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobheartblock">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">The first part of the animation shows how an electrical signal moves through your heart and how an EKG records your heart's electrical activity. The second part of the animation shows how a pause in the heart's electrical signal can delay or block the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063066/figure/heart_block/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobheartblock">(more...)</a></p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbi-hb-sec3-d4e86"><h4>Mobitz Type II</h4><p>In second-degree Mobitz type II <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023283" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart block</a>, some of the electrical signals don't reach the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a>. However, the pattern is less regular than it is in Mobitz type I. Some signals move between the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022263" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atria</a> and ventricles normally, while others are blocked.</p><p>On an EKG, the QRS wave follows the P wave at a normal speed. Sometimes, though, the QRS wave is missing (when a signal is blocked).</p><p>Mobitz type II is less common than type I, but it's usually more severe. Some people who have type II need medical devices called <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pace/">pacemakers</a> to maintain their <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024325" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart rates</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hb-sec3-d4e101"><h4>Third-Degree Heart Block</h4><p>In this type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023283" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart block</a>, none of the electrical signals reach the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a>. This type also is called complete heart block or complete AV block.</p><p>When complete <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023283" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart block</a> occurs, special areas in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a> may create electrical signals to cause the ventricles to contract. This natural backup system is slower than the normal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024325" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart rate</a> and isn't coordinated with the contraction of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022263" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atria</a>. On an EKG, the normal pattern is disrupted. The P waves occur at a faster rate, and it isn't coordinated with the QRS waves.</p><p>Complete <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023283" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart block</a> can result in <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-scda/">sudden cardiac arrest</a> and death. This type of heart block often requires emergency <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>. A temporary <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029742" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pacemaker</a> might be used to keep the heart beating until you get a long-term pacemaker.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes Heart Block?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023283" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart block</a> has many causes. Some people are born with the disorder (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023376" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">congenital</a>), while others develop it during their lifetimes (acquired).</p><div id="nhlbi-hb-sec2-d5e31"><h3>Congenital Heart Block</h3><p>One form of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023376" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">congenital</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023283" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart block</a> occurs in babies whose mothers have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022033" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">autoimmune diseases</a>, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024510" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lupus</a>. With autoimmune diseases, the body makes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022051" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">proteins</a> called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antibodies</a> that <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024324" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">attack</a> and damage <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissues</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a>.</p><p>In pregnant women, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antibodies</a> can cross the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030321" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">placenta</a>. (The placenta is the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organ</a> that attaches the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030322" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">umbilical cord</a> to the mother's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022603" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">womb</a>.) These <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022051" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">proteins</a> can damage the baby's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023376" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">congenital</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023283" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart block</a>.</p><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-chd/">Congenital heart defects</a> also can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023376" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">congenital</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023283" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart block</a>. These defects are problems with the heart's structure that are present at birth. Often, doctors don't know what causes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023239" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">congenital heart defects</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hb-sec2-d5e46"><h3>Acquired Heart Block</h3><p>Many factors can cause acquired <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023283" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart block</a>. Examples include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Damage to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> from a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a>. This is the most common cause of acquired <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023283" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart block</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">Coronary heart disease</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Myocarditis (MI-o-kar-DI-tis), or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022625" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inflammation</a> of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">Heart failure</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Rheumatic (roo-MAT-ik) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fever</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cm/">Cardiomyopathy</a> (KAR-de-o-mi-OP-ah-thee), or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a> diseases.</div></li></ul><p>Other diseases may increase the risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023283" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart block</a>. Examples include <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-sarc/">sarcoidosis</a> (sar-koy-DOE-sis) and the degenerative <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscle</a> disorders Lev's disease and Lenegre's disease.</p><p>Certain types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> also may damage the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical system and lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023283" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart block</a>.</p><p>Exposure to toxic substances and taking certain medicines—including digitalis, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">beta blockers</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025449" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">calcium channel blockers</a>—also may cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023283" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart block</a>. Doctors closely watch people who are taking these medicines for signs of problems.</p><p>Some types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023283" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart block</a> have been linked to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022031" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029640" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mutations</a> (changes in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a>).</p><p>An overly active <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027318" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vagus nerve</a> also can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023283" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart block</a>. You have one vagus nerve on each side of your body. These <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022678" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nerves</a> run from your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024736" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain stem</a> all the way to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022602" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abdomen</a>. Activity in the vagus nerve slows the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024325" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart rate</a>.</p><p>Sometimes acquired <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023283" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart block</a> will go away if the factor causing it is treated or resolved. For example, heart block that occurs after a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> may go away during recovery.</p><p>If medicine is causing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023283" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart block</a>, the disorder may go away if the medicine is stopped or the dosage is lowered. (Always talk with your doctor before you change the way you take your medicines.)</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-atrisk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-atrisk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is at Risk for Heart Block?</h2><p>The risk factors for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023376" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">congenital</a> and acquired <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023283" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart block</a> are different.</p><div id="nhlbi-hb-sec2-d6e31"><h3>Congenital Heart Block</h3><p>If a pregnant woman has an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022033" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">autoimmune disease</a>, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024510" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lupus</a>, her <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028116" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fetus</a> is at risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023283" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart block</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022033" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Autoimmune diseases</a> can cause the body to make <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022051" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">proteins</a> called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antibodies</a> that can cross the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030321" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">placenta</a>. (The placenta is the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organ</a> that attaches the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030322" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">umbilical cord</a> to the mother's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022603" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">womb</a>.) These antibodies may damage the baby's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023376" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">congenital</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023283" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart block</a>.</p><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-chd/">Congenital heart defects</a> also can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023283" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart block</a>. These defects are problems with the heart's structure that are present at birth. Most of the time, doctors don't know what causes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023239" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">congenital heart defects</a>.</p><p>Heredity may play a role in certain <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> defects. For example, a parent who has a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023239" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">congenital heart defect</a> might be more likely than other people to have a child with the condition.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hb-sec2-d6e49"><h3>Acquired Heart Block</h3><p>Acquired <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023283" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart block</a> can occur in people of any age. However, most types of the condition are more common in older people. This is because many of the risk factors are more common in older people.</p><p>People who have a history of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attacks</a> are at increased risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023283" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart block</a>. Examples of heart disease that can lead to heart block include <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">coronary heart disease</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cm/">cardiomyopathy</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a> diseases).</p><p>Other diseases also may raise the risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023283" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart block</a>, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-sarc/">sarcoidosis</a> and the degenerative <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscle</a> disorders Lev's disease and Lenegre's disease.</p><p>Exposure to toxic substances or taking certain medicines, such as digitalis, also can raise your risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023283" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart block</a>.</p><p>Well-trained athletes and young people are at higher risk for first-degree <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023283" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart block</a> caused by an overly active <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027318" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vagus nerve</a>. You have one vagus nerve on each side of your body. These <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022678" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nerves</a> run from your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024736" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain stem</a> all the way to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022602" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abdomen</a>. Activity in the vagus nerve slows the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024325" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart rate</a>.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Heart Block?</h2><p>Signs and symptoms depend on the type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023283" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart block</a> you have. First-degree heart block may not cause any symptoms.</p><p>Signs and symptoms of second- and third-degree <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023283" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart block</a> include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029695" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Fainting</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029722" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Dizziness</a> or light-headedness</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Fatigue</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tiredness</a>)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Shortness of breath</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Chest</a> pain</div></li></ul><p>These symptoms may suggest other health problems as well. If these symptoms are new or severe, call 9–1–1 or have someone drive you to the hospital emergency room. If you have milder symptoms, talk with your doctor right away to find out whether you need prompt <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Heart Block Diagnosed?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023283" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart block</a> might be diagnosed as part of a routine doctor's visit or during an emergency situation. (Third-degree heart block often is an emergency.)</p><p>Your doctor will diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023283" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart block</a> based on your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family and medical histories</a>, a physical exam, and test results.</p><div id="nhlbi-hb-sec2-d8e34"><h3>Specialists Involved</h3><p>Your primary care doctor might be involved in diagnosing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023283" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart block</a>. However, if you have the condition, you might need to see a heart specialist. Heart specialists include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015644" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Cardiologists</a> (doctors who diagnose and treat adults who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> problems)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Pediatric <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015644" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiologists</a> (doctors who diagnose and treat babies and children who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> problems)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Electrophysiologists (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015644" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiologists</a> or pediatric cardiologists who specialize in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical system)</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-hb-sec2-d8e53"><h3>Family and Medical Histories</h3><p>Your doctor may ask whether:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>You have any <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063066/#nhlbisec-signs">signs or symptoms</a> of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023283" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart block</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>You have any health problems, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Any of your family members have been diagnosed with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023283" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart block</a> or other health problems</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>You're taking any medicines, including herbal products and prescription and over-the-counter medicines</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>You smoke or use alcohol or drugs</div></li></ul><p>Your doctor also may ask about other health habits, such as how physically active you are.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hb-sec2-d8e83"><h3>Physical Exam</h3><p>During the physical exam, your doctor will listen to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. He or she will listen carefully for abnormal rhythms or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartmurmur/">heart murmurs</a> (extra or unusual sounds heard during heartbeats).</p><p>Your doctor also may:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Check your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024325" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulse</a> to find out how fast your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> is beating</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Check for swelling in your legs or feet, which could be a sign of an enlarged <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Look for signs of other diseases that could be causing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024325" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart rate</a> or rhythm problems (such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">coronary heart disease</a>)</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-hb-sec2-d8e113"><h3>Diagnostic Tests and Procedures</h3><div id="nhlbi-hb-sec3-d8e116"><h4>EKG (Electrocardiogram)</h4><p>Doctors usually use an <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ekg/">EKG</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029879" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">electrocardiogram</a>) to help diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023283" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart block</a>. This simple test detects and records the heart's electrical activity.</p><p>An EKG shows how fast the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> is beating and its rhythm (steady or irregular). The test also records the strength and timing of electrical signals as they pass through the heart.</p><p>The data are recorded on a graph. Different types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023283" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart block</a> have different patterns on the graph. (For more information, go to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063066/#nhlbisec-types">"Types of Heart Block."</a>)</p><p>A standard EKG only records the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s activity for a few seconds. To diagnose heart rhythm problems that come and go, your doctor may have you wear a portable EKG monitor.</p><p>The most common types of portable <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029879" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">EKGs</a> are <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-holt/">Holter and event monitors</a>. Your doctor may have you use one of these monitors to diagnose first- or second-degree <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023283" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart block</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hb-sec3-d8e144"><h4>Holter and Event Monitors</h4><p>A Holter monitor records the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical signals for a full 24- or 48-hour period. You wear one while you do your normal daily activities. This allows the monitor to record your heart for a longer time than a standard EKG.</p><p>An event monitor is similar to a Holter monitor. You wear an event monitor while doing your normal activities. However, an event monitor only records your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical activity at certain times while you're wearing it.</p><p>You may wear an event monitor for 1 to 2 months, or as long as it takes to get a recording of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> during symptoms.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hb-sec3-d8e157"><h4>Electrophysiology Study</h4><p>For some cases of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023283" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart block</a>, doctors may do electrophysiology studies (EPS). During this test, a thin, flexible wire is passed through a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028097" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">groin</a> (upper thigh) or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arm</a> to your heart. The wire records your heart's electrical signals.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hb-sec3-d8e166"><h4>Other Tests</h4><p>To diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023283" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart block</a>, your doctor may recommend tests to rule out other types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-arr/">arrhythmias</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">irregular heartbeats</a>). For more information, go to <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-arr/#nhlbisec-diagnosis">"How Are Arrhythmias Diagnosed?"</a> </p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-treated"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treated_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Heart Block Treated?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatment</a> depends on the type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023283" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart block</a> you have. If you have first-degree heart block, you may not need treatment.</p><p>If you have second-degree <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023283" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart block</a>, you may need a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pace/">pacemaker</a>. A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029742" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pacemaker</a> is a small device that's placed under the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022602" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abdomen</a>. This device uses electrical pulses to prompt the heart to beat at a normal rate.</p><p>If you have third-degree <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023283" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart block</a>, you will need a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029742" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pacemaker</a>. In an emergency, a temporary pacemaker might be used until you can get a long-term device. Most people who have third-degree heart block need pacemakers for the rest of their lives.</p><p>Some people who have third-degree <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023376" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">congenital</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023283" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart block</a> don't need pacemakers for many years. Others may need pacemakers at a young age or during infancy.</p><p>If a pregnant woman has an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022033" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">autoimmune disease</a>, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024510" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lupus</a>, her <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028116" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fetus</a> is at risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023283" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart block</a>. If heart block is detected in a fetus, the mother might be given medicine to reduce the fetus' risk of developing serious heart block.</p><p>Sometimes acquired <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023283" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart block</a> goes away if the factor causing it is treated or resolved. For example, heart block that occurs after a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> may go away during recovery.</p><p>Also, if a medicine is causing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023283" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart block</a>, the condition may go away if the medicine is stopped or the dosage is lowered. (Always talk with your doctor before you change the way you take your medicines.)</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-livingwith"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-livingwith_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Living With Heart Block</h2><p>First-degree <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023283" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart block</a> may not cause any symptoms or require <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>. However, some research has shown that people who have first-degree heart block might be at higher risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-af/">atrial fibrillation</a> (AF) in the future.</p><p>AF is a type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmia</a>. It occurs if rapid, disorganized electrical signals cause the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s upper <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a> to contract very fast and irregularly.</p><p>If you've been diagnosed with first-degree <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023283" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart block</a>, ask your doctor whether you need to take any special steps to control it.</p><p>Your doctor can tell you whether you need ongoing care or whether you need to change the way you take certain medicines.</p><p>If you have second-degree <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023283" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart block</a> that doesn't require a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pace/">pacemaker</a>, talk with your doctor about keeping your heart healthy. Your doctor will tell you whether you need ongoing care for your condition.</p><div id="nhlbi-hb-sec2-d10e50"><h3>Living With a Pacemaker</h3><p>People who have third-degree <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023283" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart block</a> and some people who have second-degree heart block need pacemakers. These devices use electrical pulses to prompt the heart to beat at a normal rate.</p><p>If you have a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029742" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pacemaker</a>, you should take special care to avoid things that may interfere with it. Avoid close or prolonged contact with electrical devices and devices that have strong magnetic fields. These objects can keep your pacemaker from working properly.</p><p>Let all of your doctors, dentists, and medical technicians know that you have a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029742" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pacemaker</a>. You also should notify airport screeners.</p><p>Your doctor can give you a card that states what kind of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029742" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pacemaker</a> you have. Carry this card in your wallet. You may want to wear a medical ID bracelet or necklace that states that you have a pacemaker.</p><p>Certain medical procedures can disrupt pacemakers. Examples include MRI (magnetic resonance imaging), electrocauterization during <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>, and shock-wave lithotripsy to get rid of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022762" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidney stones</a>.</p><p>Your doctor may need to check your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029742" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pacemaker</a> several times a year to make sure it's working well. Some pacemakers must be checked in the doctor's office, but others can be checked over the phone.</p><p>Ask your doctor about what types of physical activity are safe for you. A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029742" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pacemaker</a> usually won't limit you from doing sports and physical activity. But you may need to avoid full-contact sports, such as football, that can damage the pacemaker.</p><p>For more information about living with a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029742" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pacemaker</a>, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pace/">Pacemaker</a> article.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-trials"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-trials_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Clinical Trials</h2><p>The National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute (NHLBI) is strongly committed to supporting research aimed at preventing and treating heart, lung, and blood diseases and conditions and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorders</a>.</p><p>NHLBI-supported research has led to many advances in medical knowledge and care. Often, these advances depend on the willingness of volunteers to take part in <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-clinicaltrials/">clinical trials</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Clinical trials</a> test new ways to prevent, diagnose, or treat various diseases and conditions. For example, new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for a disease or condition (such as medicines, medical devices, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgeries</a>, or procedures) are tested in volunteers who have the illness. Testing shows whether a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> is safe and effective in humans before it is made available for widespread use.</p><p>By taking part in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, you can gain access to new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> before they're widely available. You also will have the support of a team of health care providers, who will likely monitor your health closely. Even if you don't directly benefit from the results of a clinical trial, the information gathered can help others and add to scientific knowledge.</p><p>If you volunteer for a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, the research will be explained to you in detail. You'll learn about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> and tests you may receive, and the benefits and risks they may pose. You'll also be given a chance to ask questions about the research. This process is called informed consent.</p><p>If you agree to take part in the trial, you'll be asked to sign an informed consent form. This form is not a contract. You have the right to withdraw from a study at any time, for any reason. Also, you have the right to learn about new risks or findings that emerge during the trial.</p><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> related to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023283" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart block</a>, talk with your doctor. You also can visit the following Web sites to learn more about clinical research and to search for clinical trials:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>http://clinicalresearch.nih.gov</div></li><li class="half |
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Heart Disease in Women |
<div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-hdw-sec1-d1e38_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Does Heart Disease Affect Women?</h2><p>In the United States, 1 in 4 women dies from <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease. In fact, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">coronary heart disease</a> (CHD)—the most common type of heart disease—is the #1 killer of both men and women in the United States.</p><p>Other types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cmd/">coronary microvascular disease</a> (MVD) and broken heart syndrome, also pose a risk for women. These disorders, which mainly affect women, are not as well understood as CHD. However, research is ongoing to learn more about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027308" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary MVD</a> and broken heart syndrome.</p><p>This article focuses on CHD and its complications. However, it also includes general information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027308" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary MVD</a> and broken <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> syndrome.</p><div id="nhlbi-hdw-sec2-d1e56"><h3>Coronary Heart Disease</h3><p>CHD is a disease in which <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> (plak) builds up on the inner walls of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a>. These arteries carry <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. When plaque builds up in the arteries, the condition is called <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-atherosclerosis/">atherosclerosis</a> (ath-er-o-skler-O-sis).</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Plaque</a> is made up of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fat</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cholesterol</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022775" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">calcium</a>, and other substances found in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. Over time, plaque can harden or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rupture</a> (break open).</p><p>Hardened <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> narrows the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a> and reduces the flow of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. This can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain or discomfort called <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-angina/">angina</a> (an-JI-nuh or AN-juh-nuh).</p><p>If the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ruptures</a>, a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clot can form on its surface. A large blood clot can mostly or completely block blood flow through a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary artery</a>. This is the most common cause of a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a>. Over time, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ruptured</a> plaque also hardens and narrows the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a>.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figd1e84" co-legend-rid="figlgndd1e84"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062991/figure/d1e84/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figd1e84" rid-ob="figobd1e84"><img class="small-thumb" src="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062991/bin/hdw_heartattack.gif" src-large="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062991/bin/hdw_heartattack.jpg" alt="Heart With Muscle Damage and a Blocked Artery."></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndd1e84"><h4 id="d1e84"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062991/figure/d1e84/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd1e84">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Heart With Muscle Damage and a Blocked Artery. Figure A is an overview of a heart and coronary artery showing damage (dead heart muscle) caused by a heart attack. Figure B is a cross-section of the coronary artery with plaque buildup and a blood clot <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062991/figure/d1e84/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd1e84">(more...)</a></p></div></div><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Plaque</a> also can develop within the walls of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a>. Tests that show the insides of the coronary arteries may look normal in people who have this pattern of plaque. Studies are under way to see whether this type of plaque buildup occurs more often in women than in men and why.</p><p>In addition to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">angina</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>, CHD can cause other serious heart problems. The disease may lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">irregular heartbeats</a> called <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-arr/">arrhythmias</a> (ah-RITH-me-ahs), and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-scda/">sudden cardiac arrest</a> (SCA).</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hdw-sec2-d1e106"><h3>Coronary Microvascular Disease</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027308" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Coronary MVD</a> is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease that affects the heart's tiny <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>. This disease is also called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027308" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiac syndrome X</a> or nonobstructive CHD. In coronary MVD, the walls of the heart's tiny arteries are damaged or diseased.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figd1e116" co-legend-rid="figlgndd1e116"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062991/figure/d1e116/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figd1e116" rid-ob="figobd1e116"><img class="small-thumb" src="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062991/bin/coronary-mvd_9-28-11.gif" src-large="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062991/bin/coronary-mvd_9-28-11.jpg" alt="Heart With Muscle Damage and a Blocked Artery Coronary Microvascular Disease."></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndd1e116"><h4 id="d1e116"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062991/figure/d1e116/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd1e116">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Heart With Muscle Damage and a Blocked Artery Coronary Microvascular Disease. Figure A shows the small coronary artery network (microvasculature), containing a normal artery and an artery with coronary MVD. Figure B shows a large coronary artery with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062991/figure/d1e116/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd1e116">(more...)</a></p></div></div><p>Women are more likely than men to have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027308" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary MVD</a>. Many researchers think that a drop in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023144" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">estrogen</a> levels during <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023140" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">menopause</a> combined with other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease risk factors causes coronary MVD.</p><p>Although death rates from <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease have dropped in the last 30 years, they haven't dropped as much in women as in men. This may be the result of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027308" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary MVD</a>.</p><p>Standard tests for CHD are not designed to detect <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027308" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary MVD</a>. Thus, test results for women who have coronary MVD may show that they are at low risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease.</p><p>Research is ongoing to learn more about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027308" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary MVD</a> and its causes.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hdw-sec2-d1e135"><h3>Broken Heart Syndrome</h3><p>Women are also more likely than men to have a condition called broken <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> syndrome. In this recently recognized heart problem, extreme emotional <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a> can lead to severe (but often short-term) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a> failure.</p><p>Broken <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> syndrome is also called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a>-induced <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023192" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiomyopathy</a> (KAR-de-o-mi-OP-ah-thee) or takotsubo cardiomyopathy.</p><p>Doctors may misdiagnose broken <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> syndrome as a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a> because it has similar symptoms and test results. However, there's no evidence of blocked heart <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> in broken heart syndrome, and most people have a full and quick recovery.</p><p>Researchers are just starting to explore what causes this disorder and how to diagnose and treat it. Often, patients who have broken <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> syndrome have previously been healthy.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hdw-sec2-d1e150"><h3>Outlook</h3><p>Women tend to have CHD about 10 years later than men. However, CHD remains the #1 killer of women in the United States.</p><p>The good news is that you can control many CHD risk factors. CHD risk factors are conditions or habits that raise your risk for CHD and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>. These risk factors also can increase the chance that existing CHD will worsen.</p><p>Lifestyle changes, medicines, and medical or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgical procedures</a> can help women lower their risk for CHD. Thus, early and ongoing CHD prevention is important.</p><p>More information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease in women is available through the National Heart, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/educational/hearttruth/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">The Heart Truth</a>® campaign.</p><p>____________</p><p>®The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a> Truth and its logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS).</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-names"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-names_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Other Names for Heart Disease</h2><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-arr/">Arrhythmia</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Broken <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> syndrome, which also is called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a>-induced <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023192" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiomyopathy</a> or takotsubo cardiomyopathy</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">Coronary heart disease</a>, which also is called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021983" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary artery disease</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cmd/">Coronary microvascular disease</a>, which also is called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027308" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiac syndrome X</a> or nonobstructive <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021983" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary heart disease</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">Heart failure</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-scda/">Sudden cardiac arrest</a> </div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes Heart Disease?</h2><p>Research suggests that <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">coronary heart disease</a> (CHD) begins with damage to the lining and inner layers of the coronary (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>. Several factors contribute to this damage. They include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">Smoking</a>, including <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029761" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">secondhand smoke</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>High amounts of certain <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015646" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fats</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbc/">cholesterol</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">High blood pressure</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>High amounts of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023305" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sugar</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> due to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023068" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">insulin resistance</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood vessel</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022625" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inflammation</a></div></li></ul><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Plaque</a> may begin to build up where the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> are damaged. The buildup of plaque in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a> may start in childhood.</p><p>Over time, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> can harden or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rupture</a> (break open). Hardened plaque narrows the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a> and reduces the flow of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. This can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain or discomfort called <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-angina/">angina</a>.</p><p>If the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ruptures</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cell</a> fragments called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a> (PLATE-lets) stick to the site of the injury. They may clump together to form blood clots.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> clots can further narrow the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a> and worsen <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">angina</a>. If a clot becomes large enough, it can mostly or completely block a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary artery</a> and cause a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a>.</p><p>In addition to the factors above, low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023144" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">estrogen</a> levels before or after <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023140" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">menopause</a> may play a role in causing <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cmd/">coronary microvascular disease</a> (MVD). <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027308" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Coronary MVD</a> is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease that affects the heart's tiny <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>.</p><p>The cause of broken <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> syndrome isn't yet known. However, a sudden release of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hormones</a> may play a role in causing the disorder. Most cases of broken heart syndrome occur in women who have gone through <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023140" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">menopause</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-atrisk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-atrisk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is at Risk for Heart Disease?</h2><p>Certain traits, conditions, or habits may raise your risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">coronary heart disease</a> (CHD). These conditions are known as risk factors. Risk factors also increase the chance that existing CHD will worsen.</p><p>Women generally have the same CHD risk factors as men. However, some risk factors may affect women differently than men. For example, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a> raises the risk of CHD more in women. Also, some risk factors, such as birth control pills and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023140" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">menopause</a>, only affect women.</p><p>There are many known CHD risk factors. Your risk for CHD and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a> rises with the number of risk factors you have and their severity. Risk factors tend to "gang up" and worsen each other's effects.</p><p>Having just one risk factor doubles your risk for CHD. Having two risk factors increases your risk for CHD fourfold. Having three or more risk factors increases your risk for CHD more than tenfold.</p><p>Also, some risk factors, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">smoking</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>, put you at greater risk for CHD and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a> than others.</p><p>More than 75 percent of women aged 40 to 60 have one or more risk factors for CHD. Many risk factors start during childhood; some even develop within the first 10 years of life. You can control most risk factors, but some you can't.</p><p>For more information about CHD risk factors, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hd/">Coronary Heart Disease Risk Factors</a> article. To find out whether you're at risk for CHD, talk with your doctor or health care provider.</p><div id="nhlbi-hdw-sec2-d5e65"><h3>Risk Factors You Can Control</h3><div id="nhlbi-hdw-sec3-d5e68"><h4>Smoking</h4><p>Smoking is the most powerful risk factor that women can control. Smoking <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029755" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tobacco</a> or long-term exposure to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029761" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">secondhand smoke</a> raises your risk for CHD and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>.</p><p>Smoking exposes you to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025069" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carbon monoxide</a>. This chemical robs your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> and triggers a buildup of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>.</p><p>Smoking also increases the risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots forming in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>. Blood clots can block <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a>-narrowed arteries and cause a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>. The more you smoke, the greater your risk for a heart attack.</p><p>Even women who smoke fewer than two cigarettes a day are at increased risk for CHD.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hdw-sec3-d5e84"><h4>High Blood Cholesterol and High Triglyceride Levels</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Cholesterol</a> travels in the bloodstream in small packages called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022294" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lipoproteins</a> (LI-po-pro-teens). The two major kinds of lipoproteins are low-density <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022294" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lipoprotein</a> (LDL) cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022292" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">LDL cholesterol</a> is sometimes called "bad" cholesterol. This is because it carries cholesterol to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissues</a>, including your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022291" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">HDL cholesterol</a> is sometimes called "good" cholesterol. This is because it helps remove cholesterol from your arteries.</p><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bdt/">blood test</a> called a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022294" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lipoprotein</a> panel is used to measure <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cholesterol</a> levels. This test gives information about your total cholesterol, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022292" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">LDL cholesterol</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022291" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">HDL cholesterol</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022017" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">triglycerides</a> (a type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fat</a> found in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>).</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Cholesterol</a> levels are measured in milligrams (mg) of cholesterol per deciliter (dL) of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. A woman's risk for CHD increases if she has a total cholesterol level greater than 200 mg/dL, an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022292" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">LDL cholesterol</a> level greater than 100 mg/dL, or an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022291" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">HDL cholesterol</a> level less than 50 mg/dL.</p><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022017" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">triglyceride</a> level greater than 150 mg/dL also increases a woman's risk for CHD. A woman's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022291" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">HDL cholesterol</a> and triglyceride levels predict her risk for CHD better than her total cholesterol or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022292" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">LDL cholesterol</a> levels.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hdw-sec3-d5e106"><h4>High Blood Pressure</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood pressure</a> is the force of blood pushing against the walls of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> as the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> pumps blood. If this pressure rises and stays high over time, it can damage the body in many ways.</p><p>Women who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> greater than 120/80 mmHg are at increased risk for CHD. (The mmHg is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030527" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">millimeters of mercury</a>—the units used to measure blood pressure.)</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">High blood pressure</a> is defined differently for people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028183" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic kidney disease</a>. If you have one of these diseases, work with your doctor to set a healthy blood pressure goal.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hdw-sec3-d5e119"><h4>Diabetes and Prediabetes</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Diabetes</a> is a disease in which the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024697" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood sugar</a> level is too high. This is because the body doesn't make enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024496" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">insulin</a> or doesn't use its insulin properly.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024496" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Insulin</a> is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hormone</a> that helps move <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024697" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood sugar</a> into <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a>, where it's used for energy. Over time, a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood sugar</a> level can lead to increased <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> buildup in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029848" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Prediabetes</a> is a condition in which your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024697" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood sugar</a> level is higher than normal, but not as high as it is in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>. Prediabetes puts you at higher risk for both diabetes and CHD.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Diabetes</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029848" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">prediabetes</a> raise the risk of CHD more in women than in men. In fact, having diabetes doubles a woman's risk of developing CHD.</p><p>Before <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023140" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">menopause</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023144" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">estrogen</a> provides women some protection against CHD. However, in women who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>, the disease counters the protective effects of estrogen.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hdw-sec3-d5e138"><h4>Overweight and Obesity</h4><p>The terms <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-obe/">"overweight" and "obesity"</a> refer to body weight that's greater than what is considered healthy for a certain height.</p><p>The most useful measure of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030700" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">overweight</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">obesity</a> is body mass index (BMI). BMI is calculated from your height and weight. In adults, a BMI of 18.5 to 24.9 is considered normal. A BMI of 25 to 29.9 is considered overweight. A BMI of 30 or more is considered obese.</p><p>You can use the National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute's (NHLBI's) online BMI calculator to figure out your BMI, or your doctor can help you.</p><p>Studies suggest that where extra weight occurs on the body may predict CHD risk better than BMI. Women who carry much of their <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fat</a> around the waist are at greatest risk for CHD. These women have "apple-shaped" figures.</p><p>Women who carry most of their <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fat</a> on their hips and thighs—that is, those who have "pear-shaped" figures—are at lower risk for CHD.</p><p>To fully know how excess weight affects your CHD risk, you should know your BMI and waist measurement. If you have a BMI greater than 24.9 and a waist measurement greater than 35 inches, you're at increased risk for CHD.</p><p>If your waist measurement divided by your hip measurement is greater than 0.9, you're also at increased risk for CHD.</p><p>Studies also suggest that women whose weight goes up and down dramatically (typically due to unhealthy dieting) are at increased risk for CHD. These swings in weight can lower <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022291" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">HDL cholesterol</a> levels.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hdw-sec3-d5e172"><h4>Metabolic Syndrome</h4><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ms/">Metabolic syndrome</a> is the name for a group of risk factors that raises your risk for CHD and other health problems, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stroke/">stroke</a>. A diagnosis of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024493" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">metabolic syndrome</a> is made if you have at least three of the following risk factors:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A large waistline. Having extra <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fat</a> in the waist area is a greater risk factor for CHD than having extra fat in other parts of the body, such as on the hips.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A higher than normal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022017" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">triglyceride</a> level (or you're on medicine to treat high <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022017" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">triglycerides</a>).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A lower than normal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022291" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">HDL cholesterol</a> level (or you're on medicine to treat low HDL cholesterol).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Higher than normal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> (or you're on medicine to treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood pressure</a>).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Higher than normal fasting <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024697" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood sugar</a> (or you're on medicine to treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>)</div></li></ul><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024493" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Metabolic syndrome</a> is more common in African American women and Mexican American women than in men of the same racial groups. The condition affects White women and men about equally.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hdw-sec3-d5e205"><h4>Birth Control Pills</h4><p>Women who smoke and take birth control pills are at very high risk for CHD, especially if they're older than 35. For women who take birth control pills but don't smoke, the risk of CHD isn't fully known.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hdw-sec3-d5e211"><h4>Lack of Physical Activity</h4><p>Inactive people are nearly twice as likely to develop CHD as those who are physically active. A lack of physical activity can worsen other CHD risk factors, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022430" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood cholesterol</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022017" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">triglyceride</a> levels, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood pressure</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029848" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">prediabetes</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030700" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">overweight</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">obesity</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hdw-sec3-d5e218"><h4>Unhealthy Diet</h4><p>An unhealthy diet can raise your risk for CHD. For example, foods that are high in saturated and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022582" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">trans fats</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cholesterol</a> raise your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022292" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">LDL cholesterol</a> level. A high-sodium (salt) diet can raise your risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood pressure</a>.</p><p>Foods with added <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023305" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sugars</a> will give you extra calories without <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023354" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nutrients</a>, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023352" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamins</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023353" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">minerals</a>. This can cause you to gain weight, which raises your risk for CHD.</p><p>Too much alcohol also can cause you to gain weight, and it will raise your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hdw-sec3-d5e233"><h4>Stress or Depression</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Stress</a> may play a role in causing CHD. Stress can trigger your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> to narrow. This can raise your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> and your risk for a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>.</p><p>Getting upset or angry also can trigger a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Stress</a> also may indirectly raise your risk for CHD if it makes you more likely to smoke or overeat foods high in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fat</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023305" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sugar</a>.</p><p>People who are <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024768" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">depressed</a> are two to three times more likely to develop CHD than people who are not. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024768" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Depression</a> is twice as common in women as in men.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hdw-sec3-d5e246"><h4>Anemia</h4><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-anemia/">Anemia</a> (uh-NEE-me-eh) is a condition in which your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> has a lower than normal number of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>.</p><p>The condition also can occur if your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> don't contain enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a> (HEE-muh-glow-bin). Hemoglobin is an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> that carries <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> from your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> to the rest of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a>.</p><p>If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>, your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> don't get enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. This causes your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> to work harder, which may raise your risk for CHD.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Anemia</a> has many causes. For more information, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-anemia/">Anemia</a> article.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hdw-sec3-d5e267"><h4>Sleep Apnea</h4><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-sleepapnea/">Sleep apnea</a> is a common disorder that causes pauses in breathing or shallow breaths while you <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a>. Breathing pauses can last from a few seconds to minutes. They often occur 5 to 30 times or more an hour.</p><p>Typically, normal breathing starts again after the pause, sometimes with a loud snort or choking sound. Major signs of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> apnea are snoring and daytime sleepiness.</p><p>When you stop breathing, the lack of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> triggers your body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hormones</a>. This causes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> to rise and makes the blood more likely to clot.</p><p>Untreated <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> apnea can raise your risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood pressure</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>, and even a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a>.</p><p>Women are more likely to develop <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> apnea after <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023140" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">menopause</a>.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-hdw-sec2-d5e288"><h3>Risk Factors You Can't Control</h3></div><div id="nhlbi-hdw-sec2-d5e291"><h3>Age and Menopause</h3><p>As you get older, your risk for CHD and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a> rises. This is due in part to the slow buildup of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> inside your heart <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>, which can start during childhood.</p><p>Before age 55, women have a lower risk for CHD than men. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023144" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Estrogen</a> provides women with some protection against CHD before <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023140" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">menopause</a>. After age 55, however, the risk of CHD increases in both women and men.</p><p>You may have gone through <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030253" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">early menopause</a>, either naturally or because you had your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022599" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ovaries</a> removed. If so, you're twice as likely to develop CHD as women of the same age who aren't yet menopausal.</p><p>Another reason why women are at increased risk for CHD after age 55 is that middle age is when you tend to develop other CHD risk factors.</p><p>Women who have gone through <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023140" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">menopause</a> also are at increased risk for broken <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> syndrome. (For more information, go to the section on emerging risk factors below.)</p><div id="nhlbi-hdw-sec3-d5e310"><h4>Family History</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Family history</a> plays a role in CHD risk. Your risk increases if your father or a brother was diagnosed with CHD before 55 years of age, or if your mother or a sister was diagnosed with CHD before 65 years of age.</p><p>Also, a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family history</a> of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a>—especially a mother's stroke history—can help predict the risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a> in women.</p><p>Having a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family history</a> of CHD or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a> doesn't mean that you'll develop <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease. This is especially true if your affected family member smoked or had other risk factors that were not well treated.</p><p>Making lifestyle changes and taking medicines to treat risk factors often can lessen <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022031" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic</a> influences and prevent or delay <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> problems.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hdw-sec3-d5e326"><h4>Preeclampsia</h4><p>Preeclampsia (pre-e-KLAMP-se-ah) is a condition that develops during <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a>. The two main signs of preeclampsia are a rise in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> and excess <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022162" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">urine</a>.</p><p>These signs usually occur during the second half of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a> and go away after delivery. However, your risk of developing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood pressure</a> later in life increases after having preeclampsia.</p><p>Preeclampsia also is linked to an increased lifetime risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease, including CHD, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a>. (Likewise, having heart disease risk factors, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">obesity</a>, increases your risk for preeclampsia.)</p><p>If you had preeclampsia during <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a>, you're twice as likely to develop <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease as women who haven't had the condition. You're also more likely to develop heart disease earlier in life.</p><p>Preeclampsia is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease risk factor that you can't control. However, if you've had the condition, you should take extra care to try and control other heart disease risk factors.</p><p>The more severe your preeclampsia was, the greater your risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease. Let your doctor know that you had preeclampsia so he or she can assess your heart disease risk and how to reduce it.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-hdw-sec2-d5e350"><h3>Emerging Risk Factors</h3><p>Research suggests that <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022625" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inflammation</a> plays a role in causing CHD. Inflammation is the body's response to injury or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>. Damage to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>' inner walls seems to trigger inflammation and help <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> grow.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">High blood</a> levels of a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> called C-reactive protein (CRP) are a sign of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022625" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inflammation</a> in the body. Research suggests that women who have high blood levels of CRP are at increased risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>.</p><p>Also, some inflammatory diseases, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024510" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lupus</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024678" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rheumatoid arthritis</a>, may increase the risk for CHD.</p><p>Some studies suggest that women who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024778" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">migraine headaches</a> may be at greater risk for CHD. This is especially true for women who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024778" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">migraines</a> with auras (visual disturbances), such as flashes of light or zig-zag lines.</p><p>Low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024682" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone density</a> and low intake of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022009" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">folate</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023352" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin</a> B6 also may raise a woman's risk for CHD.</p><p>More research is needed to find out whether <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022775" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">calcium</a> supplements with or without <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0001921" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin D</a> affect CHD risk. You may want to talk with your doctor to find out whether these types of supplements are right for you.</p><p>Researchers are just starting to learn about broken <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> syndrome risk factors. Most women who have this disorder are White and have gone through <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023140" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">menopause</a>.</p><p>Many of these women have other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease risk factors, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood pressure</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022430" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood cholesterol</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>, and smoking. However, these risk factors tend to be less common in women who have broken heart syndrome than in women who have CHD.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Heart Disease?</h2><p>The signs and symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">coronary heart disease</a> (CHD) may differ between women and men. Some women who have CHD have no signs or symptoms. This is called silent CHD.</p><p>Silent CHD may not be diagnosed until a woman has signs and symptoms of a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a>, or an <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-arr/">arrhythmia</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">irregular heartbeat</a>).</p><p>Other women who have CHD will have signs and symptoms of the disease.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figd6e53" co-legend-rid="figlgndd6e53"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062991/figure/d6e53/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figd6e53" rid-ob="figobd6e53"><img class="small-thumb" src="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062991/bin/hdw_signs.gif" src-large="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062991/bin/hdw_signs.jpg" alt="Heart Disease Signs and Symptoms."></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndd6e53"><h4 id="d6e53"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062991/figure/d6e53/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd6e53">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Heart Disease Signs and Symptoms. The illustration shows the major signs and symptoms of coronary heart disease. </p></div></div><p>A common symptom of CHD is <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-angina/">angina</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Angina</a> is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain or discomfort that occurs when your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a> doesn't get enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>.</p><p>In men, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">angina</a> often feels like pressure or squeezing in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a>. This feeling may extend to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arms</a>. Women can also have these angina symptoms. But women also tend to describe a |
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Heart Failure |
<div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-hf-sec1-d1e37_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Is Heart Failure?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart failure</a> is a condition in which the heart can't pump enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to meet the body's needs. In some cases, the heart can't fill with enough blood. In other cases, the heart can't pump blood to the rest of the body with enough force. Some people have both problems.</p><p>The term "<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a>" doesn't mean that your heart has stopped or is about to stop working. However, heart failure is a serious condition that requires medical care.</p><div id="nhlbi-hf-sec2-d1e46"><h3>Overview</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart failure</a> develops over time as the heart's pumping action grows weaker. The condition can affect the right side of the heart only, or it can affect both sides of the heart. Most cases involve both sides of the heart.</p><p>Right-side <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a> occurs if the heart can't pump enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> to pick up <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>. Left-side heart failure occurs if the heart can't pump enough oxygen-rich blood to the rest of the body.</p><p>Right-side <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a> may cause fluid to build up in the feet, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024901" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ankles</a>, legs, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022602" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abdomen</a>, and the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027054" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neck</a>. Right-side and left-side heart failure also may cause shortness of breath and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fatigue</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tiredness</a>).</p><p>The leading causes of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a> are diseases that damage the heart. Examples include <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">coronary heart disease</a> (CHD), <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">high blood pressure</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hf-sec2-d1e71"><h3>Outlook</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart failure</a> is a very common condition. About 5.1 million people in the United States have heart failure.</p><p>Both children and adults can have the condition, although the symptoms and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> differ. This article focuses on <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a> in adults.</p><p>Currently, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a> has no cure. However, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a>—such as medicines and lifestyle changes—can help people who have the condition live longer and more active lives. Researchers continue to study new ways to treat heart failure and its complications.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-names"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-names_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Other Names for Heart Failure</h2><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Congestive heart failure</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Left-side <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a>. This is when the heart can't pump enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to the body.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Right-side <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a>. This is when the heart can't fill with enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Cor pulmonale. This term refers to right-side <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a> caused by <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">high blood pressure</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022019" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary arteries</a> and right <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricle</a> (lower right heart <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chamber</a>).</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes Heart Failure?</h2><p>Conditions that damage or overwork the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a> can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a>. Over time, the heart weakens. It isn't able to fill with and/or pump <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> as well as it should.</p><p>As the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> weakens, certain <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022051" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">proteins</a> and substances might be released into the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. These substances have a toxic effect on the heart and blood flow, and they worsen <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a>.</p><div id="nhlbi-hf-sec2-d4e34"><h3>Common Causes of Heart Failure</h3><p>The most common causes of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a> are <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">coronary heart disease</a> (CHD), <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">high blood pressure</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>. Treating these problems can prevent or improve heart failure.</p><div id="nhlbi-hf-sec3-d4e50"><h4>Coronary Heart Disease</h4><p>CHD is a condition in which a waxy substance called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> (plak) builds up inside the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a>. These arteries supply <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Plaque</a> narrows the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> and reduces <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a>. The buildup of plaque also makes it more likely that blood clots will form in your arteries. Blood clots can partially or completely block blood flow.</p><p>CHD can lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain or discomfort called <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-angina/">angina</a> (an-JI-nuh or AN-juh-nuh), a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> damage, or even death.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hf-sec3-d4e68"><h4>High Blood Pressure</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood pressure</a> is the force of blood pushing against the walls of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>. If this pressure rises and stays high over time, it can weaken your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> buildup.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood pressure</a> is considered high if it stays at or above 140/90 mmHg over time. (The mmHg is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030527" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">millimeters of mercury</a>—the units used to measure blood pressure.) If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028183" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic kidney disease</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood pressure</a> is defined as 130/80 mmHg or higher.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hf-sec3-d4e78"><h4>Diabetes</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Diabetes</a> is a disease in which the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024697" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood glucose</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023305" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sugar</a>) level is too high. The body normally breaks down food into glucose and then carries it to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> throughout the body. The cells use a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hormone</a> called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024496" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">insulin</a> to turn the glucose into energy.</p><p>In <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>, the body doesn't make enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024496" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">insulin</a> or doesn't use its insulin properly. Over time, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood sugar</a> levels can damage and weaken the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a> and the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> around the heart, leading to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a>.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-hf-sec2-d4e87"><h3>Other Causes</h3><p>Other diseases and conditions also can lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a>, such as:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cm/">Cardiomyopathy</a> (KAR-de-o-mi-OP-ah-thee), or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a> disease. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023192" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Cardiomyopathy</a> may be present at birth or caused by injury or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hvd/">Heart valve disease</a>. Problems with the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valves</a> may be present at birth or caused by <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>, or damage from heart disease.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/arr/arr_whatis.html" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Arrhythmias</a> (ah-RITH-me-ahs), or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">irregular heartbeats</a>. These <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> problems may be present at birth or caused by heart disease or heart defects.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-chd/">Congenital (kon-JEN-ih-tal) heart defects</a>. These problems with the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s structure are present at birth.</div></li></ul><p>Other factors also can injure the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a> and lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a>. Examples include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatments</a> for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancer</a>, such as radiation and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024232" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chemotherapy</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029359" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Thyroid disorders</a> (having either too much or too little <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022780" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thyroid hormone</a> in the body)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Alcohol abuse or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0009701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cocaine</a> and other illegal drug use</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>HIV/AIDS</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Too much <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0012663" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin E</a></div></li></ul><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a> damage from <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-sleepapnea/">obstructive sleep apnea</a> may worsen <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sleep</a> apnea is a common disorder in which you have one or more pauses in breathing or shallow breaths while you sleep.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sleep</a> apnea can deprive your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> and increase its workload. Treating this <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorder</a> might improve <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a>.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-atrisk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-atrisk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is at Risk for Heart Failure?</h2><p>About 5.8 million people in the United States have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a>. The number of people who have this condition is growing.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart failure</a> is more common in:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>People who are 65 years old or older. Aging can weaken the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a>. Older people also may have had diseases for many years that led to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a>. Heart failure is a leading cause of hospital stays among people on Medicare.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>African Americans. African Americans are more likely to have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a> than people of other races. They're also more likely to have symptoms at a younger age, have more hospital visits due to heart failure, and die from heart failure.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>People who are <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-obe/">overweight</a>. Excess weight puts strain on the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. Being <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030700" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">overweight</a> also increases your risk of heart disease and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024703" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">type 2 diabetes</a>. These diseases can lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>People who have had a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Men. Men have a higher rate of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a> than women.</div></li></ul><p>Children who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-chd/">congenital heart defects</a> also can develop <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a>. These defects occur if the heart, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valves</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> near the heart don't form correctly while a baby is in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022603" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">womb</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023239" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Congenital heart defects</a> can make the heart work harder. This weakens the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a>, which can lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a>.</p><p>Children don't have the same symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a> or get the same <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> as adults. This article focuses on heart failure in adults.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Heart Failure?</h2><p>The most common signs and symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a> are:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Shortness of breath or trouble breathing</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Fatigue</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tiredness</a>)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Swelling in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024901" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ankles</a>, feet, legs, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022602" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abdomen</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027054" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neck</a></div></li></ul><p>All of these symptoms are the result of fluid buildup in your body. When symptoms start, you may feel tired and short of breath after routine physical effort, like climbing stairs.</p><p>As your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> grows weaker, symptoms get worse. You may begin to feel tired and short of breath after getting dressed or walking across the room. Some people have shortness of breath while lying flat.</p><p>Fluid buildup from <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a> also causes weight gain, frequent <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030552" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">urination</a>, and a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cough/">cough</a> that's worse at night and when you're lying down. This <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a> may be a sign of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acute</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022202" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022960" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">edema</a> (e-DE-ma). This is a condition in which too much fluid builds up in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. The condition requires emergency <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figd6e59" co-legend-rid="figlgndd6e59"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063056/figure/d6e59/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figd6e59" rid-ob="figobd6e59"><img class="small-thumb" src="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063056/bin/heartfailure.gif" src-large="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063056/bin/heartfailure.jpg" alt="Heart Failure Signs and Symptoms."></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndd6e59"><h4 id="d6e59"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063056/figure/d6e59/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd6e59">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Heart Failure Signs and Symptoms. The image shows the major signs and symptoms of heart failure. </p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Heart Failure Diagnosed?</h2><p>Your doctor will diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a> based on your medical and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family histories</a>, a physical exam, and test results. The signs and symptoms of heart failure also are common in other conditions. Thus, your doctor will:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Find out whether you have a disease or condition that can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a>, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">coronary heart disease</a> (CHD), <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">high blood pressure</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Rule out other causes of your symptoms</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Find any damage to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and check how well your heart pumps <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a></div></li></ul><p>Early diagnosis and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> can help people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a> live longer, more active lives.</p><div id="nhlbi-hf-sec2-d7e54"><h3>Medical and Family Histories</h3><p>Your doctor will ask whether you or others in your family have or have had a disease or condition that can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a>.</p><p>Your doctor also will ask about your symptoms. He or she will want to know which symptoms you have, when they occur, how long you've had them, and how severe they are. Your answers will help show whether and how much your symptoms limit your daily routine.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hf-sec2-d7e64"><h3>Physical Exam</h3><p>During the physical exam, your doctor will:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Listen to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> for sounds that aren't normal</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Listen to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> for the sounds of extra fluid buildup</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Look for swelling in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024901" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ankles</a>, feet, legs, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022602" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abdomen</a>, and the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027054" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neck</a></div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-hf-sec2-d7e82"><h3>Diagnostic Tests</h3><p>No single test can diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a>. If you have signs and symptoms of heart failure, your doctor may recommend one or more tests.</p><p>Your doctor also may refer you to a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015644" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiologist</a>. A cardiologist is a doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> diseases and conditions.</p><div id="nhlbi-hf-sec3-d7e92"><h4>EKG (Electrocardiogram)</h4><p>An <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ekg/">EKG</a> is a simple, painless test that detects and records the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical activity. The test shows how fast your heart is beating and its rhythm (steady or irregular). An EKG also records the strength and timing of electrical signals as they pass through your heart.</p><p>An EKG may show whether the walls in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s pumping <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a> are thicker than normal. Thicker walls can make it harder for your heart to pump <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. An EKG also can show signs of a previous or current <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/HeartAttack/HeartAttack_WhatIs.html" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri"> heart attack</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hf-sec3-d7e107"><h4>Chest X Ray</h4><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cxray/">chest x ray</a> takes pictures of the structures inside your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a>, such as your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>. This test can show whether your heart is enlarged, you have fluid in your lungs, or you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung disease</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hf-sec3-d7e117"><h4>BNP Blood Test</h4><p>This test checks the level of a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hormone</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> called BNP. The level of this hormone rises during <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hf-sec3-d7e123"><h4>Echocardiography</h4><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-echo/">Echocardiography</a> (echo) uses sound waves to create a moving picture of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. The test shows the size and shape of your heart and how well your heart <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a> and valves work.</p><p>Echo also can identify areas of poor <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, areas of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a> that aren't contracting normally, and heart muscle damage caused by lack of blood flow.</p><p>Echo might be done before and after a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029874" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress test</a> (see below). A stress echo can show how well <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> is flowing through your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. The test also can show how well your heart pumps blood when it beats.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hf-sec3-d7e138"><h4>Doppler Ultrasound</h4><p>A Doppler ultrasound uses sound waves to measure the speed and direction of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow. This test often is done with echo to give a more complete picture of blood flow to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>.</p><p>Doctors often use Doppler ultrasound to help diagnose right-side <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hf-sec3-d7e147"><h4>Holter Monitor</h4><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-holt/">Holter monitor</a> records your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical activity for a full 24- or 48-hour period, while you go about your normal daily routine.</p><p>You wear small patches called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">electrodes</a> on your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a>. Wires connect the patches to a small, portable recorder. The recorder can be clipped to a belt, kept in a pocket, or hung around your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027054" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neck</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hf-sec3-d7e160"><h4>Nuclear Heart Scan</h4><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-nscan/">nuclear heart scan</a> shows how well <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> is flowing through your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and how much blood is reaching your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a>.</p><p>During a nuclear <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> scan, a safe, radioactive substance called a tracer is injected into your bloodstream through a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a>. The tracer travels to your heart and releases energy. Special cameras outside of your body detect the energy and use it to create pictures of your heart.</p><p>A nuclear <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> scan can show where the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a> is healthy and where it's damaged.</p><p>A positron emission tomography (PET) scan is a type of nuclear <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> scan. It shows the level of chemical activity in areas of your heart. This test can help your doctor see whether enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> is flowing to these areas. A PET scan can show blood flow problems that other tests might not detect.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hf-sec3-d7e179"><h4>Cardiac Catheterization</h4><p>During <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cath/">cardiac catheterization</a> (KATH-eh-ter-ih-ZA-shun), a long, thin, flexible tube called a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022169" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">catheter</a> is put into a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arm</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028097" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">groin</a> (upper thigh), or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027054" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neck</a> and threaded to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. This allows your doctor to look inside your coronary (heart) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>.</p><p>During this procedure, your doctor can check the pressure and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a>, collect blood samples, and use x rays to look at your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hf-sec3-d7e191"><h4>Coronary Angiography</h4><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ca/">Coronary angiography</a> (an-jee-OG-rah-fee) usually is done with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023205" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiac</a> catheterization. A dye that can be seen on x ray is injected into your bloodstream through the tip of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022169" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">catheter</a>.</p><p>The dye allows your doctor to see the flow of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a>. Angiography also shows how well your heart is pumping.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hf-sec3-d7e203"><h4>Stress Test</h4><p>Some <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> problems are easier to diagnose when your heart is working hard and beating fast. During <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stress/">stress testing</a>, you <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">exercise</a> to make your heart work hard and beat fast.</p><p>You may walk or run on a treadmill or pedal a bicycle. If you can't <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">exercise</a>, you may be given medicine to raise your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024325" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart rate</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a> tests, such as nuclear heart scanning and echo, often are done during <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029874" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress testing</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hf-sec3-d7e218"><h4>Cardiac MRI</h4><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-mri/">Cardiac MRI</a> (magnetic resonance imaging) uses radio waves, magnets, and a computer to create pictures of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> as it's beating. The test produces both still and moving pictures of your heart and major <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>.</p><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023205" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiac</a> MRI can show whether parts of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> are damaged. Doctors also have used MRI in research studies to find early signs of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a>, even before symptoms appear.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hf-sec3-d7e230"><h4>Thyroid Function Tests</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0012407" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Thyroid</a> function tests show how well your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022083" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thyroid gland</a> is working. These tests include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022070" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood tests</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022767" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">imaging tests</a>, and tests to stimulate the thyroid. Having too much or too little <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022780" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thyroid hormone</a> in the blood can lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a>.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Heart Failure Treated?</h2><p>Early diagnosis and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> can help people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a> live longer, more active lives. Treatment for heart failure will depend on the type and stage of heart failure (the severity of the condition).</p><p>The goals of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> for all stages of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a> include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Treating the condition's underlying cause, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">coronary heart disease</a> (CHD), <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">high blood pressure</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Reducing symptoms</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Stopping the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a> from getting worse</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Increasing your lifespan and improving your quality of life</div></li></ul><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatments</a> usually include lifestyle changes, medicines, and ongoing care. If you have severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a>, you also may need medical procedures or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>.</p><div id="nhlbi-hf-sec2-d8e61"><h3>Lifestyle Changes</h3><p>Simple changes can help you feel better and control <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a>. The sooner you make these changes, the better off you'll likely be.</p><div id="nhlbi-hf-sec3-d8e67"><h4>A Heart Healthy Diet</h4><p>Following a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> healthy diet is an important part of managing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a>. In fact, not having a proper diet can make heart failure worse. Ask your doctor and health care team to create an eating plan that works for you.</p><p>A healthy diet includes a variety of vegetables and fruits. It also includes whole grains, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fat</a>-free or low-fat dairy products, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> foods, such as lean meats, eggs, poultry without <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>, seafood, nuts, seeds, beans, and peas.</p><p>A healthy diet is low in sodium (salt) and solid <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015646" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fats</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018272" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">saturated fat</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022582" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">trans fatty acids</a>). Too much salt can cause extra fluid to build up in your body, making <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a> worse. Saturated fat and trans fatty acids can cause unhealthy <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022289" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood cholesterol</a> levels, which are a risk factor for heart disease.</p><p>A healthy diet also is low in added <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023305" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sugars</a> and refined grains. Refined grains come from processing whole grains, which results in a loss of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023354" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nutrients</a> (such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022146" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">dietary fiber</a>). Examples of refined grains include white rice and white bread.</p><p>A balanced, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023354" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nutrient</a>-rich diet can help your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> work better. Getting enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025487" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">potassium</a> is important for people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a>. Some heart failure medicines deplete the potassium in your body. Lack of potassium can cause very rapid heart rhythms that can lead to sudden death.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025487" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Potassium</a> is found in foods like white potatoes and sweet potatoes, greens (such as spinach), bananas, many dried fruits, and white beans and soybeans.</p><p>Talk with your health care team about getting the correct amount of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025487" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">potassium</a>. Too much potassium also can be harmful.</p><p>For more information about following a healthy diet, go to the National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/hbp/dash/index.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">"Your Guide to Lowering Your Blood Pressure With DASH"</a> and the U.S. Department of Agriculture's ChooseMyPlate.gov Web site. Both resources provide general information about healthy eating.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hf-sec3-d8e107"><h4>Fluid Intake</h4><p>It's important for people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a> to drink the correct amounts and types of fluid. Drinking too much fluid can worsen heart failure. Also, if you have heart failure, you shouldn't drink alcohol.</p><p>Talk with your doctor about what amounts and types of fluid you should have each day.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hf-sec3-d8e117"><h4>Other Lifestyle Changes</h4><p>Taking steps to control risk factors for CHD, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood pressure</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a> will help control <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a>. For example:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Lose weight if you're <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-obe/">overweight or obese</a>. Work with your health care team to lose weight safely.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Be <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-phys/">physically active</a> (as your doctor advises) to become more fit and stay as active as possible.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Quit <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">smoking</a> and avoid using illegal drugs. Talk with your doctor about programs and products that can help you quit smoking. Also, try to avoid <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029761" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">secondhand smoke</a>. Smoking and drugs can worsen <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a> and harm your health.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Get enough rest.</div></li></ul></div></div><div id="nhlbi-hf-sec2-d8e147"><h3>Medicines</h3><p>Your doctor will prescribe medicines based on the type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a> you have, how severe it is, and your response to certain medicines. The following medicines are commonly used to treat heart failure: </p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025451" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Diuretics</a> (water or fluid pills) help reduce fluid buildup in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> and swelling in your feet and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024901" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ankles</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025472" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ACE inhibitors</a> lower <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> and reduce strain on your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. They also may reduce the risk of a future <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Aldosterone <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025464" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antagonists</a> trigger the body to get rid of salt and water through <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022162" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">urine</a>. This lowers the volume of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> that the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> must pump.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025475" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Angiotensin receptor blockers</a> relax your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> and lower <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> to decrease your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s workload.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Beta blockers</a> slow your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024325" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart rate</a> and lower your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> to decrease your heart's workload.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Isosorbide dinitrate/<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000882" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hydralazine</a> hydrochloride helps relax your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> so your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> doesn't work as hard to pump blood. Studies have shown that this medicine can reduce the risk of death in African Americans. More studies are needed to find out whether this medicine will benefit other racial groups. </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000575" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Digoxin</a> makes the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> beat stronger and pump more <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-hf-sec2-d8e182"><h3>Ongoing Care</h3><p>You should watch for signs that <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a> is getting worse. For example, weight gain may mean that fluids are building up in your body. Ask your doctor how often you should check your weight and when to report weight changes.</p><p>Getting medical care for other related conditions is important. If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood pressure</a>, work with your health care team to control these conditions. Have your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024697" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood sugar</a> level and blood pressure checked. Talk with your doctor about when you should have tests and how often to take measurements at home.</p><p>Try to avoid <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022181" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">respiratory</a> infections like the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025769" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">flu</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pnu/">pneumonia</a>. Talk with your doctor or nurse about getting flu and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumonia</a> vaccines.</p><p>Many people who have severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a> may need <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> in a hospital from time to time. Your doctor may recommend <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-oxt/">oxygen therapy</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> given through nasal prongs or a mask). <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029682" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Oxygen therapy</a> can be given in a hospital or at home.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hf-sec2-d8e204"><h3>Medical Procedures and Surgery</h3><p>As <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a> worsens, lifestyle changes and medicines may no longer control your symptoms. You may need a medical procedure or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>.</p><p>If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> damage and severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022297" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure symptoms</a>, your doctor might recommend a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023205" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiac</a> resynchronization <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a> (CRT) device or an <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-icd/">implantable cardioverter defibrillator</a> (ICD).</p><p>In <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a>, the right and left sides of the heart may no longer contract at the same time. This disrupts the heart's pumping. To correct this problem, your doctor might <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025325" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">implant</a> a CRT device (a type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pace/">pacemaker</a>) near your heart.</p><p>This device helps both sides of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> contract at the same time, which can decrease <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022297" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure symptoms</a>.</p><p>Some people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a> have very rapid, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">irregular heartbeats</a>. Without <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>, these heartbeats can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-scda/">sudden cardiac arrest</a>. Your doctor might <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025325" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">implant</a> an ICD near your heart to solve this problem. An ICD checks your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024325" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart rate</a> and uses electrical pulses to correct irregular heart rhythms.</p><p>People who have severe |
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Heart Murmur |
<div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-heartmurmur-sec1-d1e35_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Is a Heart Murmur?</h2><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023248" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart murmur</a> is an extra or unusual sound heard during a heartbeat. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023248" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Murmurs</a> range from very <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029695" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">faint</a> to very loud. Sometimes they sound like a whooshing or swishing noise.</p><p>Normal heartbeats make a "lub-DUPP" or "lub-DUB" sound. This is the sound of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valves</a> closing as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> moves through the heart. Doctors can hear these sounds and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023248" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart murmurs</a> using a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023209" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stethoscope</a>.</p><div id="nhlbi-heartmurmur-sec2-d1e44"><h3>Overview</h3><p>The two types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023248" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart murmurs</a> are innocent (harmless) and abnormal.</p><p>Innocent <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023248" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart murmurs</a> aren't caused by heart problems. These murmurs are common in healthy children. Many children will have heart murmurs heard by their doctors at some point in their lives.</p><p>People who have abnormal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023248" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart murmurs</a> may have signs or symptoms of heart problems. Most abnormal murmurs in children are caused by <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-chd/">congenital (kon-JEN-ih-tal) heart defects</a>. These defects are problems with the heart's structure that are present at birth.</p><p>In adults, abnormal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023248" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart murmurs</a> most often are caused by acquired <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hvd/">heart valve disease</a>. This is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023149" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valve disease</a> that develops as the result of another condition. Infections, diseases, and aging can cause heart valve disease.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-heartmurmur-sec2-d1e66"><h3>Outlook</h3><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023248" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart murmur</a> isn't a disease, and most <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023248" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">murmurs</a> are harmless. Innocent murmurs don't cause symptoms. Having one doesn't require you to limit your physical activity or do anything else special. Although you may have an innocent murmur throughout your life, you won't need <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> for it.</p><p>The outlook and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> for abnormal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023248" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart murmurs</a> depend on the type and severity of the heart problem causing them.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-heartworks"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-heartworks_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How the Heart Works</h2><p>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscle</a> about the size of your fist. It works like a pump and beats 100,000 times a day.</p><p>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> has two sides, separated by an inner wall called the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022259" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">septum</a>. The right side of the heart pumps <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> to pick up <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>. The left side of the heart receives the oxygen-rich blood from the lungs and pumps it to the body.</p><p>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> has four <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a> and four valves and is connected to various <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Veins</a> are blood vessels that carry blood from the body to the heart. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Arteries</a> are blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart to the body.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figd3e41" co-legend-rid="figlgndd3e41"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062994/figure/d3e41/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figd3e41" rid-ob="figobd3e41"><img class="small-thumb" src="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062994/bin/heart_interior2011.gif" src-large="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062994/bin/heart_interior2011.jpg" alt="A Healthy Heart Cross-Section."></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndd3e41"><h4 id="d3e41"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062994/figure/d3e41/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd3e41">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">A Healthy Heart Cross-Section. Figure 1 shows the location of the heart in the body. Figure B shows a cross-section of a healthy heart and its inside structures. The blue arrow shows the direction in which oxygen-poor blood flows through the heart to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062994/figure/d3e41/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd3e41">(more...)</a></p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-heartmurmur-sec2-d3e47"><h3>Heart Chambers</h3><p>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> has four <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a> or "rooms."</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022263" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atria</a> (AY-tree-uh) are the two upper <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a> that collect <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> as it flows into the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a> (VEN-trih-kuls) are the two lower <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a> that pump <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> out of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> or other parts of the body.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-heartmurmur-sec2-d3e62"><h3>Heart Valves</h3><p>Four valves control the flow of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022263" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atria</a> to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a> and from the ventricles into the two large <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> connected to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>.</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The tricuspid (tri-CUSS-<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030415" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pid</a>) valve is in the right side of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, between the right atrium and the right <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricle</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022202" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary</a> (PULL-mun-ary) valve is in the right side of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, between the right <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricle</a> and the entrance to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022019" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary artery</a>. The artery carries <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> from the heart to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The mitral (MI-trul) valve is in the left side of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, between the left atrium and the left <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricle</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The aortic (ay-OR-tik) valve is in the left side of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, between the left <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricle</a> and the entrance to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022262" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aorta</a>. This <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a> carries <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> from the heart to the body.</div></li></ul><p>Valves are like doors that open and close. They open to allow <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to flow through to the next <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chamber</a> or to one of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>. Then they shut to keep blood from flowing backward.</p><p>When the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s valves open and close, they make a "lub-DUB" sound that a doctor can hear using a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023209" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stethoscope</a>.</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The first sound—the "lub"—is made by the mitral and tricuspid valves closing at the beginning of systole (SIS-toe-lee). Systole is when the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a> contract, or squeeze, and pump <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> out of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The second sound—the "DUB"—is made by the aortic and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022202" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary</a> valves closing at the beginning of diastole (di-AS-toe-lee). Diastole is when the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a> relax and fill with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> pumped into them by the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022263" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atria</a>.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-heartmurmur-sec2-d3e99"><h3>Arteries</h3><p>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> are major <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> connected to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>.</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022019" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary artery</a> carries <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> from the right side of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> to pick up a fresh supply of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022262" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aorta</a> is the main <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a> that carries <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> from the left side of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> to the body.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a> are the other important arteries attached to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. They carry <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022262" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aorta</a> to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a>, which must have its own blood supply to function.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-heartmurmur-sec2-d3e118"><h3>Veins</h3><p>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a> also are major <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> connected to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>.</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022264" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary veins</a> carry <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> to the left side of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> so it can be pumped to the body.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023101" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">superior</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023100" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inferior</a> vena cavae are large <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a> that carry <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-poor <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> from the body back to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>.</div></li></ul><p>For more information about how a healthy <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> works, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hhw/">How the Heart Works</a> article. This article contains animations that show how your heart pumps <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> and how your heart's electrical system works.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-names"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-names_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Other Names for a Heart Murmur</h2><div id="nhlbi-heartmurmur-sec2-d4e28"><h3>Innocent Heart Murmurs</h3><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025284" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Benign</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023248" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart murmurs</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Flow <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023248" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">murmurs</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Functional <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023248" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart murmurs</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024111" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Mammary</a> souffle (SOO-fl). (This type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023248" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart murmur</a> is heard in some pregnant women because of increased <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021901" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">breasts</a>.)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Normal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023248" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart murmurs</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Physiologic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023248" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart murmurs</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Still's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023248" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">murmurs</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Venous hums.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-heartmurmur-sec2-d4e59"><h3>Abnormal Heart Murmurs</h3><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Pathologic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023248" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart murmurs</a>.</div></li></ul></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes Heart Murmurs?</h2><div id="nhlbi-heartmurmur-sec2-d5e28"><h3>Innocent Heart Murmurs</h3><p>Why some people have innocent <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023248" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart murmurs</a> and others do not isn't known. Innocent murmurs are simply sounds made by <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flowing through the heart's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a> and valves, or through <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> near the heart.</p><p>Extra <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow through the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> also may cause innocent <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023248" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart murmurs</a>. After childhood, the most common cause of extra blood flow through the heart is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a>. This is because during pregnancy, women's bodies make extra blood. Most heart murmurs that occur in pregnant women are innocent.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-heartmurmur-sec2-d5e37"><h3>Abnormal Heart Murmurs</h3><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-chd/">Congenital heart defects</a> or acquired <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hvd/">heart valve disease</a> often are the cause of abnormal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023248" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart murmurs</a>.</p><div id="nhlbi-heartmurmur-sec3-d5e49"><h4>Congenital Heart Defects</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023239" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Congenital heart defects</a> are the most common cause of abnormal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023248" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart murmurs</a> in children. These defects are problems with the heart's structure that are present at birth. They change the normal flow of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> through the heart.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023239" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Congenital heart defects</a> can involve the interior walls of the heart, the valves inside the heart, or the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a> that carry <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to and from the heart. Some babies are born with more than one heart defect.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart valve</a> problems, septal defects (also called <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-holes/">holes in the heart</a>), and diseases of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a> such as hypertrophic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023192" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiomyopathy</a> are common heart defects that cause abnormal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023248" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart murmurs</a>.</p><p>Examples of valve problems are narrow valves that limit <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow or leaky valves that don't close properly. Septal defects are holes in the wall that separates the right and left sides of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. This wall is called the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022259" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">septum</a>.</p><p>A hole in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022259" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">septum</a> between the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s two upper <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a> is called an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023507" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atrial septal defect</a>. A hole in the septum between the heart's two lower chambers is called a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023508" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricular septal defect</a>.</p><p>Hypertrophic (hi-per-TROF-ik) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023192" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiomyopathy</a> (kar-de-o-mi-OP-ah-thee) (HCM) occurs if <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> enlarge and cause the walls of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a> (usually the left <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricle</a>) to thicken. The thickening may block <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow out of the ventricle. If a blockage occurs, the ventricle must work hard to pump blood to the body. HCM also can affect the heart’s <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022268" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mitral valve</a>, causing blood to leak backward through the valve.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figd5e77" co-legend-rid="figlgndd5e77"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062994/figure/d5e77/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figd5e77" rid-ob="figobd5e77"><img class="small-thumb" src="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062994/bin/heart_murmur.gif" src-large="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062994/bin/heart_murmur.jpg" alt="Heart Defects That Can Cause Abnormal Heart Murmurs."></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndd5e77"><h4 id="d5e77"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062994/figure/d5e77/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd5e77">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Heart Defects That Can Cause Abnormal Heart Murmurs. Figure A shows the structure and blood flow inside a normal heart. Figure B shows a heart with leaking and narrowed valves. Figure C shows a heart with a ventricular septal defect. </p></div></div><p>For more information, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-chd/">Congenital Heart Defects</a> article.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-heartmurmur-sec3-d5e90"><h4>Acquired Heart Valve Disease</h4><p>Acquired <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023149" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valve disease</a> often is the cause of abnormal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023248" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart murmurs</a> in adults. This is heart valve disease that develops as the result of another condition.</p><p>Many conditions can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023149" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valve disease</a>. Examples include heart conditions and other disorders, age-related changes, rheumatic (ru-MAT-ik) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fever</a>, and infections.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a> conditions and other disorders. Certain conditions can stretch and distort the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valves</a>, such as:</p><p>Damage and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028156" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">scar</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> from a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a> or injury to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>.</p><p>Advanced <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">high blood pressure</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a>. These conditions can enlarge the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> or its main <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>.</p><p>Age-related changes. As you get older, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022775" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">calcium</a> deposits or other deposits may form on your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valves</a>. These deposits stiffen and thicken the valve flaps and limit <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow. This stiffening and thickening of the valve is called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029490" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sclerosis</a> (skle-RO-sis).</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030135" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Rheumatic fever</a>. The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bacteria</a> that cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024690" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">strep throat</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024694" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">scarlet fever</a>, and, in some cases, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024788" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">impetigo</a> (im-peh-TI-go) also can cause rheumatic fever. This serious illness can develop if you have an untreated or not fully treated streptococcal (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024688" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">strep infection</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030135" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Rheumatic fever</a> can damage and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028156" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">scar</a> the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valves</a>. The symptoms of this <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valve</a> damage often don't occur until many years after recovery from rheumatic fever.</p><p>Today, most people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024688" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">strep infections</a> are treated with antibiotics before <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030135" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rheumatic fever</a> develops. It's very important to take all of the antibiotics your doctor prescribes for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024690" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">strep throat</a>, even if you feel better before the medicine is gone.</p><p>Infections. Common <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025078" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">germs</a> that enter the bloodstream and get carried to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> can sometimes infect the inner surface of the heart, including the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valves</a>. This rare but sometimes life-threatening <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> is called <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-endo/">infective endocarditis</a> (EN-do-kar-DI-tis), or IE.</p><p>IE is more likely to develop in people who already have abnormal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow through a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valve</a> because of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023149" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valve disease</a>. The abnormal blood flow causes blood clots to form on the surface of the valve. The blood clots make it easier for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025078" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">germs</a> to attach to and infect the valve.</p><p>IE can worsen existing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023149" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valve disease</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-heartmurmur-sec3-d5e151"><h4>Other Causes</h4><p>Some <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023248" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart murmurs</a> occur because of an illness outside of the heart. The heart is normal, but an illness or condition can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow that's faster than normal. Examples of this type of illness include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fever</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-anemia/">anemia</a> (uh-NEE-me-eh), and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024711" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hyperthyroidism</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Anemia</a> is a condition in which the body has a lower than normal number of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024711" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Hyperthyroidism</a> is a condition in which the body has too much <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022780" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thyroid hormone</a>.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of a Heart Murmur?</h2><p>People who have innocent (harmless) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023248" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart murmurs</a> don't have any signs or symptoms other than the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023248" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">murmur</a> itself. This is because innocent heart murmurs aren't caused by heart problems.</p><p>People who have abnormal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023248" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart murmurs</a> may have signs or symptoms of the heart problems causing the murmurs. These signs and symptoms may include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Poor eating and failure to grow normally (in infants)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Shortness of breath, which may occur only with physical exertion</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Excessive sweating with minimal or no exertion</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Chest</a> pain</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029722" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Dizziness</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029695" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fainting</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A bluish color on the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>, especially on the fingertips and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024368" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lips</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Chronic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Swelling or sudden weight gain</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Enlarged <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Enlarged <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027054" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neck</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a></div></li></ul><p>Signs and symptoms depend on the problem causing the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023248" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart murmur</a> and its severity.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is a Heart Murmur Diagnosed?</h2><p>Doctors use a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023209" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stethoscope</a> to listen to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> sounds and hear <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023248" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart murmurs</a>. They may detect heart murmurs during routine checkups or while checking for another condition.</p><p>If a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-chd/">congenital heart defect</a> causes a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023248" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">murmur</a>, it's often heard at birth or during infancy. Abnormal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023248" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart murmurs</a> caused by other heart problems can be heard in patients of any age.</p><div id="nhlbi-heartmurmur-sec2-d7e37"><h3>Specialists Involved</h3><p>Primary care doctors usually refer people who have abnormal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023248" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart murmurs</a> to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015644" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiologists</a> or pediatric cardiologists for further care and testing.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015644" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Cardiologists</a> are doctors who specialize in diagnosing and treating <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> problems in adults. Pediatric cardiologists specialize in diagnosing and treating heart problems in children.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-heartmurmur-sec2-d7e47"><h3>Physical Exam</h3><p>Your doctor will carefully listen to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> or your child's heart with a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023209" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stethoscope</a> to find out whether a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023248" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">murmur</a> is innocent or abnormal. He or she will listen to the loudness, location, and timing of the murmur. This will help your doctor diagnose the cause of the murmur.</p><p>Your doctor also may:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Ask about your medical and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family histories</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Do a complete physical exam. He or she will look for signs of illness or physical problems. For example, your doctor may look for a bluish color on your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>. In infants, doctors may look for delayed growth and feeding problems.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Ask about your symptoms, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain, shortness of breath (especially with physical exertion), <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029722" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">dizziness</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029695" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fainting</a>.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-heartmurmur-sec2-d7e68"><h3>Evaluating Heart Murmurs</h3><p>When evaluating a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023248" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart murmur</a>, your doctor will pay attention to many things, such as:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>How <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029695" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">faint</a> or loud the sound is. Your doctor will grade the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023248" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">murmur</a> on a scale of 1 to 6 (1 is very faint and 6 is very loud).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>When the sound occurs in the cycle of the heartbeat.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Where the sound is heard in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> and whether it also can be heard in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027054" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neck</a> or back.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Whether the sound has a high, medium, or low pitch.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>How long the sound lasts.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>How breathing, physical activity, or a change in body position affects the sound.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-heartmurmur-sec2-d7e97"><h3>Diagnostic Tests and Procedures</h3><p>If your doctor thinks you or your child has an abnormal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023248" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart murmur</a>, he or she may recommend one or more of the following tests.</p><div id="nhlbi-heartmurmur-sec3-d7e103"><h4>Chest X Ray</h4><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cxray/">chest x ray</a> is a painless test that creates pictures of the structures inside your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a>, such as your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>. This test is done to find the cause of symptoms, such as shortness of breath and chest pain.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-heartmurmur-sec3-d7e113"><h4>EKG</h4><p>An <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ekg/">EKG</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029879" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">electrocardiogram</a>) is a simple test that detects and records the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical activity. An EKG shows how fast the heart is beating and its rhythm (steady or irregular). An EKG also records the strength and timing of electrical signals as they pass through each part of the heart.</p><p>This test is used to detect and locate the source of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> problems. The results from an EKG also may be used to rule out certain heart problems.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-heartmurmur-sec3-d7e125"><h4>Echocardiography</h4><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-echo/">Echocardiography</a> (EK-o-kar-de-OG-ra-fee), or echo, is a painless test that uses sound waves to create pictures of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. The test shows the size and shape of your heart and how well your heart's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a> and valves are working.</p><p>Echo also can show areas of poor <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, areas of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a> that aren't contracting normally, and previous injury to the heart muscle caused by poor blood flow.</p><p>There are several types of echo, including a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a> echo. This test is done both before and after a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stress/">stress test</a>. During this test, you <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">exercise</a> to make your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> work hard and beat fast. If you can’t exercise, you may be given medicine to make your heart work hard and beat fast. Echo is used to take pictures of your heart before you exercise and as soon as you finish.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Stress</a> echo shows whether you have decreased <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> (a sign of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021983" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary heart disease</a>).</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatments"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatments_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is a Heart Murmur Treated?</h2><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023248" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart murmur</a> isn't a disease. It's an extra or unusual sound heard during the heartbeat. Thus, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023248" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">murmurs</a> themselves don't require <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>. However, if an underlying condition is causing a heart murmur, your doctor may recommend treatment for that condition.</p><div id="nhlbi-heartmurmur-sec2-d8e31"><h3>Innocent (Harmless) Heart Murmurs</h3><p>Healthy children who have innocent (harmless) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023248" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart murmurs</a> don't need <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>. Their heart murmurs aren't caused by heart problems or other conditions.</p><p>Pregnant women who have innocent <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023248" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart murmurs</a> due to extra <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> volume also don't need <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>. Their heart murmurs should go away after <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-heartmurmur-sec2-d8e41"><h3>Abnormal Heart Murmurs</h3><p>If you or your child has an abnormal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023248" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart murmur</a>, your doctor will recommend <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> for the disease or condition causing the murmur.</p><p>Some medical conditions, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-anemia/">anemia</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024711" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hyperthyroidism</a>, can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023248" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart murmurs</a> that aren't related to heart disease. Treating these conditions should make the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023248" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart murmur</a> go away.</p><p>If a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023239" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">congenital heart defect</a> is causing a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023248" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart murmur</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> will depend on the type and severity of the defect. Treatment may include medicines or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>. For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023239" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">congenital heart defects</a>, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-chd/">Congenital Heart Defects</a> article.</p><p>If acquired <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023149" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valve disease</a> is causing a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023248" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart murmur</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> usually will depend on the type, amount, and severity of the disease.</p><p>Currently, no medicines can cure <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023149" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valve disease</a>. However, lifestyle changes and medicines can treat symptoms and help delay complications. Eventually, though, you may need <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> to repair or replace a faulty heart valve.</p><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023149" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valve disease</a>, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hvd/">Heart Valve Disease</a> article.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-trials"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-trials_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Clinical Trials</h2><p>The National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute (NHLBI) is strongly committed to supporting research aimed at preventing and treating heart, lung, and blood diseases and conditions and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorders</a>.</p><p>NHLBI-supported research has led to many advances in medical knowledge and care. Often, these advances depend on the willingness of volunteers to take part in <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-clinicaltrials/">clinical trials</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Clinical trials</a> test new ways to prevent, diagnose, or treat various diseases and conditions. For example, new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for a disease or condition (such as medicines, medical devices, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgeries</a>, or procedures) are tested in volunteers who have the illness. Testing shows whether a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> is safe and effective in humans before it is made available for widespread use.</p><p>By taking part in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, you can gain access to new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> before they're widely available. You also will have the support of a team of health care providers, who will likely monitor your health closely. Even if you don't directly benefit from the results of a clinical trial, the information gathered can help others and add to scientific knowledge.</p><p>If you volunteer for a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, the research will be explained to you in detail. You'll learn about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> and tests you may receive, and the benefits and risks they may pose. You'll also be given a chance to ask questions about the research. This process is called informed consent.</p><p>If you agree to take part in the trial, you'll be asked to sign an informed consent form. This form is not a contract. You have the right to withdraw from a study at any time, for any reason. Also, you have the right to learn about new risks or findings that emerge during the trial.</p><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> related to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023248" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart murmurs</a> or other heart diseases or conditions, talk with your doctor. You also can visit the following Web sites to learn more about clinical research and to search for clinical trials:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>http://clinicalresearch.nih.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.clinicaltrials.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.researchmatch.org</div></li></ul><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> for children, visit the NHLBI's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/childrenandclinicalstudies/index.php" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Children and Clinical Studies</a> Web page.</p></div><div style="display: none; width: 200px; top: -100px; left: -100px;" aria-live="assertive" aria-hidden="true" class="ui-helper-reset ui-ncbipopper-wrapper ui-ncbilinksmenu"><ul id="ui-ncbiinpagenav-6"><li><a href="#_nhlbi-heartmurmur-sec1-d1e35_">What Is a Heart Murmur?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-heartworks_">How the Heart Works</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-names_">Other Names for a Heart Murmur</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-causes_">What Causes Heart Murmurs?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-signs_">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of a Heart Murmur?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-diagnosis_">How Is a Heart Murmur Diagnosed?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-treatments_">How Is a Heart Murmur Treated?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-trials_">Clinical Trials</a></li></ul></div></div></div> |
June 11, 2014. |
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2018-02-02 04:25:06 |
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2018-02-02 05:13:46 |
Heart Palpitations |
<div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-hpl-sec1-d1e36_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are Palpitations?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023167" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Palpitations</a> (pal-pi-TA-shuns) are feelings that your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> is skipping a beat, fluttering, or beating too hard or too fast. You may have these feelings in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024473" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">throat</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027054" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neck</a>. They can occur during activity or even when you're sitting still or lying down.</p><div id="nhlbi-hpl-sec2-d1e42"><h3>Overview</h3><p>Many things can trigger <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023167" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">palpitations</a>, including:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Strong emotions</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Vigorous physical activity</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Medicines such as diet pills and decongestants</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000290" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Caffeine</a>, alcohol, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029762" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nicotine</a>, and illegal drugs</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Certain medical conditions, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029359" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thyroid disease</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-anemia/">anemia</a> (uh-NEE-me-uh)</div></li></ul><p>These factors can make the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> beat faster or stronger than usual, or they can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-arr/#nhlbisec-types">premature (extra) heartbeats</a>. In these situations, the heart is still working normally. Thus, these <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023167" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">palpitations</a> usually are harmless.</p><p>Some <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023167" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">palpitations</a> are symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-arr/">arrhythmias</a> (ah-RITH-me-ahs). <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Arrhythmias</a> are problems with the rate or rhythm of the heartbeat.</p><p>Some <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmias</a> are signs of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> conditions, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hvd/">heart valve disease</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cm/">heart muscle disease</a>. However, less than half of the people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023167" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">palpitations</a> have arrhythmias.</p><p>You can take steps to reduce or prevent <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023167" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">palpitations</a>. Try to avoid things that trigger them (such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a> and stimulants) and treat related medical conditions.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hpl-sec2-d1e102"><h3>Outlook</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023167" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Palpitations</a> are very common. They usually aren't serious or harmful, but they can be bothersome. If you have them, your doctor can decide whether you need <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> or ongoing care.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes Palpitations?</h2><p>Many things can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023167" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">palpitations</a>. You may have these feelings even when your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> is beating normally or somewhat faster than normal.</p><p>Most <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023167" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">palpitations</a> are harmless and often go away on their own. However, some palpitations are signs of a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> problem. Sometimes the cause of palpitations can't be found.</p><p>If you start having <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023167" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">palpitations</a>, see your doctor to have them checked.</p><div id="nhlbi-hpl-sec2-d3e37"><h3>Causes Not Related to Heart Problems</h3><div id="nhlbi-hpl-sec3-d3e41"><h4>Strong Emotions</h4><p>You may feel your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> pounding or racing during <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024918" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anxiety</a>, fear, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a>. You also may have these feelings if you're having a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024923" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">panic attack</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hpl-sec3-d3e47"><h4>Vigorous Physical Activity</h4><p>Intense activity can make your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> feel like it’s beating too hard or too fast, even though it's working normally. Intense activity also can cause occasional <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-arr/#nhlbisec-types">premature (extra) heartbeats</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hpl-sec3-d3e56"><h4>Medical Conditions</h4><p>Some medical conditions can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023167" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">palpitations</a>. These conditions can make the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> beat faster or stronger than usual. They also can cause premature (extra) heartbeats.</p><p>Examples of these medical conditions include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>An <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024711" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">overactive thyroid</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024699" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">low blood sugar</a> level</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-anemia/">Anemia</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Some types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hyp/">low blood pressure</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Fever</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Dehydration (not enough fluid in the body)</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-hpl-sec3-d3e91"><h4>Hormonal Changes</h4><p>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hormonal</a> changes that happen during <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023146" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">menstruation</a>, and the perimenopausal period may cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023167" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">palpitations</a>. The palpitations will likely improve or go away as these conditions go away or change.</p><p>Some <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023167" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">palpitations</a> that occur during <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a> may be due to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hpl-sec3-d3e100"><h4>Medicines and Stimulants</h4><p>Many medicines can trigger <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023167" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">palpitations</a> because they can make the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> beat faster or stronger than usual. Medicines also can cause premature (extra) heartbeats.</p><p>Examples of these medicines include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Inhaled <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-asthma/">asthma</a> medicines.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Medicines to treat an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022776" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">underactive thyroid</a>. Taking too much of these medicines can cause an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024711" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">overactive thyroid</a> and lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023167" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">palpitations</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Medicines to prevent <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-arr/">arrhythmias</a>. Medicines used to treat irregular <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> rhythms can sometimes cause other irregular heart rhythms.</div></li></ul><p>Over-the-counter medicines that act as stimulants also may cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023167" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">palpitations</a>. These include decongestants (found in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a> and cold medicines) and some herbal and nutritional supplements.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000290" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Caffeine</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029762" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nicotine</a> (found in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029755" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tobacco</a>), alcohol, and illegal drugs (such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0009701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cocaine</a> and amphetamines) also can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023167" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">palpitations</a>.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-hpl-sec2-d3e134"><h3>Causes Related to Heart Problems</h3><p>Some <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023167" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">palpitations</a> are symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmias</a>. Arrhythmias are problems with the rate or rhythm of the heartbeat. However, less than half of the people who have palpitations have arrhythmias.</p><p>During an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmia</a>, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> can beat too fast, too slow, or with an irregular rhythm. An arrhythmia happens if some part of the heart's electrical system doesn't work as it should.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023167" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Palpitations</a> are more likely to be related to an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmia</a> if you:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Have had a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a> or are at risk for one.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Have <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">coronary heart disease</a> (CHD) or risk factors for CHD.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Have other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> problems, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hvd/">heart valve disease</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cm/">heart muscle disease</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Have abnormal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024505" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">electrolyte</a> levels. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024505" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Electrolytes</a> are <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023353" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">minerals</a>, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025487" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">potassium</a> and sodium, found in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> and body fluids. They're vital for normal health and functioning of the body.</div></li></ul></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-atrisk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-atrisk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is at Risk for Palpitations?</h2><p>Some people may be more likely than others to have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023167" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">palpitations</a>. People at increased risk include those who:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024918" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anxiety</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024923" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">panic attacks</a>, or people who are highly stressed</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Take certain medicines or stimulants</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Have certain medical conditions that aren't related to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> problems, such as an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024711" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">overactive thyroid</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Have certain <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> problems, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-arr/">arrhythmias</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">irregular heartbeats</a>), a previous <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hvd/">heart valve disease</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cm/">heart muscle disease</a> </div></li></ul><p>Women who are pregnant, menstruating, or perimenopausal also may be at higher risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023167" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">palpitations</a> because of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hormonal</a> changes. Some palpitations that occur during <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a> may be due to <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-anemia/">anemia</a>.</p><p>For more information about these risk factors, go to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063037/#nhlbisec-causes">"What Causes Palpitations?"</a> </p></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Palpitations?</h2><p>Symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023167" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">palpitations</a> include feelings that your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> is:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Skipping a beat</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Fluttering</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Beating too hard or too fast</div></li></ul><p>You may have these feelings in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024473" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">throat</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027054" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neck</a>. They can occur during activity or even when you're sitting still or lying down.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023167" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Palpitations</a> often are harmless, and your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> is working normally. However, these feelings can be a sign of a more serious problem if you also:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Feel dizzy or confused</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Are light-headed, think you may <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029695" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">faint</a>, or do faint</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Have trouble breathing</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Have pain, pressure, or tightness in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030529" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">jaw</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arms</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Feel short of breath</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Have unusual sweating</div></li></ul><p>Your doctor may have already told you that your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023167" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">palpitations</a> are harmless. Even so, see your doctor again if your palpitations:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Start to occur more often or are more noticeable or bothersome</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Occur with other symptoms, such as those listed above</div></li></ul><p>Your doctor will want to check whether your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023167" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">palpitations</a> are the symptom of a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> problem, such as an <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-arr/">arrhythmia</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">irregular heartbeat</a>).</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Are Palpitations Diagnosed?</h2><p>First, your doctor will want to find out whether your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023167" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">palpitations</a> are harmless or related to a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> problem. He or she will ask about your symptoms and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029840" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">medical history</a>, do a physical exam, and recommend several basic tests.</p><p>This information may point to a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> problem as the cause of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023167" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">palpitations</a>. If so, your doctor may recommend more tests. These tests will help show what the problem is, so your doctor can decide how to treat it.</p><p>The cause of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023167" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">palpitations</a> may be hard to diagnose, especially if symptoms don't occur regularly.</p><div id="nhlbi-hpl-sec2-d6e37"><h3>Specialists Involved</h3><p>Several types of doctors may work with you to diagnose and treat your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023167" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">palpitations</a>. These include a:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Primary care doctor</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015644" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Cardiologist</a> (a doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> diseases and conditions)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Electrophysiologist (a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015644" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiologist</a> who specializes in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical system)</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-hpl-sec2-d6e56"><h3>Medical History</h3><p>Your doctor will ask questions about your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023167" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">palpitations</a>, such as:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>When did they begin?</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>How long do they last?</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>How often do they occur?</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Do they start and stop suddenly?</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Does your heartbeat feel steady or irregular during the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023167" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">palpitations</a>?</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Do other symptoms occur with the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023167" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">palpitations</a>?</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Do your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023167" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">palpitations</a> have a pattern? For example, do they occur when you <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">exercise</a> or drink coffee? Do they happen at a certain time of day?</div></li></ul><p>Your doctor also may ask about your use of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000290" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">caffeine</a>, alcohol, supplements, and illegal drugs.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hpl-sec2-d6e91"><h3>Physical Exam</h3><p>Your doctor will take your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024325" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulse</a> to find out how fast your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> is beating and whether its rhythm is normal. He or she also will use a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023209" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stethoscope</a> to listen to your heartbeat.</p><p>Your doctor may look for signs of conditions that can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023167" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">palpitations</a>, such as an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024711" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">overactive thyroid</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hpl-sec2-d6e100"><h3>Diagnostic Tests</h3><p>Often, the first test that's done is an <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ekg/">EKG</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029879" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">electrocardiogram</a>). This simple test records your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical activity.</p><p>An EKG shows how fast your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> is beating and its rhythm (steady or irregular). It also records the strength and timing of electrical signals as they pass through your heart.</p><p>Even if your EKG results are normal, you may still have a medical condition that's causing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023167" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">palpitations</a>. If your doctor suspects this is the case, you may have <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bdt/">blood tests</a> to gather more information about your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s structure, function, and electrical system.</p><div id="nhlbi-hpl-sec3-d6e119"><h4>Holter or Event Monitor</h4><p>A standard EKG only records the heartbeat for a few seconds. It won't detect <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> rhythm problems that don't happen during the test. To diagnose problems that come and go, your doctor may have you wear a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-holt/">Holter or event monitor</a>.</p><p>A Holter monitor records the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>’s electrical activity for a full 24- or 48-hour period. You wear patches called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">electrodes</a> on your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a>. Wires connect the patches to a small, portable recorder. The recorder can be clipped to a belt, kept in a pocket, or hung around your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027054" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neck</a>.</p><p>During the 24- or 48-hour period, you do your usual daily activities. You use a notebook to record any symptoms you have and the time they occur. You then return both the recorder and the notebook to your doctor to read the results. Your doctor can see how your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> was beating at the time you had symptoms.</p><p>An event monitor is similar to a Holter monitor. You wear an event monitor while doing your normal activities. However, an event monitor only records your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical activity at certain times while you're wearing it.</p><p>For many event monitors, you push a button to start the monitor when you feel symptoms. Other event monitors start automatically when they sense abnormal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> rhythms.</p><p>You can wear an event monitor for weeks or until symptoms occur.</p><p> </p><div class="graphic left label"><img src="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063037/bin/holter_monitor.jpg" alt="Figure A shows how a Holter or event monitor attaches to a patient. In this example, the monitor is clipped to the patient's belt and electrodes are attached to his chest. Figure B shows an electrocardiogram strip, which maps the data from the Holter or event monitor. "></div> <p></p></div><div id="nhlbi-hpl-sec3-d6e154"><h4>Echocardiography</h4><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-echo/">Echocardiography</a> uses sound waves to create a moving picture of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. The picture shows the size and shape of your heart and how well your heart <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a> and valves are working.</p><p>The test also can identify areas of poor <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, areas of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a> that aren't contracting normally, and previous injury to the heart muscle caused by poor blood flow.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hpl-sec3-d6e166"><h4>Stress Test</h4><p>Some <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> problems are easier to diagnose when your heart is working hard and beating fast. During <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stress/">stress testing</a>, you <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">exercise</a> to make your heart work hard and beat fast while heart tests are done. If you can’t exercise, you may be given medicine to make your heart work hard and beat fast.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Are Palpitations Treated?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatment</a> for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023167" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">palpitations</a> depends on their cause. Most palpitations are harmless and often go away on their own. In these cases, no treatment is needed.</p><div id="nhlbi-hpl-sec2-d7e31"><h3>Avoiding Triggers</h3><p>Your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023167" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">palpitations</a> may be harmless but bothersome. If so, your doctor may suggest avoiding things that trigger them. For examples, your doctor may advise you to:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Reduce <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024918" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anxiety</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a>. Anxiety and stress (including <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024923" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">panic attacks</a>) are a common cause of harmless <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023167" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">palpitations</a>. Relaxation exercises, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022367" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">yoga</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022369" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tai chi</a>, biofeedback or guided imagery, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024879" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aromatherapy</a> may help you relax.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Avoid or limit stimulants, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000290" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">caffeine</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029762" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nicotine</a>, or alcohol.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Avoid illegal drugs, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0009701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cocaine</a> and amphetamines.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Avoid medicines that act as stimulants, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a> and cold medicines and some herbal and nutritional supplements.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-hpl-sec2-d7e53"><h3>Treating Medical Conditions That May Cause Palpitations</h3><p>Work with your doctor to control medical conditions that can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023167" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">palpitations</a>, such as an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024711" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">overactive thyroid</a>. If you're taking medicine that's causing palpitations, your doctor will try to find a different medicine for you.</p><p>If your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023167" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">palpitations</a> are caused by an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmia</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">irregular heartbeat</a>), your doctor may recommend medicines or procedures to treat the problem. For more information, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-arr/">Arrhythmia</a> article.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-prevention"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-prevention_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Can Palpitations Be Prevented?</h2><p>You can take steps to prevent <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023167" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">palpitations</a>. Try to avoid things that trigger them. For example:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Reduce <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024918" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anxiety</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a>. Anxiety and stress (including <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024923" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">panic attacks</a>) are a common cause of harmless <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023167" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">palpitations</a>. Relaxation exercises, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022367" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">yoga</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022369" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tai chi</a>, biofeedback or guided imagery, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024879" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aromatherapy</a> may help you relax.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Avoid or limit stimulants, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000290" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">caffeine</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029762" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nicotine</a>, or alcohol.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Avoid illegal drugs, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0009701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cocaine</a> and amphetamines.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Avoid medicines that act as stimulants, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a> and cold medicines and some herbal and nutritional supplements.</div></li></ul><p>Also, work with your doctor to treat medical conditions that can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023167" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">palpitations</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-livingwith"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-livingwith_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Living With Palpitations</h2><p>Most <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023167" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">palpitations</a> are harmless and often go away on their own. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatment</a> usually isn’t needed in these cases. Your doctor may advise you to avoid triggers for palpitations. (For more information, go to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063037/#nhlbisec-treatment">"How Are Palpitations Treated?"</a>)</p><p>Your doctor may have already told you that your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023167" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">palpitations</a> are harmless. Even so, see your doctor again if they get worse, start to occur more often, become more noticeable or bothersome, or occur with other symptoms.</p><p>Your doctor will tell you about other signs and symptoms to be aware of and when to seek emergency care.</p><p>A medical condition or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> problem might be the cause of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023167" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">palpitations</a>. If so, your doctor will give you advice and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> for your condition.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-trials"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-trials_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Clinical Trials</h2><p>The National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute (NHLBI) is strongly committed to supporting research aimed at preventing and treating heart, lung, and blood diseases and conditions and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorders</a>.</p><p>NHLBI-supported research has led to many advances in medical knowledge and care. Often, these advances depend on the willingness of volunteers to take part in <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-clinicaltrials/">clinical trials</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Clinical trials</a> test new ways to prevent, diagnose, or treat various diseases and conditions. For example, new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for a disease or condition (such as medicines, medical devices, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgeries</a>, or procedures) are tested in volunteers who have the illness. Testing shows whether a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> is safe and effective in humans before it is made available for widespread use.</p><p>By taking part in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, you can gain access to new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> before they’re widely available. You also will have the support of a team of health care providers, who will likely monitor your health closely. Even if you don’t directly benefit from the results of a clinical trial, the information gathered can help others and add to scientific knowledge.</p><p>If you volunteer for a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, the research will be explained to you in detail. You’ll learn about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> and tests you may receive, and the benefits and risks they may pose. You’ll also be given a chance to ask questions about the research. This process is called informed consent.</p><p>If you agree to take part in the trial, you’ll be asked to sign an informed consent form. This form is not a contract. You have the right to withdraw from a study at any time, for any reason. Also, you have the right to learn about new risks or findings that emerge during the trial.</p><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> related to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023167" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">palpitations</a>, talk with your doctor. You also can visit the following Web sites to learn more about clinical research and to search for clinical trials:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>http://clinicalresearch.nih.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.clinicaltrials.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.researchmatch.org</div></li></ul><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> for children, visit the NHLBI’s <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/childrenandclinicalstudies/index.php" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Children and Clinical Studies</a> Web page.</p></div><div style="display: none; width: 200px; top: -100px; left: -100px;" aria-live="assertive" aria-hidden="true" class="ui-helper-reset ui-ncbipopper-wrapper ui-ncbilinksmenu"><ul id="ui-ncbiinpagenav-6"><li><a href="#_nhlbi-hpl-sec1-d1e36_">What Are Palpitations?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-causes_">What Causes Palpitations?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-atrisk_">Who Is at Risk for Palpitations?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-signs_">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Palpitations?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-diagnosis_">How Are Palpitations Diagnosed?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-treatment_">How Are Palpitations Treated?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-prevention_">How Can Palpitations Be Prevented?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-livingwith_">Living With Palpitations</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-trials_">Clinical Trials</a></li></ul></div></div></div> |
June 11, 2014. |
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2018-02-02 04:25:06 |
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2018-02-02 05:13:58 |
Heart Valve Disease |
<div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-hvd-sec1-d1e37_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Is Heart Valve Disease?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023149" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart valve disease</a> occurs if one or more of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valves</a> don't work well. The heart has four valves: the tricuspid (tri-CUSS-<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030415" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pid</a>), <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022202" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary</a> (PULL-mun-ary), mitral (MI-trul), and aortic (ay-OR-tik) valves.</p><p>These valves have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> flaps that open and close with each heartbeat. The flaps make sure <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flows in the right direction through your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s four <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a> and to the rest of your body.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figd1e49" co-legend-rid="figlgndd1e49"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062945/figure/d1e49/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figd1e49" rid-ob="figobd1e49"><img class="small-thumb" src="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062945/bin/heart_interior2011.gif" src-large="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062945/bin/heart_interior2011.jpg" alt="Healthy Heart Cross-Section."></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndd1e49"><h4 id="d1e49"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062945/figure/d1e49/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd1e49">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Healthy Heart Cross-Section. Figure A shows the location of the heart in the body. Figure B shows a cross-section of a healthy heart and its inside structures. The blue arrow shows the direction in which oxygen-poor blood flows through the heart to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062945/figure/d1e49/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd1e49">(more...)</a></p></div></div><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029739" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Birth defects</a>, age-related changes, infections, or other conditions can cause one or more of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valves</a> to not open fully or to let <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> leak back into the heart <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a>. This can make your heart work harder and affect its ability to pump blood.</p><div id="nhlbi-hvd-sec2-d1e59"><h3>Overview</h3><div id="nhlbi-hvd-sec3-d1e62"><h4>How the Heart Valves Work</h4><p>At the start of each heartbeat, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> returning from the body and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> fills the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022263" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atria</a> (the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s two upper <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a>). The mitral and tricuspid valves are located at the bottom of these chambers. As the blood builds up in the atria, these valves open to allow blood to flow into the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a> (the heart's two lower chambers).</p><p>After a brief delay, as the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a> begin to contract, the mitral and tricuspid valves shut tightly. This prevents <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> from flowing back into the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022263" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atria</a>.</p><p>As the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a> contract, they pump <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> through the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022202" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary</a> and aortic valves. The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022269" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary valve</a> opens to allow blood to flow from the right <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricle</a> into the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022019" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary artery</a>. This artery carries blood to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> to get <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>.</p><p>At the same time, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022267" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aortic valve</a> opens to allow <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to flow from the left <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricle</a> into the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022262" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aorta</a>. The aorta carries <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich blood to the body. As the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a> relax, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022202" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary</a> and aortic valves shut tightly. This prevents blood from flowing back into the ventricles.</p><p>For more information about how the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> pumps <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> and detailed animations, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hhw/">How the Heart Works</a> article.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hvd-sec3-d1e84"><h4>Heart Valve Problems</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart valves</a> can have three basic kinds of problems: regurgitation (re-GUR-jih-TA-shun), <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028125" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stenosis</a> (ste-NO-sis), and atresia (a-TRE-ze-ah).</p><p>Regurgitation, or backflow, occurs if a valve doesn't close tightly. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> leaks back into the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a> rather than flowing forward through the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> or into an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a>.</p><p>In the United States, backflow most often is due to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030546" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">prolapse</a>. "Prolapse" is when the flaps of the valve flop or bulge back into an upper <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chamber</a> during a heartbeat. Prolapse mainly affects the <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-mvp/">mitral valve</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028125" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Stenosis</a> occurs if the flaps of a valve thicken, stiffen, or fuse together. This prevents the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valve</a> from fully opening. As a result, not enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flows through the valve. Some valves can have both stenosis and backflow problems.</p><p>Atresia occurs if a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valve</a> lacks an opening for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to pass through.</p><p>Some people are born with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023149" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valve disease</a>, while others acquire it later in life. Heart valve disease that develops before birth is called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023376" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">congenital</a> (kon-JEN-ih-tal) heart valve disease. Congenital heart valve disease can occur alone or with other <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-chd/">congenital heart defects</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023376" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Congenital</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023149" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valve disease</a> often involves <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022202" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary</a> or aortic valves that don't form properly. These valves may not have enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> flaps, they may be the wrong size or shape, or they may lack an opening through which <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> can flow properly.</p><p>Acquired <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023149" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valve disease</a> usually involves aortic or mitral valves. Although the valves are normal at first, problems develop over time.</p><p>Both <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023376" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">congenital</a> and acquired <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023149" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valve disease</a> can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028125" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stenosis</a> or backflow.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-hvd-sec2-d1e122"><h3>Outlook</h3><p>Many people have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valve</a> defects or disease but don't have symptoms. For some people, the condition mostly stays the same throughout their lives and doesn't cause any problems.</p><p>For other people, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023149" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valve disease</a> slowly worsens until symptoms develop. If not treated, advanced heart valve disease can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stroke/">stroke</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots, or death due to <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-scda/">sudden cardiac arrest</a> (SCA).</p><p>Currently, no medicines can cure <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023149" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valve disease</a>. However, lifestyle changes and medicines can relieve many of its symptoms and complications. </p><p>These <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> also can lower your risk of developing a life-threatening condition, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a> or SCA. Eventually, you may need to have your faulty <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valve</a> repaired or replaced.</p><p>Some types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023376" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">congenital</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023149" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valve disease</a> are so severe that the valve is repaired or replaced during infancy, childhood, or even before birth. Other types may not cause problems until middle-age or older, if at all.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-names"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-names_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Other Names for Heart Valve Disease</h2><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Aortic regurgitation</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Aortic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028125" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stenosis</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Aortic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029490" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sclerosis</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022267" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Aortic valve</a> disease</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Bicuspid <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022267" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aortic valve</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-chd/">Congenital heart defect</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023376" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Congenital</a> valve disease</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Mitral regurgitation</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Mitral <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028125" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stenosis</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022268" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Mitral valve</a> disease</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-mvp/">Mitral valve prolapse</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Pulmonic regurgitation</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Pulmonic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028125" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stenosis</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Pulmonic valve disease</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Tricuspid regurgitation</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Tricuspid <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028125" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stenosis</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022270" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Tricuspid valve</a> disease</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes Heart Valve Disease?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a> conditions and other disorders, age-related changes, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030135" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rheumatic fever</a>, or infections can cause acquired <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023149" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valve disease</a>. These factors change the shape or flexibility of once-normal valves.</p><p>The cause of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023376" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">congenital</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023149" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valve disease</a> isn't known. It occurs before birth as the heart is forming. Congenital heart valve disease can occur alone or with other types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-chd/">congenital heart defects</a>.</p><div id="nhlbi-hvd-sec2-d4e37"><h3>Heart Conditions and Other Disorders</h3><p>Certain conditions can stretch and distort the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valves</a>, such as:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Damage and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028156" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">scar</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> due to a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a> or injury to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Advanced <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">high blood pressure</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a>. These conditions can enlarge the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> or the main <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-atherosclerosis/">Atherosclerosis</a> (ath-er-o-skler-O-sis) in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022262" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aorta</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023229" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Atherosclerosis</a> is a condition in which a waxy substance called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> (plak) builds up inside the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>. The aorta is the main <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a> that carries <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to the body.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-hvd-sec2-d4e67"><h3>Age-Related Changes</h3><p>Men older than 65 and women older than 75 are prone to developing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022775" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">calcium</a> and other types of deposits on their <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valves</a>. These deposits stiffen and thicken the valve flaps and limit <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow through the valve (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028125" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stenosis</a>).</p><p>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022267" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aortic valve</a> is especially prone to this problem. The deposits look similar to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> deposits seen in people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023229" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atherosclerosis</a>. Some of the same processes may cause both atherosclerosis and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023149" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valve disease</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hvd-sec2-d4e76"><h3>Rheumatic Fever</h3><p>Untreated <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024690" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">strep throat</a> or other infections with strep <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bacteria</a> that progress to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030135" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rheumatic fever</a> can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023149" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valve disease</a>.</p><p>When the body tries to fight the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024688" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">strep infection</a>, one or more <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valves</a> may be damaged or scarred in the process. The aortic and mitral valves most often are affected. Symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valve</a> damage often don't appear until many years after recovery from <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030135" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rheumatic fever</a>.</p><p>Today, most people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024688" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">strep infections</a> are treated with antibiotics before <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030135" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rheumatic fever</a> occurs. If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024690" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">strep throat</a>, take all of the antibiotics your doctor prescribes, even if you feel better before the medicine is gone.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023149" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart valve disease</a> caused by <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030135" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rheumatic fever</a> mainly affects older adults who had <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024688" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">strep infections</a> before antibiotics were available. It also affects people from developing countries, where rheumatic fever is more common.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hvd-sec2-d4e92"><h3>Infections</h3><p>Common <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025078" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">germs</a> that enter the bloodstream and get carried to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> can sometimes infect the inner surface of the heart, including the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valves</a>. This rare but serious <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> is called <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-endo/">infective endocarditis</a> (EN-do-kar-DI-tis), or IE.</p><p>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025078" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">germs</a> can enter the bloodstream through needles, syringes, or other medical devices and through breaks in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023265" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gums</a>. Often, the body's defenses fight off the germs and no <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> occurs. Sometimes these defenses fail, which leads to IE.</p><p>IE can develop in people who already have abnormal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow through a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valve</a> as the result of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023376" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">congenital</a> or acquired <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023149" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valve disease</a>. The abnormal blood flow causes blood clots to form on the surface of the valve. The blood clots make it easier for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025078" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">germs</a> to attach to and infect the valve.</p><p>IE can worsen existing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023149" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valve disease</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hvd-sec2-d4e111"><h3>Other Conditions and Factors Linked To Heart Valve Disease</h3><p>Many other conditions and factors are linked to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023149" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valve disease</a>. However, the role they play in causing heart valve disease often isn't clear.</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022033" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Autoimmune disorders</a>. Autoimmune disorders, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024510" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lupus</a>, can affect the aortic and mitral valves.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027331" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Carcinoid syndrome</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024119" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Tumors</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022855" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">digestive tract</a> that spread to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022179" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymph nodes</a> can affect the tricuspid and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022202" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary</a> valves.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023079" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Metabolic disorders</a>. Relatively uncommon diseases (such as Fabry disease) and other metabolic disorders (such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbc/">high blood cholesterol</a>) can affect the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valves</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Diet medicines. The use of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0010273" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fenfluramine</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0011706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">phentermine</a> ("fen-phen") has sometimes been linked to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valve</a> problems. These problems typically stabilize or improve after the medicine is stopped.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Radiation <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a>. Radiation therapy to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> area can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023149" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valve disease</a>. This therapy is used to treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancer</a>. Heart valve disease due to radiation therapy may not cause symptoms until years after the therapy.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-mar/">Marfan syndrome</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029739" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Congenital disorders</a>, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023297" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Marfan syndrome</a> and other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030005" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">connective tissue disorders</a>, can affect the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valves</a>.</div></li></ul></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-atrisk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-atrisk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is at Risk for Heart Valve Disease?</h2><p>Older age is a risk factor for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023149" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valve disease</a>. As you age, your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valves</a> thicken and become stiffer. Also, people are living longer now than in the past. As a result, heart valve disease has become an increasing problem.</p><p>People who have a history of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-endo/">infective endocarditis</a> (IE), <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030135" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rheumatic fever</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a>—or previous <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023149" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valve disease</a>—also are at higher risk for heart valve disease. In addition, having risk factors for IE, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022191" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">intravenous</a> drug use, increases the risk of heart valve disease.</p><p>You're also at higher risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023149" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valve disease</a> if you have risk factors for <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">coronary heart disease</a>. These risk factors include <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbc/">high blood cholesterol</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">high blood pressure</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">smoking</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023068" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">insulin resistance</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-obe/">overweight or obesity</a>, lack of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-phys/">physical activity</a>, and a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family history</a> of early heart disease.</p><p>Some people are born with an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022267" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aortic valve</a> that has two flaps instead of three. Sometimes an aortic valve may have three flaps, but two flaps are fused together and act as one flap. This is called a bicuspid or bicommissural aortic valve. People who have this <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023376" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">congenital</a> condition are more likely to develop aortic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023149" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valve disease</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Heart Valve Disease?</h2><div id="nhlbi-hvd-sec2-d6e28"><h3>Major Signs and Symptoms</h3><p>The main sign of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023149" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valve disease</a> is an unusual heartbeat sound called a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartmurmur/">heart murmur</a>. Your doctor can hear a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023248" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart murmur</a> with a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023209" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stethoscope</a>.</p><p>However, many people have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023248" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart murmurs</a> without having <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023149" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valve disease</a> or any other heart problems. Others may have heart murmurs due to heart valve disease, but have no other signs or symptoms.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023149" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart valve disease</a> often worsens over time, so signs and symptoms may occur years after a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023248" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart murmur</a> is first heard. Many people who have heart valve disease don't have any symptoms until they're middle-aged or older.</p><p>Other common signs and symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023149" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valve disease</a> relate to <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a>, which heart valve disease can cause. These signs and symptoms include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Unusual <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fatigue</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tiredness</a>)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Shortness of breath, especially when you exert yourself or when you're lying down</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Swelling in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024901" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ankles</a>, feet, legs, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022602" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abdomen</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027054" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neck</a></div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-hvd-sec2-d6e62"><h3>Other Signs and Symptoms</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023149" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart valve disease</a> can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain that may happen only when you exert yourself. You also may notice a fluttering, racing, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">irregular heartbeat</a>. Some types of heart valve disease, such as aortic or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022268" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mitral valve</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028125" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stenosis</a>, can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029722" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">dizziness</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029695" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fainting</a>.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Heart Valve Disease Diagnosed?</h2><p>Your primary care doctor may detect a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartmurmur/">heart murmur</a> or other signs of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023149" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valve disease</a>. However, a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015644" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiologist</a> usually will diagnose the condition. A cardiologist is a doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating heart problems.</p><p>To diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023149" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valve disease</a>, your doctor will ask about your signs and symptoms. He or she also will do a physical exam and look at the results from tests and procedures.</p><div id="nhlbi-hvd-sec2-d7e37"><h3>Physical Exam</h3><p>Your doctor will listen to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> with a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023209" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stethoscope</a>. He or she will want to find out whether you have a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023248" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart murmur</a> that's likely caused by a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valve</a> problem.</p><p>Your doctor also will listen to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> as you breathe to check for fluid buildup. He or she will check for swollen <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024901" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ankles</a> and other signs that your body is retaining water.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hvd-sec2-d7e47"><h3>Tests and Procedures</h3><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-echo/">Echocardiography</a> (echo) is the main test for diagnosing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023149" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valve disease</a>. But an <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ekg/">EKG</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029879" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">electrocardiogram</a>) or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cxray/">chest x ray</a> commonly is used to reveal certain signs of the condition. If these signs are present, echo usually is done to confirm the diagnosis.</p><p>Your doctor also may recommend other tests and procedures if you're diagnosed with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023149" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valve disease</a>. For example, you may have <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cath/">cardiac catheterization</a>, (KATH-eh-ter-ih-ZA-shun), <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stress/">stress testing</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-mri/">cardiac MRI</a> (magnetic resonance imaging). These tests and procedures help your doctor assess how severe your condition is so he or she can plan your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>.</p><div id="nhlbi-hvd-sec3-d7e73"><h4>EKG</h4><p>This simple test detects and records the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical activity. An EKG can detect an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">irregular heartbeat</a> and signs of a previous <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a>. It also can show whether your heart <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a> are enlarged.</p><p>An EKG usually is done in a doctor's office.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hvd-sec3-d7e86"><h4>Chest X Ray</h4><p>This test can show whether certain sections of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> are enlarged, whether you have fluid in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, or whether <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022775" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">calcium</a> deposits are present in your heart.</p><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> x ray helps your doctor learn which type of valve defect you have, how severe it is, and whether you have any other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> problems.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hvd-sec3-d7e95"><h4>Echocardiography</h4><p>Echo uses sound waves to create a moving picture of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> as it beats. A device called a transducer is placed on the surface of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a>.</p><p>The transducer sends sound waves through your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030256" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest wall</a> to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. Echoes from the sound waves are converted into pictures of your heart on a computer screen.</p><p>Echo can show:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The size and shape of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valves</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>How well your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> is pumping <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Whether a valve is narrow or has backflow</div></li></ul><p>Your doctor may recommend transesophageal (tranz-ih-sof-uh-JEE-ul) echo, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-tee/">TEE</a>, to get a better image of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>.</p><p>During TEE, the transducer is attached to the end of a flexible tube. The tube is guided down your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024473" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">throat</a> and into your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015635" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">esophagus</a> (the passage leading from your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a> to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a>). From there, your doctor can get detailed pictures of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>.</p><p>You'll likely be given medicine to help you relax during this procedure.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hvd-sec3-d7e133"><h4>Cardiac Catheterization</h4><p>For this procedure, a long, thin, flexible tube called a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022169" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">catheter</a> is put into a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arm</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028097" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">groin</a> (upper thigh), or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027054" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neck</a> and threaded to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. Your doctor uses x-ray images to guide the catheter.</p><p>Through the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022169" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">catheter</a>, your doctor does diagnostic tests and imaging that show whether backflow is occurring through a valve and how fully the valve opens. You'll be given medicine to help you relax, but you will be awake during the procedure.</p><p>Your doctor may recommend <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023205" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiac</a> catheterization if your signs and symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023149" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valve disease</a> aren't in line with your echo results.</p><p>The procedure also can help your doctor assess whether your symptoms are due to specific valve problems or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">coronary heart disease</a>. All of this information helps your doctor decide the best way to treat you.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hvd-sec3-d7e151"><h4>Stress Test</h4><p>During <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029874" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress testing</a>, you <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">exercise</a> to make your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> work hard and beat fast while heart tests and imaging are done. If you can't exercise, you may be given medicine to raise your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024325" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart rate</a>.</p><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029874" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress test</a> can show whether you have signs and symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023149" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valve disease</a> when your heart is working hard. It can help your doctor assess the severity of your heart valve disease.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hvd-sec3-d7e161"><h4>Cardiac MRI</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023205" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Cardiac</a> MRI uses a powerful magnet and radio waves to make detailed images of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. A cardiac MRI image can confirm information about valve defects or provide more detailed information.</p><p>This information can help your doctor plan your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>. An MRI also may be done before <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valve</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> to help your surgeon plan for the surgery.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Heart Valve Disease Treated?</h2><p>Currently, no medicines can cure <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023149" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valve disease</a>. However, lifestyle changes and medicines often can successfully treat symptoms and delay problems for many years. Eventually, though, you may need <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> to repair or replace a faulty heart valve.</p><p>The goals of treating <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023149" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valve disease</a> might include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Preventing, treating, or relieving the symptoms of other related <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> conditions.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Protecting <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valves</a> from further damage.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Repairing or replacing faulty valves when they cause severe symptoms or become life threatening. Replacement valves can be man-made or biological.</div></li></ul><div id="nhlbi-hvd-sec2-d8e46"><h3>Preventing, Treating, or Relieving the Symptoms of Other Related Heart Conditions</h3><p>To relieve the symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> conditions related to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023149" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valve disease</a>, your doctor may advise you to quit <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">smoking</a> and follow a healthy diet.</p><p>A healthy diet includes a variety of vegetables and fruits. It also includes whole grains, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fat</a>-free or low-fat dairy products, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> foods, such as lean meats, poultry without <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>, seafood, processed soy products, nuts, seeds, beans, and peas.</p><p>A healthy diet is low in sodium (salt), added <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023305" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sugars</a>, solid <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015646" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fats</a>, and refined grains. Solid fats are <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018272" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">saturated fat</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022582" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">trans fatty acids</a>. Refined grains come from processing whole grains, which results in a loss of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023354" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nutrients</a> (such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022146" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">dietary fiber</a>).</p><p>For more information about following a healthy diet, go to the National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/hbp/dash/index.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">"Your Guide to Lowering Your Blood Pressure With DASH"</a> and the U.S. Department of Agriculture's ChooseMyPlate.gov Web site. Both resources provide general information about healthy eating.</p><p>Your doctor may ask you to limit physical activities that make you short of breath and tired. He or she also may ask that you limit competitive athletic activity, even if the activity doesn't leave you unusually short of breath or tired.</p><p>Your doctor may prescribe medicines to:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart failure</a> medicines widen <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> and rid the body of excess fluid.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Lower <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">high blood pressure</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbc/">high blood cholesterol</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">coronary heart disease</a> (CHD). CHD medicines can reduce your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s workload and relieve symptoms.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Prevent <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-arr/">arrhythmias</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">irregular heartbeats</a>).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Thin the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> and prevent clots (if you have a man-made replacement valve). These medicines also are prescribed for mitral <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028125" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stenosis</a> or other valve defects that raise the risk of blood clots.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-hvd-sec2-d8e114"><h3>Protecting Heart Valves From Further Damage</h3><p>If you've had previous <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023149" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valve disease</a> and now have a man-made valve, you may be at risk for a heart <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> called <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-endo/">infective endocarditis</a> (IE). This infection can worsen your heart valve disease.</p><p>One of the most common causes of IE is poor dental hygiene. To prevent this serious <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>, floss and brush your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023261" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">teeth</a> and regularly see a dentist. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023265" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Gum</a> infections and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023279" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tooth decay</a> can increase the risk of IE.</p><p>Let your doctors and dentists know if you have a man-made valve or if you've had IE before. They may give you antibiotics before dental procedures (such as dental cleanings) that could allow <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bacteria</a> to enter your bloodstream. Talk to your doctor about whether you need to take antibiotics before such procedures.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hvd-sec2-d8e129"><h3>Repairing or Replacing Heart Valves</h3><p>Your doctor may recommend repairing or replacing your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valve</a>(s), even if your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023149" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valve disease</a> isn't causing symptoms. Repairing or replacing a valve can prevent lasting damage to your heart and sudden death.</p><p>Having <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valve</a> repair or replacement depends on many factors, including:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The severity of your valve disease.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Your age and general health.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Whether you need <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hs/">heart surgery</a> for other conditions, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cabg/">bypass surgery</a> to treat CHD. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029844" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Bypass surgery</a> and valve surgery can be done at the same time.</div></li></ul><p>When possible, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valve</a> repair is preferred over heart valve replacement. Valve repair preserves the strength and function of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a>. People who have valve repair also have a lower risk of IE after the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>, and they don't need to take <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>-thinning medicines for the rest of their lives.</p><p>However, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valve</a> repair <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> is harder to do than valve replacement. Also, not all valves can be repaired. Mitral valves often can be repaired. Aortic and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022202" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary</a> valves often have to be replaced.</p><div id="nhlbi-hvd-sec3-d8e163"><h4>Repairing Heart Valves</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a> surgeons can repair <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valves</a> by:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Separating fused valve flaps</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Removing or reshaping <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> so the valve can close tighter</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Adding <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> to patch holes or tears or to increase the support at the base of the valve</div></li></ul><p>Sometimes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015644" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiologists</a> repair <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valves</a> using <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cath/">cardiac catheterization</a>. Although <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022169" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">catheter</a> procedures are less invasive than <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>, they may not work as well for some patients.</p><p>Work with your doctor to decide whether repair is appropriate. If so, your doctor can advise you on the best procedure for doing it.</p><p>Balloon valvuloplasty. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart valves</a> that don't fully open (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028125" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stenosis</a>) can be repaired with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> or with a less invasive <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022169" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">catheter</a> procedure called balloon valvuloplasty (VAL-vyu-lo-plas-tee). This procedure also is called balloon valvotomy (val-VOT-o-me).</p><p>During the procedure, a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022169" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">catheter</a> (thin tube) with a balloon at its tip is threaded through a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a> to the faulty valve in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. The balloon is inflated to help widen the opening of the valve. Your doctor then deflates the balloon and removes both it and the tube.</p><p>You're awake dur |
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Hemochromatosis |
<div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-hemo-sec1-d1e37_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Is Hemochromatosis?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022025" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Hemochromatosis</a> (HE-mo-kro-ma-TO-sis) is a disease in which too much <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> builds up in your body (iron overload). Iron is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023353" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mineral</a> found in many foods.</p><p>Too much <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> is toxic to your body. It can poison your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> and cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organ</a> failure. In <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022025" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemochromatosis</a>, iron can build up in most of your body's organs, but especially in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015631" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pancreas</a>.</p><p>Too much <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver</a> can cause an enlarged liver, liver failure, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021884" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver cancer</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022024" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cirrhosis</a> (sir-RO-sis). Cirrhosis is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028156" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">scarring</a> of the liver, which causes the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organ</a> to not work well.</p><p>Too much <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">irregular heartbeats</a> called <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-arr/">arrhythmias</a> (ah-RITH-me-ahs) and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a>. Too much iron in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015631" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pancreas</a> can lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>.</p><p>If <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022025" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemochromatosis</a> isn't treated, it may even cause death.</p><div id="nhlbi-hemo-sec2-d1e65"><h3>Overview</h3><p>The two types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022025" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemochromatosis</a> are primary and secondary. Primary hemochromatosis is caused by a defect in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a> that control how much <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> you absorb from food. Secondary hemochromatosis usually is the result of another disease or condition that causes iron overload.</p><p>Most people who have primary <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022025" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemochromatosis</a> inherit it from their parents. If you inherit two hemochromatosis <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a>—one from each parent—you're at risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> overload and signs and symptoms of the disease. The two faulty genes cause your body to absorb more iron than usual from the foods you eat.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022025" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Hemochromatosis</a> is one of the most common <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022031" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic</a> disorders in the United States. However, not everyone who has hemochromatosis has signs or symptoms of the disease.</p><p>Estimates of how many people develop signs and symptoms vary greatly. Some estimates suggest that as many as half of all people who have the disease don't have signs or symptoms.</p><p>The severity of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022025" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemochromatosis</a> also varies. Some people don't have complications, even with high levels of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> in their bodies. Others have severe complications or die from the disease.</p><p>Certain factors can affect the severity of the disease. For example, a high intake of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023352" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin</a> C can make <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022025" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemochromatosis</a> worse. This is because vitamin C helps your body absorb <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> from food.</p><p>Alcohol use can worsen <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver</a> damage and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022024" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cirrhosis</a> caused by <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022025" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemochromatosis</a>. Conditions such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027053" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hepatitis</a> also can further damage or weaken the liver.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hemo-sec2-d1e90"><h3>Outlook</h3><p>The outlook for people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022025" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemochromatosis</a> largely depends on how much <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organ</a> damage they have at the time of diagnosis. Early diagnosis and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> of the disease are important.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatment</a> may help prevent, delay, or sometimes reverse complications of the disease. Treatment also may lead to better quality of life.</p><p>For people who are diagnosed and treated early, a normal lifespan is possible. If left untreated, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022025" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemochromatosis</a> can lead to severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organ</a> damage and even death.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-names"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-names_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Other Names for Hemochromatosis</h2><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Acquired <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022025" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemochromatosis</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Classical <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022025" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemochromatosis</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022031" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Genetic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022025" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemochromatosis</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022031" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Genetic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> poisoning</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Hereditary <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022025" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemochromatosis</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022025" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Iron overload disease</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Primary <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022025" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemochromatosis</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Secondary <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022025" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemochromatosis</a></div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes Hemochromatosis?</h2><p>The two types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022025" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemochromatosis</a> are primary and secondary. Each type has a different cause.</p><div id="nhlbi-hemo-sec2-d4e31"><h3>Primary Hemochromatosis</h3><p>Primary <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022025" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemochromatosis</a> is caused by a defect in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a> that control how much <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> you absorb from food. This form of the disease sometimes is called hereditary or classical hemochromatosis. Primary hemochromatosis is more common than the secondary form of the disease.</p><p>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a> usually involved in primary <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022025" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemochromatosis</a> are called HFE genes. Faulty HFE genes cause the body to absorb too much <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>. If you inherit two copies of the faulty HFE <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a> (one from each parent), you're at risk for iron overload and signs and symptoms of hemochromatosis.</p><p>If you inherit one faulty HFE <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a> and one normal HFE gene, you're a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022025" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemochromatosis</a> "carrier." Carriers usually don't develop the disease. However, they can pass the faulty gene on to their children. Estimates suggest that about 1 in 10 people in the United States are hemochromatosis carriers.</p><p>If two parents are carriers of the faulty HFE <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a>, then each of their children has a 1 in 4 chance of inheriting two faulty HFE <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a>.</p><p>Although less common, other faulty <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a> also can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022025" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemochromatosis</a>. Researchers continue to study what changes to normal genes may cause the disease.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hemo-sec2-d4e56"><h3>Secondary Hemochromatosis</h3><p>Secondary <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022025" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemochromatosis</a> usually is the result of another disease or condition that causes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> overload. Examples of such diseases and conditions include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Certain types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-anemia/">anemia</a>, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-thalassemia/">thalassemias</a> and sideroblastic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Atransferrinemia and aceruloplasminemia—both are rare, inherited diseases</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Chronic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver</a> diseases, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023081" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic hepatitis</a> C <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>, alcoholic liver disease, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023069" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nonalcoholic steatohepatitis</a></div></li></ul><p>Other factors also can cause secondary <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022025" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemochromatosis</a>, including:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bt/">Blood transfusions</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025395" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Oral</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> pills or iron <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022222" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">injections</a>, with or without very high <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023352" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin</a> C intake (vitamin C helps your body absorb iron)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Long-term <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidney</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022165" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">dialysis</a></div></li></ul></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-atrisk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-atrisk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is at Risk for Hemochromatosis?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022025" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Hemochromatosis</a> is one of the most common <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022031" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic</a> diseases in the United States. It's most common in Caucasians of Northern European descent. The disease is less common in African Americans, Hispanics, Asians, and American Indians.</p><p>Primary <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022025" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemochromatosis</a> is more common in men than in women. Also, older people are more likely to develop the disease than younger people. In fact, signs and symptoms usually don't occur in men until they're 40 to 60 years old.</p><p>In women, signs and symptoms usually don't occur until after the age of 50 (after <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023140" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">menopause</a>). Young children rarely develop <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022025" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemochromatosis</a>.</p><p>Inheriting two faulty HFE <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a> (one from each parent) is the major risk factor for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022025" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemochromatosis</a>. However, many people who have two copies of the faulty <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a> don't develop signs or symptoms of the disease.</p><p>Alcoholism is another risk factor for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022025" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemochromatosis</a>. A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family history</a> of certain diseases and conditions also puts you at higher risk for hemochromatosis. Examples of such diseases and conditions include <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver</a> disease, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024677" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arthritis</a>, and erectile dysfunction (impotence).</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Hemochromatosis?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022025" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Hemochromatosis</a> can affect many parts of the body and cause various signs and symptoms. Many of the signs and symptoms are similar to those of other diseases.</p><p>Signs and symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022025" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemochromatosis</a> usually don't occur until middle age. Women are more likely to have general symptoms first, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fatigue</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tiredness</a>). In men, complications such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022024" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cirrhosis</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028156" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">scarring</a> of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver</a>) often are the first signs of the disease.</p><p>Signs and symptoms also vary based on the severity of the disease. Common signs and symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022025" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemochromatosis</a> include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022450" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">joint</a> pain, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fatigue</a>, general weakness, weight loss, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a> pain.</p><p>Not everyone who has <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022025" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemochromatosis</a> has signs or symptoms of the disease. Estimates of how many people develop signs and symptoms vary greatly. Some estimates suggest that as many as half of all people who have the disease don't have signs or symptoms.</p><div id="nhlbi-hemo-sec2-d6e44"><h3>Hemochromatosis Complications</h3><p>If <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022025" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemochromatosis</a> isn't found and treated early, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> builds up in your body and can lead to:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Liver</a> disease, including an enlarged liver, liver failure, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021884" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver cancer</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022024" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cirrhosis</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028156" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">scarring</a> of the liver)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a> problems, including <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-arr/">arrhythmias</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">irregular heartbeats</a>) and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Diabetes</a>, especially in people who have a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family history</a> of diabetes</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022450" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Joint</a> damage and pain, including <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024677" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arthritis</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Reproductive <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organ</a> failure, such as erectile dysfunction (impotence), shrinkage of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024429" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">testicles</a>, and loss of sex drive in men, and absence of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024713" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">menstrual cycle</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030253" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">early menopause</a> in women</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Changes in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> color that make the skin look gray or bronze</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Underactive <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022786" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pituitary</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022083" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thyroid glands</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Damage to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022159" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">adrenal glands</a></div></li></ul></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Hemochromatosis Diagnosed?</h2><p>Your doctor will diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022025" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemochromatosis</a> based on your medical and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family histories</a>, a physical exam, and the results from tests and procedures.</p><p>The disease sometimes is detected while checking for other diseases or conditions, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024677" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arthritis</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver</a> disease, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease, or erectile dysfunction (impotence).</p><div id="nhlbi-hemo-sec2-d7e37"><h3>Specialists Involved</h3><p>Family doctors and internal medicine specialists may diagnose and treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022025" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemochromatosis</a>. Other doctors also may be involved in diagnosing and treating the disease, including:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Hematologists (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> disease specialists)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015644" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Cardiologists</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> specialists)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Endocrinologists (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022072" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gland</a> system specialists)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Hepatologists (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver</a> specialists)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028172" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Gastroenterologists</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022855" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">digestive tract</a> specialists)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024683" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Rheumatologists</a> (specialists in diseases of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022450" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">joints</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissues</a>)</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-hemo-sec2-d7e66"><h3>Medical and Family Histories</h3><p>To learn about your medical and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family histories</a>, your doctor may ask:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>About your signs and symptoms, including when they started and their severity.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Whether you take <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> (pills or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022222" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">injections</a>) with or without <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023352" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin</a> C supplements (vitamin C helps your body absorb iron from food). If so, your doctor may ask how much iron you take. This information can help him or her diagnose secondary <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022025" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemochromatosis</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Whether other members of your family have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022025" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemochromatosis</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Whether other members of your family have a history of medical problems or diseases related to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022025" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemochromatosis</a>.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-hemo-sec2-d7e87"><h3>Physical Exam</h3><p>Your doctor will do a physical exam to check for signs and symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022025" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemochromatosis</a>. He or she will listen to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">irregular heartbeats</a> and check for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024677" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arthritis</a>, abnormal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> color, and an enlarged <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hemo-sec2-d7e94"><h3>Diagnostic Tests and Procedures</h3><p>Your doctor may recommend one or more tests or procedures to diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022025" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemochromatosis</a>.</p><div id="nhlbi-hemo-sec3-d7e100"><h4>Blood Tests</h4><p>In <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022025" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemochromatosis</a>, the amount of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> in your body may be too high, even though the level of iron in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> is normal. Certain <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bdt/">blood tests</a> can help your doctor find out how much iron is in your body. </p><p>During these tests, a sample of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> is taken from your body. It's usually drawn from a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arm</a> using a needle. The procedure usually is quick and easy, although it may cause some short-term discomfort.</p><p>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022070" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood tests</a> you have may include transferrin saturation (TS), serum ferritin level, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023074" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver function tests</a>.</p><p>Transferrin is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> that carries <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. The TS test shows how much iron the transferrin is carrying. This helps your doctor find out how much iron is in your body.</p><p>Your doctor may test your serum ferritin level if your TS level is high. A serum ferritin level test shows how much <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> is stored in your body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a>. A buildup of iron may suggest <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022025" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemochromatosis</a>.</p><p>You may have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023074" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver function tests</a> to check for damage to your liver. Liver damage may be a sign of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022025" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemochromatosis</a>. If you have hemochromatosis, liver function tests may show the severity of the disease.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022070" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood tests</a> alone can't diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022025" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemochromatosis</a>. Thus, your doctor may recommend other tests as well.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hemo-sec3-d7e128"><h4>Liver Biopsy</h4><p>During a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022971" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver biopsy</a>, your doctor numbs an area near your liver and then removes a small sample of liver <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> using a needle. The tissue is then looked at under a microscope.</p><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022971" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver biopsy</a> can show how much <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> is in your liver. This procedure also can help your doctor diagnose liver damage (for example, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028156" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">scarring</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancer</a>). <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022971" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Liver biopsies</a> are less common now than in the past.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hemo-sec3-d7e138"><h4>Magnetic Resonance Imaging</h4><p>Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a safe test that uses radio waves, magnets, and a computer to create pictures of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a>. An MRI may be done to show the amount of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hemo-sec3-d7e144"><h4>Superconducting Quantum Interference Device</h4><p>A superconducting quantum interference device (SQuID) is a machine that uses very sensitive magnets to measure the amount of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver</a>. This machine is available at only a few medical centers.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hemo-sec3-d7e150"><h4>Genetic Testing</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022716" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Genetic testing</a> can show whether you have a faulty HFE <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a>. However, even if you do have two faulty HFE genes, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022716" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic test</a> can't predict whether you'll develop signs and symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022025" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemochromatosis</a>.</p><p>Also, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022716" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic testing</a> may not detect other, less common faulty <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a> that also can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022025" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemochromatosis</a>.</p><p>There are two ways to do <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022716" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic testing</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Cells</a> can be collected from inside your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a> using a cotton swab, or a sample of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> can be drawn from a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arm</a>.</p><p>People who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022025" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemochromatosis</a> (or a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family history</a> of it) and are planning to have children may want to consider <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022716" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic testing</a> and counseling. Testing will help show whether one or both parents have faulty HFE <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a>. A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025312" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic counselor</a> also can help figure out the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029368" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">likelihood</a> of the parents passing the faulty genes on to their children.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Hemochromatosis Treated?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatments</a> for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022025" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemochromatosis</a> include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapeutic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030181" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">phlebotomy</a> (fleh-BOT-o-me), <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> chelation (ke-LAY-shun) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a>, dietary changes, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> for complications.</p><p>The goals of treating <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022025" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemochromatosis</a> include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Reducing the amount of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> in your body to normal levels</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Preventing or delaying <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organ</a> damage from <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> overload</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Treating complications of the disease</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Maintaining a normal amount of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> in your body for the rest of your life</div></li></ul><div id="nhlbi-hemo-sec2-d8e49"><h3>Therapeutic Phlebotomy</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Therapeutic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030181" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">phlebotomy</a> is a procedure that removes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> (and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>) from your body. A needle is inserted into a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a>, and your blood flows through an airtight tube into a sterile container or bag.</p><p>The process is similar to donating <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>; it can be done at blood donation centers, hospital donation centers, or a doctor's office.</p><p>In the first stage of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>, about 1 pint of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> is removed once or twice a week. After your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> levels return to normal, you may continue <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030181" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">phlebotomy</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a>. However, you may need them less often—typically every 2–4 months.</p><p>As long as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> continues, which often is for the rest of your life, you'll need frequent <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bdt/">blood tests</a> to check your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> levels.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hemo-sec2-d8e68"><h3>Iron Chelation Therapy</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Iron</a> chelation <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a> uses medicine to remove excess iron from your body. This <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> is a good option for people who can't have routine <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> removal.</p><p>The medicine used in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> chelation <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a> is either injected or taken orally (by <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a>). Injected iron chelation therapy is done at a doctor's office. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025395" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Oral</a> iron chelation therapy can be done at home.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hemo-sec2-d8e78"><h3>Dietary Changes</h3><p>Your doctor may suggest that you change your diet if you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022025" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemochromatosis</a>. You may be advised to:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Avoid taking <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>, including iron pills, iron <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022222" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">injections</a>, or multivitamins that contain iron.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Limit your intake of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023352" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin</a> C. Vitamin C helps your body absorb <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> from food. Talk with your doctor about how much vitamin C is safe for you.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Avoid uncooked fish and shellfish. Some fish and shellfish contain <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bacteria</a> that can cause infections in people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> diseases, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022025" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemochromatosis</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Limit alcohol intake. Drinking alcohol increases the risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver</a> disease. It also can make existing liver disease worse.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-hemo-sec2-d8e99"><h3>Treatment for Complications</h3><p>Your doctor may prescribe other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> as needed for complications such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver</a> disease, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> problems, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-prevention"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-prevention_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Can Hemochromatosis Be Prevented?</h2><p>You can't prevent primary, or inherited, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022025" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemochromatosis</a>. However, not everyone who inherits hemochromatosis <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a> develops symptoms or complications of the disease. In those who do, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> can keep the disease from getting worse.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatments</a> include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapeutic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030181" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">phlebotomy</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> chelation <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a>, dietary changes, and other treatments. For more information, go to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063060/#nhlbisec-treatment">"How Is Hemochromatosis Treated?"</a> </p><p>People who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022025" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemochromatosis</a> (or a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family history</a> of it) and are planning to have children may want to consider <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022716" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic testing</a> and counseling. Testing will help show whether one or both parents have faulty HFE <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a>. A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025312" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic counselor</a> also can help figure out the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029368" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">likelihood</a> of the parents passing the faulty genes on to their children.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-livingwith"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-livingwith_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Living With Hemochromatosis</h2><p>The outlook for people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022025" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemochromatosis</a> largely depends on how much <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organ</a> damage has already occurred at the time of diagnosis. Early diagnosis and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> of the disorder are important.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatment</a> may help prevent, delay, or sometimes reverse complications of the disorder. Treatment also may lead to higher energy levels and better quality of life. With early diagnosis and treatment, a normal lifespan is possible.</p><p>If <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organ</a> damage has already occurred, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> may prevent further damage and improve life expectancy. However, treatment may not be able to reverse existing damage.</p><p>If <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022025" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemochromatosis</a> isn't treated, it can lead to severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organ</a> damage or even death.</p><div id="nhlbi-hemo-sec2-d10e41"><h3>What To Expect After Treatment</h3><p>People have different responses to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>. Some people who have frequent <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapeutic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030181" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">phlebotomy</a> may feel very tired. People who have advanced disease or who are getting intense treatment that weakens them may need help with daily tasks and activities.</p><p>At first, you may need to have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapeutic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030181" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">phlebotomy</a> often. How long you'll need this <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> depends on how much extra <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> is in your body.</p><p>After the initial <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> period, you may need ongoing treatment two to six times a year. This will help prevent the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> from building up again.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hemo-sec2-d10e53"><h3>Ongoing Care</h3><p>If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022025" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemochromatosis</a>, getting ongoing care is important. Ongoing care may include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Continuing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapeutic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030181" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">phlebotomy</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Taking medicines as prescribed</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Contacting your doctor right away about new or worsening symptoms or possible reactions to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030181" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">phlebotomy</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Following up regularly with your doctor about test results, ongoing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a>, and annual exams</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Using a diary or log to track the amount of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> in your body</div></li></ul><p>If you need routine <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030181" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">phlebotomy</a>, you may have to change your usual work times to schedule your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a>. You also may have to change your work schedule to allow for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023146" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">periods</a> of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fatigue</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tiredness</a>) or recovery, especially if your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> weakens you.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hemo-sec2-d10e81"><h3>Emotional Issues and Support</h3><p>Living with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022025" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemochromatosis</a> may cause fear, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024918" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anxiety</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024768" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">depression</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a>. Talk about how you feel with your health care team. Talking to a professional counselor also can help. If you're very <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024768" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">depressed</a>, your doctor may recommend medicines or other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> that can improve your quality of life.</p><p>Joining a patient support group may help you adjust to living with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022025" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemochromatosis</a>. You can see how other people who have the same symptoms have coped with them. Talk with your doctor about local support groups or check with an area medical center.</p><p>Support from family and friends also can help relieve <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024918" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anxiety</a>. Let your loved ones know how you feel and what they can do to help you.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hemo-sec2-d10e94"><h3>Screening Family Members for Hemochromatosis</h3><p>Parents, grandparents, brothers and sisters, and children (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> relatives) of a person who has <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022025" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemochromatosis</a> may be at risk for the disease. Talk with your doctor to see whether your relatives should have their <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> levels checked.</p><p>Your doctor may recommend <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022716" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic testing</a> to show whether family members are at risk for the disease. If a relative already has been diagnosed with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022025" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemochromatosis</a>, a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022716" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic test</a> can show whether he or she has the primary (inherited) form of the disease.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-trials"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-trials_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Clinical Trials</h2><p>The National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute (NHLBI) is strongly committed to supporting research aimed at preventing and treating heart, lung, and blood diseases and conditions and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorders</a>.</p><p>NHLBI-supported research has led to many advances in medical knowledge and care. Often, these advances depend on the willingness of volunteers to take part in <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-clinicaltrials/">clinical trials</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Clinical trials</a> test new ways to prevent, diagnose, or treat various diseases and conditions. For example, new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for a disease or condition (such as medicines, medical devices, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgeries</a>, or procedures) are tested in volunteers who have the illness. Testing shows whether a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> is safe and effective in humans before it is made available for widespread use.</p><p>By taking part in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, you can gain access to new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> before they're widely available. You also will have the support of a team of health care providers, who will likely monitor your health closely. Even if you don't directly benefit from the results of a clinical trial, the information gathered can help others and add to scientific knowledge.</p><p>If you volunteer for a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, the research will be explained to you in detail. You'll learn about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> and tests you may receive, and the benefits and risks they may pose. You'll also be given a chance to ask questions about the research. This process is called informed consent.</p><p>If you agree to take part in the trial, you'll be asked to sign an informed consent form. This form is not a contract. You have the right to withdraw from a study at any time, for any reason. Also, you have the right to learn about new risks or findings that emerge during the trial.</p><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> related to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022025" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemochromatosis</a>, talk with your doctor. You also can visit the following Web sites to learn more about cli |
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Hemolytic Anemia |
<div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-ha-sec1-d1e38_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Is Hemolytic Anemia?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022026" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Hemolytic anemia</a> (HEE-moh-lit-ick uh-NEE-me-uh) is a condition in which <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> are destroyed and removed from the bloodstream before their normal lifespan is over.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Red blood cells</a> are <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024402" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">disc</a>-shaped and look like doughnuts without holes in the center. These cells carry <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> to your body. They also remove <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022309" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carbon dioxide</a> (a waste product) from your body.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Red blood cells</a> are made in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a>—a sponge-like <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> inside the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022807" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bones</a>. They live for about 120 days in the bloodstream and then die.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022046" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">White blood cells</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a> (PLATE-lets) also are made in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a>. White blood cells help fight infections. Platelets stick together to seal small cuts or breaks on <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a> walls and stop <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>.</p><p>When <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> die, the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> makes more blood cells to replace them. However, in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022026" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemolytic anemia</a>, the bone marrow can't make <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> fast enough to meet the body's needs.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022026" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Hemolytic anemia</a> can lead to many health problems, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fatigue</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tiredness</a>), pain, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">irregular heartbeats</a> called <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-arr/">arrhythmias</a> (ah-RITH-me-ahs), an enlarged <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a>.</p><div id="nhlbi-ha-sec2-d1e66"><h3>Overview</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022026" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Hemolytic anemia</a> is a type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-anemia/">anemia</a>. The term "anemia" usually refers to a condition in which the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> has a lower than normal number of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Anemia</a> also can occur if your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> don't contain enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a> (HEE-muh-glow-bin). Hemoglobin is an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> that carries <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> to the rest of the body.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Anemia</a> has three main causes: <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> loss, lack of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cell</a> production, or high rates of red blood cell destruction.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022026" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Hemolytic anemia</a> is caused by high rates of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cell</a> destruction. Many diseases, conditions, and factors can cause the body to destroy its <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>.</p><p>These causes can be inherited or acquired. "Inherited" means your parents passed the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a>(s) for the condition on to you. "Acquired" means you aren't born with the condition, but you develop it. Sometimes the cause of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022026" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemolytic anemia</a> isn't known.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ha-sec2-d1e88"><h3>Outlook</h3><p>There are many types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022026" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemolytic anemia</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatment</a> and outlook depend on what type you have and how severe it is. The condition can develop suddenly or slowly. Symptoms can range from mild to severe.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022026" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Hemolytic anemia</a> often can be successfully treated or controlled. Mild hemolytic anemia may need no <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> at all. Severe hemolytic anemia requires prompt and proper treatment, or it may be fatal.</p><p>Inherited forms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022026" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemolytic anemia</a> are lifelong conditions that may require ongoing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>. Acquired forms of hemolytic anemia may go away if the cause of the condition is found and corrected.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-types"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-types_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Types of Hemolytic Anemia</h2><p>There are many types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022026" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemolytic anemia</a>. The condition can be inherited or acquired. "Inherited" means your parents passed the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a> for the condition on to you. "Acquired" means you aren't born with the condition, but you develop it.</p><div id="nhlbi-ha-sec2-d3e31"><h3>Inherited Hemolytic Anemias</h3><p>With inherited hemolytic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemias</a>, one or more of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a> that control <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cell</a> production are faulty. This can lead to problems with the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027109" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cell membrane</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022049" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">enzymes</a> that maintain healthy <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>.</p><p>The abnormal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> may be fragile and break down while moving through the bloodstream. If this happens, an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organ</a> called the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022189" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spleen</a> may remove the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cell</a> debris from the bloodstream.</p><div id="nhlbi-ha-sec3-d3e41"><h4>Sickle Cell Anemia</h4><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-sca/">Sickle cell anemia</a> is a serious, inherited disease. In this disease, the body makes abnormal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a>. This causes the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> to have a sickle, or crescent, shape.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022027" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sickle cells</a> don't last as long as healthy <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>. They usually die after only about 10 to 20 days. The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> can't make new red blood cells fast enough to replace the dying ones.</p><p>In the United States, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022028" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sickle cell anemia</a> mainly affects African Americans.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ha-sec3-d3e55"><h4>Thalassemias</h4><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-thalassemia/">Thalassemias</a> (thal-a-SE-me-ahs) are inherited <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> disorders in which the body doesn't make enough of certain types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a>. This causes the body to make fewer healthy <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> than normal.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Thalassemias</a> most often affect people of Southeast Asian, Indian, Chinese, Filipino, Mediterranean, or African origin or descent.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ha-sec3-d3e67"><h4>Hereditary Spherocytosis</h4><p>In this condition, a defect in the surface membrane (the outer covering) of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> causes them to have a sphere, or ball-like, shape. These blood cells have a lifespan that's shorter than normal.</p><p>Hereditary spherocytosis (SFER-o-si-to-sis) is the most common cause of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022026" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemolytic anemia</a> among people of Northern European descent.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ha-sec3-d3e76"><h4>Hereditary Elliptocytosis (Ovalocytosis)</h4><p>Like hereditary spherocytosis, this condition also involves a problem with the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027109" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cell membrane</a>. In this condition, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> are elliptic (oval) in shape. They aren't as flexible as normal red blood cells, and they have a shorter lifespan.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ha-sec3-d3e83"><h4>Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G6PD) Deficiency</h4><p>In <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023041" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">G6PD deficiency</a>, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> are missing an important <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022049" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">enzyme</a> called G6PD. G6PD is part of the normal chemistry inside red blood cells.</p><p>In <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023041" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">G6PD deficiency</a>, if <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> come into contact with certain substances in the bloodstream, the missing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022049" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">enzyme</a> causes the cells to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rupture</a> (burst) and die.</p><p>Many factors can trigger the breakdown of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>. Examples include taking sulfa or antimalarial medicines; being exposed to naphthalene, a substance found in some moth balls; eating fava beans; or having an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023041" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">G6PD deficiency</a> mostly affects males of African or Mediterranean descent. In the United States, the condition is more common among African Americans than Caucasians.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ha-sec3-d3e98"><h4>Pyruvate Kinase Deficiency</h4><p>In this condition, the body is missing an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022049" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">enzyme</a> called pyruvate (PI-ru-vate) kinase. Not having enough of this enzyme causes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> to break down easily.</p><p>This disorder is more common among the Amish than other groups.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-ha-sec2-d3e108"><h3>Acquired Hemolytic Anemias</h3><p>With acquired hemolytic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemias</a>, your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> may be normal. However, some other disease or factor causes the body to destroy red blood cells and remove them from the bloodstream.</p><p>The destruction of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> occurs in the bloodstream or, more commonly, in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022189" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spleen</a>.</p><div id="nhlbi-ha-sec3-d3e117"><h4>Immune Hemolytic Anemia</h4><p>In immune <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022026" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemolytic anemia</a>, your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025680" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune system</a> destroys your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>. The three main types of immune hemolytic anemia are autoimmune, alloimmune, and drug-induced.</p><p>Autoimmune <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022026" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemolytic anemia</a> (AIHA). In this condition, your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025680" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune system</a> makes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antibodies</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022051" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">proteins</a>) that <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024324" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">attack</a> your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>. Why this happens isn't known.</p><p>AIHA accounts for half of all cases of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022026" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemolytic anemia</a>. AIHA may come on very quickly and become serious.</p><p>Having certain diseases or infections can raise your risk for AIHA. Examples include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022033" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Autoimmune diseases</a>, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024510" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lupus</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024345" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Chronic lymphocytic leukemia</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Non-Hodgkin's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024410" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymphoma</a> and other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancers</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Epstein-Barr virus</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Cytomegalovirus</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pnu/">Mycoplasma pneumonia</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027053" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Hepatitis</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>HIV</div></li></ul><p>AIHA also can develop after you have a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bmsct/">blood and marrow stem cell transplant</a>.</p><p>In some types of AIHA, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antibodies</a> made by the body are called warm antibodies. This means they're active (that is, they destroy <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>) at warm temperatures, such as body temperature.</p><p>In other types of AIHA, the body makes cold-reactive <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antibodies</a>. These antibodies are active at cold temperatures.</p><p>Cold-reactive <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antibodies</a> can become active when parts of the body, such as the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hands</a> or feet, are exposed to temperatures lower than 32 to 50 degrees Fahrenheit (0 to 10 degrees Celsius).</p><p>Warm <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antibody</a> AIHA is more common than cold antibody AIHA.</p><p>Alloimmune <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022026" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemolytic anemia</a>. This type of hemolytic anemia occurs if your body makes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antibodies</a> against <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> that you get from a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bt/">blood transfusion</a>. This can happen if the transfused blood is a different blood type than your blood.</p><p>This type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022026" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemolytic anemia</a> also can occur during <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a> if a woman has Rh-negative <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> and her baby has Rh-positive blood. "Rh-negative" and "Rh-positive" refer to whether your blood has <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021989" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Rh factor</a>. Rh factor is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> on <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>.</p><p>For more information, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-rh/">Rh Incompatibility</a> article.</p><p>Drug-induced <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022026" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemolytic anemia</a>. Certain medicines can cause a reaction that develops into hemolytic anemia. Some medicines, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0011640" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">penicillin</a>, bind to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cell</a> surfaces and can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antibodies</a> to develop.</p><p>Other medicines cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022026" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemolytic anemia</a> in other ways. Examples of these medicines include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024232" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chemotherapy</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acetaminophen</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0011919" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">quinine</a> and antimalarial medicines, anti-inflammatory medicines, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0010910" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">levodopa</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ha-sec3-d3e211"><h4>Mechanical Hemolytic Anemias</h4><p>Physical damage to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cell</a> membranes can cause them to break down faster than normal. Damage may be due to:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Changes in the small <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>An artificial <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valve</a> or other device used in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022166" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Hemodialysis</a> (HE-mo-di-AL-ih-sis). This <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidney failure</a> removes waste products from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>-lung bypass machine, which may be used during <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hs/">open-heart surgery</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Preeclampsia (pre-e-KLAMP-se-ah) or eclampsia. Preeclampsia is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood pressure</a> during <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a>. Eclampsia, which follows preeclampsia, is a serious condition that causes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">seizures</a> in pregnant women.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025286" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Malignant</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypertension</a> (hi-per-TEN-shun). This is a condition in which your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> suddenly and rapidly rises.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ttp/">Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura</a> (throm-BOT-ik throm-bo-cy-toe-PEE-nick PURR-purr-ah). This rare <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> disorder causes blood clots to form in small <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> throughout the body.</div></li></ul><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cell</a> damage also may occur in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">limbs</a> as a result of doing strenuous activities, such as taking part in marathons.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ha-sec3-d3e251"><h4>Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022336" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria</a> (HE-mo-GLO-bih-NYU-re-ah), or PNH, is a disorder in which the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> are faulty due to a lack of certain <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022051" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">proteins</a>. The body destroys these cells more quickly than normal.</p><p>People who have PNH are at increased risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a> and low levels of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022046" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">white blood cells</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ha-sec3-d3e260"><h4>Other Causes of Damage to Red Blood Cells</h4><p>Certain infections and substances also can damage <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> and lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022026" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemolytic anemia</a>. Examples include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">malaria</a> and blackwater <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fever</a>, tick-borne diseases, snake venom, and toxic chemicals.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-names"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-names_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Other Names for Hemolytic Anemia</h2><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Alloimmune <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022026" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemolytic anemia</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Autoimmune <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022026" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemolytic anemia</a> (AIHA)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Drug-induced <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022026" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemolytic anemia</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022906" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Glucose</a>-6-<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022126" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">phosphate</a> dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Hereditary elliptocytosis</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Hereditary ovalocytosis</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Hereditary spherocytosis</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Immune <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022026" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemolytic anemia</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Microangiopathic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022026" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemolytic anemia</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022336" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria</a> (PNH)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Pyruvate kinase deficiency</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-sca/">Sickle cell anemia</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-thalassemia/">Thalassemias</a> </div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes Hemolytic Anemia?</h2><p>The immediate cause of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022026" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemolytic anemia</a> is the early destruction of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>. This means that red blood cells are destroyed and removed from the bloodstream before their normal lifespan is over.</p><p>Many diseases, conditions, and factors can cause the body to destroy its <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>. These causes can be inherited or acquired. "Inherited" means your parents passed the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a> for the condition on to you. "Acquired" means you aren't born with the condition, but you develop it.</p><p>Sometimes, the cause of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022026" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemolytic anemia</a> isn't known.</p><p>For more information about the specific causes of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022026" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemolytic anemia</a>, go to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063009/#nhlbisec-types">"Types of Hemolytic Anemia."</a> </p><div id="nhlbi-ha-sec2-d5e43"><h3>Inherited Hemolytic Anemias</h3><p>In inherited hemolytic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemias</a>, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a> that control how <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> are made are faulty. You can get a faulty <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cell</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a> from one or both of your parents.</p><p>Different types of faulty <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a> cause different types of inherited <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022026" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemolytic anemia</a>. However, in each type, the body makes abnormal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>. The problem with the red blood cells may involve the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027109" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cell membrane</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022049" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">enzymes</a> that maintain healthy red blood cells.</p><p>The abnormal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> may be fragile and break down while moving through the bloodstream. If this happens, an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organ</a> called the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022189" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spleen</a> may remove the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cell</a> debris from the bloodstream.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ha-sec2-d5e55"><h3>Acquired Hemolytic Anemias</h3><p>In acquired hemolytic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemias</a>, the body makes normal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>. However, a disease, condition, or other factor destroys the cells. Examples of conditions that can destroy the red blood cells include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Immune disorders</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Infections</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Reactions to medicines or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bt/">blood transfusions</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Hypersplenism (HI-per-<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022189" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">SPLEEN</a>-izm; an enlarged spleen)</div></li></ul></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-atrisk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-atrisk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is at Risk for Hemolytic Anemia?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022026" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Hemolytic anemia</a> can affect people of all ages and races and both sexes. Some types of hemolytic anemia are more likely to occur in certain populations than others.</p><p>For example, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022906" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">glucose</a>-6-<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022126" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">phosphate</a> dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency mostly affects males of African or Mediterranean descent. In the United States, the condition is more common among African Americans than Caucasians.</p><p>In the United States, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-sca/">sickle cell anemia</a> mainly affects African Americans.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Hemolytic Anemia?</h2><p>The signs and symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022026" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemolytic anemia</a> will depend on the type and severity of the disease.</p><p>People who have mild <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022026" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemolytic anemia</a> often have no signs or symptoms. More severe hemolytic anemia may cause many signs and symptoms, and they may be serious.</p><p>Many of the signs and symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022026" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemolytic anemia</a> apply to all types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-anemia/">anemia</a>.</p><div id="nhlbi-ha-sec2-d7e40"><h3>Signs and Symptoms of Anemia</h3><p>The most common symptom of all types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a> is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fatigue</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tiredness</a>). Fatigue occurs because your body doesn't have enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> to carry <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> to its various parts.</p><p>A low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cell</a> count also can cause shortness of breath, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029722" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">dizziness</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">headache</a>, coldness in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hands</a> and feet, pale <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain.</p><p>A lack of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> also means that your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> has to work harder to move <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich blood through your body. This can lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-arr/">arrhythmias</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">irregular heartbeats</a>), a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartmurmur/">heart murmur</a>, an enlarged heart, or even <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ha-sec2-d7e62"><h3>Signs and Symptoms of Hemolytic Anemia</h3><div id="nhlbi-ha-sec3-d7e65"><h4>Jaundice</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022140" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Jaundice</a> refers to a yellowish color of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> or whites of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eyes</a>. When <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> die, they release <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a> into the bloodstream.</p><p>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a> is broken down into a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023355" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">compound</a> called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022188" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bilirubin</a>, which gives the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eyes</a> a yellowish color. Bilirubin also causes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022162" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">urine</a> to be dark yellow or brown.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ha-sec3-d7e75"><h4>Pain in the Upper Abdomen</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018967" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Gallstones</a> or an enlarged <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022189" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spleen</a> may cause pain in the upper <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022602" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abdomen</a>. High levels of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022188" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bilirubin</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cholesterol</a> (from the breakdown of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>) can form into stones in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015632" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gallbladder</a>. These stones can be painful.</p><p>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022189" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spleen</a> is an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organ</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022602" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abdomen</a> that helps fight <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> and filters out old or damaged <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a>. In <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022026" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemolytic anemia</a>, the spleen may be enlarged, which can be painful.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ha-sec3-d7e84"><h4>Leg Ulcers and Pain</h4><p>In people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-sca/">sickle cell anemia</a>, the sickle-shaped <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> can clog small <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> and block blood flow. This can cause leg sores and pain throughout the body.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ha-sec3-d7e94"><h4>A Severe Reaction to a Blood Transfusion</h4><p>You may develop <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022026" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemolytic anemia</a> due to a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bt/">blood transfusion</a>. This can happen if the transfused <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> is a different blood type than your blood.</p><p>Signs and symptoms of a severe reaction to a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029754" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">transfusion</a> include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fever</a>, chills, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hyp/">low blood pressure</a>, and shock. (Shock is a life-threatening condition that occurs if the body isn't getting enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow.)</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Hemolytic Anemia Diagnosed?</h2><p>Your doctor will diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022026" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemolytic anemia</a> based on your medical and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family histories</a>, a physical exam, and test results.</p><div id="nhlbi-ha-sec2-d8e31"><h3>Specialists Involved</h3><p>Primary care doctors, such as a family doctor or pediatrician, may help diagnose and treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022026" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemolytic anemia</a>. Your primary care doctor also may refer you to a hematologist. This is a doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> diseases and disorders.</p><p>Doctors and clinics that specialize in treating inherited <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> disorders, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-sca/">sickle cell anemia</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-thalassemia/">thalassemias</a>, also may be involved.</p><p>If your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022026" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemolytic anemia</a> is inherited, you may want to consult a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025312" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic counselor</a>. A counselor can help you understand your risk of having a child who has the condition. He or she also can explain the choices that are available to you.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ha-sec2-d8e50"><h3>Medical and Family Histories</h3><p>To find the cause and severity of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022026" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemolytic anemia</a>, your doctor may ask detailed questions about your symptoms, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029841" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">personal medical history</a>, and your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family medical history</a>.</p><p>He or she may ask whether:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>You or anyone in your family has had problems with <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-anemia/">anemia</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>You've recently had any illnesses or medical conditions</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>You take any medicines, and which ones</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>You've been exposed to certain chemicals or substances</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>You have an artificial <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valve</a> or other medical device that could damage your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a></div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-ha-sec2-d8e79"><h3>Physical Exam</h3><p>Your doctor will do a physical exam to check for signs of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022026" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemolytic anemia</a>. He or she will try to find out how severe the condition is and what's causing it.</p><p>The exam may include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Checking for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022140" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">jaundice</a> (a yellowish color of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> or whites of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eyes</a>)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Listening to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> for rapid or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">irregular heartbeats</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Listening for rapid or uneven breathing</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Feeling your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022602" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abdomen</a> to check the size of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022189" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spleen</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Doing a pelvic and rectal exam to check for internal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a></div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-ha-sec2-d8e107"><h3>Diagnostic Tests and Procedures</h3><p>Many tests are used to diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022026" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemolytic anemia</a>. These tests can help confirm a diagnosis, look for a cause, and find out how severe the condition is.</p><div id="nhlbi-ha-sec3-d8e113"><h4>Complete Blood Count</h4><p>Often, the first test used to diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a> is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bdt/#nhlbisec-types">complete blood count</a> (CBC). The CBC measures many parts of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>.</p><p>This test checks your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021986" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hematocrit</a> (hee-MAT-oh-crit) levels. Hemoglobin is an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> that carries <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> to the body. Hematocrit is a measure of how much space red blood cells take up in your blood. A low level of hemoglobin or hematocrit is a sign of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>.</p><p>The normal range of these levels may vary in certain racial and ethnic populations. Your doctor can explain your test results to you.</p><p>The CBC also checks the number of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022046" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">white blood cells</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a> in your blood. Abnormal results may be a sign of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022026" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemolytic anemia</a>, a different blood disorder, an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>, or another condition.</p><p>Finally, the CBC looks at mean corpuscular (kor-<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024835" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">PUS</a>-kyu-lar) volume (MCV). MCV is a measure of the average size of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>. The results may be a clue as to the cause of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ha-sec3-d8e135"><h4>Other Blood Tests</h4><p>If the CBC results confirm that you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>, you may need other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022070" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood tests</a> to find out what type of anemia you have and how severe it is.</p><p>Reticulocyte count. A reticulocyte (re-TIK-u-lo-site) count measures the number of young <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> in your blood. The test shows whether your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> is making red blood cells at the correct rate.</p><p>People who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022026" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemolytic anemia</a> usually have high reticulocyte counts because their <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> is working hard to replace the destroyed <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023155" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Peripheral</a> smear. For this test, your doctor will look at your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> through a microscope. Some types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022026" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemolytic anemia</a> change the normal shape of red blood cells.</p><p>Coombs' test. This test can show whether your body is making <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antibodies</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022051" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">proteins</a>) to destroy <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>.</p><p>Haptoglobin, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022188" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bilirubin</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023074" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver function tests</a>. When <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> break down, they release <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a> into the bloodstream. The hemoglobin combines with a chemical called haptoglobin. A low level of haptoglobin in the bloodstream is a sign of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022026" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemolytic anemia</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Hemoglobin</a> is broken down into a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023355" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">compound</a> called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022188" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bilirubin</a>. High levels of bilirubin in the bloodstream may be a sign of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022026" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemolytic anemia</a>. High levels of this compound also occur with some <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030006" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gallbladder diseases</a>. Thus, you may need <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023074" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver function tests</a> to find out what's causing the high bilirubin levels.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Hemoglobin</a> electrophoresis. This test looks at the different types of hemoglobin in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. It can help diagnose the type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a> you have.</p><p>Testing for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022336" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria</a> (PNH). In PNH, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> are missing certain <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022051" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">proteins</a>. The test for PNH can detect red blood cells that are missing these proteins.</p><p>Osmotic fragility test. This test looks for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> that are more fragile than normal. These cells may be a sign of hereditary spherocytosis (an inherited type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022026" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemolytic anemia</a>).</p><p>Testing for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022906" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">glucose</a>-6-<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022126" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">phosphate</a> dehydrogenase (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023041" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">G6PD deficiency</a>. In G6PD deficiency, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> are missing an important <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022049" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">enzyme</a> called G6PD. The test for G6PD deficiency looks for this enzyme in a sample of blood.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ha-sec3-d8e189"><h4>Urine Test</h4><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022162" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">urine</a> test will look for the presence of free <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a> (a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> that carries <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>) and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">i |
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Hemophilia |
<div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-hemophilia-sec1-d1e36_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Is Hemophilia?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022030" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Hemophilia</a> (heem-o-FILL-ee-ah) is a rare <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> disorder in which the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> doesn't clot normally.</p><p>If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022030" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemophilia</a>, you may bleed for a longer time than others after an injury. You also may bleed inside your body (internally), especially in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">knees</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024901" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ankles</a>, and elbows. This <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> can damage your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissues</a> and may be life threatening.</p><div id="nhlbi-hemophilia-sec2-d1e45"><h3>Overview</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022030" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Hemophilia</a> usually is inherited. "Inherited” means that the disorder is passed from parents to children through <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a>.</p><p>People born with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022030" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemophilia</a> have little or no <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clotting factor</a>. Clotting factor is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> needed for normal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030009" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood clotting</a>. There are several types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clotting factors</a>. These <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022051" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">proteins</a> work with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a> (PLATE-lets) to help the blood clot.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Platelets</a> are small <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cell</a> fragments that form in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a>—a sponge-like <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022807" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bones</a>. Platelets play a major role in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030009" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood clotting</a>. When <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> are injured, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clotting factors</a> help platelets stick together to plug cuts and breaks on the vessels and stop <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>.</p><p>The two main types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022030" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemophilia</a> are A and B. If you have hemophilia A, you're missing or have low levels of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clotting factor</a> VIII (8). About 8 out of 10 people who have hemophilia have type A. If you have hemophilia B, you're missing or have low levels of clotting factor IX (9).</p><p>Rarely, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022030" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemophilia</a> can be acquired. "Acquired” means you aren't born with the disorder, but you develop it during your lifetime. This can happen if your body forms <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antibodies</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022051" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">proteins</a>) that <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024324" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">attack</a> the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clotting factors</a> in your bloodstream. The antibodies can prevent the clotting factors from working.</p><p>This article focuses on inherited <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022030" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemophilia</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hemophilia-sec2-d1e67"><h3>Outlook</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022030" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Hemophilia</a> can be mild, moderate, or severe, depending on how much <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clotting factor</a> is in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. About 7 out of 10 people who have hemophilia A have the severe form of the disorder.</p><p>People who don't have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022030" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemophilia</a> have a factor VIII activity of 100 percent. People who have severe hemophilia A have a factor VIII activity of less than 1 percent.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022030" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Hemophilia</a> usually occurs in males (with rare exceptions). About 1 in 5,000 males are born with hemophilia each year.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-names"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-names_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Other Names for Hemophilia</h2><div id="nhlbi-hemophilia-sec2-d3e28"><h3>Hemophilia A</h3><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Classic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022030" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemophilia</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Factor VIII deficiency</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-hemophilia-sec2-d3e40"><h3>Hemophilia B</h3><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Christmas disease</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Factor IX deficiency</div></li></ul></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes Hemophilia?</h2><p>If you have inherited <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022030" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemophilia</a>, you're born with the disorder. It's caused by a defect in one of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a> that determine how the body makes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood clotting factor</a> VIII or IX. These genes are located on the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025067" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">X chromosomes</a> (KRO-muh-somz).</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025047" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Chromosomes</a> come in pairs. Females have two <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025067" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">X chromosomes</a>, while males have one X and one <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025068" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Y chromosome</a>. Only the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025067" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">X chromosome</a> carries the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a> related to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clotting factors</a>.</p><p>A male who has a faulty <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022030" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemophilia</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a> on his <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025067" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">X chromosome</a> will have hemophilia. A female must have the faulty gene on both of her <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025067" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">X chromosomes</a> to have hemophilia, which is very rare.</p><p>If a female has the faulty <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a> on only one of her <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025067" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">X chromosomes</a>, she is a "<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022030" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemophilia</a> carrier.” Carriers don't have hemophilia, but they can pass the faulty gene to their children.</p><p>Below are two examples of how the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022030" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemophilia</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a> is inherited.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figd4e47" co-legend-rid="figlgndd4e47"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063001/figure/d4e47/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figd4e47" rid-ob="figobd4e47"><img class="small-thumb" src="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063001/bin/hemophilia_01.gif" src-large="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063001/bin/hemophilia_01.jpg" alt="Inheritance Pattern for Hemophilia—Example 1."></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndd4e47"><h4 id="d4e47"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063001/figure/d4e47/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd4e47">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Inheritance Pattern for Hemophilia—Example 1. The image shows one example of how the hemophilia gene is inherited. In this example, the father doesn't have hemophilia (that is, he has two normal chromosomes—X and Y). The mother is a carrier <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063001/figure/d4e47/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd4e47">(more...)</a></p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figd4e60" co-legend-rid="figlgndd4e60"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063001/figure/d4e60/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figd4e60" rid-ob="figobd4e60"><img class="small-thumb" src="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063001/bin/hemophilia_02.gif" src-large="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063001/bin/hemophilia_02.jpg" alt="Inheritance Pattern for Hemophilia—Example 1 Inheritance Pattern for Hemophilia—Example 2."></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndd4e60"><h4 id="d4e60"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063001/figure/d4e60/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd4e60">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Inheritance Pattern for Hemophilia—Example 1 Inheritance Pattern for Hemophilia—Example 2. The image shows one example of how the hemophilia gene is inherited. In this example, the father has hemophilia (that is, his X chromosome is faulty). <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063001/figure/d4e60/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd4e60">(more...)</a></p></div></div><p>Females who are <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022030" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemophilia</a> carriers usually have enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clotting factors</a> from their one normal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025067" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">X chromosome</a> to prevent serious <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> problems. However, up to 50 percent of carriers may have an increased risk of bleeding.</p><p>Very rarely, a girl is born with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022030" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemophilia</a>. This can happen if her father has hemophilia and her mother is a carrier.</p><p>Some males who have the disorder are born to mothers who aren't carriers. In these cases, a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029640" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mutation</a> (random change) occurs in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a> as it is passed to the child.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Hemophilia?</h2><p>The major signs and symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022030" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemophilia</a> are excessive <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> and easy bruising.</p><div id="nhlbi-hemophilia-sec2-d5e31"><h3>Excessive Bleeding</h3><p>The extent of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> depends on how severe the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022030" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemophilia</a> is.</p><p>Children who have mild <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022030" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemophilia</a> may not have signs unless they have excessive <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> from a dental procedure, an accident, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>. Males who have severe hemophilia may bleed heavily after circumcision.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Bleeding</a> can occur on the body's surface (external bleeding) or inside the body (internal bleeding).</p><p>Signs of external <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> may include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Bleeding</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a> from a cut or bite or from cutting or losing a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023261" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tooth</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Nosebleeds for no obvious reason</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Heavy <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> from a minor cut</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Bleeding</a> from a cut that resumes after stopping for a short time</div></li></ul><p>Signs of internal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> may include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022162" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">urine</a> (from <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidneys</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021898" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bladder</a>)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022950" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stool</a> (from <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022247" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">intestines</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a>)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Large bruises (from <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> into the large <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscles</a> of the body)</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-hemophilia-sec2-d5e77"><h3>Bleeding in the Joints</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Bleeding</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">knees</a>, elbows, or other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022450" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">joints</a> is another common form of internal bleeding in people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022030" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemophilia</a>. This bleeding can occur without obvious injury.</p><p>At first, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> causes tightness in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022450" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">joint</a> with no real pain or any visible signs of bleeding. The joint then becomes swollen, hot to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023108" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">touch</a>, and painful to bend.</p><p>Swelling continues as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> continues. Eventually, movement in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022450" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">joint</a> is temporarily lost. Pain can be severe. Joint bleeding that isn't treated quickly can damage the joint.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hemophilia-sec2-d5e90"><h3>Bleeding in the Brain</h3><p>Internal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> is a very serious complication of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022030" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemophilia</a>. It can happen after a simple bump on the head or a more serious injury. The signs and symptoms of bleeding in the brain include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Long-lasting, painful <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">headaches</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027055" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neck pain</a> or stiffness</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Repeated <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024776" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vomiting</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Sleepiness or changes in behavior</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Sudden weakness or clumsiness of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arms</a> or legs or problems walking</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Double vision</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Convulsions</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">seizures</a></div></li></ul></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Hemophilia Diagnosed?</h2><p>If you or your child appears to have a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> problem, your doctor will ask about your personal and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family medical histories</a>. This will reveal whether you or your family members, including women and girls, have bleeding problems. However, some people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022030" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemophilia</a> have no recent <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family history</a> of the disease.</p><p>You or your child also will likely have a physical exam and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022070" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood tests</a> to diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022030" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemophilia</a>. Blood tests are used to find out:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>How long it takes for your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to clot</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Whether your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> has low levels of any <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clotting factors</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Whether any <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clotting factors</a> are completely missing from your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a></div></li></ul><p>The test results will show whether you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022030" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemophilia</a>, what type of hemophilia you have, and how severe it is.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022030" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Hemophilia</a> A and B are classified as mild, moderate, or severe, depending on the amount of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clotting factor</a> VIII or IX in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>.</p><div id="d6e53" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063001/table/d6e53/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__d6e53_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">Mild <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022030" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemophilia</a></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">5–40 percent of normal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clotting factor</a></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">Moderate <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022030" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemophilia</a></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">1–5 percent of normal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clotting factor</a></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">Severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022030" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemophilia</a></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">Less than 1 percent of normal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clotting factor</a></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><p>The severity of symptoms can overlap between the categories. For example, some people who have mild <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022030" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemophilia</a> may have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> problems almost as often or as severe as some people who have moderate hemophilia.</p><p>Severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022030" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemophilia</a> can cause serious <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> problems in babies. Thus, children who have severe hemophilia usually are diagnosed during the first year of life. People who have milder forms of hemophilia may not be diagnosed until they're adults.</p><p>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> problems of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022030" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemophilia</a> A and hemophilia B are the same. Only special <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022070" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood tests</a> can tell which type of the disorder you or your child has. Knowing which type is important because the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> are different.</p><p>Pregnant women who are known <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022030" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemophilia</a> carriers can have the disorder diagnosed in their unborn babies as early as 12 weeks into their <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancies</a>.</p><p>Women who are <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022030" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemophilia</a> carriers also can have "preimplantation diagnosis" to have children who don't have hemophilia.</p><p>For this process, women have their eggs removed and fertilized by <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022595" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sperm</a> in a laboratory. The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028118" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">embryos</a> are then tested for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022030" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemophilia</a>. Only embryos without the disorder are implanted in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022603" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">womb</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Hemophilia Treated?</h2><div id="nhlbi-hemophilia-sec2-d7e28"><h3>Treatment With Replacement Therapy</h3><p>The main <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022030" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemophilia</a> is called replacement <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a>. Concentrates of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clotting factor</a> VIII (for hemophilia A) or clotting factor IX (for hemophilia B) are slowly dripped or injected into a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a>. These <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022198" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infusions</a> help replace the clotting factor that's missing or low.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Clotting factor</a> concentrates can be made from human <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. The blood is treated to prevent the spread of diseases, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027053" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hepatitis</a>. With the current methods of screening and treating donated blood, the risk of getting an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023003" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infectious disease</a> from human <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clotting factors</a> is very small.</p><p>To further reduce the risk, you or your child can take <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clotting factor</a> concentrates that aren't made from human <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. These are called recombinant <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clotting factors</a>. Clotting factors are easy to store, mix, and use at home—it only takes about 15 minutes to receive the factor.</p><p>You may have replacement <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a> on a regular basis to prevent <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>. This is called preventive or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030252" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">prophylactic</a> (PRO-fih-lac-tik) therapy. Or, you may only need replacement therapy to stop bleeding when it occurs. This use of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>, on an as-needed basis, is called demand therapy.</p><p>Demand <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a> is less intensive and expensive than preventive therapy. However, there's a risk that <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> will cause damage before you receive the demand therapy.</p><div id="nhlbi-hemophilia-sec3-d7e50"><h4>Complications of Replacement Therapy</h4><p>Complications of replacement <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a> include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Developing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antibodies</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022051" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">proteins</a>) that <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024324" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">attack</a> the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clotting factor</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Developing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024518" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">viral infections</a> from human <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clotting factors</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Damage to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022450" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">joints</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscles</a>, or other parts of the body resulting from delays in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a></div></li></ul><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Antibodies</a> to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clotting factor</a>. Antibodies can destroy the clotting factor before it has a chance to work. This is a very serious problem. It prevents the main <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022030" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemophilia</a> (replacement <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a>) from working.</p><p>These <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antibodies</a>, also called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025473" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inhibitors</a>, develop in about 20–30 percent of people who have severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022030" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemophilia</a> A. Inhibitors develop in 2–5 percent of people who have hemophilia B.</p><p>When <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antibodies</a> develop, doctors may use larger doses of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clotting factor</a> or try different clotting factor sources. Sometimes the antibodies go away.</p><p>Researchers are studying new ways to deal with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antibodies</a> to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clotting factors</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022086" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Viruses</a> from human <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clotting factors</a>. Clotting factors made from human <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> can carry the viruses that cause HIV/AIDS and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027053" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hepatitis</a>. However, the risk of getting an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023003" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infectious disease</a> from human clotting factors is very small due to:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Careful screening of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> donors</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Testing of donated <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> products</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Treating donated <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> products with a detergent and heat to destroy <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022086" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">viruses</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Vaccinating people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022030" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemophilia</a> for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022975" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hepatitis A</a> and B</div></li></ul><p>Damage to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022450" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">joints</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscles</a>, and other parts of the body. Delays in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> can cause damage such as: </p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Bleeding</a> into a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022450" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">joint</a>. If this happens many times, it can lead to changes in the shape of the joint and impair the joint's function.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Swelling of the membrane around a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022450" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">joint</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Pain, swelling, and redness of a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022450" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">joint</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Pressure on a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022450" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">joint</a> from swelling, which can destroy the joint.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-hemophilia-sec3-d7e124"><h4>Home Treatment With Replacement Therapy</h4><p>You can do both preventive (ongoing) and demand (as-needed) replacement <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a> at home. Many people learn to do the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022198" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infusions</a> at home for their child or for themselves. Home <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> has several advantages:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>You or your child can get quicker <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> when <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> happens. Early treatment lowers the risk of complications.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Fewer visits to the doctor or emergency room are needed.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Home <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> costs less than treatment in a medical care setting.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Home <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> helps children accept treatment and take responsibility for their own health.</div></li></ul><p>Discuss options for home <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> with your doctor or your child's doctor. A doctor or other health care provider can teach you the steps and safety procedures for home treatment. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022030" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Hemophilia</a> treatment centers are another good resource for learning about home treatment (discussed in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063001/#nhlbisec-livingwith">"Living With Hemophilia”</a>).</p><p>Doctors can surgically <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025325" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">implant</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a> access devices to make it easier for you to access a vein for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> with replacement <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a>. These devices can be helpful if treatment occurs often. However, infections can be a problem with these devices. Your doctor can help you decide whether this type of device is right for you or your child.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-hemophilia-sec2-d7e155"><h3>Other Types of Treatment</h3><div id="nhlbi-hemophilia-sec3-d7e158"><h4>Desmopressin</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000537" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Desmopressin</a> (DDAVP) is a man-made <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hormone</a> used to treat people who have mild <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022030" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemophilia</a> A. DDAVP isn't used to treat hemophilia B or severe hemophilia A.</p><p>DDAVP stimulates the release of stored factor VIII and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-vwd/">von Willebrand factor</a>; it also increases the level of these <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022051" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">proteins</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. Von Willebrand factor carries and binds factor VIII, which can then stay in the bloodstream longer.</p><p>DDAVP usually is given by <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022222" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">injection</a> or as nasal spray. Because the effect of this medicine wears off if it's used often, the medicine is given only in certain situations. For example, you may take this medicine prior to dental work or before playing certain sports to prevent or reduce <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hemophilia-sec3-d7e173"><h4>Antifibrinolytic Medicines</h4><p>Antifibrinolytic medicines (including <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0001840" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tranexamic acid</a> and epsilon <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000080" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aminocaproic acid</a>) may be used with replacement <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a>. They're usually given as a pill, and they help keep <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots from breaking down.</p><p>These medicines most often are used before dental work or to treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025667" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nose</a> or mild intestinal bleeding.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hemophilia-sec3-d7e183"><h4>Gene Therapy</h4><p>Researchers are trying to find ways to correct the faulty <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a> that cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022030" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemophilia</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Gene</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a> hasn't yet developed to the point that it's an accepted <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> for hemophilia. However, researchers continue to test gene therapy in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a>.</p><p>For more information, go to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063001/#nhlbisec-trials">"Clinical Trials"</a> section of this article.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hemophilia-sec3-d7e195"><h4>Treatment of a Specific Bleeding Site</h4><p>Pain medicines, steroids, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030138" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">physical therapy</a> may be used to reduce pain and swelling in an affected <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022450" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">joint</a>. Talk with your doctor or pharmacist about which medicines are safe for you to take.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-hemophilia-sec2-d7e202"><h3>Which Treatment Is Best for You?</h3><p>The type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> you or your child receives depends on several things, including how severe the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022030" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemophilia</a> is, the activities you'll be doing, and the dental or medical procedures you'll be having.</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Mild <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022030" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemophilia</a>—Replacement <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a> usually isn't needed for mild hemophilia. Sometimes, though, DDAVP is given to raise the body's level of factor VIII.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Moderate <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022030" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemophilia</a>—You may need replacement <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a> only when <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> occurs or to prevent bleeding that could occur when doing certain activities. Your doctor also may recommend DDAVP prior to having a procedure or doing an activity that increases the risk of bleeding.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022030" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemophilia</a>—You usually need replacement <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a> to prevent <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> that could damage your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022450" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">joints</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscles</a>, or other parts of your body. Typically, replacement therapy is given at home two or three times a week. This preventive therapy usually is started in patients at a young age and may need to continue for life.</div></li></ul><p>For both types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022030" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemophilia</a>, getting quick <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> is important. Quick treatment can limit damage to your body. If you or your child has hemophilia, learn to recognize signs of bleeding.</p><p>Other family members also should learn to watch for signs of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> in a child who has <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022030" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemophilia</a>. Children sometimes ignore signs of bleeding because they want to avoid the discomfort of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-livingwith"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-livingwith_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Living With Hemophilia</h2><p>If you or your child has <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022030" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemophilia</a>, you can take steps to prevent <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> problems. Thanks to improvements in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>, a child who has hemophilia today is likely to live a normal lifespan.</p><div id="nhlbi-hemophilia-sec2-d8e31"><h3>Hemophilia Treatment Centers</h3><p>The Federal Government funds a nationwide network of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022030" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemophilia</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> centers (HTCs). These centers are an important resource for people who have hemophilia and their families.</p><p>The medical experts at HTCs provide <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>, education, and support. They can teach you or your family members how to do home <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a>. Center staff also can provide your doctor with information.</p><p>People who get care at HTCs are less likely than those who get care elsewhere to have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> complications and hospitalizations. They're also more likely to have a better quality of life. This may be due to the centers' emphasis on bleeding prevention and the education and support provided to patients and their caregivers.</p><p>More than 100 federally funded HTCs are located throughout the United States. Many HTCs are located at major university medical and research centers. The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022030" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemophilia</a> teams at these centers include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Nurse coordinators</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Pediatricians (doctors who treat children) and adult and pediatric hematologists (doctors who specialize in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> disorders)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Social workers (who can help with financial issues, transportation, mental health, and other issues)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030138" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Physical therapists</a> and orthopedists (doctors who specialize in disorders of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022807" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bones</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022450" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">joints</a>)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Dentists</div></li></ul><p>To find an HTC located near you, go to the directory of HTCs on the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Web site. Many people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022030" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemophilia</a> go to HTCs for annual checkups, even if it means traveling some distance to do so.</p><p>At an HTC, you or your child may be able to take part in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063001/#nhlbisec-trials">clinical research</a> and benefit from the latest <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022030" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemophilia</a> research findings. The HTC team also will work with your local health care providers to help meet your needs or your child's needs.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hemophilia-sec2-d8e80"><h3>Ongoing Care</h3><p>If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022030" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemophilia</a>, you can take steps to avoid complications. For example:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Follow your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> plan exactly as your doctor prescribes.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Have regular checkups and vaccinations as recommended.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Tell all of your health care providers—such as your doctor, dentist, and pharmacist—that you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022030" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemophilia</a>. You also may want to tell people like your employee health nurse, gym trainer, and sports coach about your condition.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Have regular dental care. Dentists at the HTCs are experts in providing dental care for people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022030" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemophilia</a>. If you see another dentist, tell him or her that you have hemophilia. The dentist can provide medicine that will reduce <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> during dental work.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Know the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063001/#nhlbisec-signs">signs and symptoms</a> of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022450" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">joints</a> and other parts of the body. Know when to call your doctor or go to the emergency room. For example, you'll need care if you have: <ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Heavy <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> that can't be stopped or a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022139" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">wound</a> that continues to ooze <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Any signs or symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>. Such bleeding is life threatening and requires emergency care.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Limited motion, pain, or swelling of any <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022450" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">joint</a>.</div></li></ul> </div></li></ul><p>It's a good idea to keep a record of all previous <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a>. Be sure to take this information with you to medical appointments and to the hospital or emergency room.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hemophilia-sec2-d8e123"><h3>If Your Child Is Diagnosed With Hemophilia</h3><p>You may have emotional, financial, social, or other strains as you adjust to having a child who has <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022030" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemophilia</a>. Learn all you can about the disorder and get the support you need.</p><p>Talk with doctors and other health care providers about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>, prevention of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>, and what to do during an emergency.</p><p>The care teams at HTCs can provide your child with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> and help educate and support you. The social worker on the team can help with emotional issues, financial and transportation problems, and other concerns.</p><p>Seek the many resources available through the Web, books, and other materials, including those provided by national and local <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022030" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemophilia</a> organizations.</p><p>Look into support groups that offer a variety of activities for children who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022030" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemophilia</a> and for family members. Some groups offer summer camps for children who have hemophilia. Ask your doctor, nurse coordinator, or social worker about these groups and camps.</p><p>Challenges will occur as your child grows and becomes more active. In addition to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> and regular health and dental care, your child needs information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022030" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemophilia</a> that he or she can understand.</p><p>Children who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022030" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemophilia</a> also need ongoing support, and they need to be reassured that the condition isn't their fault.</p><p>Young children who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022030" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemophilia</a> need extra protection from things in the home and elsewhere that could cause injuries and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Protect toddlers with kneepads, elbow pads, and protective helmets. All children should wear safety helmets when riding tricycles or bicycles.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Be sure to use the safety belts and straps in highchairs, car seats, and strollers to protect your child from <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029705" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">falls</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Remove furniture with sharp corners or pad them while your child is a toddler.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Keep out of reach or locked away small and sharp objects and other items that could cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> or harm.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Check play equipment and outdoor play areas for possible hazards.</div></li></ul><p>You also should learn how to examine your child for and recognize signs of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>. Learn to prepare for bleeding episodes when they occur. Keep a cold pack in the freezer ready to use as directed or to take along with you to treat bumps and bruises.</p><p>Popsicles work fine when there is minor <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a>. You also might want to keep a bag ready to go with items you'll need if you must take your child to the emergency room or elsewhere.</p><p>Be sure that anyone who is responsible for your child knows that he or she has <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022030" ref="pagearea=body&targetsi |
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High Blood Cholesterol |
<div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-hbc-sec1-d1e34_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Is Cholesterol?</h2><p>To understand <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022430" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood cholesterol</a> (ko-LES-ter-ol), it helps to learn about cholesterol. Cholesterol is a waxy, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fat</a>-like substance that’s found in all <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> of the body.</p><p>Your body needs some <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cholesterol</a> to make <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hormones</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0001921" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin D</a>, and substances that help you digest foods. Your body makes all the cholesterol it needs. However, cholesterol also is found in some of the foods you eat.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Cholesterol</a> travels through your bloodstream in small packages called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022294" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lipoproteins</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024368" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lip</a>-o-PRO-teens). These packages are made of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fat</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022016" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lipid</a>) on the inside and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022051" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">proteins</a> on the outside.</p><p>Two kinds of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022294" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lipoproteins</a> carry <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cholesterol</a> throughout your body: low-density lipoproteins (LDL) and high-density lipoproteins (HDL). Having healthy levels of both types of lipoproteins is important.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022292" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">LDL cholesterol</a> sometimes is called “bad” cholesterol. A high LDL level leads to a buildup of cholesterol in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>. (Arteries are <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> that carry blood from your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> to your body.)</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022291" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">HDL cholesterol</a> sometimes is called “good” cholesterol. This is because it carries cholesterol from other parts of your body back to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver</a>. Your liver removes the cholesterol from your body.</p><div id="nhlbi-hbc-sec2-d1e56"><h3>What Is High Blood Cholesterol?</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022430" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">High blood cholesterol</a> is a condition in which you have too much cholesterol in your blood. By itself, the condition usually has no signs or symptoms. Thus, many people don’t know that their cholesterol levels are too high.</p><p>People who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022430" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood cholesterol</a> have a greater chance of getting <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">coronary heart disease</a>, also called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021983" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary artery disease</a>. (In this article, the term “<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease” refers to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021983" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary heart disease</a>.)</p><p>The higher the level of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022292" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">LDL cholesterol</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>, the GREATER your chance is of getting <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease. The higher the level of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022291" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">HDL cholesterol</a> in your blood, the LOWER your chance is of getting heart disease.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021983" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Coronary heart disease</a> is a condition in which <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> (plak) builds up inside the coronary (heart) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>. Plaque is made up of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cholesterol</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fat</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022775" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">calcium</a>, and other substances found in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. When plaque builds up in the arteries, the condition is called <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-atherosclerosis/">atherosclerosis</a> (ATH-er-o-skler-O-sis).</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023229" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Atherosclerosis</a></p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figd1e81" co-legend-rid="figlgndd1e81"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063067/figure/d1e81/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figd1e81" rid-ob="figobd1e81"><img class="small-thumb" src="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063067/bin/atherosclerosis_2011.gif" src-large="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063067/bin/atherosclerosis_2011.jpg" alt="Figure A shows the location of the heart in the body"></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndd1e81"><h4 id="d1e81"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063067/figure/d1e81/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd1e81">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Figure A shows the location of the heart in the body. Figure B shows a normal coronary artery with normal blood flow. The inset image shows a cross-section of a normal coronary artery. Figure C shows a coronary artery narrowed by plaque. The buildup of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063067/figure/d1e81/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd1e81">(more...)</a></p></div></div><p>Over time, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> hardens and narrows your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a>. This limits the flow of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>.</p><p>Eventually, an area of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> can <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rupture</a> (break open). This causes a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clot to form on the surface of the plaque. If the clot becomes large enough, it can mostly or completely block blood flow through a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary artery</a>.</p><p>If the flow of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a> is reduced or blocked, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-angina/">angina</a> (an-JI-nuh or AN-juh-nuh) or a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a> may occur.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Angina</a> is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain or discomfort. It may feel like pressure or squeezing in your chest. The pain also may occur in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022435" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">shoulders</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arms</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027054" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neck</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030529" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">jaw</a>, or back. Angina pain may even feel like <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">indigestion</a>.</p><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a> occurs if the flow of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to a section of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a> is cut off. If blood flow isn’t restored quickly, the section of heart muscle begins to die. Without quick <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>, a heart attack can lead to serious problems or death.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Plaque</a> also can build up in other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> in your body, such as the arteries that bring <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">limbs</a>. This can lead to problems such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-catd/">carotid artery disease</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stroke/">stroke</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pad/">peripheral arterial disease</a> (P.A.D.).</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hbc-sec2-d1e121"><h3>Outlook</h3><p>Lowering your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cholesterol</a> may slow, reduce, or even stop the buildup of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>. It also may reduce the risk of plaque <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rupturing</a> and causing dangerous <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figd1e128" co-legend-rid="figlgndd1e128"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063067/figure/d1e128/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figd1e128" rid-ob="figobd1e128"><img class="small-thumb" src="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063067/bin/cholesterol_infographic_rev.gif" src-large="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063067/bin/cholesterol_infographic_rev.jpg" alt="The image focuses on high cholesterol in women and explains how high cholesterol increases the risk of developing heart disease"></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndd1e128"><h4 id="d1e128"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063067/figure/d1e128/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd1e128">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">The image focuses on high cholesterol in women and explains how high cholesterol increases the risk of developing heart disease. An estimated 1 in 2 women has high or borderline high cholesterol. The image also lists the ranges of total cholesterol numbers <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063067/figure/d1e128/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd1e128">(more...)</a></p></div></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-names"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-names_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Other Names for High Blood Cholesterol</h2><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022430" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Hypercholesterolemia</a> (HI-per-ko-LES-ter-ol-E-me-ah)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022429" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Hyperlipidemia</a> (HI-per-<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024368" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lip</a>-ih-DE-me-ah)</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes High Blood Cholesterol?</h2><p>Many factors can affect the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cholesterol</a> levels in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. You can control some factors, but not others.</p><div id="nhlbi-hbc-sec2-d4e31"><h3>Factors You Can Control</h3><div id="nhlbi-hbc-sec3-d4e34"><h4>Diet</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Cholesterol</a> is found in foods that come from animal sources, such as egg yolks, meat, and cheese. Some foods have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015646" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fats</a> that raise your cholesterol level.</p><p>For example, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018272" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">saturated fat</a> raises your low-density <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022294" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lipoprotein</a> (LDL) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cholesterol</a> level more than anything else in your diet. Saturated fat is found in some meats, dairy products, chocolate, baked goods, and deep-fried and processed foods.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022582" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Trans fatty acids</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022582" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">trans fats</a>) raise your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022292" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">LDL cholesterol</a> and lower your high-density <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022294" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lipoprotein</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022291" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">HDL cholesterol</a>. Trans fats are made when hydrogen is added to vegetable <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023011" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oil</a> to harden it. Trans fats are found in some fried and processed foods.</p><p>Limiting foods with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cholesterol</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018272" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">saturated fat</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022582" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">trans fats</a> can help you control your cholesterol levels.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hbc-sec3-d4e64"><h4>Physical Activity and Weight</h4><p>Lack of physical activity can lead to weight gain. Being <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-obe/">overweight</a> tends to raise your LDL level, lower your HDL level, and increase your total <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cholesterol</a> level. (Total cholesterol is a measure of the total amount of cholesterol in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>, including LDL and HDL.)</p><p>Routine <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-phys/">physical activity</a> can help you lose weight and lower your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022292" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">LDL cholesterol</a>. Being physically active also can help you raise your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022291" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">HDL cholesterol</a> level.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-hbc-sec2-d4e80"><h3>Factors You Can’t Control</h3><div id="nhlbi-hbc-sec3-d4e83"><h4>Heredity</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022430" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">High blood cholesterol</a> can run in families. An inherited condition called familial <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022430" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypercholesterolemia</a> causes very high <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022292" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">LDL cholesterol</a>. (“Inherited” means the condition is passed from parents to children through <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a>.) This condition begins at birth, and it may cause a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a> at an early age.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hbc-sec3-d4e95"><h4>Age and Sex</h4><p>Starting at puberty, men often have lower levels of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022291" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">HDL cholesterol</a> than women. As women and men age, their <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022292" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">LDL cholesterol</a> levels often rise. Before age 55, women usually have lower LDL cholesterol levels than men. However, after age 55, women can have higher LDL levels than men.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of High Blood Cholesterol?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022430" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">High blood cholesterol</a> usually has no signs or symptoms. Thus, many people don't know that their cholesterol levels are too high.</p><p>If you're 20 years old or older, have your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cholesterol</a> levels checked at least once every 5 years. Talk with your doctor about how often you should be tested.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is High Blood Cholesterol Diagnosed?</h2><p>Your doctor will diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022430" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood cholesterol</a> by checking the cholesterol levels in your blood. A <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bdt/">blood test</a> called a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022294" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lipoprotein</a> panel can measure your cholesterol levels. Before the test, you’ll need to fast (not eat or drink anything but water) for 9 to 12 hours.</p><p>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022294" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lipoprotein</a> panel will give your doctor information about your:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Total <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cholesterol</a>. Total cholesterol is a measure of the total amount of cholesterol in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>, including low-density <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022294" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lipoprotein</a> (LDL) cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022291" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">HDL cholesterol</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022292" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">LDL cholesterol</a>. LDL, or “bad,” cholesterol is the main source of cholesterol buildup and blockages in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022291" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">HDL cholesterol</a>. HDL, or “good,” cholesterol helps remove cholesterol from your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022017" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Triglycerides</a> (tri-GLIH-seh-rides). Triglycerides are a type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fat</a> found in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. Some studies suggest that a high level of triglycerides in the blood may raise the risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">coronary heart disease</a>, especially in women.</div></li></ul><p>If it’s not possible to have a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022294" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lipoprotein</a> panel, knowing your total <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cholesterol</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022291" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">HDL cholesterol</a> can give you a general idea about your cholesterol levels.</p><p>Testing for total and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022291" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">HDL cholesterol</a> does not require fasting. If your total cholesterol is 200 mg/dL or more, or if your HDL cholesterol is less than 40 mg/dL, your doctor will likely recommend that you have a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022294" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lipoprotein</a> panel. (Cholesterol is measured as milligrams (mg) of cholesterol per deciliter (dL) of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>.)</p><p>The tables below show total, LDL, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022291" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">HDL cholesterol</a> levels and their corresponding categories. See how your cholesterol numbers compare to the numbers in the tables below.</p><div id="d6e65" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063067/table/d6e65/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__d6e65_lrgtbl__"><table cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><th id="hd_b_d6e65_1_1_1_1" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Total <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Cholesterol</a> Level</th><th id="hd_b_d6e65_1_1_1_2" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Total <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Cholesterol</a> Category</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_b_d6e65_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Less than 200 mg/dL</td><td headers="hd_b_d6e65_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Desirable</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_b_d6e65_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">200–239 mg/dL</td><td headers="hd_b_d6e65_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Borderline high</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_b_d6e65_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">240 mg/dL and higher</td><td headers="hd_b_d6e65_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">High</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div id="d6e109" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063067/table/d6e109/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__d6e109_lrgtbl__"><table cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><th id="hd_b_d6e109_1_1_1_1" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022292" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">LDL Cholesterol</a> Level</th><th id="hd_b_d6e109_1_1_1_2" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022292" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">LDL Cholesterol</a> Category</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_b_d6e109_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Less than 100 mg/dL</td><td headers="hd_b_d6e109_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Optimal</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_b_d6e109_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">100–129 mg/dL</td><td headers="hd_b_d6e109_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Near optimal/above optimal</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_b_d6e109_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">130–159 mg/dL</td><td headers="hd_b_d6e109_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Borderline high</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_b_d6e109_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">160–189 mg/dL</td><td headers="hd_b_d6e109_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">High</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_b_d6e109_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">190 mg/dL and higher</td><td headers="hd_b_d6e109_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very high</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div id="d6e173" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063067/table/d6e173/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__d6e173_lrgtbl__"><table cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><th id="hd_b_d6e173_1_1_1_1" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022291" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">HDL Cholesterol</a> Level</th><th id="hd_b_d6e173_1_1_1_2" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022291" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">HDL Cholesterol</a> Category</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_b_d6e173_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Less than 40 mg/dL</td><td headers="hd_b_d6e173_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">A major risk factor for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_b_d6e173_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">40–59 mg/dL</td><td headers="hd_b_d6e173_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">The higher, the better</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_b_d6e173_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">60 mg/dL and higher</td><td headers="hd_b_d6e173_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Considered protective against <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022017" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Triglycerides</a> also can raise your risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease. If your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022017" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">triglyceride</a> level is borderline high (150–199 mg/dL) or high (200 mg/dL or higher), you may need <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>.</p><p>Factors that can raise your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022017" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">triglyceride</a> level include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">Overweight and obesity</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Lack of physical activity</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Cigarette <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">smoking</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Excessive alcohol use</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A very high <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023301" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carbohydrate</a> diet</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Certain diseases and medicines</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Some <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022031" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic</a> disorders </div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is High Blood Cholesterol Treated?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022430" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">High blood cholesterol</a> is treated with lifestyle changes and medicines. The main goal of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> is to lower your low-density <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022294" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lipoprotein</a> (LDL) cholesterol level enough to reduce your risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">coronary heart disease</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a>, and other related health problems.</p><p>Your risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a> goes up as your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022292" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">LDL cholesterol</a> level rises and your number of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hd/">heart disease risk factors</a> increases.</p><p>Some people are at high risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> attacks because they already have heart disease. Other people are at high risk for heart disease because they have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a> or more than one heart disease risk factor.</p><p>Talk with your doctor about lowering your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cholesterol</a> and your risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease. Also, check the list to find out whether you have risk factors that affect your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022292" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">LDL cholesterol</a> goal:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Cigarette <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">smoking</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">High blood pressure</a> (140/90 mmHg or higher), or you’re on medicine to treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood pressure</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Low high-density <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022294" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lipoprotein</a> (HDL) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cholesterol</a> (less than 40 mg/dL)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Family history</a> of early <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease (heart disease in father or brother before age 55; heart disease in mother or sister before age 65)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Age (men 45 years or older; women 55 years or older)</div></li></ul><p>You can use the NHLBI 10-Year Risk Calculator to find your risk score. The score, given as a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030538" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">percentage</a>, refers to your chance of having a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a> in the next 10 years.</p><p>Based on your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029840" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">medical history</a>, number of risk factors, and risk score, figure out your risk of getting <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease or having a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a> using the table below.</p><div id="d7e84" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063067/table/d7e84/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__d7e84_lrgtbl__"><table cellpadding="6" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><th id="hd_b_d7e84_1_1_1_1" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">If You Have</th><th id="hd_b_d7e84_1_1_1_2" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">You Are in Category</th><th id="hd_b_d7e84_1_1_1_3" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Your LDL Goal Is</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_b_d7e84_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a> disease, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>, or a risk score higher than 20%</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e84_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">I. High risk*</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e84_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Less than 100 mg/dL</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_b_d7e84_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Two or more risk factors and a risk score of 10–20%</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e84_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">II. Moderately high risk</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e84_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Less than 130 mg/dL</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_b_d7e84_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Two or more risk factors and a risk score lower than 10%</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e84_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">III. Moderate risk</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e84_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Less than 130 mg/dL</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_b_d7e84_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">One or no risk factors</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e84_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">IV. Low to moderate risk</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e84_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Less than 160 mg/dL</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><p>After following the above steps, you should have an idea about your risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>. The two main ways to lower your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cholesterol</a> (and, thus, your heart disease risk) include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/chol/chol_tlc.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Therapeutic Lifestyle Changes (TLC)</a>. TLC is a three-part program that includes a healthy diet, weight management, and physical activity. TLC is for anyone whose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022292" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">LDL cholesterol</a> level is above goal.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Medicines. If <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cholesterol</a>-lowering medicines are needed, they’re used with the TLC program to help lower your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022292" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">LDL cholesterol</a> level.</div></li></ul><p>Your doctor will set your LDL goal. The higher your risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease, the lower he or she will set your LDL goal. Using the following guide, you and your doctor can create a plan for treating your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022430" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood cholesterol</a>.</p><p>Category I, high risk, your LDL goal is less than 100 mg/dL.*</p><div id="d7e179" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063067/table/d7e179/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__d7e179_lrgtbl__"><table cellpadding="6" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><th id="hd_b_d7e179_1_1_1_1" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Your LDL Level</th><th id="hd_b_d7e179_1_1_1_2" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatment</a></th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_b_d7e179_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">If your LDL level is 100 or higher</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e179_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">You will need to begin the <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/chol/chol_tlc.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">TLC</a> diet and take medicines as prescribed.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_b_d7e179_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Even if your LDL level is below 100</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e179_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">You should follow the TLC diet to keep your LDL level as low as possible.</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><p>Category II, moderately high risk, your LDL goal is less than 130 mg/dL</p><div id="d7e222" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063067/table/d7e222/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__d7e222_lrgtbl__"><table cellpadding="6" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><th id="hd_b_d7e222_1_1_1_1" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Your LDL Level</th><th id="hd_b_d7e222_1_1_1_2" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatment</a></th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_b_d7e222_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">If your LDL level is 130 mg/dL or higher</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e222_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">You will need to begin the <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/chol/chol_tlc.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">TLC</a> diet.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_b_d7e222_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">If your LDL level is 130 mg/dL or higher after 3 months on the TLC diet</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e222_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">You may need medicines along with the TLC diet.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_b_d7e222_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">If your LDL level is less than 130 mg/dL</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e222_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">You will need to follow a <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/other/your_guide/healthyheart.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri"> heart healthy diet</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><p>Category III, moderate risk, your LDL goal is less than 130 mg/dL.</p><div id="d7e275" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063067/table/d7e275/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__d7e275_lrgtbl__"><table cellpadding="6" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><th id="hd_b_d7e275_1_1_1_1" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Your LDL Level</th><th id="hd_b_d7e275_1_1_1_2" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatment</a></th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_b_d7e275_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">If your LDL level is 130 mg/dL or higher</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e275_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">You will need to begin the <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/chol/chol_tlc.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">TLC</a> diet.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_b_d7e275_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">If your LDL level is 160 mg/dL or higher after 3 months on the TLC diet</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e275_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">You may need medicines along with the TLC diet.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_b_d7e275_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">If your LDL level is less than 130 mg/dL</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e275_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">You will need to follow a <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/other/your_guide/healthyheart.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri"> heart healthy diet</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><p>Category IV, low to moderate risk, your LDL goal is less than 160 mg/dL.</p><div id="d7e328" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063067/table/d7e328/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__d7e328_lrgtbl__"><table cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><th id="hd_b_d7e328_1_1_1_1" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Your LDL Level</th><th id="hd_b_d7e328_1_1_1_2" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatment</a></th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_b_d7e328_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">If your LDL level is 160 mg/dL or higher</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e328_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">You will need to begin the <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/chol/chol_tlc.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">TLC</a> diet.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_b_d7e328_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">If your LDL level is 160 mg/dL or higher after 3 months on the TLC diet</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e328_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">You may need medicines along with the TLC diet.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_b_d7e328_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">If your LDL level is less than 160 mg/dL</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e328_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">You will need to follow a <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/other/your_guide/healthyheart.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri"> heart healthy diet</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div id="nhlbi-hbc-sec2-d7e381"><h3>Lowering Cholesterol Using Therapeutic Lifestyle Changes</h3><p>TLC is a set of lifestyle changes that can help you lower your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022292" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">LDL cholesterol</a>. The main parts of the TLC program are a healthy diet, weight management, and physical activity.</p><div id="nhlbi-hbc-sec3-d7e387"><h4>The TLC Diet</h4><p>With the TLC diet, less than 7 percent of your daily calories should come from <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018272" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">saturated fat</a>. This kind of fat is found in some meats, dairy products, chocolate, baked goods, and deep-fried and processed foods.</p><p>No more than 25 to 35 percent of your daily calories should come from all <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015646" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fats</a>, including saturated, trans, monounsaturated, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015653" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">polyunsaturated fats</a>.</p><p>You also should have less than 200 mg a day of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cholesterol</a>. The amounts of cholesterol and the types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fat</a> in prepared foods can be found on the foods' Nutrition Facts labels.</p><p>Foods high in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027813" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">soluble</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022148" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fiber</a> also are part of the TLC diet. They help prevent the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022855" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">digestive tract</a> from absorbing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cholesterol</a>. These foods include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Whole-grain cereals such as oatmeal and oat bran</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Fruits such as apples, bananas, oranges, pears, and prunes</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Legumes such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidney</a> beans, lentils, chick peas, black-eyed peas, and lima beans</div></li></ul><p>A diet rich in fruits and vegetables can increase important <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cholesterol</a>-lowering <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023355" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">compounds</a> in your diet. These compounds, called plant stanols or sterols, work like <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027813" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">soluble</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022148" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fiber</a>.</p><p>A healthy diet also includes some types of fish, such as salmon, tuna (canned or fresh), and mackerel. These fish are a good source of omega-3 <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030292" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fatty acids</a>. These acids may help protect the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> from <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022625" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inflammation</a> and reduce the risk of <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/heartattack/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri"> heart attack</a>. Try to have about two fish meals every week.</p><p>You also should try to limit the amount of sodium (salt) that you eat. This means choosing low-salt and "no added salt" foods and seasonings at the table or while cooking. The Nutrition Facts label on food packaging shows the amount of sodium in the item.</p><p>Try to limit drinks with alcohol. Too much alcohol will raise your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022017" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">triglyceride</a> level. (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022017" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Triglycerides</a> are a type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fat</a> found in the blood.) Alcohol also adds extra calories, which will cause weight gain.</p><p>Men should have no more than two drinks containing alcohol a day. Women should have no more than one drink containing alcohol a day. One drink is a glass of wine, beer, or a small amount of hard liquor.</p><p>For more information about TLC, go to the National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute’s (NHLBI’s) <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/chol/chol_tlc.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">"Your Guide to Lowering Your Cholesterol With TLC."</a> </p></div><div id="nhlbi-hbc-sec3-d7e442"><h4>Weight Management</h4><p>If you’re <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-obe/">overweight or obese</a>, losing weight can help lower <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022292" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">LDL cholesterol</a>. Maintaining a healthy weight is especially important if you have a condition called <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ms/">metabolic syndrome</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024493" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Metabolic syndrome</a> is the name for a group of risk factors that raise your risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease and other health problems, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stroke/">stroke</a>.</p><p>The five metabolic risk factors are a large waistline (abdominal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">obesity</a>), a high <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022017" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">triglyceride</a> level, a low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022291" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">HDL cholesterol</a> level, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood pressure</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood sugar</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024493" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Metabolic syndrome</a> is diagnosed if you have at least three of these metabolic risk factors.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hbc-sec3-d7e464"><h4>Physical Activity</h4><p>Routine physical activity can lower <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022292" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">LDL cholesterol</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022017" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">triglycerides</a> and raise your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022291" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">HDL cholesterol</a> level.</p><p>People gain health benefits from as little as 60 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic activity per week. The more active you are, the more you will benefit.</p><p>For more information about physical activity, go to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services' "2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans," the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-phys/">Physical Activity and Your Heart</a> article, and the NHLBI's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/obesity/phy_active.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri"> "Your Guide to Physical Activity and Your Heart."</a> </p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-hbc-sec2-d7e484"><h3>Cholesterol-Lowering Medicines</h3><p>In addition to lifestyle changes, your doctor may prescribe medicines to help lower your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cholesterol</a>. Even with medicines, you should continue the TLC program.</p><p>Medicines can help control <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022430" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood cholesterol</a>, but they don’t cure it. Thus, you must continue taking your medicine to keep your cholesterol level in the recommended range.</p><p>The five major types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cholesterol</a>-lowering medicines are statins, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022186" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bile</a> acid sequestrants (seh-KWES-trants), nicotinic (nick-o-TIN-ick) acid, fibrates, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0010248" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ezetimibe</a>.</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Statins work well at lowering <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022292" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">LDL cholesterol</a>. These medicines are safe for most people. Rare side effects include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscle</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver</a> problems.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022186" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Bile</a> acid sequestrants also help lower <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022292" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">LDL cholesterol</a>. These medicines usually aren’t prescribed as the only medicine to lower cholesterol. Sometimes they’re prescribed with statins.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Nicotinic acid lowers <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022292" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">LDL cholesterol</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022017" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">triglycerides</a> and raises <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022291" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">HDL cholesterol</a>. You should only use this type of medicine with a doctor’s supervision.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Fibrates lower <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022017" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">triglycerides</a>, and they may raise <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022291" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">HDL cholesterol</a>. When used with statins, fibrates may increase the risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscle</a> problems.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0010248" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Ezetimibe</a> lowers <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022292" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">LDL cholesterol</a>. This medicine works by blocking the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022247" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">intestine</a> from absorbing cholesterol.</div></li></ul><p>While you’re being treated for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022430" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood cholesterol</a>, you’ll need ongoing care. Your doctor will want to make sure your cholesterol levels are controlled. He or she also will want to check for other health problems.</p><p>If needed, your doctor may prescribe medicines for other health problems. Take all medicines exactly as your doctor prescribes. The combination of medicines may lower your risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>.</p><p>While trying to manage your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=ent |
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High Blood Pressure |
<div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-hbp-sec1-d1e38_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Is High Blood Pressure?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">High blood pressure</a> (HBP) is a serious condition that can lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">coronary heart disease</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stroke/">stroke</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidney failure</a>, and other health problems.</p><p>"<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood pressure</a>" is the force of blood pushing against the walls of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> as the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> pumps blood. If this pressure rises and stays high over time, it can damage the body in many ways.</p><div id="nhlbi-hbp-sec2-d1e59"><h3>Overview</h3><p>About 1 in 3 adults in the United States has HBP. The condition itself usually has no signs or symptoms. You can have it for years without knowing it. During this time, though, HBP can damage your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidneys</a>, and other parts of your body.</p><p>Knowing your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> numbers is important, even when you're feeling fine. If your blood pressure is normal, you can work with your health care team to keep it that way. If your blood pressure is too high, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> may help prevent damage to your body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a>.</p><div id="nhlbi-hbp-sec3-d1e69"><h4>Blood Pressure Numbers</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood pressure</a> is measured as systolic (sis-TOL-ik) and diastolic (di-ah-STOL-ik) pressures. "Systolic" refers to blood pressure when the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> beats while pumping blood. "Diastolic" refers to blood pressure when the heart is at rest between beats.</p><p>You most often will see <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> numbers written with the systolic number above or before the diastolic number, such as 120/80 mmHg. (The mmHg is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030527" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">millimeters of mercury</a>—the units used to measure blood pressure.)</p><p>The table below shows normal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> numbers for adults. It also shows which numbers put you at greater risk for health problems.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-hbp-sec2-d1e81"><h3>Categories for Blood Pressure Levels in Adults (measured in millimeters of mercury, or mmHg)</h3><div id="d1e85" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062996/table/d1e85/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__d1e85_lrgtbl__"><table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2"><tbody><tr><th id="cat" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Category</th><th id="sys" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Systolic (top number)</th><th id="andor" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;"> </th><th id="dias" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Diastolic (bottom number)</th></tr><tr><th id="norm" content-type="nobold" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Normal</th><td headers="norm sys" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Less than 120</td><td headers="norm andor" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;"> And</td><td headers="norm dias" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Less than 80</td></tr><tr><th id="pre" content-type="nobold" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"> Prehypertension</th><td headers="pre" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">120–139</td><td headers="pre" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;"> Or</td><td headers="pre" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">80–89</td></tr><tr><th id="hbp" content-type="nobold" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">High blood pressure</a></th><td headers="hbp" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;"> </td><td headers="hbp" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;"> </td><td headers="hbp" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;"> </td></tr><tr><th id="s1" content-type="nobold" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"> Stage 1</th><td headers="s1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">140–159</td><td headers="s1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;"> Or</td><td headers="s1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">90–99</td></tr><tr><th id="s2" content-type="nobold" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"> Stage 2</th><td headers="s2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">160 or higher</td><td headers="s2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;"> Or</td><td headers="s2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">100 or higher</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><p>The ranges in the table apply to most adults (aged 18 and older) who don't have short-term serious illnesses.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood pressure</a> doesn't stay the same all the time. It lowers as you <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> and rises when you wake up. Blood pressure also rises when you're excited, nervous, or active. If your numbers stay above normal most of the time, you're at risk for health problems. The risk grows as blood pressure numbers rise. "Prehypertension" means you may end up with HBP, unless you take steps to prevent it.</p><p>If you're being treated for HBP and have repeat readings in the normal range, your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> is under control. However, you still have the condition. You should see your doctor and follow your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> plan to keep your blood pressure under control.</p><p>Your systolic and diastolic numbers may not be in the same <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> category. In this case, the more severe category is the one you're in. For example, if your systolic number is 160 and your diastolic number is 80, you have stage 2 HBP. If your systolic number is 120 and your diastolic number is 95, you have stage 1 HBP.</p><p>If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028183" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic kidney disease</a>, HBP is defined as 130/80 mmHg or higher. HBP numbers also differ for children and teens. (For more information, go to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062996/#nhlbisec-diagnosis">"How Is High Blood Pressure Diagnosed?"</a>)</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hbp-sec2-d1e213"><h3>Outlook</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood pressure</a> tends to rise with age. Following a healthy lifestyle helps some people delay or prevent this rise in blood pressure.</p><p>People who have HBP can take steps to control it and reduce their risk for related health problems. Key steps include following a healthy lifestyle, having ongoing medical care, and following your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> plan.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figd1e222" co-legend-rid="figlgndd1e222"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062996/figure/d1e222/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figd1e222" rid-ob="figobd1e222"><img class="small-thumb" src="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062996/bin/infographics_blood_pressure_rev.gif" src-large="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062996/bin/infographics_blood_pressure_rev.jpg" alt="The image focuses on high blood pressure in women and explains how high blood pressure increases the risk of heart disease"></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndd1e222"><h4 id="d1e222"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062996/figure/d1e222/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd1e222">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">The image focuses on high blood pressure in women and explains how high blood pressure increases the risk of heart disease. An estimated 1 in 3 women has high blood pressure, and the condition is dangerous because it often causes no symptoms. The image <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062996/figure/d1e222/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd1e222">(more...)</a></p></div></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-names"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-names_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Other Names for High Blood Pressure</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">High blood pressure</a> (HBP) also is called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypertension</a> (HI-per-TEN-shun).</p><p>When HBP has no known cause, it might be called essential <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypertension</a>, primary hypertension, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022069" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">idiopathic</a> (id-ee-o-PATH-ick) hypertension.</p><p>When another condition causes HBP, it's sometimes called secondary <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypertension</a>.</p><p>Some people only have high systolic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a>. This condition is called isolated systolic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypertension</a> (ISH). Many older adults have this condition. ISH can cause as much harm as HBP in which both numbers are too high.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes High Blood Pressure?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood pressure</a> tends to rise with age, unless you take steps to prevent or control it.</p><p>Some medical problems—such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028183" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic kidney disease</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029359" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thyroid disease</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-sleepapnea/">sleep apnea</a>—may cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> to rise. Some medicines also may raise your blood pressure. Examples include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a> medicines (for example, corticosteroids) and cold-relief products.</p><p>Other medicines also can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood pressure</a> (HBP). If you have HBP, let your doctor know about all of the medicines you take, including over-the-counter products.</p><p>In some women, birth control pills, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hormone</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a> (HT) may cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> to rise.</p><p>Women taking birth control pills usually have a small rise in both systolic and diastolic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> pressures. If you already have HBP and want to use birth control pills, make sure your doctor knows about your HBP. Talk with him or her about how often you should have your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> checked and how to control it while taking the pill.</p><p>Taking HT to reduce the symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023140" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">menopause</a> can cause a small rise in systolic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a>. If you already have HBP and want to start using HT, talk with your doctor about the risks and benefits. If you decide to take <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hormones</a>, find out how to control your blood pressure and how often you should have it checked.</p><p>Children younger than 10 years old who have HBP often have another condition that's causing it (such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028181" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidney disease</a>). Treating the underlying condition may resolve the HBP.</p><p>The older a child is when HBP is diagnosed, the more likely he or she is to have essential <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypertension</a>. This means that doctors don't know what's causing the HBP.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-atrisk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-atrisk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is at Risk for High Blood Pressure?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">High blood pressure</a> (HBP) is a common condition. In the United States, about 1 in 3 adults has HBP.</p><p>Certain traits, conditions, and habits can raise your risk for HBP. The major risk factors for HBP are described below.</p><div id="nhlbi-hbp-sec2-d5e34"><h3>Older Age</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood pressure</a> tends to rise with age. About 65 percent of Americans aged 60 or older have HBP.</p><p>Isolated systolic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypertension</a> (ISH) is the most common form of HBP in older adults. ISH occurs when only systolic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> (the top number) is high. About 2 out of 3 people over age 60 with HBP have ISH.</p><p>HBP doesn't have to be a routine part of aging. You can take steps to keep your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> at a normal level. (For more information, go to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062996/#nhlbisec-treatment">"How Is High Blood Pressure Treated?"</a>)</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hbp-sec2-d5e50"><h3>Race/Ethnicity</h3><p>HBP can affect anyone. However, it's more common in African American adults than in Caucasian or Hispanic American adults. In relation to these groups, African Americans:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Tend to get HBP earlier in life</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Often have more severe HBP</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Are more likely to be aware that they have HBP and to get <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Are less likely than Caucasians to achieve target control levels with HBP <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Have higher rates than Caucasians of early death from HBP-related problems, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">coronary heart disease</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stroke/">stroke</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidney failure</a></div></li></ul><p>HBP risks vary among different groups of Hispanic American adults. For instance, Puerto Rican American adults have higher rates of HBP-related death than all other Hispanic groups and Caucasians. However, Cuban Americans have lower rates of HBP-related death than Caucasians.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hbp-sec2-d5e86"><h3>Overweight or Obesity</h3><p>You're more likely to develop prehypertension or HBP if you're <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-obe/">overweight or obese</a>. The terms "<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030700" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">overweight</a>" and "<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">obesity</a>" refer to body weight that's greater than what is considered healthy for a certain height.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hbp-sec2-d5e95"><h3>Gender</h3><p>Men and women are equally likely to develop HBP during their lifetimes. However, before age 45, men are more likely to have HBP than women. After age 65, the condition is more likely to affect women than men.</p><p>Also, men younger than 55 are more likely to have uncontrolled HBP than women. However, after age 65, women are more likely to have uncontrolled HBP.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hbp-sec2-d5e104"><h3>Unhealthy Lifestyle Habits</h3><p>Many unhealthy lifestyle habits can raise your risk for HBP, including:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Eating too much sodium (salt)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Drinking too much alcohol</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Not getting enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025487" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">potassium</a> in your diet</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Lack of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-phys/">physical activity</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">Smoking</a> </div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-hbp-sec2-d5e132"><h3>Other Risk Factors</h3><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family history</a> of HBP raises your risk for the condition. Long-lasting <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a> also can put you at risk for HBP.</p><p>You're also more likely to develop HBP if you have prehypertension. Prehypertension means that your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> is in the 120–139/80–89 mmHg range.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hbp-sec2-d5e141"><h3>Risk Factors for Children and Teens</h3><p>Prehypertension and HBP are becoming more common in children and teens. This is due in part to a rise in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030700" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">overweight</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">obesity</a> among children and teens.</p><p>African American and Mexican American youth are more likely to have HBP and prehypertension than Caucasian youth. Also, boys are at higher risk for HBP than girls.</p><p>Like adults, children and teens need to have routine <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> checks, especially if they're <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030700" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">overweight</a>.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of High Blood Pressure?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">High blood pressure</a> (HBP) itself usually has no signs or symptoms. Rarely, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">headaches</a> may occur.</p><p>You can have HBP for years without knowing it. During this time, the condition can damage your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidneys</a>, and other parts of your body.</p><p>Some people only learn that they have HBP after the damage has caused problems, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">coronary heart disease</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stroke/">stroke</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidney failure</a>.</p><p>Knowing your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> numbers is important, even when you're feeling fine. If your blood pressure is normal, you can work with your health care team to keep it that way. If your blood pressure is too high, you can take steps to lower it. Lowering your blood pressure will help reduce your risk for related health problems.</p><div id="nhlbi-hbp-sec2-d6e50"><h3>Complications of High Blood Pressure</h3><p>When <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> stays high over time, it can damage the body. HBP can cause:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> to get larger or weaker, which may lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart failure</a> is a condition in which the heart can't pump enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to meet the body's needs.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-arm/">Aneurysms</a> (AN-u-risms) to form in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>. An <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024794" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aneurysm</a> is an abnormal bulge in the wall of an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a>. Common spots for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024794" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aneurysms</a> are the main artery that carries blood from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> to the body; the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>, legs, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022247" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">intestines</a>; and the artery leading to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022189" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spleen</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood vessels</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidneys</a> to narrow. This may cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidney failure</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Arteries</a> throughout the body to narrow in some places, which limits <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow (especially to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidneys</a>, and legs). This can cause a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidney failure</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">amputation</a> of part of the leg.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood vessels</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eyes</a> to burst or bleed. This may lead to vision changes or blindness.</div></li></ul></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is High Blood Pressure Diagnosed?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">High blood pressure</a> (HBP) is diagnosed using a blood pressure test. This test will be done several times to make sure the results are correct. If your numbers are high, your doctor may have you return for repeat tests to check your blood pressure over time.</p><p>If your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> is 140/90 mmHg or higher over time, your doctor will likely diagnose you with HBP. If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028183" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic kidney disease</a>, a blood pressure of 130/80 mmHg or higher is considered HBP.</p><p>The ranges for HBP in children are different, as discussed below.</p><div id="nhlbi-hbp-sec2-d7e37"><h3>How Is Blood Pressure Tested?</h3><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> test is easy and painless. This test is done at a doctor's office or clinic.</p><p>To prepare for the test:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Don't drink coffee or smoke cigarettes for 30 minutes prior to the test. These actions may cause a short-term rise in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Go to the bathroom before the test. Having a full <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021898" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bladder</a> can change your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> reading.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Sit for 5 minutes before the test. Movement can cause short-term rises in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a>.</div></li></ul><p>To measure your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a>, your doctor or nurse will use some type of a gauge, a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023209" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stethoscope</a> (or electronic sensor), and a blood pressure cuff.</p><p>Most often, you will sit or lie down with the cuff around your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arm</a> as your doctor or nurse checks your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a>. If he or she doesn't tell you what your blood pressure numbers are, you should ask.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hbp-sec2-d7e65"><h3>Diagnosing High Blood Pressure in Children and Teens</h3><p>Doctors measure <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> in children and teens the same way they do in adults. Your child should have routine blood pressure checks starting at 3 years of age.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood pressure</a> normally rises with age and body size. Newborn babies often have very <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">low blood pressure</a> numbers, while older teens have numbers similar to adults.</p><p>The ranges for normal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> and HBP generally are lower for youth than for adults. To find out whether a child has HBP, a doctor will compare the child's blood pressure numbers to average numbers for his or her age, gender, and height.</p><p>For more information, go to the National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/hbp/bp_child_pocket/bp_child_pocket.pdf" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri"> "A Pocket Guide to Blood Pressure Measurement in Children."</a> </p></div><div id="nhlbi-hbp-sec2-d7e83"><h3>What Does a Diagnosis of High Blood Pressure Mean?</h3><p>If you're diagnosed with HBP, your doctor will prescribe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>. Your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> will be tested again to see how the treatment affects it.</p><p>Once your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> is under control, you'll still need <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>. "Under control" means that your blood pressure numbers are in the normal range. Your doctor will likely recommend routine blood pressure tests. He or she can tell you how often you should be tested.</p><p>The sooner you find out about HBP and treat it, the better. Early <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> may help you avoid problems such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stroke/">stroke</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidney failure</a>.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is High Blood Pressure Treated?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">High blood pressure</a> (HBP) is treated with lifestyle changes and medicines.</p><p>Most people who have HBP will need lifelong <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>. Sticking to your treatment plan is important. It can help prevent or delay problems related to HBP and help you live and stay active longer.</p><p>For more tips on controlling your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a>, go to the National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and Blood Institute's (NHLBI's) <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/hbp/hbp_low/index.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri"> "Your Guide to Lowering Blood Pressure."</a> </p><div id="nhlbi-hbp-sec2-d8e39"><h3>Goals of Treatment</h3><p>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> goal for most adults is to get and keep <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> below 140/90 mmHg. For adults who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028183" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic kidney disease</a>, the goal is to get and keep blood pressure below 130/80 mmHg.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hbp-sec2-d8e46"><h3>Lifestyle Changes</h3><p>Healthy lifestyle habits can help you control HBP. These habits include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Following a healthy diet</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Being <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-phys/">physically active</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Maintaining a healthy weight</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Quitting <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">smoking</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Managing your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a> and learning to cope with stress</div></li></ul><p>If you combine healthy lifestyle habits, you can achieve even better results than taking single steps.</p><p>You may find it hard to make lifestyle changes. Start by making one healthy lifestyle change and then adopt others.</p><p>Some people can control their <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> with lifestyle changes alone, but many people can't. Keep in mind that the main goal is blood pressure control.</p><p>If your doctor prescribes medicines as a part of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> plan, keep up your healthy lifestyle habits. They will help you better control your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a>.</p><div id="nhlbi-hbp-sec3-d8e87"><h4>Following a Healthy Diet</h4><p>Your doctor may recommend the <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/dash/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) eating plan</a> if you have HBP. The DASH eating plan focuses on fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and other foods that are <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> healthy and low in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fat</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cholesterol</a>, and sodium (salt).</p><p>DASH also focuses on <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fat</a>-free or low-fat dairy products, fish, poultry, and nuts. The DASH eating plan is reduced in red meats (including lean red meats), sweets, added <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023305" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sugars</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023305" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sugar</a>-containing beverages. It's rich in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023354" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nutrients</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022148" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fiber</a>.</p><p>To help control HBP, you should limit the amount of salt that you eat. This means choosing low-sodium and no added salt foods and seasonings at the table and while cooking. The Nutrition Facts label on food packaging shows the amount of sodium in an item. You should eat no more than about 1 teaspoon of salt a day.</p><p>Also, try to limit alcoholic drinks. Too much alcohol will raise your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a>. Men should have no more than two alcoholic drinks a day. Women should have no more than one alcoholic drink a day. One drink is a glass of wine, beer, or a small amount of hard liquor.</p><p>For more information, go to the NHLBI's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/hbp/dash/index.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">"Your Guide to Lowering Your Blood Pressure With DASH."</a> </p></div><div id="nhlbi-hbp-sec3-d8e111"><h4>Being Physically Active</h4><p>Routine physical activity can lower HBP and reduce your risk for other health problems. Talk with your doctor before you start a new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">exercise</a> plan. Ask him or her how much and what kinds of physical activity are safe for you.</p><p>People gain health benefits from as little as 60 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic activity per week. The more active you are, the more you will benefit.</p><p>For more information about physical activity, go to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services' "2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans," the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-phys/">Physical Activity and Your Heart</a> article, and the NHLBI's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/obesity/phy_active.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri"> "Your Guide to Physical Activity and Your Heart."</a> </p></div><div id="nhlbi-hbp-sec3-d8e132"><h4>Maintaining a Healthy Weight</h4><p>Maintaining a healthy weight can help you control HBP and reduce your risk for other health problems.</p><p>If you're <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030700" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">overweight</a> or obese, aim to reduce your weight by 5 to 10 percent during your first year of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>. This amount of weight loss can lower your risk for health problems related to HBP.</p><p>To lose weight, cut back your calorie intake and do more physical activity. Eat smaller portions and choose lower calorie foods. Don't feel that you have to finish the entrees served at restaurants. Many restaurant portions are oversized and have too many calories for the average person.</p><p>After your first year of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>, you may have to continue to lose weight so you can lower your body mass index (BMI) to less than 25. BMI measures your weight in relation to your height and gives an estimate of your total <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018959" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">body fat</a>.</p><p>A BMI between 25 and 29.9 is considered <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030700" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">overweight</a>. A BMI of 30 or more is considered obese. A BMI of less than 25 is the goal for controlling <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a>.</p><p>You can use the NHLBI's online BMI calculator to figure out your BMI, or your doctor can help you.</p><p>For more information about losing weight and keeping it off, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-obe/">Overweight and Obesity</a> article.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hbp-sec3-d8e163"><h4>Quit Smoking</h4><p>If you smoke or use <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029755" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tobacco</a>, quit. Smoking can damage your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> and raise your risk for HBP. Smoking also can worsen health problems related to HBP.</p><p>Talk with your doctor about programs and products that can help you quit smoking. Also, try to avoid <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029761" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">secondhand smoke</a>.</p><p>If you have trouble quitting smoking on your own, consider joining a support group. Many hospitals, workplaces, and community groups offer classes to help people quit smoking.</p><p>For more information about how to quit smoking, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">Smoking and Your Heart</a> article and the NHLBI's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/other/your_guide/healthyheart.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri"> "Your Guide to a Healthy Heart."</a> </p></div><div id="nhlbi-hbp-sec3-d8e184"><h4>Managing Stress</h4><p>Learning how to manage <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a>, relax, and cope with problems can improve your emotional and physical health.</p><p>Physical activity helps some people cope with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a>. Other people listen to music or focus on something calm or peaceful to reduce stress. Some people learn <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022367" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">yoga</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022369" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tai chi</a>, or how to meditate.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-hbp-sec2-d8e193"><h3>Medicines</h3><p>Today's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> medicines can safely help most people control their blood pressure. These medicines are easy to take. The side effects, if any, tend to be minor.</p><p>If you have side effects from your medicines, talk with your doctor. He or she might adjust the doses or prescribe other medicines. You shouldn't decide on your own to stop taking your medicines.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood pressure</a> medicines work in different ways to lower blood pressure. Some remove extra fluid and salt from the body to lower blood pressure. Others slow down the heartbeat or relax and widen <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>. Often, two or more medicines work better than one.</p><div id="nhlbi-hbp-sec3-d8e206"><h4>Diuretics</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025451" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Diuretics</a> sometimes are called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025451" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">water pills</a>. They help your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidneys</a> flush excess water and salt from your body. This reduces the amount of fluid in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>, and your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> goes down.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025451" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Diuretics</a> often are used with other HBP medicines and sometimes combined into one pill.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hbp-sec3-d8e215"><h4>Beta Blockers</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Beta blockers</a> help your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> beat slower and with less force. As a result, your heart pumps less <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> through your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>. This causes your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> to go down.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hbp-sec3-d8e222"><h4>ACE Inhibitors</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025472" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ACE inhibitors</a> keep your body from making a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hormone</a> called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025466" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">angiotensin</a> II. This hormone normally causes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> to narrow. ACE inhibitors prevent this, so your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> goes down.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hbp-sec3-d8e228"><h4>Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025474" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Angiotensin II receptor</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025464" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blockers</a> are newer <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> medicines that protect your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> from the angiotensin II <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hormone</a>. As a result, blood vessels relax and widen, and your blood pressure goes down.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hbp-sec3-d8e234"><h4>Calcium Channel Blockers</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025449" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Calcium channel blockers</a> keep calcium from entering the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscle</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>. This allows blood vessels to relax, and your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> goes down.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hbp-sec3-d8e241"><h4>Alpha Blockers</h4><p>Alpha <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025464" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blockers</a> reduce <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024360" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nerve impulses</a> that tighten <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>. This allows blood to flow more freely, causing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> to go down.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hbp-sec3-d8e247"><h4>Alpha-Beta Blockers</h4><p>Alpha-<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">beta blockers</a> reduce <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024360" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nerve impulses</a> the same way alpha blockers do. However, they also slow the heartbeat like beta blockers. As a result, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> goes down.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hbp-sec3-d8e253"><h4>Nervous System Inhibitors</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025454" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Nervous system</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025473" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inhibitors</a> increase <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024360" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nerve impulses</a> from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> to relax and widen <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>. This causes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> to go down.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hbp-sec3-d8e260"><h4>Vasodilators</h4><p>Vasodilators relax the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscles</a> in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a> walls. This causes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> to go down.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-hbp-sec2-d8e266"><h3>Treatment for Children and Teens</h3><p>If another condition is causing your child's HBP, treating it often resolves the HBP. When the cause of a child or teen's HBP isn't known, the first line of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> is lifestyle changes (as it is for adults).</p><p>If lifestyle changes don't control <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a>, children and teens also may need to take medicines. Most of the medicines listed above for adults have special doses for children.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-prevention"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-prevention_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Can High Blood Pressure Be Prevented?</h2><div id="nhlbi-hbp-sec2-d9e28"><h3>If You Have Normal Blood Pressure</h3><p>If you don't have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood pressure</a> (HBP), you can take steps to prevent it. Healthy lifestyle habits can help you maintain normal blood pressure.</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Follow a healthy diet. Limit the amount of sodium (salt) and alcohol that you consume. The National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute's <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-dash/">DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) eating plan</a> promotes healthy eating.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Be <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-phys/">physically active</a>. Routine physical activity can lower HBP and reduce your risk for other health problems.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Maintain a healthy weight. Staying at a healthy weight can help you control HBP and reduce your risk for other health problems.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Quit <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">smoking</a>. Smoking can damage your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> and raise your risk for HBP. Smoking also can worsen health problems related to HBP.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Learn to manage and cope with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a>. Learning how to manage stress, relax, and cope with problems can improve your emotional and physical health.</div></li></ul><p>Many people who adopt these healthy lifestyle habits are able to prevent or delay HBP. The more lifestyle changes you make, the more likely you are to lower your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> and avoid related health problems.</p><p>For more information about healthy lifestyle habits, go to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062996/#nhlbisec-treatment">"How Is High Blood Pressure Treated?"</a> </p></div><div id="nhlbi-hbp-sec2-d9e70"><h3>If You Have High Blood Pressure</h3><p>If you have HBP, you can still take steps to prevent the long-term problems it can cause. Healthy lifestyle habits (listed above) and medicines can help you live a longer, more active life.</p><p>Follow the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> plan your doctor prescribes to control your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a>. Treatment can help you prevent or delay <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">coronary heart disease</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stroke/">stroke</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028181" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidney disease</a>, and other health problems.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hbp-sec2-d9e88"><h3>Children and Teens</h3><p>A healthy lifestyle also can help prevent HBP in children and teens. Key steps include having a child:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Follow a healthy diet that focuses on plenty of fruits, vegetables, and, for children older than 4 years old, low-<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fat</a> dairy products. A healthy diet also is low in saturated and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022582" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">trans fats</a> and salt.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Be active for at least 1 to 2 hours per day. Limit screen time in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">front</a> of the TV or computer to 2 hours per day at most.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Maintain a healthy weight. If your child is <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-obe/">overweight</a>, ask his or her doctor about how your child can safely lose weight.</div></li></ul><p>Make these healthy habits part of a family health plan to help your child adopt and maintain a healthy lifestyle.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-livingwith"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-livingwith_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Living With High Blood Pressure</h2><p>If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood pressure</a> (HBP), you'll need to treat and control it for life. This means making lifestyle changes, taking prescribed medicines, and getting ongoing medical care.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatment</a> can help control <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a>, but it will not cure HBP. If you stop treatment, your blood pressure and risk for related health problems will rise.</p><p>For a healthy future, follow your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> plan closely. Work with your health care team for lifelong <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> control.</p><div id="nhlbi-hbp-sec2-d10e37"><h3>Lifestyle Changes</h3><p>Making healthy lifestyle changes can help control HBP. A healthy lifestyle includes following a healthy diet, being <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-phys/">physically active</a>, maintaining a healthy weight, and not <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">smoking</a>. (For more information, go to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062996/#nhlbisec-treatment">"How Is High Blood Pressure Treated?"</a>)</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hbp-sec2-d10e53"><h3>Medicines</h3><p>Take all <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> medicines that your doctor prescribes. Know the names and doses of your medicines and how to take them. If you have questions about your medicines, talk with your doctor or pharmacist.</p><p>Make sure you refill your medicines before they run out. Take your medicines exactly as your doctor directs—don't skip days or cut pills in half.</p><p>If you're having side effects from your medicines, talk with your doctor. He or she may need to adjust the doses or prescribe other medicines. You shouldn't decide on your own to stop taking your medicines.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hbp-sec2-d10e65"><h3>Ongoing Care</h3><p>If you have HBP, have medical checkups or tests as your doctor advises. Your doctor may need to change or add medicines to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> plan over time. Routine checkups allow your doctor to change your treatment right away if your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> goes up again.</p><p>Keeping track of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> is important. Have your blood pressure checked on t |
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Holes in the Heart |
<div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-holes-sec1-d1e36_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are Holes in the Heart?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023528" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Holes in the heart</a> are simple <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-chd/">congenital (kon-JEN-ih-tal) heart defects</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023239" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Congenital heart defects</a> are problems with the heart's structure that are present at birth. These defects change the normal flow of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> through the heart.</p><p>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> has two sides, separated by an inner wall called the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022259" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">septum</a>. With each heartbeat, the right side of the heart receives <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-poor <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> from the body and pumps it to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. The left side of the heart receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs and pumps it to the body.</p><p>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022259" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">septum</a> prevents mixing of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> between the two sides of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. However, some babies are born with holes in the upper or lower septum.</p><p>A hole in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022259" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">septum</a> between the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s two upper <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a> is called an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023507" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atrial septal defect</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023507" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ASD</a>). A hole in the septum between the heart's two lower chambers is called a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023508" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricular septal defect</a> (VSD).</p><p>ASDs and VSDs allow <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to pass from the left side of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> to the right side. Thus, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich blood mixes with oxygen-poor blood. As a result, some oxygen-rich blood is pumped to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> instead of the body.</p><p>Over the past few decades, the diagnosis and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> of ASDs and VSDs have greatly improved. Children who have simple <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023239" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">congenital heart defects</a> can survive to adulthood. They can live normal, active lives because their heart defects close on their own or have been repaired.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-heartworks"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-heartworks_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How the Heart Works</h2><p>To understand <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023528" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">holes in the heart</a>, it's helpful to know how a healthy heart works. Your child's heart is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscle</a> about the size of his or her fist. The heart works like a pump and beats 100,000 times a day.</p><p>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> has two sides, separated by an inner wall called the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022259" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">septum</a>. The right side of the heart pumps <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> to pick up <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>. The left side of the heart receives the oxygen-rich blood from the lungs and pumps it to the body.</p><p>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> has four <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a> and four valves and is connected to various <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Veins</a> are blood vessels that carry blood from the body to the heart. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Arteries</a> are blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart to the body.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figd3e41" co-legend-rid="figlgndd3e41"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063032/figure/d3e41/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figd3e41" rid-ob="figobd3e41"><img class="small-thumb" src="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063032/bin/heart_interior.gif" src-large="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063032/bin/heart_interior.jpg" alt="Image "></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndd3e41"><h4 id="d3e41"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063032/figure/d3e41/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd3e41">Figure</a></h4></div></div><p>The illustration shows a cross-section of a healthy <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and its inside structures. The blue arrow shows the direction in which <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-poor <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flows from the body to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. The red arrow shows the direction in which oxygen-rich blood flows from the lungs to the rest of the body.</p><div id="nhlbi-holes-sec2-d3e47"><h3>Heart Chambers</h3><p>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> has four <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a> or "rooms."</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022263" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atria</a> (AY-tree-uh) are the two upper <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a> that collect <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> as it flows into the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a> (VEN-trih-kuhls) are the two lower <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a> that pump <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> out of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> or other parts of the body.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-holes-sec2-d3e62"><h3>Heart Valves</h3><p>Four valves control the flow of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022263" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atria</a> to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a> and from the ventricles into the two large <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> connected to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>.</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The tricuspid (tri-CUSS-<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030415" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pid</a>) valve is in the right side of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, between the right atrium and the right <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricle</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022202" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary</a> (PULL-mun-ary) valve is in the right side of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, between the right <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricle</a> and the entrance to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022019" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary artery</a>. This artery carries <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> from the heart to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The mitral (MI-trul) valve is in the left side of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, between the left atrium and the left <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricle</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The aortic (ay-OR-tik) valve is in the left side of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, between the left <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricle</a> and the entrance to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022262" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aorta</a>. This <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a> carries <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> from the heart to the body.</div></li></ul><p>Valves are like doors that open and close. They open to allow <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to flow through to the next <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chamber</a> or to one of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>. Then they shut to keep blood from flowing backward.</p><p>When the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s valves open and close, they make a "lub-DUB" sound that a doctor can hear using a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023209" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stethoscope</a>.</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The first sound—the "lub"—is made by the mitral and tricuspid valves closing at the beginning of systole (SIS-toe-lee). Systole is when the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a> contract, or squeeze, and pump <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> out of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The second sound—the "DUB"—is made by the aortic and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022202" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary</a> valves closing at the beginning of diastole (di-AS-toe-lee). Diastole is when the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a> relax and fill with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> pumped into them by the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022263" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atria</a>.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-holes-sec2-d3e99"><h3>Arteries</h3><p>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> are major <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> connected to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>.</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022019" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary artery</a> carries <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> from the right side of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> to pick up a fresh supply of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022262" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aorta</a> is the main <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a> that carries <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> from the left side of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> to the body.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a> are the other important arteries attached to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. They carry <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022262" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aorta</a> to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a>, which must have its own blood supply to function.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-holes-sec2-d3e118"><h3>Veins</h3><p>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a> also are major <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> connected to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>.</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022264" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary veins</a> carry <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> to the left side of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> so it can be pumped to the body.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023101" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">superior</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023100" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inferior</a> vena cavae are large <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a> that carry <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-poor <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> from the body back to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>.</div></li></ul><p>For more information about how a healthy <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> works, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hhw/">How the Heart Works</a> article. This article contains animations that show how your heart pumps <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> and how your heart's electrical system works.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-types"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-types_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Types of Holes in the Heart</h2><div id="nhlbi-holes-sec2-d4e28"><h3>Atrial Septal Defect</h3><p>An <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023507" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atrial septal defect</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023507" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ASD</a>) is a hole in the part of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022259" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">septum</a> that separates the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022263" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atria</a>. (The atria are the upper <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a> of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>.)</p><p>An <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023507" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ASD</a> allows <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to flow from the left atrium into the right atrium, instead of flowing into the left <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricle</a> as it should. So, instead of going to the body, the oxygen-rich blood is pumped back to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, where it has just been.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figd4e43" co-legend-rid="figlgndd4e43"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063032/figure/d4e43/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figd4e43" rid-ob="figobd4e43"><img class="small-thumb" src="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063032/bin/atrial_septal_defect.gif" src-large="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063032/bin/atrial_septal_defect.jpg" alt="Image "></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndd4e43"><h4 id="d4e43"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063032/figure/d4e43/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd4e43">Figure</a></h4></div></div><p>Figure A shows the structure and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow inside a normal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. Figure B shows a heart with an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023507" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atrial septal defect</a>. The hole allows <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich blood from the left atrium to mix with oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium.</p><p>An <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023507" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ASD</a> can be small, medium, or large. Small ASDs allow only a little <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to flow from one atrium to the other. Small ASDs don't affect how the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> works and don't need any special <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>. Many small ASDs close on their own as the heart grows during childhood.</p><p>Medium and large ASDs allow more <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to leak from one atrium to the other. They're less likely to close on their own.</p><p>Most children who have ASDs have no symptoms, even if they have large ASDs.</p><p>The three major types of ASDs are:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Secundum. This defect is in the middle of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023517" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atrial septum</a> and is the most common form of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023507" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ASD</a>. About 8 out of every 10 babies born with ASDs have secundum defects. At least half of all secundum ASDs close on their own. However, this is less likely if the defect is large.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Primum. This defect is in the lower part of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023517" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atrial septum</a>. Primum defects often occur with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valve</a> problems. These defects aren't very common, and they don't close on their own.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024561" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sinus</a> venosus. This defect is in the upper part of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023517" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atrial septum</a>. It's close to where a large <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a> (the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022266" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">superior vena cava</a>) brings <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-poor <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> from the upper body to the right atrium. Sinus venosus defects are rare, and they don't close on their own.</div></li></ul><div id="nhlbi-holes-sec3-d4e74"><h4>Atrial Septal Defect Complications</h4><p>If an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023507" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ASD</a> isn't repaired, the extra <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow to the right side of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> may cause heart problems. Most of these problems don't occur until adulthood, often around age 30 or later.</p><p>Possible complications include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">Right heart failure</a>. An <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023507" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ASD</a> causes the right side of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> to work harder because it has to pump extra <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. Over time, the heart may become tired from this extra work and not pump well.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-arr/">Arrhythmias</a> (ah-RITH-me-ahs). Extra <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flowing into the right atrium through an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023507" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ASD</a> can cause the atrium to stretch and enlarge. Over time, this can lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">irregular heartbeats</a> called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmias</a>. Symptoms may include <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hpl/">palpitations</a> or a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022345" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rapid heartbeat</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stroke/">Stroke</a>. Usually, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> filter out small <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots that can form on the right side of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. Sometimes, though, a blood clot can pass from the right atrium to the left atrium through an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023507" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ASD</a> and be pumped out to the body. The clot can travel to an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>, block blood flow, and cause a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pah/">Pulmonary hypertension</a> (PH). PH is increased pressure in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022019" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary arteries</a>. These arteries carry <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> to pick up <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>. Over time, PH can damage the arteries and small <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> in the lungs. They become thick and stiff, making it hard for blood to flow through them.</div></li></ul><p>These problems develop over many years and rarely occur in infants and children. They also are rare in adults because most ASDs close on their own or are repaired in early childhood.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-holes-sec2-d4e113"><h3>Ventricular Septal Defect</h3><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023508" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricular septal defect</a> (VSD) is a hole in the part of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022259" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">septum</a> that separates the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a>. (The ventricles are the lower <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a> of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>.)</p><p>A VSD allows <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to flow from the left <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricle</a> into the right ventricle, instead of flowing into the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022262" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aorta</a> as it should. So, instead of going to the body, the oxygen-rich blood is pumped back to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, where it has just been.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figd4e127" co-legend-rid="figlgndd4e127"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063032/figure/d4e127/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figd4e127" rid-ob="figobd4e127"><img class="small-thumb" src="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063032/bin/ventr_septal_defect.gif" src-large="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063032/bin/ventr_septal_defect.jpg" alt="Image "></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndd4e127"><h4 id="d4e127"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063032/figure/d4e127/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd4e127">Figure</a></h4></div></div><p>Figure A shows the structure and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow inside a normal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. Figure B shows two common locations for a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023508" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricular septal defect</a>. The defect allows <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich blood from the left <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricle</a> to mix with oxygen-poor blood in the right ventricle.</p><p>An infant who is born with a VSD may have one or more holes in the wall that separates the two <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a>. The defect also may occur alone or with other <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-chd/">congenital heart defects</a>.</p><p>Doctors will classify a VSD based on the:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Size of the defect.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Location of the defect.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Number of defects.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Presence or absence of a ventricular septal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024794" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aneurysm</a>—a thin flap of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> on the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022259" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">septum</a>. This tissue is harmless and can help a VSD close on its own.</div></li></ul><p>VSDs can be small, medium, or large. Small VSDs don't cause problems and may close on their own. Small VSDs sometimes are called restrictive VSDs because they allow only a small amount of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to flow between the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a>. Small VSDs don't cause any symptoms.</p><p>Medium VSDs are less likely to close on their own. They may cause symptoms in infants and children. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Surgery</a> may be needed to close medium VSDs.</p><p>Large VSDs allow a lot of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to flow from the left <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricle</a> to the right ventricle. They're sometimes called nonrestrictive VSDs. Large VSDs likely won't close completely on their own, but they may get smaller over time.</p><p>Large VSDs often cause symptoms in infants and children. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Surgery</a> usually is needed to close large VSDs.</p><p>VSDs are found in different parts of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022259" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">septum</a>.</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Membranous VSDs are located near the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valves</a>. These VSDs can close at any time.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Muscular VSDs are found in the lower part of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022259" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">septum</a>. They're surrounded by <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscle</a>, and most close on their own during early childhood.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Inlet VSDs are located close to where <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> enters the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a>. They're less common than membranous and muscular VSDs.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Outlet VSDs are found in the part of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricle</a> where <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> leaves the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. These are the rarest type of VSD.</div></li></ul><div id="nhlbi-holes-sec3-d4e189"><h4>Ventricular Septal Defect Complications</h4><p>Over time, if a VSD isn't repaired, it may cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> problems. A medium or large VSD can cause:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart failure</a>. Infants who have large VSDs may develop heart failure. This is because the left side of the heart pumps <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> into the right <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricle</a> in addition to its normal work of pumping blood to the body. The increased workload on the heart also increases the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024325" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart rate</a> and the body's demand for energy.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Growth failure, especially in infants. A baby may not be able to eat enough to keep up with his or her body's increased energy demands. As a result, the baby may lose weight or not grow and develop normally.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Arrhythmias</a>. The extra <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flowing through the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> can cause areas of the heart to stretch and enlarge. This can disturb the heart's normal electrical activity, leading to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">irregular heartbeats</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pulmonary hypertension</a>. The high pressure and high volume of extra <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> pumped through a large VSD into the right <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricle</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> can <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028156" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">scar</a> the lung's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>. This problem is rare because most large VSDs are repaired in infancy.</div></li></ul></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes Holes in the Heart?</h2><p>Mothers of children who are born with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023507" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atrial septal defects</a> (ASDs), <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023508" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricular septal defects</a> (VSDs), or other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> defects may think they did something wrong during their <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancies</a>. However, most of the time, doctors don't know why <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-chd/">congenital heart defects</a> occur.</p><p>Heredity may play a role in some <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> defects. For example, a parent who has a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023239" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">congenital heart defect</a> is slightly more likely than other people to have a child who has the problem. Very rarely, more than one child in a family is born with a heart defect.</p><p>Children who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022031" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic</a> disorders, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024723" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Down syndrome</a>, often have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023239" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">congenital heart defects</a>. Half of all babies who have Down syndrome have congenital heart defects.</p><p>Smoking during <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a> also has been linked to several <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023239" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">congenital heart defects</a>, including septal defects.</p><p>Scientists continue to search for the causes of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023239" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">congenital heart defects</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Holes in the Heart?</h2><div id="nhlbi-holes-sec2-d6e28"><h3>Atrial Septal Defect</h3><p>Many babies who are born with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023507" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atrial septal defects</a> (ASDs) have no signs or symptoms. However, as they grow, these children may be small for their age. </p><p>When signs and symptoms do occur, a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartmurmur/">heart murmur</a> is the most common. A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023248" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart murmur</a> is an extra or unusual sound heard during a heartbeat.</p><p>Often, a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023248" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart murmur</a> is the only sign of an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023507" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ASD</a>. However, not all <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023248" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">murmurs</a> are signs of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023239" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">congenital heart defects</a>. Many healthy children have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023248" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart murmurs</a>. Doctors can listen to heart murmurs and tell whether they're harmless or signs of heart problems.</p><p>If a large <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023507" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ASD</a> isn't repaired, the extra <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow to the right side of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> can damage the heart and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> and cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a>. This generally doesn't occur until adulthood. Signs and symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a> include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Fatigue</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tiredness</a>)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Tiring easily during physical activity</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Shortness of breath</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A buildup of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> and fluid in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Swelling in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024901" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ankles</a>, feet, legs, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022602" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abdomen</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027054" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neck</a></div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-holes-sec2-d6e68"><h3>Ventricular Septal Defect</h3><p>Babies born with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023508" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricular septal defects</a> (VSDs) usually have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023248" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart murmurs</a>. Murmurs may be the first and only sign of a VSD. Heart murmurs often are present right after birth in many infants. However, the murmurs may not be heard until the babies are 6 to 8 weeks old.</p><p>Most newborns who have VSDs don't have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>-related symptoms. However, babies who have medium or large VSDs can develop <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a>. Signs and symptoms of heart failure usually occur during the baby's first 2 months of life.</p><p>The signs and symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a> due to VSD are similar to those listed above for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023507" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ASD</a>, but they occur in infancy.</p><p>A major sign of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a> in infancy is poor feeding and growth. VSD signs and symptoms are rare after infancy. This is because the defects either decrease in size on their own or they're repaired.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Are Holes in the Heart Diagnosed?</h2><p>Doctors usually diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023528" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">holes in the heart</a> based on a physical exam and the results from tests and procedures. The exam findings for an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023507" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atrial septal defect</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023507" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ASD</a>) often aren't obvious. Thus, the diagnosis sometimes isn't made until later in childhood or even in adulthood.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023508" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Ventricular septal defects</a> (VSDs) cause a very distinct <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartmurmur/">heart murmur</a>. Because of this, a diagnosis usually is made in infancy.</p><div id="nhlbi-holes-sec2-d7e37"><h3>Specialists Involved</h3><p>Doctors who specialize in diagnosing and treating <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> problems are called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015644" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiologists</a>. Pediatric cardiologists take care of babies and children who have heart problems. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023205" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Cardiac</a> surgeons repair heart defects using <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-holes-sec2-d7e44"><h3>Physical Exam</h3><p>During a physical exam, your child's doctor will listen to your child's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> with a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023209" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stethoscope</a>. The doctor also will look for signs of a heart defect, such as a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023248" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart murmur</a> or signs of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-holes-sec2-d7e53"><h3>Diagnostic Tests and Procedures</h3><p>Your child's doctor may recommend several tests to diagnose an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023507" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ASD</a> or VSD. These tests also will help the doctor figure out the location and size of the defect.</p><div id="nhlbi-holes-sec3-d7e59"><h4>Echocardiography</h4><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-echo/">Echocardiography</a> (echo) is a painless test that uses sound waves to create a moving picture of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. The sound waves (called ultrasound) bounce off the structures of the heart. A computer converts the sound waves into pictures on a screen.</p><p>Echo allows the doctor to clearly see any problem with the way the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> is formed or the way it's working.</p><p>Echo is an important test for both diagnosing a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023528" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hole in the heart</a> and following the problem over time. Echo can show problems with the heart's structure and how the heart is reacting to the problems. This test will help your child's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015644" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiologist</a> decide whether and when <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> is needed.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-holes-sec3-d7e74"><h4>EKG (Electrocardiogram)</h4><p>An <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ekg/">EKG</a> is a simple, painless test that records the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical activity. The test shows how fast the heart is beating and its rhythm (steady or irregular). It also records the strength and timing of electrical signals as they pass through the heart.</p><p>An EKG can detect whether one of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a> is enlarged, which can help diagnose a heart problem.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-holes-sec3-d7e86"><h4>Chest X Ray</h4><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cxray/">chest x ray</a> is a painless test that creates pictures of the structures in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a>, such as the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>.</p><p>This test can show whether the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> is enlarged. A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> x ray also can show whether the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> have extra <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow or extra fluid, a sign of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-holes-sec3-d7e99"><h4>Pulse Oximetry</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024325" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pulse</a> oximetry shows the level of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. A small sensor is attached to a finger or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024836" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ear</a>. The sensor uses light to estimate how much oxygen is in the blood.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-holes-sec3-d7e105"><h4>Cardiac Catheterization</h4><p>During <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cath/">cardiac catheterization</a> (KATH-e-ter-i-ZA-shun), a thin, flexible tube called a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022169" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">catheter</a> is put into a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arm</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028097" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">groin</a> (upper thigh), or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027054" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neck</a>. The tube is threaded to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>.</p><p>Special dye is injected through the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022169" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">catheter</a> into a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a> or one of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a>. The dye allows the doctor to see the flow of blood through the heart and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> on an x-ray image.</p><p>The doctor also can use <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023205" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiac</a> catheterization to measure the pressure inside the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>. This can help the doctor figure out whether blood is mixing between the two sides of the heart.</p><p>Doctors also use <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023205" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiac</a> catheterization to repair some <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> defects. For more information, go to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063032/#nhlbisec-treatment">"How Are Holes in the Heart Treated?"</a> </p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Are Holes in the Heart Treated?</h2><p>Many <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023528" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">holes in the heart</a> don't need <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>, but some do. Those that do often are repaired during infancy or early childhood. Sometimes adults are treated for holes in the heart if problems develop.</p><p>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> your child receives depends on the type, location, and size of the hole. Other factors include your child's age, size, and general health.</p><div id="nhlbi-holes-sec2-d8e34"><h3>Treating an Atrial Septal Defect</h3><p>If a child has an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023507" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atrial septal defect</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023507" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ASD</a>), routine checkups are done to see whether it closes on its own. About half of all ASDs close on their own over time, and about 20 percent close within the first year of life.</p><p>Your child's doctor will let you know how often your child should have checkups. For an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023507" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ASD</a>, frequent checkups aren't needed.</p><p>If an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023507" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ASD</a> requires <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022169" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">catheter</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgical procedures</a> are used to close the hole. Doctors often decide to close ASDs in children who still have medium- or large-sized holes by the time they're 2 to 5 years old.</p><div id="nhlbi-holes-sec3-d8e47"><h4>Catheter Procedure</h4><p>Until the early 1990s, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> was the usual method for closing all ASDs. Now, thanks to medical advances, doctors can use <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022169" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">catheter</a> procedures to close secundum ASDs. These are the most common type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023507" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ASD</a>.</p><p>Before a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022169" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">catheter</a> procedure, your child is given medicine so he or she will <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> and not feel any pain. Then, the doctor inserts a catheter (a thin, flexible tube) into a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028097" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">groin</a> (upper thigh). He or she threads the tube to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targetty |
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Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis |
<div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-hp-sec1-d1e36_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Is Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022920" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Hypersensitivity pneumonitis</a> (noo-mo-NI-tis), or HP, is a disease in which the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> become inflamed from <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022221" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">breathing in</a> foreign substances, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029692" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">molds</a>, dusts, and chemicals. These substances also are known as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antigens</a> (AN-tih-jens).</p><p>People are exposed to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antigens</a> at home, while at work, and in other settings. However, most people who breathe in these substances don't develop HP.</p><div id="nhlbi-hp-sec2-d1e45"><h3>Overview</h3><p>To understand HP, it helps to understand <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hlw/">how the lungs work</a>. When you breathe, air passes through your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025667" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nose</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a> into your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022078" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">windpipe</a>. The air then travels to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>' air <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022396" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sacs</a>. These sacs are called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022134" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">alveoli</a> (al-VEE-uhl-<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eye</a>).</p><p>Small <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022018" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">capillaries</a> run through the walls of the air <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022396" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sacs</a>. When air reaches the air sacs, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> in the air passes through the air <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022396" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sac</a> walls into the blood in the capillaries. The capillaries connect to a network of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a> that move blood through your body.</p><p>In HP, the air <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022396" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sacs</a> become inflamed and may fill with fluid. This makes it harder for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> to pass through the air sacs and into the bloodstream.</p><p>The two main types of HP are <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acute</a> (short-term) and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> (ongoing). Both types can develop as a result of repeatedly <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022221" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">breathing in</a> an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antigen</a>.</p><p>Over time, your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> can become sensitive to that <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antigen</a>. If this happens, they'll become inflamed, which can lead to symptoms and may even cause long-term lung damage.</p><p>With <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acute</a> HP, symptoms usually occur within 2–9 hours of exposure to an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antigen</a> you're sensitive to. Acute HP can cause chills, body aches, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cough/">coughing</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> tightness. After hours or days of no contact with the antigen, symptoms usually go away.</p><p>If <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acute</a> HP isn't found and treated early, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> HP may develop. Symptoms of chronic HP occur slowly, over months. Chronic HP can cause a worsening <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a>, shortness of breath with physical activity, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fatigue</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tiredness</a>), and weight loss. Severe HP may cause clubbing (a widening and rounding of the tips of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023112" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fingers</a> or toes).</p><p>With <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> HP, symptoms may continue and/or worsen, even after avoiding the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antigen</a>. Sometimes, chronic HP can cause long-term lung damage, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ipf/">pulmonary fibrosis</a> (PULL-mun-ary fi-BRO-sis). This is a condition in which <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> deep in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> becomes scarred over time.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hp-sec2-d1e83"><h3>Outlook</h3><p>Avoiding or reducing your contact with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antigens</a> can help prevent and treat HP. For example, cleaning heating and ventilation filters can help reduce your contact with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029692" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mold</a>. Wetting compost prior to handling it can reduce contact with harmful dust.</p><p>If HP is caught early, avoiding the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antigen</a> that caused it may be the only <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> you need. If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> HP, your doctor may prescribe medicines to reduce lung <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022625" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inflammation</a>.</p><p>Researchers continue to study why some people develop HP after being exposed to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antigens</a>, while others don't. They're also looking for better ways to quickly pinpoint which antigens are causing HP in people who are believed to have the disease.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-names"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-names_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Other Names for Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis</h2><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Bird fancier's lung</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022920" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Extrinsic allergic alveolitis</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Farmer's lung</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Hot tub lung</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Humidifier lung</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Mushroom picker's disease</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis?</h2><p>Repeatedly <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022221" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">breathing in</a> foreign substances can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022920" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypersensitivity pneumonitis</a> (HP). Examples of these substances include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029692" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">molds</a>, dusts, and chemicals. (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029692" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Mold</a> often is the cause of HP.) These substances also are known as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antigens</a>.</p><p>Over time, your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> can become sensitive to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antigens</a>. If this happens, your lungs will become inflamed, which can lead to symptoms and may even cause long-term lung damage.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Antigens</a> may be found in the home, workplace, or in other settings. Antigens can come from many sources, such as:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Bird droppings</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Humidifiers, heating systems, and hot tubs</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Liquid chemicals used in the landscaping and florist industries</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Moldy hay, straw, and grain</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Chemicals released during the production of plastics and electronics, and chemicals released during painting</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029692" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Mold</a> released during lumber milling, construction, and wood stripping</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-atrisk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-atrisk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is At Risk for Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis?</h2><p>People who repeatedly breathe in foreign substances are at risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022920" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypersensitivity pneumonitis</a> (HP). These substances, which also are known as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antigens</a>, include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029692" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">molds</a>, dusts, and chemicals. However, most people who breathe in these substances don't develop HP.</p><p>People at increased risk include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Farm and dairy cattle workers</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>People who use hot tubs often</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>People who are exposed to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029692" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">molds</a> or dusts from humidifiers, heating systems, or wet carpeting</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Bird fanciers (people who keep pet birds) and poultry handlers</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Florists and landscapers, especially those who use liquid chemicals on lawns and gardens</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>People who work in grain and flour processing and loading</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Lumber milling, construction, wood stripping, and paper and wallboard workers</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>People who make plastics or electronics, and those who paint or work with other chemicals</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis?</h2><p>Signs and symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022920" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypersensitivity pneumonitis</a> (HP) depend on whether the disease is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acute</a> (short-term) or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> (ongoing).</p><div id="nhlbi-hp-sec2-d6e31"><h3>Acute Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis</h3><p>With <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acute</a> HP, symptoms usually occur within 2–9 hours of exposure to an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antigen</a> you're sensitive to. (An antigen is a substance that your body reacts against, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029692" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">molds</a>, dusts, and chemicals.)</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Acute</a> HP can cause chills, body aches, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cough/">coughing</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> tightness. After hours or days of no contact with the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antigen</a>, symptoms usually go away.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hp-sec2-d6e44"><h3>Chronic Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis</h3><p>If <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acute</a> HP isn't found and treated early, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> HP may develop. With chronic HP, symptoms occur slowly, over months. Chronic HP can cause a worsening <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a>, shortness of breath with physical activity, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fatigue</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tiredness</a>), and weight loss.</p><p>Some symptoms may continue and/or worsen, even after avoiding the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antigen</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Chronic</a> HP can cause long-term lung damage, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ipf/">pulmonary fibrosis</a>. This is a condition in which <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> deep in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> becomes scarred over time.</p><p>Clubbing also may occur if HP is severe. Clubbing is the widening and rounding of the tips of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023112" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fingers</a> or toes. A low level of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> causes this condition.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis Diagnosed?</h2><p>To diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022920" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypersensitivity pneumonitis</a> (HP), your doctor must pinpoint the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antigen</a> that's causing the disease and its source. (An antigen is a substance that your body reacts against, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029692" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">molds</a>, dusts, and chemicals.)</p><p>Your doctor will ask you detailed questions about:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Your current and past jobs</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Your hobbies and leisure activities</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The types of places where you spend time</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Your exposure to damp and moldy places</div></li></ul><p>Your doctor also will do a physical exam and look at test results to diagnose HP.</p><div id="nhlbi-hp-sec2-d7e53"><h3>Physical Exam</h3><p>During the physical exam, your doctor will ask about your signs and symptoms, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cough/">coughing</a> and weight loss. Your doctor also will look for signs of HP. For example, he or she will listen to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> with a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023209" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stethoscope</a> for abnormal breathing sounds. HP can cause a crackling sound when you breathe.</p><p>Your doctor also may look for signs of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ipf/">pulmonary fibrosis</a>, a possible complication of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> (ongoing) HP. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022202" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pulmonary</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022940" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fibrosis</a> is a condition in which <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> deep in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> becomes scarred over time.</p><p>Your doctor also may check for clubbing. Clubbing is the widening and rounding of the tips of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023112" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fingers</a> or toes. A low level of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> causes this condition.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hp-sec2-d7e71"><h3>Diagnostic Tests and Procedures</h3><p>To help diagnose HP, your doctor may recommend or more of the following tests or procedures.</p><div id="nhlbi-hp-sec3-d7e78"><h4>Chest X Ray or Chest Computed Tomography (CT) Scan</h4><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cxray/">chest x ray</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cct/">chest CT scan</a> create pictures of the structures inside your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a>, such as your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>. These pictures can show signs of HP.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hp-sec3-d7e90"><h4>Lung Function Tests</h4><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-lft/">Lung function tests</a> measure how much air you can breathe in and out, how fast you can breathe air out, and how well your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> can deliver <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. One of these tests is <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-lft/#nhlbisec-types">spirometry</a> (spi-ROM-eh-tre).</p><p>During this test, a technician will ask you to take a deep breath. Then, you'll blow as hard as you can into a tube connected to a small machine. The machine is called a spirometer. The machine measures how much air you breathe out. It also measures how fast you can blow air out.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hp-sec3-d7e104"><h4>Pulse Oximetry</h4><p>This test measures the amount of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. A small sensor is attached to your finger or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024836" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ear</a>. The sensor uses light to estimate how much oxygen is in your blood.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hp-sec3-d7e111"><h4>Precipitin Test</h4><p>This <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022070" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood test</a> looks for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antibodies</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022051" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">proteins</a>) that your body creates in response to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antigens</a>. The presence of these proteins may suggest HP.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hp-sec3-d7e117"><h4>Challenge Test</h4><p>During this test, you're re-exposed to the suspected <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antigen</a>. Then, you'll be watched for signs and symptoms of HP.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hp-sec3-d7e123"><h4>Bronchoscopy</h4><p>For <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bron/">bronchoscopy</a> (bron-KOS-ko-pee), your doctor passes a thin, flexible tube through your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025667" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nose</a> (or sometimes your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a>), down your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024473" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">throat</a>, and into your airways. At the tip of the tube are a light and mini-camera. This allows your doctor to see your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022078" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">windpipe</a> and airways.</p><p>Your doctor may insert forceps (a device used to grab or hold things) through the tube to collect a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> sample. You'll be given medicine to make you relaxed and sleepy during the procedure.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hp-sec3-d7e136"><h4>Bronchoalveolar Lavage</h4><p>During <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022276" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bronchoscopy</a>, your doctor may inject a small amount of salt water (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030277" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">saline</a>) through the tube into your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. This method is called bronchoalveolar lavage (BRONG-ko-al-VE-o-lar lah-VAHZH).</p><p>This fluid washes the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> and helps bring up <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> from the airways and the area around the air <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022396" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sacs</a>. Your doctor will look at these cells under a microscope.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hp-sec3-d7e145"><h4>Surgical Lung Biopsy</h4><p>To confirm a diagnosis of HP, your doctor may do a surgical lung <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022958" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">biopsy</a>. Your doctor can use a biopsy to rule out other causes of symptoms and check the condition of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>.</p><p>For a surgical lung <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022958" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">biopsy</a>, your doctor takes samples of lung <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> from several places in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. He or she then looks at them under a microscope. Your doctor may use one of the following methods to get lung tissue samples.</p><p>Video-assisted <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022278" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thoracoscopy</a> (thor-ah-KOS-ko-pee). For this procedure, your doctor inserts a small, lighted tube with a camera (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022208" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">endoscope</a>) into your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> through small cuts between your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029862" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ribs</a>.</p><p>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022208" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">endoscope</a> provides a video image of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> and allows your doctor to collect <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> samples. This procedure is done in a hospital. You'll be given medicine to help you <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> through the procedure.</p><p>Thoracotomy (thor-ah-KOT-o-me). For this procedure, your doctor removes a few small pieces of lung <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> through a cut in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030256" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest wall</a> between your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029862" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ribs</a>. Thoracotomy is done in a hospital. You'll be given medicine to help you <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> through the procedure.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis Treated?</h2><p>The best way to treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022920" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypersensitivity pneumonitis</a> (HP) is to avoid the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antigen</a> that caused it. (An antigen is a substance that your body reacts against, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029692" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">molds</a>, dusts, and chemicals.)</p><p>In <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acute</a> (short-term) HP, symptoms usually go away once you're no longer in contact with the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antigen</a>. In <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> (ongoing) HP, you may need medicines to relieve your symptoms.</p><p>People who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> HP may develop <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ipf/">pulmonary fibrosis</a>. This is a condition in which <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> deep in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> becomes scarred over time. People who have this condition may need further <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-oxt/">oxygen therapy</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pulreh/">pulmonary rehabilitation</a> (rehab).</p><div id="nhlbi-hp-sec2-d8e46"><h3>Avoiding Antigens</h3><p>Once the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antigen</a> that caused the HP and its source are found, you can take steps to avoid it. If HP is caught early, avoiding the antigen may be the only <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> you need.</p><p>Avoiding an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antigen</a> may be easier at home than at work. For example, if your pet bird, moldy carpet, or hot tub is the source of the antigen, you can remove it from your home. If your heating system is the source of the antigen, you can have your system properly serviced.</p><p>However, if the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antigen</a> is at work, you may need to talk with your supervisor about your condition and ways to protect yourself. For example, masks or personal respirators may help protect you from <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antigens</a> in the air. (A personal respirator is a device that helps filter the air you breathe in.)</p><p>Some people who have HP may need to move to a different home or change jobs to avoid <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antigens</a>. After hurricanes, for example, some people have to move from their homes to avoid <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029692" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">molds</a> that could harm their <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. However, moving and changing jobs sometimes isn't possible.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hp-sec2-d8e62"><h3>Medicines and Other Treatments</h3><p>If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> HP, your doctor may prescribe medicines called corticosteroids. These medicines reduce lung <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022625" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inflammation</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0011828" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Prednisone</a> is an example of a corticosteroid.</p><p>Long-term use of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0011828" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">prednisone</a>, especially at high doses, can cause serious side effects. Thus, if your doctor prescribes this medicine, he or she may reduce the dose over time.</p><p>Examples of side effects from corticosteroids are increased risk of infections, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood pressure</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood sugar</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024680" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">osteoporosis</a> (thinning of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022807" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bones</a>).</p><p>People who develop <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022202" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022940" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fibrosis</a> may need medicines, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029682" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen therapy</a>, and/or pulmonary rehab. Pulmonary fibrosis is a condition in which <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> deep in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> becomes scarred over time.</p><p>If you smoke, try to quit. Smoking can make HP symptoms worse and lead to other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung diseases</a>. Talk with your doctor about programs and products that can help you quit. Also, try to avoid <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029761" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">secondhand smoke</a>.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-livingwith"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-livingwith_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Living With Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis</h2><p>If you've had <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022920" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypersensitivity pneumonitis</a> (HP), avoiding the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antigen</a> that caused it is important. (An antigen is a substance that your body reacts against, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029692" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">molds</a>, dusts, and chemicals.)</p><p>If HP is caught early, your symptoms will likely go away if you avoid contact with the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antigen</a>. Continued contact with the antigen can make your symptoms worse and may lead to long-term lung damage.</p><p>To avoid the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antigen</a>, you may need to find other hobbies, change jobs, move, or use protective gear (like a mask) at work.</p><p>If you smoke, try to quit. Smoking can make HP symptoms worse and lead to other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung diseases</a>. Talk with your doctor about programs and products that can help you quit smoking. Also, try to avoid <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029761" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">secondhand smoke</a>. Ask family members, friends, and coworkers not to smoke in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">front</a> of you or in your home, car, or workplace.</p><p>If you've developed <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ipf/">pulmonary fibrosis</a> from the HP, you'll need further ongoing care. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022202" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pulmonary</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022940" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fibrosis</a> is a condition in which <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> deep in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> becomes scarred over time.</p><p>If you have this condition, you may need medicines, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-oxt/">oxygen therapy</a>, and/or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pulreh/">pulmonary rehabilitation</a>. Follow your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> plan as your doctor advises.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-trials"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-trials_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Clinical Trials</h2><p>The National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute (NHLBI) is strongly committed to supporting research aimed at preventing and treating heart, lung, and blood diseases and conditions and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorders</a>.</p><p>NHLBI-supported research has led to many advances in medical knowledge and care. Often, these advances depend on the willingness of volunteers to take part in <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-clinicaltrials/">clinical trials</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Clinical trials</a> test new ways to prevent, diagnose, or treat various diseases and conditions. For example, new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for a disease or condition (such as medicines, medical devices, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgeries</a>, or procedures) are tested in volunteers who have the illness. Testing shows whether a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> is safe and effective in humans before it is made available for widespread use.</p><p>By taking part in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, you can gain access to new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> before they're widely available. You also will have the support of a team of health care providers, who will likely monitor your health closely. Even if you don't directly benefit from the results of a clinical trial, the information gathered can help others and add to scientific knowledge.</p><p>If you volunteer for a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, the research will be explained to you in detail. You'll learn about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> and tests you may receive, and the benefits and risks they may pose. You'll also be given a chance to ask questions about the research. This process is called informed consent.</p><p>If you agree to take part in the trial, you'll be asked to sign an informed consent form. This form is not a contract. You have the right to withdraw from a study at any time, for any reason. Also, you have the right to learn about new risks or findings that emerge during the trial.</p><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> related to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022920" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypersensitivity pneumonitis</a>, talk with your doctor. You also can visit the following Web sites to learn more about clinical research and to search for clinical trials:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>http://clinicalresearch.nih.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.clinicaltrials.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.researchmatch.org</div></li></ul><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> for children, visit the NHLBI's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/childrenandclinicalstudies/index.php" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Children and Clinical Studies</a> Web page.</p></div><div style="display: none; width: 200px; top: -100px; left: -100px;" aria-live="assertive" aria-hidden="true" class="ui-helper-reset ui-ncbipopper-wrapper ui-ncbilinksmenu"><ul id="ui-ncbiinpagenav-6"><li><a href="#_nhlbi-hp-sec1-d1e36_">What Is Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-names_">Other Names for Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-causes_">What Causes Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-atrisk_">Who Is At Risk for Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-signs_">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-diagnosis_">How Is Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis Diagnosed?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-treatment_">How Is Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis Treated?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-livingwith_">Living With Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-trials_">Clinical Trials</a></li></ul></div></div></div> |
June 11, 2014. |
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2018-02-02 04:25:06 |
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<L1> diseases_conditions
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2018-02-02 05:16:30 |
Hypotension |
<div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-hyp-sec1-d1e37_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Is Hypotension?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Hypotension</a> (HI-po-TEN-shun) is abnormally <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">low blood pressure</a>. Blood pressure is the force of blood pushing against the walls of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> as the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> pumps out blood.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood pressure</a> is measured as systolic (sis-TOL-ik) and diastolic (di-a-STOL-ik) pressures. "Systolic" refers to blood pressure when the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> beats while pumping blood. "Diastolic" refers to blood pressure when the heart is at rest between beats.</p><p>You most often will see <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> numbers written with the systolic number above or before the diastolic number, such as 120/80 mmHg. (The mmHg is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030527" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">millimeters of mercury</a>—the units used to measure blood pressure.)</p><p>Normal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> in adults is lower than 120/80 mmHg. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Hypotension</a> is blood pressure that's lower than 90/60 mmHg.</p><div id="nhlbi-hyp-sec2-d1e53"><h3>Overview</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood pressure</a> doesn't stay the same all the time. It lowers as you <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> and rises when you wake up. Blood pressure also rises when you're excited, nervous, or active.</p><p>Your body is very sensitive to changes in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a>. For example, if you stand up quickly, your blood pressure may drop for a short time. Your body adjusts your blood pressure to make sure enough blood and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> are flowing to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidneys</a>, and other vital <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a>.</p><p>Most forms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypotension</a> happen because your body can't bring <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> back to normal or can't do it fast enough.</p><p>Some people have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">low blood pressure</a> all the time. They have no signs or symptoms, and their low blood pressure is normal for them.</p><p>In other people, certain conditions or factors cause abnormally <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">low blood pressure</a>. As a result, less blood and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> flow to the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a>.</p><p>For the most part, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypotension</a> is a medical concern only if it causes signs or symptoms or is linked to a serious condition, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease. Signs and symptoms of hypotension may include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029722" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">dizziness</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029695" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fainting</a>, cold and sweaty <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fatigue</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tiredness</a>), blurred vision, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024775" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nausea</a> (feeling sick to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a>).</p><p>In extreme cases, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypotension</a> can lead to shock.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hyp-sec2-d1e81"><h3>Outlook</h3><p>In a healthy person, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">low blood pressure</a> without signs or symptoms usually isn't a problem and needs no <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>. If it causes signs or symptoms, your doctor will try to find and treat the condition that's causing it.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Hypotension</a> can be dangerous. It can make you <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029705" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fall</a> because of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029722" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">dizziness</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029695" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fainting</a>. Shock, a severe form of hypotension, is a condition that's often fatal if not treated right away. With prompt and proper <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>, shock can be successfully treated.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-types"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-types_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Types of Hypotension</h2><p>There are several types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypotension</a>. People who always have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">low blood pressure</a> have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023542" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asymptomatic</a> hypotension. They usually have no signs or symptoms and need no <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>. Their low blood pressure is normal for them.</p><p>Other types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypotension</a> occur if <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> suddenly drops too low. The signs and symptoms range from mild to severe.</p><p>The three main types of this kind of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypotension</a> are <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023513" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">orthostatic</a> (OR-tho-STAT-ik) hypotension, neurally mediated hypotension, and severe hypotension linked to shock.</p><div id="nhlbi-hyp-sec2-d3e40"><h3>Orthostatic Hypotension</h3><p>This type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypotension</a> occurs when standing up from a sitting or lying down position. You may feel dizzy or light-headed, or you may even <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029695" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">faint</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023513" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Orthostatic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypotension</a> occurs if your body isn't able to adjust <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> and blood flow fast enough for the change in position. The drop in blood pressure usually lasts only for a few seconds or minutes after you stand up. You may need to sit or lie down for a short time while your blood pressure returns to normal.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023513" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Orthostatic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypotension</a> can occur in all age groups. However, it's more common in older adults, especially those who are frail or in poor health. This type of hypotension can be a symptom of another medical condition. Thus, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> often focuses on treating underlying conditions.</p><p>Some people have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023513" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">orthostatic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypotension</a>, but also have <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">high blood pressure</a> when lying down.</p><p>A form of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023513" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">orthostatic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypotension</a> called postprandial hypotension is a sudden drop in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> after a meal. This type of hypotension mostly affects older adults. People who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood pressure</a> or a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024762" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">central nervous system</a> disorder, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024544" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Parkinson</a>'s disease, also are at increased risk for postprandial hypotension.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hyp-sec2-d3e62"><h3>Neurally Mediated Hypotension</h3><p>With neurally mediated <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypotension</a> (NMH), <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> drops after you've been standing for a long time. You may feel dizzy, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029695" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">faint</a>, or sick to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a> as a result. NMH also can occur as the result of an unpleasant, upsetting, or scary situation.</p><p>NMH affects children and young adults more often than people in other age groups. Children often outgrow NMH.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hyp-sec2-d3e72"><h3>Severe Hypotension Linked to Shock</h3><p>Shock is a life-threatening condition in which <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> drops so low that the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidneys</a>, and other vital <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> can't get enough blood to work well. Blood pressure drops much lower in shock than in other types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypotension</a>.</p><p>Many factors can cause shock. Examples include major <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> loss, certain severe infections, severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027084" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">burns</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">allergic reactions</a>, and poisoning. Shock can be fatal if it's not treated right away.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-names"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-names_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Other Names for Hypotension</h2><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Low blood pressure</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Neurally mediated <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypotension</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Neurogenic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023513" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">orthostatic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypotension</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023513" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Orthostatic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypotension</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Postprandial <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypotension</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Postural <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypotension</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Shock</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes Hypotension?</h2><p>Conditions or factors that disrupt the body's ability to control <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypotension</a>. The different types of hypotension have different causes.</p><div id="nhlbi-hyp-sec2-d5e31"><h3>Orthostatic Hypotension</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023513" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Orthostatic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypotension</a> has many causes. Sometimes two or more factors combine to cause this type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">low blood pressure</a>.</p><p>Dehydration (de-hi-DRA-shun) is the most common cause of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023513" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">orthostatic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypotension</a>. Dehydration occurs if the body loses more water than it takes in.</p><p>You may become dehydrated if you don't drink enough fluids or if you <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sweat</a> a lot during physical activity. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Fever</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024776" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vomiting</a>, and severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024806" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diarrhea</a> also can cause dehydration.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023513" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Orthostatic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypotension</a> also may occur during <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a>, but it usually goes away after birth.</p><p>Because an older body doesn't manage changes in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> as well as a younger body, getting older also can lead to this type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypotension</a>.</p><p>Postprandial <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypotension</a> (a type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023513" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">orthostatic</a> hypotension) mostly affects older adults. Postprandial hypotension is a sudden drop in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> after a meal.</p><p>Certain medical conditions can raise your risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023513" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">orthostatic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypotension</a>, including:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a> conditions, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hvd/">heart valve disease</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-arr/">bradycardia</a> (a very low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024325" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart rate</a>), and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a>. These conditions prevent the heart from pumping enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to the body.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-anemia/">Anemia</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Severe infections.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022071" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Endocrine</a> conditions, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029359" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thyroid disorders</a>, Addison's disease, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024699" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">low blood sugar</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024762" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Central nervous system</a> disorders, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024544" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Parkinson</a>'s disease.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pe/">Pulmonary embolism</a>.</div></li></ul><p>Some medicines for <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">high blood pressure</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease can raise your risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023513" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">orthostatic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypotension</a>. These medicines include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025451" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Diuretics</a>, also called "<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025451" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">water pills</a>"</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025449" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Calcium channel blockers</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025466" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Angiotensin</a>-converting <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022049" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">enzyme</a> (ACE) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025473" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inhibitors</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025474" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Angiotensin II receptor</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025464" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blockers</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Nitrates</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Beta blockers</a></div></li></ul><p>Medicines for conditions such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024918" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anxiety</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024768" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">depression</a>, erectile dysfunction, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024762" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">central nervous system</a> disorders also can increase your risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023513" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">orthostatic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypotension</a>.</p><p>Other substances, when taken with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood pressure</a> medicines, also can lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023513" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">orthostatic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypotension</a>. These substances include alcohol, barbiturates, and some prescription and over-the-counter medicines.</p><p>Finally, other factors or conditions that can trigger <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023513" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">orthostatic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypotension</a> include being out in the heat or being immobile for a long time. "Immobile" means you can't move around very much.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hyp-sec2-d5e132"><h3>Neurally Mediated Hypotension</h3><p>Neurally mediated <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypotension</a> (NMH) occurs when the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> don't communicate with each other properly.</p><p>For example, when you stand for a long time, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> begins to pool in your legs. This causes your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> to drop. In NMH, the body mistakenly tells the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> that blood pressure is high. In response, the brain slows the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024325" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart rate</a>. This makes blood pressure drop even more, causing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029722" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">dizziness</a> and other symptoms.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hyp-sec2-d5e142"><h3>Severe Hypotension Linked to Shock</h3><p>Many factors and conditions can cause severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypotension</a> linked to shock. Some of these factors also can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023513" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">orthostatic</a> hypotension. In shock, though, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> drops very low and doesn't return to normal on its own.</p><p>Shock is an emergency and must be treated right away. If a person has <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063034/#nhlbisec-signs">signs or symptoms of shock</a>, call 9–1–1.</p><p>Some severe infections can cause shock. This is known as septic shock. It can occur if <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bacteria</a> enter the bloodstream. The bacteria release a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030685" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">toxin</a> (poison) that leads to a dangerous drop in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a>.</p><p>A severe loss of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> or fluids from the body also can cause shock. This is known as hypovolemic (HI-po-vo-LE-mik) shock. Hypovolemic shock can happen as a result of:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Major external <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> (for example, from a severe cut or injury)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Major internal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> (for example, from a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ruptured</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a> or injury that causes bleeding inside the body)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Major loss of body fluids from severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027084" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">burns</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Severe swelling of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015631" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pancreas</a> (an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organ</a> that produces <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022049" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">enzymes</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hormones</a>, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024496" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">insulin</a>)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024806" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diarrhea</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028181" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidney disease</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Overuse of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025451" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diuretics</a></div></li></ul><p>A major decrease in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s ability to pump <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> also can cause shock. This is known as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-shock/">cardiogenic (KAR-de-o-JEN-ik) shock</a>.</p><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022020" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary embolism</a>, or an ongoing <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-arr/">arrhythmia</a> (ah-RITH-me-ah) that disrupts heart function can cause this type of shock.</p><p>A sudden and extreme relaxation of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> linked to a drop in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> also can cause shock. This is known as vasodilatory (VA-so-DI-la-tory) shock. It can occur due to:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024859" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">head injury</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A reaction to certain medicines</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Liver</a> failure</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Poisoning</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">allergic reaction</a> (called anaphylactic (AN-a-fi-LAK-tik) shock)</div></li></ul></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-atrisk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-atrisk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is At Risk for Hypotension?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Hypotension</a> can affect people of all ages. However, people in certain age groups are more likely to have certain types of hypotension.</p><p>Older adults are more likely to have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023513" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">orthostatic</a> and postprandial <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypotension</a>. Children and young adults are more likely to have neurally mediated hypotension.</p><p>People who take certain medicines—such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025451" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diuretics</a> ("<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025451" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">water pills</a>") or other <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">high blood pressure</a> medicines—are at increased risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypotension</a>. Certain conditions also increase the risk for hypotension. Examples include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024762" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">central nervous system</a> disorders (such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024544" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Parkinson</a>'s disease) and some <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> conditions.</p><p>Other risk factors for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypotension</a> include being immobile (not being able to move around very much) for long <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023146" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">periods</a>, being out in the heat for a long time, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a>. Hypotension during pregnancy is normal and usually goes away after birth.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Hypotension?</h2><div id="nhlbi-hyp-sec2-d7e28"><h3>Orthostatic Hypotension and Neurally Mediated Hypotension</h3><p>The signs and symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023513" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">orthostatic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypotension</a> and neurally mediated hypotension (NMH) are similar. They include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029722" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Dizziness</a> or light-headedness</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Blurry vision</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Confusion</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Weakness</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Fatigue</a> (feeling tired)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024775" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Nausea</a> (feeling sick to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a>)</div></li></ul><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023513" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Orthostatic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypotension</a> may happen within a few seconds or minutes of standing up after you've been sitting or lying down.</p><p>You may feel that you're going to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029695" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">faint</a>, or you may actually faint. These signs and symptoms go away if you sit or lie down for a few minutes until your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> adjusts to normal.</p><p>The signs and symptoms of NMH occur after standing for a long time or in response to an unpleasant, upsetting, or scary situation. The drop in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> with NMH doesn't last long and often goes away after sitting down.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hyp-sec2-d7e66"><h3>Severe Hypotension Linked to Shock</h3><p>In shock, not enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> flow to the body's major <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a>, including the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>. The early signs and symptoms of reduced blood flow to the brain include light-headedness, sleepiness, and confusion.</p><p>In the earliest stages of shock, it may be hard to detect any signs or symptoms. In older people, the first symptom may only be confusion.</p><p>Over time, as shock worsens, a person won't be able to sit up without <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029695" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">passing out</a>. If the shock continues, the person will lose consciousness. Shock often is fatal if not treated right away.</p><p>Other signs and symptoms of shock vary, depending on what's causing the shock. When low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> volume (from major blood loss, for example) or poor pumping action in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> (from <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a>, for example) causes shock:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> becomes cold and sweaty. It often looks blue or pale. If pressed, the color returns to normal more slowly than usual. A bluish network of lines appears under the skin.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024325" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulse</a> becomes weak and rapid.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The person begins to breathe very quickly.</div></li></ul><p>When extreme relaxation of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> causes shock (such as in vasodilatory shock), a person feels warm and flushed at first. Later, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> becomes cold and sweaty, and the person feels very sleepy.</p><p>Shock is an emergency and must be treated right away. If a person has signs or symptoms of shock, call 9–1–1.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Hypotension Diagnosed?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Hypotension</a> is diagnosed based on your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029840" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">medical history</a>, a physical exam, and test results. Your doctor will want to know:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypotension</a> you have and how severe it is</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Whether an underlying condition is causing the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypotension</a></div></li></ul><div id="nhlbi-hyp-sec2-d8e40"><h3>Specialists Involved</h3><p>A primary care doctor or specialist may diagnose and treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypotension</a>. The type of specialist most commonly involved is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015644" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiologist</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> specialist).</p><p>Other specialists also may be involved, such as surgeons, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022164" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nephrologists</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidney</a> specialists), or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022774" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neurologists</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022678" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nerve</a> specialists).</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hyp-sec2-d8e50"><h3>Diagnostic Tests</h3><p>Shock is a life-threatening condition that requires emergency <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>. For other types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypotension</a>, your doctor may recommend tests to find out how your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> responds in certain situations.</p><p>The test results will help your doctor understand why you're <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029695" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fainting</a> or having other symptoms.</p><div id="nhlbi-hyp-sec3-d8e61"><h4>Blood Tests</h4><p>During a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bdt/">blood test</a>, a small amount of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> is taken from your body. It's usually drawn from a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arm</a> using a needle. The procedure is quick and easy, although it may cause some short-term discomfort.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022070" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood tests</a> can show whether <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-anemia/">anemia</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024699" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">low blood sugar</a> is causing your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypotension</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hyp-sec3-d8e77"><h4>EKG (Electrocardiogram)</h4><p>An <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ekg/">EKG</a> is a simple test that detects and records your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical activity. It shows how fast your heart is beating and whether its rhythm is steady or irregular. An EKG also shows the strength and timing of electrical signals as they pass through each part of your heart.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hyp-sec3-d8e86"><h4>Holter and Event Monitors</h4><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-holt/">Holter and event monitors</a> are medical devices that record your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical activity. These monitors are similar to an EKG. However, a standard EKG only records your heartbeat for a few seconds. It won't detect heart rhythm problems that don't occur during the test.</p><p>Holter and event monitors are small, portable devices. You can wear one while you do your normal daily activities. This allows the monitor to record your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> for longer <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023146" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">periods</a> than a standard EKG.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hyp-sec3-d8e98"><h4>Echocardiography</h4><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-echo/">Echocardiography</a> (echo) is a test that uses sound waves to create a moving picture of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. The picture shows how well your heart is working and its size and shape.</p><p>There are several types of echo, including <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a> echo. This test is done as part of a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029874" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress test</a> (see below). Stress echo usually is done to find out whether you have decreased <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, a sign of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">coronary heart disease</a> (also called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021983" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary artery disease</a>).</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hyp-sec3-d8e112"><h4>Stress Test</h4><p>Some <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> problems are easier to diagnose when your heart is working hard and beating fast. During <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stress/">stress testing</a>, you <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">exercise</a> (or are given medicine if you're unable to exercise) to make your heart work hard and beat fast while heart tests are done.</p><p>These tests may include <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-nscan/">nuclear heart scanning</a>, echo, and positron emission tomography (PET) scanning of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hyp-sec3-d8e128"><h4>Valsalva Maneuver</h4><p>This is a simple test for the part of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025454" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nervous system</a> that controls functions such as your heartbeat and the narrowing and widening of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>. If something goes wrong with this part of the nervous system, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> problems may occur.</p><p>During this test, you take a deep breath and then force the air out through your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024368" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lips</a>. You will do this several times. Your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024325" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart rate</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> will be checked during the test.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hyp-sec3-d8e137"><h4>Tilt Table Test</h4><p>This test is used if you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029695" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fainting</a> spells for no known reason. For the test, you lie on a table that moves from a lying down to an upright position. Your doctor checks your reaction to the change in position.</p><p>Doctors use a tilt table test to diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023513" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">orthostatic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypotension</a> and neurally mediated hypotension (NMH). People who have NMH usually <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029695" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">faint</a> during this test. The test can help your doctor find any underlying <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022678" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nerve</a> condition.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Hypotension Treated?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatment</a> depends on the type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypotension</a> you have and the severity of your signs and symptoms. The goal of treatment is to bring <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> back to normal to relieve signs and symptoms. Another goal is to manage any underlying condition causing the hypotension.</p><p>Your response to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> depends on your age, overall health, and strength. It also depends on how easily you can stop, start, or change medicines.</p><p>In a healthy person, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">low blood pressure</a> without signs or symptoms usually isn't a problem and needs no <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>.</p><p>If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063034/#nhlbisec-signs">signs or symptoms</a> of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypotension</a>, you should sit or lie down right away. Put your feet above the level of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. If your signs or symptoms don't go away quickly, you should seek medical care.</p><div id="nhlbi-hyp-sec2-d9e44"><h3>Orthostatic Hypotension</h3><p>Many <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> are available for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023513" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">orthostatic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypotension</a>. If you have this condition, your doctor may advise making lifestyle changes, such as:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Drinking plenty of fluids, such as water or sports drinks that contain <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023354" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nutrients</a> like sodium and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025487" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">potassium</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Drinking little or no alcohol.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Standing up slowly.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Not crossing your legs while sitting.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Slowly increasing the amount of time you sit up if you've been immobile for a long time because of a medical condition. The term "immobile" refers to not being able to move around very much.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Eating small, low-<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023301" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carbohydrate</a> meals if you have postprandial <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypotension</a> (a form of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023513" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">orthostatic</a> hypotension).</div></li></ul><p>Talk with your doctor about using compression stockings. These stockings apply pressure to your lower legs. The pressure helps move <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> throughout your body.</p><p>If medicine is causing your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">low blood pressure</a>, your doctor may change the medicine or adjust the dose you take.</p><p>Several medicines are used to treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023513" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">orthostatic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypotension</a>. These medicines, which raise <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a>, include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0010328" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fludrocortisone</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0011219" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">midodrine</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hyp-sec2-d9e82"><h3>Neurally Mediated Hypotension</h3><p>If you have neurally mediated <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypotension</a> (NMH), you may need to make lifestyle changes. These may include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Avoiding situations that trigger symptoms, such as standing for long <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023146" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">periods</a>. Unpleasant, upsetting, or scary situations also can trigger symptoms.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Drinking plenty of fluids, such as water or sports drinks that contain <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023354" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nutrients</a> like sodium and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025487" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">potassium</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Increasing your salt intake (as your doctor advises).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Learning to recognize symptoms that occur before <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029695" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fainting</a> and taking action to raise your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a>. For example, sitting down and putting your head between your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">knees</a> or lying down can help raise blood pressure.</div></li></ul><p>If medicine is causing your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypotension</a>, your doctor may change the medicine or adjust the dose you take. He or she also may prescribe medicine to treat NMH.</p><p>Children who have NHM often outgrow it.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hyp-sec2-d9e109"><h3>Severe Hypotension Linked to Shock</h3><p>Shock is a life-threatening emergency. People who have shock need prompt <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> from medical personnel. If a person has signs or symptoms of shock, call 9–1–1 right away.</p><p>The goals of treating shock are to:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Restore <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> as quickly as possible to prevent <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organ</a> damage</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Find and reverse the cause of shock</div></li></ul><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> or special fluids are put into the bloodstream to restore blood flow to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a>. Medicines can help raise <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> or make the heartbeat stronger. Depending on the cause of the shock, other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a>—such as antibiotics or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>—may be needed.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-livingwith"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-livingwith_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Living With Hypotension</h2><p>Doctors can successfully treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypotension</a>. Many people who had the condition and were successfully treated live normal, healthy lives.</p><p>If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypotension</a>, you can take steps to prevent or limit symptoms, such as dizzy spells and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029695" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fainting</a>.</p><p>If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023513" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">orthostatic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypotension</a>, get up slowly after sitting or lying down, or move your legs before changing your position. Eat small, low-<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023301" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carbohydrate</a> meals if you have postprandial hypotension (a form of orthostatic hypotension).</p><p>If you have neurally mediated <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypotension</a>, try not to stand for long <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023146" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">periods</a>. If you do have to stand for a long time, move around and wear compression stockings. These stockings apply pressure to your lower legs. The pressure helps move <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> throughout your body.</p><p>Drink plenty of fluids, such as water or sports drinks that contain <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023354" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nutrients</a> like sodium and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025487" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">potassium</a>. Also, try to avoid unpleasant, upsetting, or scary situations. Learn to recognize symptoms and take action to raise your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a>. Children who have NMH often outgrow it.</p><p>Other lifestyle changes also can help you control <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypotension</a>. For more information, talk with your doctor and go to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063034/#nhlbisec-treatment">"How Is Hypotension Treated?"</a> </p><p>Ask your doctor about learning how to measure your own <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a>. This will help you find out what a normal blood pressure reading is for you. Keeping a record of blood pressure readings done by health providers also can help you learn more about your blood pressure.</p><p>Severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypotension</a> linked to shock is an emergency. Shock can lead to death if it's not treated right away. If you see someone having signs or symptoms of shock, call 9–1–1.</p><p>Signs and symptoms of shock include light-headedness, sleepiness, and confusion. Over time, as shock worsens, a person won't be able to sit up without <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029695" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">passing out</a>. If the shock continues, the person can lose consciousness.</p><p>Other signs and symptoms of shock |
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Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis |
<div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-ipf-sec1-d1e36_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Is Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022202" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pulmonary</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022940" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fibrosis</a> (PULL-mun-ary fi-BRO-sis) is a disease in which <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> deep in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> becomes thick and stiff, or scarred, over time. The formation of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028156" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">scar</a> tissue is called fibrosis.</p><p>As the lung <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> thickens, your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> can't properly move <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> into your bloodstream. As a result, your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> and other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> don't get the oxygen they need. (For more information, go to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hlw/">"How the Lungs Work"</a> section of this article.)</p><p>Sometimes doctors can find out what's causing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022940" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fibrosis</a>. But in most cases, they can't find a cause. They call these cases <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022069" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">idiopathic</a> (id-ee-o-PATH-ick) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022202" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary</a> fibrosis (IPF).</p><p>IPF is a serious disease that usually affects middle-aged and older adults. IPF varies from person to person. In some people, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022940" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fibrosis</a> happens quickly. In others, the process is much slower. In some people, the disease stays the same for years.</p><p>IPF has no cure yet. Many people live only about 3 to 5 years after diagnosis. The most common cause of death related to IPF is <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-rf/">respiratory failure</a>. Other causes of death include <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pah/">pulmonary hypertension</a> (HI-per-TEN-shun), <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pe/">pulmonary embolism</a> (EM-bo-lizm), <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pnu/">pneumonia</a> (nu-MO-ne-ah), and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021885" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung cancer</a>.</p><p>Genetics may play a role in causing IPF. If more than one member of your family has IPF, the disease is called familial IPF.</p><p>Research has helped doctors learn more about IPF. As a result, they can more quickly diagnose the disease now than in the past. Also, researchers are studying several medicines that may slow the progress of IPF. These efforts may improve the lifespan and quality of life for people who have the disease.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-lungworks"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-lungworks_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How the Lungs Work</h2><p>To understand <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022934" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis</a> (IPF), it helps to understand how the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> work. The air that you breathe in through your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025667" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nose</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a> travels down through your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022078" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">trachea</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022078" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">windpipe</a>) into two tubes in your lungs called bronchial (BRONG-ke-al) tubes or airways.</p><p>The airways are shaped like an upside-down tree with many branches. The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022078" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">windpipe</a> is the trunk. It splits into two <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022178" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bronchial tubes</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022178" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bronchi</a>. Thinner tubes called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022180" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bronchioles</a> branch out from the bronchi.</p><p>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022180" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bronchioles</a> end in tiny air <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022396" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sacs</a> called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022134" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">alveoli</a> (al-VEE-uhl-<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eye</a>). These air sacs have very thin walls, and small <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022018" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">capillaries</a> run through them. There are about 300 million alveoli in a normal lung.</p><p>When the air that you've just breathed in reaches these air <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022396" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sacs</a>, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> in the air passes through the air <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022396" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sac</a> walls into the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022018" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">capillaries</a>. At the same time, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022309" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carbon dioxide</a> (a waste gas) moves from the capillaries into the air sacs. This process is called gas exchange.</p><p>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022018" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">capillaries</a> then flows into larger <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a>, which carry it to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. Your heart pumps the oxygen-rich blood to all your body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a>. These organs can't function without an ongoing supply of oxygen.</p><p>The animation below shows how the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> work. Click the "start" button to play the animation. Written and spoken explanations are provided with each frame. Use the buttons in the lower right corner to pause, restart, or replay the animation, or use the scroll bar below the buttons to move through the frames.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="fighowlungswork" co-legend-rid="figlgndhowlungswork"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062984/figure/howlungswork/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img" rid-ob="figobhowlungswork"><img class="small-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/bookshelf/static/media-icon.gif" alt="Figure Icon"></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndhowlungswork"><h4 id="howlungswork"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062984/figure/howlungswork/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobhowlungswork">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">The animation shows how the lungs inhale oxygen and transfer it to the blood. It also shows how carbon dioxide (a waste product) is removed from the blood and exhaled. </p></div></div><p>In IPF, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028156" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">scarring</a> begins in the air <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022396" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sac</a> walls and the spaces around them. The scarring makes the walls of the air <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022396" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sacs</a> thicker. This makes it harder for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> to pass through the air sac walls into the bloodstream.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figd3e64" co-legend-rid="figlgndd3e64"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062984/figure/d3e64/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figd3e64" rid-ob="figobd3e64"><img class="small-thumb" src="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062984/bin/ipf.gif" src-large="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062984/bin/ipf.jpg" alt="Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis."></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndd3e64"><h4 id="d3e64"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062984/figure/d3e64/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd3e64">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Figure A shows the location of the lungs and airways in the body. The inset image shows a detailed view of the lung's airways and air sacs in cross-section. Figure B shows fibrosis (scarring) in the lungs. The inset image <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062984/figure/d3e64/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd3e64">(more...)</a></p></div></div><p>For more information about lung function, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hlw/">How the Lungs Work</a> article.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-names"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-names_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Other Names for Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis</h2><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022069" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Idiopathic</a> diffuse <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022941" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">interstitial</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022202" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022940" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fibrosis</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022202" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pulmonary</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022940" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fibrosis</a> of unknown cause</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022202" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pulmonary</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022940" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fibrosis</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022934" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Usual <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022941" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">interstitial</a> pneumonitis</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Diffuse fibrosing alveolitis</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis?</h2><p>Sometimes doctors can find out what is causing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022202" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022940" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fibrosis</a> (lung <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028156" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">scarring</a>). For example, exposure to environmental pollutants and certain medicines can cause the disease.</p><p>Environmental pollutants include inorganic dust (silica and hard metal dusts) and organic dust (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bacteria</a> and animal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022051" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">proteins</a>). </p><p>Medicines that are known to cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022202" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022940" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fibrosis</a> in some people include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0001276" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nitrofurantoin</a> (an antibiotic), <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000087" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">amiodarone</a> (a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> medicine), <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0001158" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">methotrexate</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0009311" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleomycin</a> (both <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024232" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chemotherapy</a> medicines), and many other medicines.</p><p>In most cases, however, the cause of lung <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028156" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">scarring</a> isn’t known. These cases are called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022934" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis</a> (IPF). With IPF, doctors think that something inside or outside of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> attacks them again and again over time.</p><p>These attacks injure the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028156" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">scar</a> the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> inside and between the air <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022396" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sacs</a>. This makes it harder for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> to pass through the air <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022396" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sac</a> walls into the bloodstream.</p><p>The following factors may increase your risk of IPF:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Cigarette smoking</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024518" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Viral infections</a>, including Epstein-Barr virus (which causes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024460" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mononucleosis</a>), <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025770" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">influenza A virus</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022399" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hepatitis C</a> virus, HIV, and herpes virus 6</div></li></ul><p>Genetics also may play a role in causing IPF. Some families have at least two members who have IPF.</p><p>Researchers have found that 9 out of 10 people who have IPF also have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028105" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gastroesophageal reflux disease</a> (GERD). GERD is a condition in which acid from your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a> backs up into your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024473" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">throat</a>.</p><p>Some people who have GERD may regularly breathe in tiny drops of acid from their stomachs. The acid can injure their <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> and lead to IPF. More research is needed to confirm this theory.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis?</h2><p>The signs and symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022934" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis</a> (IPF) develop over time. They may not even begin to appear until the disease has done serious damage to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. Once they occur, they're likely to get worse over time.</p><p>The most common signs and symptoms are:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Shortness of breath. This usually is the main symptom of IPF. At first, you may be short of breath only during <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">exercise</a>. Over time, you'll likely feel breathless even at rest.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A dry, hacking <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cough/">cough</a> that doesn't get better. Over time, you may have repeated bouts of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coughing</a> that you can't control.</div></li></ul><p>Other signs and symptoms that you may develop over time include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Rapid, shallow breathing</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Gradual, unintended weight loss</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Fatigue</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tiredness</a>) or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030290" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">malaise</a> (a general feeling of being unwell)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Aching <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscles</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022450" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">joints</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Clubbing, which is the widening and rounding of the tips of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023112" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fingers</a> or toes</div></li></ul><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figd6e71" co-legend-rid="figlgndd6e71"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062984/figure/d6e71/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figd6e71" rid-ob="figobd6e71"><img class="small-thumb" src="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062984/bin/ipf_clubbedfingers.gif" src-large="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062984/bin/ipf_clubbedfingers.jpg" alt="Clubbing."></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndd6e71"><h4 id="d6e71"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062984/figure/d6e71/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd6e71">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Clubbing. The illustration shows clubbing of the fingertips associated with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. </p></div></div><p>IPF may lead to other medical problems, including a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022353" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">collapsed lung</a>, lung infections, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021885" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung cancer</a>.</p><p>As the disease worsens, you may develop other potentially life-threatening conditions, including <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-rf/">respiratory failure</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pah/">pulmonary hypertension</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Diagnosed?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022934" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis</a> (IPF) causes the same kind of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028156" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">scarring</a> and symptoms as some other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung diseases</a>. This makes it hard to diagnose.</p><p>Seeking medical help as soon as you have symptoms is important. If possible, seek care from a pulmonologist. This is a doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating lung problems.</p><p>Your doctor will diagnose IPF based on your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029840" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">medical history</a>, a physical exam, and test results. Tests can help rule out other causes of your symptoms and show how badly your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> are damaged.</p><div id="nhlbi-ipf-sec2-d7e37"><h3>Medical History</h3><p>Your doctor may ask about:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Your age</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Your history of smoking</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Things in the air at your job or elsewhere that could irritate your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Your hobbies</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Your history of legal and illegal drug use</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Other medical conditions that you have</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Your family's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029840" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">medical history</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>How long you've had symptoms</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-ipf-sec2-d7e72"><h3>Diagnostic Tests</h3><p>No single test can diagnose IPF. Your doctor may recommend several of the following tests.</p><div id="nhlbi-ipf-sec3-d7e78"><h4>Chest X Ray</h4><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cxray/">chest x ray</a> is a painless test that creates a picture of the structures in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a>, such as your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. This test can show shadows that suggest <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028156" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">scar</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a>. However, many people who have IPF have normal chest x rays at the time they're diagnosed.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ipf-sec3-d7e88"><h4>High-Resolution Computed Tomography</h4><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cct/#nhlbisec-types">high-resolution computed tomography scan</a>, or HRCT scan, is an x ray that provides sharper and more detailed pictures than a standard <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> x ray.</p><p>HRCT can show <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028156" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">scar</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> and how much lung damage you have. This test can help your doctor spot IPF at an early stage or rule it out. HRCT also can help your doctor decide how likely you are to respond to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ipf-sec3-d7e100"><h4>Lung Function Tests</h4><p>Your doctor may suggest a breathing test called <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-lft/#nhlbisec-types">spirometry</a> (spi-ROM-eh-tree) to find out how much lung damage you have. This test measures how much air you can blow out of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> after taking a deep breath. Spirometry also measures how fast you can breathe the air out.</p><p>If you have a lot of lung <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028156" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">scarring</a>, you won't be able to breathe out a normal amount of air.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ipf-sec3-d7e113"><h4>Pulse Oximetry</h4><p>For this test, your doctor attaches a small sensor to your finger or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024836" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ear</a>. The sensor uses light to estimate how much <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> is in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ipf-sec3-d7e119"><h4>Arterial Blood Gas Test</h4><p>For this test, your doctor takes a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> sample from an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a>, usually in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023104" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">wrist</a>. The sample is sent to a laboratory, where its <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022309" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carbon dioxide</a> levels are measured.</p><p>This test is more accurate than <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024325" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulse</a> oximetry. The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> sample also can be tested to see whether an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> is causing your symptoms.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ipf-sec3-d7e128"><h4>Skin Test for Tuberculosis</h4><p>For this test, your doctor injects a substance under the top layer of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> on one of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arms</a>. This substance reacts to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024668" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tuberculosis</a> (TB). If you have a positive reaction, a small hard lump will develop at the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022222" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">injection</a> site 48 to 72 hours after the test. This test is done to rule out TB.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ipf-sec3-d7e135"><h4>Exercise Testing</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Exercise</a> testing shows how well your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> move <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022309" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carbon dioxide</a> in and out of your bloodstream when you're active. During this test, you walk or pedal on an exercise machine for a few minutes.</p><p>An <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ekg/">EKG</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029879" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">electrocardiogram</a>) checks your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024325" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart rate</a>, a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> cuff checks your blood pressure, and a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024325" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulse</a> oximeter shows how much <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> is in your blood.</p><p>Your doctor may place a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022169" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">catheter</a> (a flexible tube) in an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a> in one of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arms</a> to draw <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> samples. These samples will provide a more precise measure of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022309" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carbon dioxide</a> levels in your blood.</p><p>Your doctor also may ask you to breathe into a tube that measures <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022309" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carbon dioxide</a> levels in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ipf-sec3-d7e154"><h4>Lung Biopsy</h4><p>For a lung <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022958" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">biopsy</a>, your doctor will take samples of lung <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> from several places in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. The samples are examined under a microscope. A lung biopsy is the best way for your doctor to diagnose IPF.</p><p>This procedure can help your doctor rule out other conditions, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-sarc/">sarcoidosis</a> (sar-koy-DO-sis), <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancer</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>. Lung <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022958" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">biopsy</a> also can show your doctor how far your disease has advanced.</p><p>Doctors use several procedures to get lung <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> samples.</p><p>Video-assisted <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022278" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thoracoscopy</a> (thor-ah-KOS-ko-pee). This is the most common procedure used to get lung <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> samples. Your doctor inserts a small tube with an attached light and camera into your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> through small cuts between your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029862" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ribs</a>. The tube is called an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022208" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">endoscope</a>.</p><p>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022208" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">endoscope</a> provides a video image of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> and allows your doctor to collect <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> samples. This procedure must be done in a hospital. You'll be given medicine to make you <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> during the procedure.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022276" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Bronchoscopy</a> (bron-KOS-ko-pee). For a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bron/">bronchoscopy</a>, your doctor passes a thin, flexible tube through your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025667" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nose</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a>, down your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024473" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">throat</a>, and into your airways. At the tube's tip are a light and mini-camera. They allow your doctor to see your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022078" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">windpipe</a> and airways.</p><p>Your doctor then inserts a forceps through the tube to collect <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> samples. You'll be given medicine to help you relax during the procedure.</p><p>Bronchoalveolar lavage (BRONG-ko-al-VE-o-lar lah-VAHZH). During <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022276" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bronchoscopy</a>, your doctor may inject a small amount of salt water (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030277" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">saline</a>) through the tube into your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. This fluid washes the lungs and helps bring up <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> from the area around the air <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022396" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sacs</a>. These cells are examined under a microscope.</p><p>Thoracotomy (thor-ah-KOT-o-me). For this procedure, your doctor removes a few small pieces of lung <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> through a cut in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030256" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest wall</a> between your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029862" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ribs</a>. Thoracotomy is done in a hospital. You'll be given medicine to make you <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> during the procedure.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Treated?</h2><p>Doctors may prescribe medicines, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-oxt/">oxygen therapy</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pulreh/">pulmonary rehabilitation</a> (PR), and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-lungtxp/">lung transplant</a> to treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022934" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis</a> (IPF).</p><div id="nhlbi-ipf-sec2-d8e40"><h3>Medicines</h3><p>Currently, no medicines are proven to slow the progression of IPF.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0011828" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Prednisone</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">azathioprine</a> (A-zah-THI-o-preen), and N-<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000022" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acetylcysteine</a> (a-SEH-til-SIS-tee-in) have been used to treat IPF, either alone or in combination. However, experts have not found enough evidence to support their use.</p><div id="nhlbi-ipf-sec3-d8e50"><h4>Prednisone</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0011828" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Prednisone</a> is an anti-inflammatory medicine. You usually take it by <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a> every day. However, your doctor may give it to you through a needle or tube inserted into a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arm</a> for several days. After that, you usually take it by mouth.</p><p>Because <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0011828" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">prednisone</a> can cause serious side effects, your doctor may prescribe it for 3 to 6 months or less at first. Then, if it works for you, your doctor may reduce the dose over time and keep you on it longer.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ipf-sec3-d8e59"><h4>Azathioprine</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Azathioprine</a> suppresses your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025680" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune system</a>. You usually take it by <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a> every day. Because it can cause serious side effects, your doctor may prescribe it with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0011828" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">prednisone</a> for only 3 to 6 months.</p><p>If you don't have serious side effects and the medicines seem to help you, your doctor may keep you on them longer.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ipf-sec3-d8e69"><h4>N-acetylcysteine</h4><p>N-<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000022" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acetylcysteine</a> is an antioxidant that may help prevent lung damage. You usually take it by <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a> several times a day.</p><p>A common <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> for IPF is a combination of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0011828" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">prednisone</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">azathioprine</a>, and N-<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000022" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acetylcysteine</a>. However, this treatment was recently found harmful in a study funded by the National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute (NHLBI).</p><p>If you have IPF and take this combination of medicines, talk with your doctor. Do not stop taking the medicines on your own.</p><p>The NHLBI currently supports research to compare N-<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000022" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acetylcysteine</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> with placebo treatment (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023305" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sugar</a> pills) in patients who have IPF.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ipf-sec3-d8e84"><h4>New Medicines Being Studied</h4><p>Researchers, like those in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022934" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis</a> Network, are studying new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for IPF. With the support and guidance of the NHLBI, these researchers continue to look for new IPF treatments and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapies</a>.</p><p>Some of these researchers are studying medicines that may reduce <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022625" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inflammation</a> and prevent or reduce <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028156" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">scarring</a> caused by IPF.</p><p>If you're interested in joining a research study, talk with your doctor. For more information about ongoing research, go to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-clinicaltrials/">"Clinical Trials"</a> section of this article.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-ipf-sec2-d8e100"><h3>Other Treatments</h3><p>Other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> that may help people who have IPF include the following:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025769" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Flu</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pnu/">pneumonia</a> vaccines may help prevent infections and keep you healthy.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Cough</a> medicines or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025395" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oral</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0009704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">codeine</a> may relieve <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cough/">coughing</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023352" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Vitamin</a> D, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022775" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">calcium</a>, and a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022807" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone</a>-building medicine may help prevent bone loss if you're taking <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0011828" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">prednisone</a> or another corticosteroid.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Anti-reflux <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a> may help control <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028105" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gastroesophageal reflux disease</a> (GERD). Most people who have IPF also have GERD.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-ipf-sec2-d8e128"><h3>Oxygen Therapy</h3><p>If the amount of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> gets low, you may need <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029682" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen therapy</a>. Oxygen therapy can help reduce shortness of breath and allow you to be more active.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Oxygen</a> usually is given through nasal prongs or a mask. At first, you may need it only during <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">exercise</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a>. As your disease worsens, you may need it all the time.</p><p>For more information, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-oxt/">Oxygen Therapy</a> article.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ipf-sec2-d8e143"><h3>Pulmonary Rehabilitation</h3><p>PR is now a standard <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> for people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> (ongoing) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung disease</a>. PR is a broad program that helps improve the well-being of people who have breathing problems.</p><p>The program usually involves <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> by a team of specialists in a special clinic. The goal is to teach you how to manage your condition and function at your best.</p><p>PR doesn't replace medical <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a>. Instead, it's used with medical therapy and may include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Exercise</a> training</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Nutritional counseling</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Education on your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung disease</a> or condition and how to manage it</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Energy-conserving techniques</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Breathing strategies</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Psychological counseling and/or group support</div></li></ul><p>For more information, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pulreh/">Pulmonary Rehabilitation</a> article.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ipf-sec2-d8e184"><h3>Lung Transplant</h3><p>Your doctor may recommend a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028188" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung transplant</a> if your condition is quickly worsening or very severe. A lung transplant can improve your quality of life and help you live longer.</p><p>Some medical centers will consider patients older than 65 for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028188" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung transplants</a> if they have no other serious medical problems.</p><p>The major complications of a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028188" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung transplant</a> are rejection and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>. ("Rejection" refers to your body creating <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022051" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">proteins</a> that <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024324" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">attack</a> the new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organ</a>.) You will have to take medicines for the rest of your life to reduce the risk of rejection.</p><p>Because the supply of donor <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> is limited, talk with your doctor about a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028188" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung transplant</a> as soon as possible.</p><p>For more information, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-lungtxp/">Lung Transplant</a> article.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-livingwith"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-livingwith_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Living With Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis</h2><p>No cure is available for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022934" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis</a> (IPF) yet. Your symptoms may get worse over time. As your symptoms worsen, you may not be able to do many of the things that you did before you had IPF.</p><p>However, lifestyle changes and ongoing care can help you manage the disease.</p><div id="nhlbi-ipf-sec2-d9e34"><h3>Lifestyle Changes</h3><p>If you're still smoking, the most important thing you can do is quit. Talk with your doctor about programs and products that can help you quit. Also, try to avoid <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029761" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">secondhand smoke</a>. Ask family members and friends not to smoke in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">front</a> of you or in your home, car, or workplace.</p><p>If you have trouble quitting smoking on your own, consider joining a support group. Many hospitals, workplaces, and community groups offer classes to help people quit smoking.</p><p>For more information about how to quit smoking, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">Smoking and Your Heart</a> article and the National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute's (NHLBI's) <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/other/your_guide/healthyheart.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri"> "Your Guide to a Healthy Heart."</a> Although these resources focus on heart health, they include general tips on how to quit smoking.</p><p>Staying active can help with both your physical and mental health. Physical activity can help you maintain your strength and lung function and reduce <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a>. Try moderate <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">exercise</a>, such as walking or riding a stationary bike. Ask your doctor about using <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> while exercising.</p><p>As your condition advances, use a wheelchair or motorized scooter, or stay busy with activities that aren't physical in nature.</p><p>You also should follow a healthy diet. A healthy diet includes a variety of fruits and vegetables. It also includes whole grains, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fat</a>-free or low-fat dairy products, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> foods, such as lean meats, poultry without <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>, seafood, processed soy products, nuts, seeds, beans, and peas.</p><p>A healthy diet is low in sodium (salt), added <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023305" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sugars</a>, solid <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015646" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fats</a>, and refined grains. Solid fats are <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018272" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">saturated fat</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022582" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">trans fatty acids</a>. Refined grains come from processing whole grains, which results in a loss of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023354" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nutrients</a> (such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022146" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">dietary fiber</a>).</p><p>Eating smaller, more frequent meals may relieve <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a> fullness, which can make it hard to breathe. If you need help with your diet, ask your doctor to arrange for a dietitian to work with you.</p><p>For more information about following a healthy diet, go to the NHLBI's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/hbp/dash/index.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">"Your Guide to Lowering Your Blood Pressure With DASH"</a> and the U.S. Department of Agriculture's ChooseMyPlate.gov Web site. Both resources provide general information about healthy eating.</p><p>Getting plenty of rest can increase your energy and help you deal with the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a> of living with a serious condition like IPF.</p><p>Try to maintain a positive attitude; relaxation techniques may help you do this. These techniques also may help you avoid excessive <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> intake caused by tension or overworked <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscles</a>.</p><p>Avoid situations that can make your symptoms worse. For example, avoid traveling by air or living at or traveling to high altitudes where the air is thin and the amount of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> in the air is low.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ipf-sec2-d9e90"><h3>Ongoing Care</h3><p>If you have IPF, you will need ongoing medical care. If possible, seek <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> from a doctor who specializes in IPF. These specialists often are located at major medical centers.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatment</a> may relieve your symptoms and even slow or stop the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022940" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fibrosis</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028156" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">scarring</a>). Follow your treatment plan as your doctor advises. For example:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Take your medicines as your doctor prescribes</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Make any changes in diet or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">exercise</a> that your doctor recommends</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Keep all of your appointments with your doctor</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Enroll in <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pulreh/">pulmonary rehabilitation</a> </div></li></ul><p>As your condition worsens, you may need <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-oxt/">oxygen therapy</a> full time. Some people who have IPF carry portable <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> when they go out.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ipf-sec2-d9e123"><h3>Emotional Issues and Support</h3><p>Living with IPF may cause fear, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024918" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anxiety</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024768" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">depression</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a>. Talk about how you feel with your health care team. Talking to a professional counselor also can help. If you're very <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024768" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">depressed</a>, your doctor may recommend medicines or other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> that can improve your quality of life.</p><p>Joining a patient support group may help you adjust to living with IPF. You can see how other people who have the same symptoms have coped with them. Talk with your doctor about local support groups or check with an area medical center.</p><p>Support from family and friends also can help relieve <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024918" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anxiety</a>. Let your loved ones know how you feel and what they can do to help you.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-trials"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-trials_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Clinical Trials</h2><p>The National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute (NHLBI) is strongly committed to supporting research aimed at preventing and treating heart, lung, and blood diseases and conditions and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorders</a>.</p><p>NHLBI-supported research has led to many advances in medical knowledge and care. For example, this research has uncovered some of the causes of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung diseases</a>, as well as ways to prevent and treat these diseases.</p><p>Many more questions remain about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung diseases</a>, including <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022934" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis</a> (IPF). The NHLBI continues to support research aimed at learning more about these diseases. For example, NHLBI-supported research on IPF includes studies that explore:</p><ul><li class="half_r |
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Immune Thrombocytopenia |
<div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-itp-sec1-d1e37_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Is Immune Thrombocytopenia?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022068" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Immune thrombocytopenia</a> (THROM-bo-si-toe-PE-ne-ah), or ITP, is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> disorder. In ITP, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> doesn't clot as it should. This is due to a low number of blood <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cell</a> fragments called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a> (PLATE-lets) or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thrombocytes</a> (THROM-bo-sites).</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Platelets</a> are made in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> along with other kinds of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a>. They stick together (clot) to seal small cuts or breaks on <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a> walls and stop <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>.</p><div id="nhlbi-itp-sec2-d1e46"><h3>Overview</h3><p>Without enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> can occur inside the body (internal bleeding) or underneath or from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> (external bleeding).</p><p>People who have ITP often have purple bruises called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023091" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">purpura</a> (PURR-purr-ah). These bruises appear on the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022772" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucous membranes</a> (for example, in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a>). <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Bleeding</a> from small <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> under the skin causes purpura.</p><p>People who have ITP also may have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> that causes tiny red or purple dots on the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>. These pinpoint-sized dots are called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022067" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">petechiae</a> (peh-TEE-kee-ay). Petechiae may look like a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024692" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rash</a>.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figd1e62" co-legend-rid="figlgndd1e62"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062960/figure/d1e62/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figd1e62" rid-ob="figobd1e62"><img class="small-thumb" src="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062960/bin/itp_photo.gif" src-large="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062960/bin/itp_photo.jpg" alt="Purpura and Petechiae."></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndd1e62"><h4 id="d1e62"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062960/figure/d1e62/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd1e62">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Purpura and Petechiae. The photograph shows purpura (bruises) and petechiae (red and purple dots) on the skin. Bleeding under the skin causes the purple, brown, and red color of the purpura and petechiae. </p></div></div><p>People who have ITP also may have nosebleeds, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023265" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gums</a> during dental work, or other bleeding that's hard to stop. Women who have ITP may have menstrual bleeding that's heavier than normal.</p><p>A lot of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> can cause hematomas (he-mah-TO-mas). A hematoma is a collection of clotted or partially clotted <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> under the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>. It looks or feels like a lump.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Bleeding</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> as a result of ITP is very rare, but can be life threatening if it occurs.</p><p>In most cases, an autoimmune response is thought to cause ITP. Normally, your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025680" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune system</a> helps your body fight off infections and diseases. But if you have ITP, your immune system attacks and destroys its own <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a>. The reason why this happens isn't known.</p><p>ITP can't be passed from one person to another.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-itp-sec2-d1e84"><h3>Types of Immune Thrombocytopenia</h3><p>The two types of ITP are <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acute</a> (temporary or short-term) and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> (long-lasting).</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Acute</a> ITP generally lasts less than 6 months. It mainly occurs in children—both boys and girls—and is the most common type of ITP. Acute ITP often occurs after a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024518" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">viral infection</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Chronic</a> ITP lasts 6 months or longer and mostly affects adults. However, some teenagers and children do get this type of ITP. Chronic ITP affects women two to three times more often than men.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatment</a> depends on the severity of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> and the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> count. In mild cases, treatment may not be needed.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-itp-sec2-d1e100"><h3>Outlook</h3><p>For most children and adults, ITP isn't a serious or life-threatening condition.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Acute</a> ITP in children often goes away on its own within a few weeks or months and doesn't return. In 80 percent of children who have ITP, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> count returns to normal within 6 to 12 months. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatment</a> may not be needed.</p><p>For a small number of children, ITP doesn't go away on its own and may require further medical or surgical <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Chronic</a> ITP varies from person to person and can last for many years. Even people who have severe forms of chronic ITP can live for decades. Most people who have chronic ITP can stop <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> at some point and maintain a safe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> count.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-names"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-names_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Other Names for Immune Thrombocytopenia</h2><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022069" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Idiopathic</a> (id-ee-o-PATH-ick) thrombocytopenic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023091" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">purpura</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022068" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Immune thrombocytopenic purpura</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022068" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura</a></div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes Immune Thrombocytopenia?</h2><p>In most cases, an autoimmune response is thought to cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022068" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune thrombocytopenia</a> (ITP).</p><p>Normally, your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025680" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune system</a> helps your body fight off infections and diseases. In ITP, however, your immune system attacks and destroys your body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a> by mistake. Why this happens isn't known.</p><p>In some people, ITP may be linked to viral or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024516" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bacterial infections</a>, such as HIV, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022399" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hepatitis C</a>, or H. pylori.</p><p>Children who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acute</a> (short-term) ITP often have had recent <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024518" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">viral infections</a>. These infections may "trigger" or set off the immune reaction that leads to ITP.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-atrisk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-atrisk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is at Risk for Immune Thrombocytopenia?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022068" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Immune thrombocytopenia</a> (ITP) is a fairly common <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> disorder. Both children and adults can develop ITP.</p><p>Children usually have the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acute</a> (short-term) type of ITP. Acute ITP often develops after a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024518" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">viral infection</a>.</p><p>Adults tend to have the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> (long-lasting) type of ITP. Women are two to three times more likely than men to develop chronic ITP.</p><p>The number of cases of ITP is rising because routine <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bdt/">blood tests</a> that can detect a low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> count are being done more often.</p><p>ITP can't be passed from one person to another.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Immune Thrombocytopenia?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022068" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Immune thrombocytopenia</a> (ITP) may not cause any signs or symptoms. However, ITP can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> inside the body (internal bleeding) or underneath or from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> (external bleeding). Signs of bleeding may include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Bruising or purplish areas on the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022772" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucous membranes</a> (such as in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a>). These bruises are called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023091" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">purpura</a>. They're caused by <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> under the skin, and they may occur for no known reason.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Pinpoint red spots on the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022067" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">petechiae</a>. These spots often are found in groups and may look like a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024692" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rash</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Bleeding</a> under the skin causes petechiae.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A collection of clotted or partially clotted <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> under the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> that looks or feels like a lump. This is called a hematoma.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Nosebleeds or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023265" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gums</a> (for example, during dental work).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022162" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">urine</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022950" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stool</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022950" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bowel movement</a>).</div></li></ul><p>Any kind of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> that's hard to stop could be a sign of ITP. This includes menstrual bleeding that's heavier than normal. Bleeding in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> is rare, and its symptoms may vary.</p><p>A low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> count doesn't directly cause pain, problems concentrating, or other symptoms. However, a low platelet count might be associated with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fatigue</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tiredness</a>).</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Immune Thrombocytopenia Diagnosed?</h2><p>Your doctor will diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022068" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune thrombocytopenia</a> (ITP) based on your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029840" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">medical history</a>, a physical exam, and test results.</p><p>Your doctor will want to make sure that your low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> count isn't due to another condition (such as an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>) or medicines you're taking (such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024232" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chemotherapy</a> medicines or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000168" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aspirin</a>).</p><div id="nhlbi-itp-sec2-d7e34"><h3>Medical History</h3><p>Your doctor may ask about:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Your signs and symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> and any other signs or symptoms you're having</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Whether you have illnesses that could lower your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> count or cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Medicines or any over-the-counter supplements or remedies you take that could cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> or lower your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> count</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-itp-sec2-d7e53"><h3>Physical Exam</h3><p>During a physical exam, your doctor will look for signs of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>. For example, your doctor may look for purplish areas on the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022772" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucous membranes</a> and pinpoint red spots on the skin. These are signs of bleeding under the skin.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-itp-sec2-d7e59"><h3>Diagnostic Tests</h3><p>You'll likely have <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bdt/">blood tests</a> to check your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> count. These tests usually include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">complete blood count</a>. This test checks the number of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022046" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">white blood cells</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a> in your blood. In ITP, the red and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022046" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">white blood cell</a> counts are normal, but the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> count is low.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> smear. For this test, some of your blood is put on a slide. A microscope is used to look at your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a> and other blood <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a>.</div></li></ul><p>You also may have a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022070" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood test</a> to check for the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antibodies</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022051" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">proteins</a>) that <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024324" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">attack</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a>.</p><p>If <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022070" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood tests</a> show that your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> count is low, your doctor may recommend more tests to confirm a diagnosis of ITP. For example, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bmt/">bone marrow tests</a> can show whether your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> is making enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a>.</p><p>If you're at risk for HIV, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022399" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hepatitis C</a>, or H. pylori, your doctor may screen you for these infections, which might be linked to ITP.</p><p>Some people who have mild ITP have few or no signs of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>. They may be diagnosed only if a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022070" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood test</a> done for another reason shows that they have low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> counts.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Immune Thrombocytopenia Treated?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatment</a> for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022068" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune thrombocytopenia</a> (ITP) is based on how much and how often you're <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> and your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> count.</p><p>Adults who have mild ITP may not need any <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>, other than watching their symptoms and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> counts. Adults who have ITP with very low platelet counts or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> problems often are treated.</p><p>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acute</a> (short-term) type of ITP that occurs in children often goes away within a few weeks or months. Children who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> symptoms, other than merely bruising (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023091" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">purpura</a>), usually are treated.</p><p>Children who have mild ITP may not need <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> other than monitoring and followup to make sure their <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> counts return to normal.</p><div id="nhlbi-itp-sec2-d8e41"><h3>Medicines</h3><p>Medicines often are used as the first course of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> for both children and adults.</p><p>Corticosteroids (cor-ti-<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025069" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">co</a>-STEER-roids), such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0011828" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">prednisone</a>, are commonly used to treat ITP. These medicines, called steroids for short, help increase your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> count. However, steroids have many side effects. Some people relapse (get worse) when <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> ends.</p><p>The steroids used to treat ITP are different from the illegal steroids that some athletes take to enhance performance. Corticosteroids aren't habit-forming, even if you take them for many years.</p><p>Other medicines also are used to raise the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> count. Some are given through a needle inserted into a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a>. These medicines include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0012019" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rituximab</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000931" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune globulin</a>, and anti-Rh (D) immunoglobulin.</p><p>Medicines also may be used with a procedure to remove the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022189" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spleen</a> called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025046" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">splenectomy</a> (splee-<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027054" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">NECK</a>-tuh-mee).</p><p>If medicines or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025046" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">splenectomy</a> don't help, two newer medicines—<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0010088" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eltrombopag</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0012034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">romiplostim</a>—can be used to treat ITP.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-itp-sec2-d8e63"><h3>Removal of the Spleen (Splenectomy)</h3><p>If needed, doctors can surgically remove the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022189" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spleen</a>. This <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organ</a> is located in the upper left <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022602" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abdomen</a>. The spleen is about the size of a golf ball in children and a baseball in adults.</p><p>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022189" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spleen</a> makes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antibodies</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022051" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">proteins</a>) that help fight infections. In ITP, these antibodies destroy <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a> by mistake.</p><p>If ITP hasn't responded to medicines, removing the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022189" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spleen</a> will reduce the destruction of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a>. However, it also may raise your risk for infections. Before you have the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>, your doctor may give you vaccines to help prevent infections.</p><p>If your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022189" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spleen</a> is removed, your doctor will explain what steps you can take to help avoid infections and what symptoms to watch for.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-itp-sec2-d8e79"><h3>Other Treatments</h3><div id="nhlbi-itp-sec3-d8e82"><h4>Platelet Transfusions</h4><p>Some people who have ITP with severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> may need to have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029754" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">transfusions</a> and be hospitalized. Some people will need platelet transfusions before having <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>.</p><p>For a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029754" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">transfusion</a>, donor <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a> from a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> bank are injected into the recipient's bloodstream. This increases the platelet count for a short time.</p><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029754" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">transfusions</a>, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bt/">Blood Transfusion</a> article.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-itp-sec3-d8e97"><h4>Treating Infections</h4><p>Some infections can briefly lower your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> count. Treating the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> may help increase your platelet count and reduce <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> problems.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-itp-sec3-d8e104"><h4>Stopping Medicines</h4><p>Some medicines can lower your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> count or cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>. Stopping the medicine can sometimes help raise your platelet count or prevent bleeding.</p><p>For example, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000168" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aspirin</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000915" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ibuprofen</a> are common medicines that increase the risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>. If you have ITP, your doctor may suggest that you avoid these medicines.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-prevention"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-prevention_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Can Immune Thrombocytopenia Be Prevented?</h2><p>You can't prevent <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022068" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune thrombocytopenia</a> (ITP), but you can prevent its complications.</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Talk with your doctor about which medicines are safe for you. Your doctor may advise you to avoid medicines that can affect your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a> and increase your risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>. Examples of such medicines include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000168" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aspirin</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000915" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ibuprofen</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Protect yourself from injuries that can cause bruising or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Seek <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> right away if you develop any infections. Report any symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>, such as a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fever</a>, to your doctor. This is very important for people who have ITP and have had their <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022189" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spleens</a> removed.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-livingwith"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-livingwith_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Living With Immune Thrombocytopenia</h2><p>If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022068" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune thrombocytopenia</a> (ITP), you can take steps to prevent complications. Lifestyle changes and ongoing care can help you manage the condition.</p><div id="nhlbi-itp-sec2-d10e31"><h3>Lifestyle Changes</h3><p>Try to avoid injuries, especially <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024859" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">head injuries</a>, that can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>. For example, don't take part in contact sports, such as boxing, football, or karate. Other sports, such as skiing or horseback riding, also put you at risk for injuries that can cause bleeding.</p><p>Some safe activities are swimming, biking (with a helmet), and walking. Ask your doctor about physical activities that are safe for you.</p><p>Take precautions such as regular use of seatbelts and wearing gloves while working with knives and other tools.</p><p>If your child has ITP, ask his or her doctor whether you need to restrict your child's activities.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-itp-sec2-d10e47"><h3>Ongoing Care</h3><p>You may want to find a doctor who is familiar with treating people who have ITP. For example, hematologists are doctors who specialize in diagnosing and treating <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> disorders. Discuss with your doctor how to manage ITP and when to seek medical care.</p><p>Talk with your doctor before taking prescription medicines or over-the-counter medicines, supplements, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023352" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamins</a>, or herbal remedies. Some medicines and supplements can affect <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a> and increase your chance of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>. Common examples are <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000168" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aspirin</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000915" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ibuprofen</a>. Your doctor may advise you to avoid these medicines.</p><p>Watch for symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>, such as a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fever</a>, and report them to your doctor promptly. If you've had your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022189" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spleen</a> removed, you may be more likely to become ill from certain infections.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-itp-sec2-d10e60"><h3>Immune Thrombocytopenia in Pregnancy</h3><p>In women who are pregnant and have ITP, the ITP usually doesn't affect the baby. However, some babies may be born with or develop low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> counts soon after birth.</p><p>The babies' <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> counts almost always return to normal without any <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>. Treatment can speed up recovery in the babies whose platelet counts are very low.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatment</a> for ITP during <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a> depends on a woman's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> count. If treatment is needed, the doctor will take a close look at the possible effects of the treatment on the unborn baby.</p><p>Women who have mild cases of ITP usually can go through <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a> without <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>. Pregnant women who have very low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> counts or a lot of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> are more likely to have heavy bleeding during delivery or afterward. To prevent heavy bleeding, these women usually are treated.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-trials"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-trials_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Clinical Trials</h2><p>The National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute (NHLBI) is strongly committed to supporting research aimed at preventing and treating heart, lung, and blood diseases and conditions and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorders</a>.</p><p>NHLBI-supported research has led to many advances in medical knowledge and care. Often, these advances depend on the willingness of volunteers to take part in <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-clinicaltrials/">clinical trials</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Clinical trials</a> test new ways to prevent, diagnose, or treat various diseases and conditions. For example, new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for a disease or condition (such as medicines, medical devices, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgeries</a>, or procedures) are tested in volunteers who have the illness. Testing shows whether a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> is safe and effective in humans before it is made available for widespread use.</p><p>By taking part in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, you can gain access to new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> before they're widely available. You also will have the support of a team of health care providers, who will likely monitor your health closely. Even if you don't directly benefit from the results of a clinical trial, the information gathered can help others and add to scientific knowledge.</p><p>If you volunteer for a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, the research will be explained to you in detail. You'll learn about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> and tests you may receive, and the benefits and risks they may pose. You'll also be given a chance to ask questions about the research. This process is called informed consent.</p><p>If you agree to take part in the trial, you'll be asked to sign an informed consent form. This form is not a contract. You have the right to withdraw from a study at any time, for any reason. Also, you have the right to learn about new risks or findings that emerge during the trial.</p><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> related to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022068" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune thrombocytopenia</a>, talk with your doctor. You also can visit the following Web sites to learn more about clinical research and to search for clinical trials:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>http://clinicalresearch.nih.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.clinicaltrials.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.researchmatch.org</div></li></ul><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> for children, visit the NHLBI's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/childrenandclinicalstudies/index.php" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Children and Clinical Studies</a> Web page.</p></div><div style="display: none; width: 200px; top: -100px; left: -100px;" aria-live="assertive" aria-hidden="true" class="ui-helper-reset ui-ncbipopper-wrapper ui-ncbilinksmenu"><ul id="ui-ncbiinpagenav-6"><li><a href="#_nhlbi-itp-sec1-d1e37_">What Is Immune Thrombocytopenia?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-names_">Other Names for Immune Thrombocytopenia</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-causes_">What Causes Immune Thrombocytopenia?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-atrisk_">Who Is at Risk for Immune Thrombocytopenia?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-signs_">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Immune Thrombocytopenia?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-diagnosis_">How Is Immune Thrombocytopenia Diagnosed?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-treatment_">How Is Immune Thrombocytopenia Treated?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-prevention_">How Can Immune Thrombocytopenia Be Prevented?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-livingwith_">Living With Immune Thrombocytopenia</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-trials_">Clinical Trials</a></li></ul></div></div></div> |
June 11, 2014. |
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2018-02-02 04:25:06 |
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2018-02-02 05:17:24 |
Insomnia |
<div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-inso-sec1-d1e35_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Is Insomnia?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023585" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Insomnia</a> (in-SOM-ne-ah) is a common <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorder</a>. People who have insomnia have trouble <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029705" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">falling</a> asleep, staying asleep, or both. As a result, they may get too little sleep or have poor-quality sleep. They may not feel refreshed when they wake up.</p><div id="nhlbi-inso-sec2-d1e41"><h3>Overview</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023585" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Insomnia</a> can be <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acute</a> (short-term) or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> (ongoing). Acute insomnia is common and often is brought on by situations such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a> at work, family pressures, or a traumatic event. Acute insomnia lasts for days or weeks.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Chronic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023585" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">insomnia</a> lasts for a month or longer. Most cases of chronic insomnia are secondary, which means they are the symptom or side effect of some other problem. Certain medical conditions, medicines, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorders</a>, and substances can cause secondary insomnia.</p><p>In contrast, primary <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023585" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">insomnia</a> isn't due to medical problems, medicines, or other substances. It is its own distinct disorder, and its cause isn’t well understood. Many life changes can trigger primary insomnia, including long-lasting <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a> and emotional upset.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023585" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Insomnia</a> can cause daytime sleepiness and a lack of energy. It also can make you feel anxious, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024768" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">depressed</a>, or irritable. You may have trouble focusing on tasks, paying attention, learning, and remembering. These problems can prevent you from doing your best at work or school.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023585" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Insomnia</a> also can cause other serious problems. For example, you may feel drowsy while driving, which could lead to an accident.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-inso-sec2-d1e60"><h3>Outlook</h3><p>Treating the underlying cause of secondary <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023585" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">insomnia</a> may resolve or improve the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> problem, especially if you can correct the problem soon after it starts. For example, if <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000290" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">caffeine</a> is causing your insomnia, stopping or limiting your intake of the substance might make the insomnia go away.</p><p>Lifestyle changes, including better <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> habits, often help relieve <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acute</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023585" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">insomnia</a>. For <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> insomnia, your doctor may recommend medicines or cognitive-behavioral <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a>.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes Insomnia?</h2><div id="nhlbi-inso-sec2-d3e28"><h3>Secondary Insomnia</h3><p>Secondary <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023585" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">insomnia</a> is the symptom or side effect of another problem. This type of insomnia often is a symptom of an emotional, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024541" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neurological</a>, or other medical or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorder</a>.</p><p>Emotional disorders that can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023585" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">insomnia</a> include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024768" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">depression</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024918" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anxiety</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024667" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">posttraumatic stress disorder</a>. Alzheimer's disease and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024544" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Parkinson</a>'s disease are examples of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029895" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neurological disorders</a> that can cause insomnia.</p><p>Many other disorders or factors also can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023585" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">insomnia</a>, such as:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Conditions that cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> (ongoing) pain, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024677" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arthritis</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">headache</a> disorders</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Conditions that make it hard to breathe, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-asthma/">asthma</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>An <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024711" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">overactive thyroid</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Gastrointestinal disorders, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028109" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heartburn</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stroke/">Stroke</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sleep disorders</a>, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-rls/">restless legs syndrome</a> and sleep-related breathing problems</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023140" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Menopause</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023145" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hot flashes</a></div></li></ul><p>Secondary <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023585" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">insomnia</a> also can be a side effect of some medicines. For example, certain <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a> medicines, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0001785" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">theophylline</a>, and some <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">allergy</a> and cold medicines can cause insomnia. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Beta blockers</a> also can cause the condition. These medicines are used to treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> conditions.</p><p>Commonly used substances also can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023585" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">insomnia</a>. Examples include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000290" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">caffeine</a> and other stimulants, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029755" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tobacco</a> and other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029762" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nicotine</a> products, and alcohol and other sedatives.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-inso-sec2-d3e81"><h3>Primary Insomnia</h3><p>Primary <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023585" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">insomnia</a> isn't a symptom or side effect of another medical condition. It is its own distinct disorder, and its cause isn’t well understood. Primary insomnia usually lasts for at least 1 month.</p><p>Many life changes can trigger primary <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023585" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">insomnia</a>. It may be due to major or long-lasting <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a> or emotional upset. Travel or other factors, such as work schedules that disrupt your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> routine, also may trigger primary insomnia.</p><p>Even if these issues are resolved, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023585" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">insomnia</a> may not go away. Trouble sleeping can persist because of habits formed to deal with the lack of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a>. These habits might include taking naps, worrying about sleep, and going to bed early.</p><p>Researchers continue to try to find out whether some people are born with an increased risk for primary <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023585" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">insomnia</a>.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-atrisk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-atrisk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is at Risk for Insomnia?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023585" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Insomnia</a> is a common disorder. It affects women more often than men. The disorder can occur at any age. However, older adults are more likely to have insomnia than younger people.</p><p>People who might be at increased risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023585" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">insomnia</a> include those who:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Have a lot of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Are <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024768" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">depressed</a> or have other emotional distress, such as divorce or death of a spouse.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Have lower incomes.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Work at night or have frequent major shifts in their work hours.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Travel long distances with time changes.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Have certain medical conditions or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorders</a> that can disrupt sleep. For more information, go to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063022/#nhlbisec-causes">"What Causes Insomnia?"</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Have an inactive lifestyle.</div></li></ul><p>Young and middle-aged African Americans also might be at increased risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023585" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">insomnia</a>. Research shows that, compared with Caucasian Americans, it takes African Americans longer to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029705" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fall</a> asleep. They also have lighter <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a>, don't sleep as well, and take more naps. Sleep-related breathing problems also are more common among African Americans.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Insomnia?</h2><p>The main symptom of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023585" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">insomnia</a> is trouble <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029705" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">falling</a> or staying asleep, which leads to lack of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a>. If you have insomnia, you may:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Lie awake for a long time before you <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029705" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fall</a> asleep</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sleep</a> for only short <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023146" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">periods</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Be awake for much of the night</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Feel as if you haven't slept at all</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Wake up too early</div></li></ul><p>The lack of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> can cause other symptoms. You may wake up feeling tired or not well-rested, and you may feel tired during the day. You also may have trouble focusing on tasks. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023585" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Insomnia</a> can cause you to feel anxious, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024768" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">depressed</a>, or irritable.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023585" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Insomnia</a> also can affect your daily activities and cause serious problems. For example, you may feel drowsy while driving. Driver sleepiness (not related to alcohol) is responsible for almost 20 percent of all serious car crash injuries. Research also shows that insomnia raises older women’s risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029705" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">falling</a>.</p><p>If <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023585" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">insomnia</a> is affecting your daily activities, talk with your doctor. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatment</a> may help you avoid symptoms and problems related to the disorder. Also, poor <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> may be a sign of other health problems. Finding and treating those problems could improve your overall health and sleep.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Insomnia Diagnosed?</h2><p>Your doctor will likely diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023585" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">insomnia</a> based on your medical and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> histories and a physical exam. He or she also may recommend a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-slpst/">sleep study</a>. For example, you may have a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023524" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep study</a> if the cause of your insomnia is unclear.</p><div id="nhlbi-inso-sec2-d6e34"><h3>Medical History</h3><p>To find out what's causing your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023585" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">insomnia</a>, your doctor may ask whether you:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Have any new or ongoing health problems</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Have painful injuries or health conditions, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024677" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arthritis</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Take any medicines, either over-the-counter or prescription</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Have symptoms or a history of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024768" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">depression</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024918" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anxiety</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024802" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">psychosis</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Are coping with highly stressful life events, such as divorce or death</div></li></ul><p>Your doctor also may ask questions about your work and leisure habits. For example, he or she may ask about your work and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">exercise</a> routines; your use of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000290" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">caffeine</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029755" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tobacco</a>, and alcohol; and your long-distance travel history. Your answers can give clues about what's causing your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023585" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">insomnia</a>.</p><p>Your doctor also may ask whether you have any new or ongoing work or personal problems or other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stresses</a> in your life. Also, he or she may ask whether you have other family members who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> problems.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-inso-sec2-d6e65"><h3>Sleep History</h3><p>To get a better sense of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> problem, your doctor will ask you for details about your sleep habits. Before your visit, think about how to describe your problems, including:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>How often you have trouble sleeping and how long you've had the problem</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>When you go to bed and get up on workdays and days off</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>How long it takes you to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029705" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fall</a> asleep, how often you wake up at night, and how long it takes to fall back asleep</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Whether you snore loudly and often or wake up gasping or feeling out of breath</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>How refreshed you feel when you wake up, and how tired you feel during the day</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>How often you doze off or have trouble staying awake during routine tasks, especially driving</div></li></ul><p>To find out what's causing or worsening your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023585" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">insomnia</a>, your doctor also may ask you:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Whether you worry about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029705" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">falling</a> asleep, staying asleep, or getting enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>What you eat or drink, and whether you take medicines before going to bed</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>What routine you follow before going to bed</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>What the noise level, lighting, and temperature are like where you <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>What distractions, such as a TV or computer, are in your bedroom</div></li></ul><p>To help your doctor, consider keeping a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> diary for 1 or 2 weeks. Write down when you go to sleep, wake up, and take naps. (For example, you might note: Went to bed at 10 a.m.; woke up at 3 a.m. and couldn't <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029705" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fall</a> back asleep; napped after work for 2 hours.)</p><p>Also write down how much you <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> each night, as well as how sleepy you feel throughout the day.</p><p>You can find a sample <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> diary in the National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/sleep/healthy_sleep.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">"Your Guide to Healthy Sleep."</a> </p></div><div id="nhlbi-inso-sec2-d6e126"><h3>Physical Exam</h3><p>Your doctor will do a physical exam to rule out other medical problems that might cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023585" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">insomnia</a>. You also may need <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bdt/">blood tests</a> to check for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022083" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thyroid</a> problems or other conditions that can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> problems.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-inso-sec2-d6e136"><h3>Sleep Study</h3><p>Your doctor may recommend a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023524" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep study</a> called a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-slpst/#nhlbisec-types">polysomnogram</a> (PSG) if he or she thinks an underlying <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorder</a> is causing your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023585" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">insomnia</a>.</p><p>You’ll likely stay overnight at a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> center for this study. The PSG records <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> activity, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eye</a> movements, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024325" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart rate</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a>.</p><p>A PSG also records the amount of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>, how much air is moving through your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025667" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nose</a> while you breathe, snoring, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> movements. The chest movements show whether you're making an effort to breathe.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Insomnia Treated?</h2><p>Lifestyle changes often can help relieve <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acute</a> (short-term) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023585" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">insomnia</a>. These changes might make it easier to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029705" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fall</a> asleep and stay asleep.</p><p>A type of counseling called cognitive-behavioral <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a> (CBT) can help relieve the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024918" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anxiety</a> linked to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> (ongoing) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023585" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">insomnia</a>. Anxiety tends to prolong insomnia.</p><p>Several medicines also can help relieve <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023585" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">insomnia</a> and re-establish a regular <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> schedule. However, if your insomnia is the symptom or side effect of another problem, it's important to treat the underlying cause (if possible).</p><div id="nhlbi-inso-sec2-d7e37"><h3>Lifestyle Changes</h3><p>If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023585" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">insomnia</a>, avoid substances that make it worse, such as:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000290" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Caffeine</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029755" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tobacco</a>, and other stimulants. The effects of these substances can last as long as 8 hours.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Certain over-the-counter and prescription medicines that can disrupt <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> (for example, some cold and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">allergy</a> medicines). Talk with your doctor about which medicines won't disrupt your sleep.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Alcohol. An alcoholic drink before bedtime might make it easier for you to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029705" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fall</a> asleep. However, alcohol triggers <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> that tends to be lighter than normal. This makes it more likely that you will wake up during the night.</div></li></ul><p>Try to adopt bedtime habits that make it easier to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029705" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fall</a> asleep and stay asleep. Follow a routine that helps you wind down and relax before bed. For example, read a book, listen to soothing music, or take a hot bath.</p><p>Try to schedule your daily <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">exercise</a> at least 5 to 6 hours before going to bed. Don't eat heavy meals or drink a lot before bedtime.</p><p>Make your bedroom <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a>-friendly. Avoid bright lighting while winding down. Try to limit possible distractions, such as a TV, computer, or pet. Make sure the temperature of your bedroom is cool and comfortable. Your bedroom also should be dark and quiet.</p><p>Go to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> around the same time each night and wake up around the same time each morning, even on weekends. If you can, avoid night shifts, alternating schedules, or other things that may disrupt your sleep schedule.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-inso-sec2-d7e69"><h3>Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy</h3><p>CBT for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023585" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">insomnia</a> targets the thoughts and actions that can disrupt <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a>. This <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a> encourages good sleep habits and uses several methods to relieve sleep <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024918" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anxiety</a>.</p><p>For example, relaxation techniques and biofeedback are used to reduce <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024918" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anxiety</a>. These strategies help you better control your breathing, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024325" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart rate</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscles</a>, and mood.</p><p>CBT also aims to replace <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024918" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anxiety</a> with more positive thinking that links being in bed with being asleep. This method also teaches you what to do if you're unable to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029705" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fall</a> asleep within a reasonable time.</p><p>CBT also may involve talking with a therapist one-on-one or in group sessions to help you consider your thoughts and feelings about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a>. This method may encourage you to describe thoughts racing through your mind in terms of how they look, feel, and sound. The goal is for your mind to settle down and stop racing.</p><p>CBT also focuses on limiting the time you spend in bed while awake. This method involves setting a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> schedule. At first, you will limit your total time in bed to the typical short length of time you're usually asleep.</p><p>This schedule might make you even more tired because some of the allotted time in bed will be taken up by problems <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029705" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">falling</a> asleep. However, the resulting <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tiredness</a> is intended to help you get to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> more quickly. Over time, the length of time spent in bed is increased until you get a full night of sleep.</p><p>For success with CBT, you may need to see a therapist who is skilled in this approach weekly over 2 to 3 months. CBT works as well as prescription medicine for many people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023585" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">insomnia</a>. It also may provide better long-term relief than medicine alone.</p><p>For people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023585" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">insomnia</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024767" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">major depressive disorder</a>, CBT combined with antidepression medicines has shown promise in relieving both conditions.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-inso-sec2-d7e97"><h3>Medicines</h3><div id="nhlbi-inso-sec3-d7e100"><h4>Prescription Medicines</h4><p>Many prescription medicines are used to treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023585" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">insomnia</a>. Some are meant for short-term use, while others are meant for longer use.</p><p>Talk to your doctor about the benefits and side effects of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023585" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">insomnia</a> medicines. For example, insomnia medicines can help you <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029705" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fall</a> asleep, but you may feel groggy in the morning after taking them.</p><p>Rare side effects of these medicines include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> eating, sleep walking, or driving while asleep. If you have side effects from an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023585" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">insomnia</a> medicine, or if it doesn't work well, tell your doctor. He or she might prescribe a different medicine.</p><p>Some <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023585" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">insomnia</a> medicines can be habit forming. Ask your doctor about the benefits and risks of insomnia medicines.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-inso-sec3-d7e116"><h4>Over-the-Counter Products</h4><p>Some over-the-counter (OTC) products claim to treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023585" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">insomnia</a>. These products include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0011068" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">melatonin</a>, L-tryptophan supplements, and valerian teas or extracts.</p><p>The Food and Drug Administration doesn't regulate “natural” products and some food supplements. Thus, the dose and purity of these substances can vary. How well these products work and how safe they are isn't well understood.</p><p>Some OTC products that contain <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030662" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antihistamines</a> are sold as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> aids. Although these products might make you sleepy, talk to your doctor before taking them.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030662" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Antihistamines</a> pose risks for some people. Also, these products may not offer the best <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> for your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023585" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">insomnia</a>. Your doctor can advise you whether these products will benefit you.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-trials"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-trials_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Clinical Trials</h2><p>The National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute (NHLBI) is strongly committed to supporting research aimed at preventing and treating heart, lung, and blood diseases and conditions and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorders</a>.</p><p>NHLBI-supported research has led to many advances in medical knowledge and care. For example, this research has uncovered some of the causes of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorders</a> and ways to diagnose and treat these conditions.</p><p>The NHLBI continues to support research aimed at learning more about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorders</a>, including <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023585" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">insomnia</a>. For example, the NHLBI currently is involved in research comparing two nondrug, self-help <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for insomnia.</p><p>The NHLBI also supports research that explores the factors that affect <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a>, how a lack of sleep increases certain health risks, and new ways to diagnose and treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorders</a>.</p><p>Much of this research depends on the willingness of volunteers to take part in <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-clinicaltrials/">clinical trials</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Clinical trials</a> test new ways to prevent, diagnose, or treat various diseases and conditions.</p><p>For example, new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for a disease or condition (such as medicines, medical devices, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgeries</a>, or procedures) are tested in volunteers who have the illness. Testing shows whether a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> is safe and effective in humans before it is made available for widespread use.</p><p>By taking part in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, you can gain access to new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> before they’re widely available. You also will have the support of a team of health care providers, who will likely monitor your health closely. Even if you don’t directly benefit from the results of a clinical trial, the information gathered can help others and add to scientific knowledge.</p><p>If you volunteer for a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, the research will be explained to you in detail. You’ll learn about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> and tests you may receive, and the benefits and risks they may pose. You’ll also be given a chance to ask questions about the research. This process is called informed consent.</p><p>If you agree to take part in the trial, you’ll be asked to sign an informed consent form. This form is not a contract. You have the right to withdraw from a study at any time, for any reason. Also, you have the right to learn about new risks or findings that emerge during the trial.</p><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> related to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023585" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">insomnia</a>, talk with your doctor. You also can visit the following Web sites to learn more about clinical research and to search for clinical trials:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>http://clinicalresearch.nih.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.clinicaltrials.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.researchmatch.org</div></li></ul><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> for children, visit the NHLBI’s <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/childrenandclinicalstudies/index.php" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Children and Clinical Studies</a> Web page.</p></div><div style="display: none; width: 200px; top: -100px; left: -100px;" aria-live="assertive" aria-hidden="true" class="ui-helper-reset ui-ncbipopper-wrapper ui-ncbilinksmenu"><ul id="ui-ncbiinpagenav-6"><li><a href="#_nhlbi-inso-sec1-d1e35_">What Is Insomnia?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-causes_">What Causes Insomnia?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-atrisk_">Who Is at Risk for Insomnia?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-signs_">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Insomnia?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-diagnosis_">How Is Insomnia Diagnosed?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-treatment_">How Is Insomnia Treated?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-trials_">Clinical Trials</a></li></ul></div></div></div> |
June 11, 2014. |
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2018-02-02 05:17:43 |
Iron-Deficiency Anemia |
<div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-ida-sec1-d1e37_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Is Iron-Deficiency Anemia?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Iron</a>-deficiency <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a> is a common, easily treated condition that occurs if you don't have enough iron in your body. Low iron levels usually are due to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> loss, poor diet, or an inability to absorb enough iron from food.</p><div id="nhlbi-ida-sec2-d1e43"><h3>Overview</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Iron</a>-deficiency <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a> is a common type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-anemia/">anemia</a>. The term "anemia" usually refers to a condition in which your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> has a lower than normal number of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>. Red blood cells carry <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> and remove <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022309" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carbon dioxide</a> (a waste product) from your body.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Anemia</a> also can occur if your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> don't contain enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a> (HEE-muh-glow-bin). Hemoglobin is an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> that carries <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> to the rest of the body.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Iron</a>-deficiency <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a> usually develops over time if your body doesn't have enough iron to build healthy <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>. Without enough iron, your body starts using the iron it has stored. Soon, the stored iron gets used up.</p><p>After the stored <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> is gone, your body makes fewer <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>. The red blood cells it does make have less <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a> than normal.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Iron</a>-deficiency <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a> can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fatigue</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tiredness</a>), shortness of breath, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain, and other symptoms. Severe iron-deficiency anemia can lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> problems, infections, problems with growth and development in children, and other complications.</p><p>Infants and young children and women are the two groups at highest risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>-deficiency <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ida-sec2-d1e68"><h3>Outlook</h3><p>Doctors usually can successfully treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>-deficiency <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatment</a> will depend on the cause and severity of the condition. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatments</a> may include dietary changes, medicines, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>.</p><p>Severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>-deficiency <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a> may require <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> in a hospital, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bt/">blood transfusions</a>, iron <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022222" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">injections</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022191" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">intravenous</a> iron <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a>.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes Iron-Deficiency Anemia?</h2><p>Not having enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> in your body causes iron-deficiency <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>. Lack of iron usually is due to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> loss, poor diet, or an inability to absorb enough iron from food.</p><div id="nhlbi-ida-sec2-d3e31"><h3>Blood Loss</h3><p>When you lose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>, you lose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>. If you don't have enough iron stored in your body to make up for the lost iron, you'll develop iron-deficiency <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>.</p><p>In women, long or heavy <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023146" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">menstrual periods</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024647" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fibroids</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022603" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">uterus</a> may cause low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> levels. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> loss that occurs during childbirth is another cause of low iron levels in women.</p><p>Internal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> (bleeding inside the body) also may lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>-deficiency <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>. This type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> loss isn't always obvious, and it may occur slowly. Some causes of internal bleeding are:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022806" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ulcer</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022748" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">colon polyp</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024241" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">colon cancer</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Regular use of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000168" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aspirin</a> or other pain medicines, such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (for example, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000915" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ibuprofen</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0011337" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">naproxen</a>)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024569" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Urinary tract</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a></div></li></ul><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> loss from severe injuries, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>, or frequent blood drawings also can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>-deficiency <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ida-sec2-d3e59"><h3>Poor Diet</h3><p>The best sources of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> are meat, poultry, fish, and iron-fortified foods (foods that have iron added). If you don't eat these foods regularly, or if you don't take an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0010785" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron supplement</a>, you're more likely to develop iron-deficiency <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>.</p><p>Vegetarian diets can provide enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> if you eat the right foods. For example, good nonmeat sources of iron include iron-fortified breads and cereals, beans, tofu, dried fruits, and spinach and other dark green leafy vegetables.</p><p>During some stages of life, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a> and childhood, it may be hard to get enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> in your diet. This is because your need for iron increases during these times of growth and development.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ida-sec2-d3e72"><h3>Inability To Absorb Enough Iron</h3><p>Even if you have enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> in your diet, your body may not be able to absorb it. This can happen if you have intestinal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> (such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022204" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gastric</a> bypass) or a disease of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022247" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">intestine</a> (such as Crohn's disease or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024528" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">celiac disease</a>).</p><p>Prescription medicines that reduce acid in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a> also can interfere with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> absorption.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-atrisk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-atrisk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is at Risk for Iron-Deficiency Anemia?</h2><div id="nhlbi-ida-sec2-d4e28"><h3>Infants and Young Children</h3><p>Infants and young children need a lot of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> to grow and develop. The iron that full-term infants have stored in their bodies is used up in the first 4 to 6 months of life.</p><p>Premature and low-birth-weight babies (weighing less than 5.5 pounds) are at even greater risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>-deficiency <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>. These babies don't have as much iron stored in their bodies as larger, full-term infants.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Iron</a>-fortified baby food or iron supplements, when used properly, can help prevent iron-deficiency <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a> in infants and young children. Talk with your child's doctor about your child's diet.</p><p>Young children who drink a lot of cow's milk may be at risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>-deficiency <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>. Milk is low in iron, and too much milk may take the place of iron-rich foods in the diet. Too much milk also may prevent children's bodies from absorbing iron from other foods.</p><p>Children who have lead in their <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> also may be at risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>-deficiency <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>. Lead can interfere with the body's ability to make <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a>. Lead may get into the body from <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022221" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">breathing in</a> lead dust, eating lead in paint or soil, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029892" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">drinking water</a> that contains lead.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ida-sec2-d4e47"><h3>Teens</h3><p>Teens are at risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>-deficiency <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a> if they're underweight or have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> (ongoing) illnesses. Teenage girls who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024649" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heavy periods</a> also are at increased risk for the condition.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ida-sec2-d4e53"><h3>Women</h3><p>Women of childbearing age are at higher risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>-deficiency <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a> because of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> loss during their monthly <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023146" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">periods</a>. About 1 in 5 women of childbearing age has iron-deficiency anemia.</p><p>Pregnant women also are at higher risk for the condition because they need twice as much <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> as usual. The extra iron is needed for increased <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> volume and for the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028116" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fetus</a>' growth.</p><p>About half of all pregnant women develop <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>-deficiency <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>. The condition can increase a pregnant woman's risk for a premature or low-birth-weight baby.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ida-sec2-d4e66"><h3>Adults Who Have Internal Bleeding</h3><p>Adults who have internal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>, such as intestinal bleeding, can develop <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>-deficiency <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a> due to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> loss. Certain conditions, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024241" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">colon cancer</a> and bleeding <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022806" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ulcers</a>, can cause blood loss. Some medicines, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000168" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aspirin</a>, also can cause internal bleeding.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ida-sec2-d4e72"><h3>Other At-Risk Groups</h3><p>People who get <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidney</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022165" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">dialysis</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> may develop <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>-deficiency <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>. This is because <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> is lost during dialysis. Also, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidneys</a> are no longer able to make enough of a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hormone</a> that the body needs to produce <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>.</p><p>People who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022210" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gastric bypass surgery</a> also may develop <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>-deficiency <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>. This type of surgery can prevent the body from absorbing enough iron.</p><p>Certain eating patterns or habits may put you at higher risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>-deficiency <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>. This can happen if you:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Follow a diet that excludes meat and fish, which are the best sources of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>. However, vegetarian diets can provide enough iron if you eat the right foods. For example, good nonmeat sources of iron include iron-fortified breads and cereals, beans, tofu, dried fruits, and spinach and other dark green leafy vegetables.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Eat poorly because of money, social, health, or other problems.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Follow a very low-<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fat</a> diet over a long time. Some higher fat foods, like meat, are the best sources of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Follow a high-<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022148" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fiber</a> diet. Large amounts of fiber can slow the absorption of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>.</div></li></ul></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Iron-Deficiency Anemia?</h2><p>The signs and symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>-deficiency <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a> depend on its severity. Mild to moderate iron-deficiency anemia may have no signs or symptoms.</p><p>When signs and symptoms do occur, they can range from mild to severe. Many of the signs and symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>-deficiency <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a> apply to all types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-anemia/">anemia</a>.</p><div id="nhlbi-ida-sec2-d5e37"><h3>Signs and Symptoms of Anemia</h3><p>The most common symptom of all types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a> is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fatigue</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tiredness</a>). Fatigue occurs because your body doesn't have enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> to carry <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> to its many parts.</p><p>Also, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> your body makes have less <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a> than normal. Hemoglobin is an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> in red blood cells. It helps red blood cells carry <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> to the rest of the body.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Anemia</a> also can cause shortness of breath, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029722" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">dizziness</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">headache</a>, coldness in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hands</a> and feet, pale <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain, weakness, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fatigue</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tiredness</a>).</p><p>If you don't have enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a>-carrying <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>, your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> has to work harder to move <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich blood through your body. This can lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">irregular heartbeats</a> called <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-arr/">arrhythmias</a> (ah-RITH-me-ahs), a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartmurmur/">heart murmur</a>, an enlarged heart, or even <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a>.</p><p>In infants and young children, signs of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a> include poor appetite, slowed growth and development, and behavioral problems.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ida-sec2-d5e65"><h3>Signs and Symptoms of Iron Deficiency</h3><p>Signs and symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> deficiency may include brittle nails, swelling or soreness of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022322" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tongue</a>, cracks in the sides of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a>, an enlarged <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022189" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spleen</a>, and frequent infections.</p><p>People who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>-deficiency <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a> may have an unusual craving for nonfood items, such as ice, dirt, paint, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0012213" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">starch</a>. This craving is called pica (PI-ka or PE-ka).</p><p>Some people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>-deficiency <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a> develop <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-rls/">restless legs syndrome</a> (RLS). RLS is a disorder that causes a strong urge to move the legs. This urge to move often occurs with strange and unpleasant feelings in the legs. People who have RLS often have a hard time sleeping.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Iron</a>-deficiency <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a> can put children at greater risk for lead poisoning and infections.</p><p>Some signs and symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>-deficiency <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a> are related to the condition's causes. For example, a sign of intestinal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> is bright red <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> in the stools or black, tarry-looking stools.</p><p>Very <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024649" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heavy menstrual bleeding</a>, long <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023146" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">periods</a>, or other vaginal bleeding may suggest that a woman is at risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>-deficiency <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Iron-Deficiency Anemia Diagnosed?</h2><p>Your doctor will diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>-deficiency <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a> based on your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029840" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">medical history</a>, a physical exam, and the results from tests and procedures.</p><p>Once your doctor knows the cause and severity of the condition, he or she can create a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> plan for you.</p><p>Mild to moderate <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>-deficiency <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a> may have no signs or symptoms. Thus, you may not know you have it unless your doctor discovers it from a screening test or while checking for other problems.</p><div id="nhlbi-ida-sec2-d6e37"><h3>Specialists Involved</h3><p>Primary care doctors often diagnose and treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>-deficiency <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>. These doctors include pediatricians, family doctors, gynecologists/obstetricians, and internal medicine specialists.</p><p>A hematologist (a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> disease specialist), a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028172" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gastroenterologist</a> (a digestive system specialist), and other specialists also may help treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>-deficiency <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ida-sec2-d6e47"><h3>Medical History</h3><p>Your doctor will ask about your signs and symptoms and any past problems you've had with <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-anemia/">anemia</a> or low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>. He or she also may ask about your diet and whether you're taking any medicines.</p><p>If you're a woman, your doctor may ask whether you might be pregnant.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ida-sec2-d6e59"><h3>Physical Exam</h3><p>Your doctor will do a physical exam to look for signs of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>-deficiency <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>. He or she may:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Look at your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023265" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gums</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025352" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nail</a> beds to see whether they're pale</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Listen to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> for rapid or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">irregular heartbeats</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Listen to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> for rapid or uneven breathing</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Feel your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022602" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abdomen</a> to check the size of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022189" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spleen</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Do a pelvic and rectal exam to check for internal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a></div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-ida-sec2-d6e84"><h3>Diagnostic Tests and Procedures</h3><p>Many tests and procedures are used to diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>-deficiency <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>. They can help confirm a diagnosis, look for a cause, and find out how severe the condition is.</p><div id="nhlbi-ida-sec3-d6e90"><h4>Complete Blood Count</h4><p>Often, the first test used to diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a> is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bdt/#nhlbisec-types">complete blood count</a> (CBC). The CBC measures many parts of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>.</p><p>This test checks your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021986" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hematocrit</a> (hee-MAT-oh-crit) levels. Hemoglobin is an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> that carries <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> to the body. Hematocrit is a measure of how much space red blood cells take up in your blood. A low level of hemoglobin or hematocrit is a sign of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>.</p><p>The normal range of these levels varies in certain racial and ethnic populations. Your doctor can explain your test results to you.</p><p>The CBC also checks the number of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022046" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">white blood cells</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a> in your blood. Abnormal results may be a sign of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>, a blood disorder, or another condition.</p><p>Finally, the CBC looks at mean corpuscular (kor-<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024835" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">PUS</a>-kyu-lar) volume (MCV). MCV is a measure of the average size of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>. The results may be a clue as to the cause of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>. In <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>-deficiency anemia, for example, red blood cells usually are smaller than normal.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ida-sec3-d6e112"><h4>Other Blood Tests</h4><p>If the CBC results confirm you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>, you may need other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022070" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood tests</a> to find out what's causing the condition, how severe it is, and the best way to treat it.</p><p>Reticulocyte count. This test measures the number of reticulocytes (re-TIK-u-lo-sites) in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. Reticulocytes are young, immature <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>. Over time, reticulocytes become mature red blood cells that carry <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> throughout your body.</p><p>A reticulocyte count shows whether your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> is making <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> at the correct rate.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023155" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Peripheral</a> smear. For this test, a sample of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> is examined under a microscope. If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>-deficiency <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>, your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> will look smaller and paler than normal.</p><p>Tests to measure <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> levels. These tests can show how much iron has been used from your body's stored iron. Tests to measure iron levels include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Serum <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>. This test measures the amount of iron in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. The level of iron in your blood may be normal even if the total amount of iron in your body is low. For this reason, other iron tests also are done.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Serum ferritin. Ferritin is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> that helps store <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> in your body. A measure of this protein helps your doctor find out how much of your body's stored iron has been used.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Transferrin level, or total <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>-binding capacity. Transferrin is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> that carries iron in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. Total iron-binding capacity measures how much of the transferrin in your blood isn't carrying iron. If you have iron-deficiency <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>, you'll have a high level of transferrin that has no iron.</div></li></ul><p>Other tests. Your doctor also may recommend tests to check your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hormone</a> levels, especially your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022780" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thyroid hormone</a>. You also may have a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022070" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood test</a> for a chemical called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">erythrocyte</a> protoporphyrin. This chemical is a building block for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a>.</p><p>Children also may be tested for the level of lead in their <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. Lead can make it hard for the body to produce <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ida-sec3-d6e158"><h4>Tests and Procedures for Gastrointestinal Blood Loss</h4><p>To check whether internal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> is causing your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>-deficiency <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>, your doctor may suggest a fecal occult <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022070" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood test</a>. This test looks for blood in the stools and can detect bleeding in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022247" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">intestines</a>.</p><p>If the test finds <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>, you may have other tests and procedures to find the exact spot of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>. These tests and procedures may look for bleeding in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a>, upper <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022247" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">intestines</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022229" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">colon</a>, or pelvic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a>.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Iron-Deficiency Anemia Treated?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatment</a> for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>-deficiency <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a> will depend on its cause and severity. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatments</a> may include dietary changes and supplements, medicines, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>.</p><p>Severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>-deficiency <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a> may require a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bt/">blood transfusion</a>, iron <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022222" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">injections</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022191" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">intravenous</a> (IV) iron <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatment</a> may need to be done in a hospital.</p><p>The goals of treating <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>-deficiency <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a> are to treat its underlying cause and restore normal levels of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a>, and iron.</p><div id="nhlbi-ida-sec2-d7e40"><h3>Dietary Changes and Supplements</h3><div id="nhlbi-ida-sec3-d7e44"><h4>Iron</h4><p>You may need <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> supplements to build up your iron levels as quickly as possible. Iron supplements can correct low iron levels within months. Supplements come in pill form or in drops for children.</p><p>Large amounts of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> can be harmful, so take iron supplements only as your doctor prescribes. Keep iron supplements out of reach from children. This will prevent them from taking an overdose of iron.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Iron</a> supplements can cause side effects, such as dark stools, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a> irritation, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028109" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heartburn</a>. Iron also can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024803" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">constipation</a>, so your doctor may suggest that you use a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022950" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stool</a> softener.</p><p>Your doctor may advise you to eat more foods that are rich in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>. The best source of iron is red meat, especially beef and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver</a>. Chicken, turkey, pork, fish, and shellfish also are good sources of iron.</p><p>The body tends to absorb <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> from meat better than iron from nonmeat foods. However, some nonmeat foods also can help you raise your iron levels. Examples of nonmeat foods that are good sources of iron include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Iron</a>-fortified breads and cereals</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Peas; lentils; white, red, and baked beans; soybeans; and chickpeas</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Tofu</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Dried fruits, such as prunes, raisins, and apricots</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Spinach and other dark green leafy vegetables</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Prune juice</div></li></ul><p>The Nutrition Facts labels on packaged foods will show how much <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> the items contain. The amount is given as a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030538" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">percentage</a> of the total amount of iron you need every day.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ida-sec3-d7e88"><h4>Vitamin C</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023352" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Vitamin</a> C helps the body absorb <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>. Good sources of vitamin C are vegetables and fruits, especially citrus fruits. Citrus fruits include oranges, grapefruits, tangerines, and similar fruits. Fresh and frozen fruits, vegetables, and juices usually have more vitamin C than canned ones.</p><p>If you're taking medicines, ask your doctor or pharmacist whether you can eat grapefruit or drink grapefruit juice. Grapefruit can affect the strength of a few medicines and how well they work.</p><p>Other fruits rich in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023352" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin</a> C include kiwi fruit, strawberries, and cantaloupes.</p><p>Vegetables rich in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023352" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin</a> C include broccoli, peppers, Brussels sprouts, tomatoes, cabbage, potatoes, and leafy green vegetables like turnip greens and spinach.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-ida-sec2-d7e104"><h3>Treatment To Stop Bleeding</h3><p>If <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> loss is causing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>-deficiency <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> will depend on the cause of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>. For example, if you have a bleeding <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022806" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ulcer</a>, your doctor may prescribe antibiotics and other medicines to treat the ulcer.</p><p>If a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022750" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">polyp</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancerous tumor</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022247" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">intestine</a> is causing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>, you may need <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> to remove the growth.</p><p>If you have heavy menstrual flow, your doctor may prescribe birth control pills to help reduce your monthly <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow. In some cases, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> may be advised.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ida-sec2-d7e116"><h3>Treatments for Severe Iron-Deficiency Anemia</h3><div id="nhlbi-ida-sec3-d7e120"><h4>Blood Transfusion</h4><p>If your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>-deficiency <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a> is severe, you may get a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029754" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">transfusion</a> of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>. A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029754" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood transfusion</a> is a safe, common procedure in which blood is given to you through an IV line in one of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>. A transfusion requires careful matching of donated blood with the recipient's blood.</p><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029754" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">transfusion</a> of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> will treat your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a> right away. The red blood cells also give a source of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> that your body can reuse. However, a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029754" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood transfusion</a> is only a short-term <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>. Your doctor will need to find and treat the cause of your anemia.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029754" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood transfusions</a> are usually reserved for people whose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a> puts them at a higher risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> problems or other severe health issues.</p><p>For more information, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bt/">Blood Transfusion</a> article.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ida-sec3-d7e138"><h4>Iron Therapy</h4><p>If you have severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>, your doctor may recommend <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a>. For this <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>, iron is injected into a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscle</a> or an IV line in one of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>.</p><p>IV <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a> presents some safety concerns. It must be done in a hospital or clinic by experienced staff. Iron therapy usually is given to people who need iron long-term but can't take iron supplements by <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a>. This therapy also is given to people who need immediate <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> for iron-deficiency <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-prevention"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-prevention_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Can Iron-Deficiency Anemia Be Prevented?</h2><p>Eating a well-balanced diet that includes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>-rich foods may help you prevent iron-deficiency <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>.</p><p>Taking <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> supplements also may lower your risk for the condition if you're not able to get enough iron from food. Large amounts of iron can be harmful, so take iron supplements only as your doctor prescribes.</p><p>For more information about diet and supplements, go to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063057/#nhlbisec-treatment">"How Is Iron-Deficiency Anemia Treated?"</a> </p><p>Infants and young children and women are the two groups at highest risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>-deficiency <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>. Special measures can help prevent the condition in these groups.</p><div id="nhlbi-ida-sec2-d8e43"><h3>Infants and Young Children</h3><p>A baby's diet can affect his or her risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>-deficiency <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>. For example, cow's milk is low in iron. For this and other reasons, cow's milk isn't recommended for babies in their first year. After the first year, you may need to limit the amount of cow's milk your baby drinks.</p><p>Also, babies need more <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> as they grow and begin to eat solid foods. Talk with your child's doctor about a healthy diet and food choices that will help your child get enough iron.</p><p>Your child's doctor may recommend <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targ |
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Kawasaki Disease |
<div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-kd-sec1-d1e37_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Is Kawasaki Disease?</h2><p>Kawasaki (KAH-wah-SAH-ke) disease is a rare childhood disease. It's a form of a condition called <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-vas/">vasculitis</a> (vas-kyu-LI-tis). This condition involves <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022625" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inflammation</a> of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>.</p><p>In <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023338" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Kawasaki disease</a>, the walls of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> throughout the body become inflamed. The disease can affect any type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a> in the body, including the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022018" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">capillaries</a>.</p><p>Sometimes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023338" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Kawasaki disease</a> affects the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a>, which carry <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. As a result, some children who have Kawasaki disease may develop serious heart problems.</p><div id="nhlbi-kd-sec2-d1e52"><h3>Overview</h3><p>The cause of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023338" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Kawasaki disease</a> isn't known. The body's response to a virus or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> combined with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022031" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic</a> factors may cause the disease. However, no specific virus or infection has been found, and the role of genetics isn't known.</p><p>The disease can't be passed from one child to another. Your child won't get it from close contact with a child who has the disease. Also, if your child has the disease, he or she can't pass it to another child.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023338" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Kawasaki disease</a> affects children of all races and ages and both genders. It occurs most often in children of Asian and Pacific Island descent. The disease is more likely to affect boys than girls. Most cases occur in children younger than 5 years old.</p><p>One of the main symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023338" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Kawasaki disease</a> is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fever</a> that lasts longer than 5 days. The fever remains high even after <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> with standard childhood fever medicines.</p><p>Children who have the disease also may have red <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eyes</a>, red <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024368" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lips</a>, and redness on the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023128" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">palms</a> of their <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hands</a> and soles of their feet. These are all signs of inflamed <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>.</p><p>Early <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> helps reduce the risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023338" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Kawasaki disease</a> affecting the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a> and causing serious problems.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-kd-sec2-d1e75"><h3>Outlook</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023338" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Kawasaki disease</a> can't be prevented. However, most children who have the disease usually recover within weeks of getting symptoms. Further problems are rare.</p><p>The disease affects some children's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a>, which can cause serious problems. These children need long-term care and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>.</p><p>Researchers continue to look for the cause of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023338" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Kawasaki disease</a> and better ways to diagnose and treat it. They also hope to learn more about long-term health risks, if any, for people who have had the disease.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-names"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-names_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Other Names for Kawasaki Disease</h2><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023338" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Kawasaki syndrome</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Mucocutaneous <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022179" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymph node</a> syndrome</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes Kawasaki Disease?</h2><p>The cause of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023338" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Kawasaki disease</a> isn't known. The body's response to a virus or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> combined with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022031" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic</a> factors may cause the disease. However, no specific virus or infection has been found, and the role of genetics isn't known.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023338" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Kawasaki disease</a> can't be passed from one child to another. Your child won't get it from close contact with a child who has the disease. Also, if your child has the disease, he or she can't pass it to another child.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-atrisk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-atrisk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is at Risk for Kawasaki Disease?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023338" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Kawasaki disease</a> affects children of all races and ages and both genders. It occurs most often in children of Asian and Pacific Island descent.</p><p>The disease is more likely to affect boys than girls. Most cases occur in children younger than 5 years old. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023338" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Kawasaki disease</a> is rare in children older than 8.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Kawasaki Disease?</h2><div id="nhlbi-kd-sec2-d6e28"><h3>Major Signs and Symptoms</h3><p>One of the main symptoms during the early part of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023338" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Kawasaki disease</a>, called the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acute</a> phase, is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fever</a>. The fever lasts longer than 5 days. It remains high even after <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> with standard childhood fever medicines.</p><p>Other classic signs of the disease are:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Swollen <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022179" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymph nodes</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027054" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neck</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024692" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rash</a> on the mid-section of the body and in the genital area</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Red, dry, cracked <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024368" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lips</a> and a red, swollen <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022322" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tongue</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Red, swollen <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023128" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">palms</a> of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hands</a> and soles of the feet</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Redness of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eyes</a></div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-kd-sec2-d6e56"><h3>Other Signs and Symptoms</h3><p>During the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acute</a> phase, your child also may be irritable and have a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025780" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sore throat</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022450" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">joint</a> pain, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024806" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diarrhea</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024776" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vomiting</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a> pain.</p><p>Within 2 to 3 weeks of the start of symptoms, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> on your child's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023112" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fingers</a> and toes may peel, sometimes in large sheets.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Kawasaki Disease Diagnosed?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023338" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Kawasaki disease</a> is diagnosed based on your child's signs and symptoms and the results from tests and procedures.</p><div id="nhlbi-kd-sec2-d7e31"><h3>Specialists Involved</h3><p>Pediatricians often are the first to suspect a child has <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023338" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Kawasaki disease</a>. Pediatricians are doctors who specialize in treating children.</p><p>If the disease has affected your child's coronary (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>, a pediatric <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015644" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiologist</a> will confirm the diagnosis and give ongoing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>. Pediatric <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015644" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiologists</a> treat children who have heart problems.</p><p>Other specialists also may be involved in treating children who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023338" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Kawasaki disease</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-kd-sec2-d7e44"><h3>Signs and Symptoms</h3><p>The doctor will check your child for the classic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062985/#nhlbisec-signs">signs and symptoms</a> of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023338" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Kawasaki disease</a>.</p><p>The doctor will rule out other diseases that cause similar symptoms. These diseases include Rocky Mountain spotted <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fever</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024694" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">scarlet fever</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028139" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">juvenile rheumatoid arthritis</a>.</p><p>Generally, your child will be diagnosed with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023338" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Kawasaki disease</a> if he or she has a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fever</a> that lasts longer than 5 days plus four other classic signs or symptoms of the disease.</p><p>However, not all children have classic signs and symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023338" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Kawasaki disease</a>. Tests and procedures can help confirm whether a child has the disease.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-kd-sec2-d7e63"><h3>Tests and Procedures</h3><div id="nhlbi-kd-sec3-d7e66"><h4>Echocardiography</h4><p>If the doctor thinks that your child has <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023338" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Kawasaki disease</a>, he or she will likely recommend <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-echo/">echocardiography</a> (EK-o-kar-de-OG-ra-fee), or echo. This painless test uses sound waves to create pictures of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a>.</p><p>Echo also can help show the disease's effects over time, if any, on your child's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a>. Often, the disease's effects on the coronary arteries don't show up until the second or third week after the first symptoms appear. Thus, this test is done regularly after the diagnosis.</p><p>Some children who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023338" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Kawasaki disease</a> don't have the classic signs and symptoms of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acute</a> phase. Doctors may not diagnose these children until 2 to 3 weeks after the onset of the disease. This is when another common sign of Kawasaki disease occurs—peeling of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> on the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023112" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fingers</a> and toes.</p><p>If your child is diagnosed at this point, he or she will likely need echo right away to see whether the disease has affected the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-kd-sec3-d7e85"><h4>Other Diagnostic Tests</h4><p>Doctors also use other tests to help diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023338" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Kawasaki disease</a>, such as:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bdt/">Blood tests</a>. The results from <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022070" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood tests</a> can show whether the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> are inflamed.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cxray/">Chest x ray</a>. This painless test creates pictures of structures inside the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a>, such as the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. A chest x ray can show whether <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023338" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Kawasaki disease</a> has affected the heart.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ekg/">EKG</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029879" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">electrocardiogram</a>). This simple test detects and records the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical activity. An EKG can show whether <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023338" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Kawasaki disease</a> has affected the heart.</div></li></ul></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Kawasaki Disease Treated?</h2><p>Medicines are the main <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023338" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Kawasaki disease</a>. Rarely, children whose coronary (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> are affected may need medical procedures or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>.</p><p>The goals of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Reducing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fever</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022625" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inflammation</a> to improve symptoms</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Preventing the disease from affecting the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a></div></li></ul><div id="nhlbi-kd-sec2-d8e43"><h3>Initial Treatment</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023338" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Kawasaki disease</a> can cause serious health problems. Thus, your child will likely be treated in a hospital, at least for the early part of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>.</p><p>The standard <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> during the disease's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acute</a> phase is high-dose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000168" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aspirin</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000931" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune globulin</a>. Immune globulin is a medicine that's injected into a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a>.</p><p>Most children who receive these <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> improve greatly within 24 hours. For a small number of children, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fever</a> remains. These children may need a second round of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000931" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune globulin</a>.</p><p>At the start of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>, your child will receive high doses of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000168" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aspirin</a>. As soon as his or her <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fever</a> goes away, a low dose of aspirin is given. The low dose helps prevent <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots, which can form in the inflamed small <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>.</p><p>Most children treated for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023338" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Kawasaki disease</a> fully recover from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acute</a> phase and don't need any further <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>. They should, however, follow a healthy diet and adopt healthy lifestyle habits. Taking these steps can help lower the risk of future <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease. (Following a healthy lifestyle is advised for all children, not just those who have Kawasaki disease.)</p><p>Children who have had <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000931" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune globulin</a> should wait 11 months before having the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024686" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">measles</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024798" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chicken pox</a> vaccines. Immune globulin can prevent those vaccines from working well.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-kd-sec2-d8e66"><h3>Long-Term Care and Treatment</h3><p>If <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023338" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Kawasaki disease</a> has affected your child's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a>, he or she will need ongoing care and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>.</p><p>It's best if a pediatric <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015644" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiologist</a> provides this care to reduce the risk of severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> problems. A pediatric cardiologist is a doctor who specializes in treating children who have heart problems.</p><div id="nhlbi-kd-sec3-d8e75"><h4>Medicines and Tests</h4><p>When <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023338" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Kawasaki disease</a> affects the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a>, they may expand and twist. If this happens, your child's doctor may prescribe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>-thinning medicines (for example, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0012678" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">warfarin</a>). These medicines help prevent blood clots from forming in the affected coronary arteries.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a>-thinning medicines usually are stopped after the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a> heal. Healing may occur about 18 months after the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acute</a> phase of the disease.</p><p>In a small number of children, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a> don't heal. These children likely will need routine tests, such as:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-echo/">Echocardiography</a>. This test uses sound waves to create images of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ekg/">EKG</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029879" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">electrocardiogram</a>). This test detects and records the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical activity.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stress/">Stress test</a>. This test provides information about how the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> works during physical activity or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a>.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-kd-sec3-d8e106"><h4>Medical Procedures and Surgery</h4><p>Rarely, a child who has <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023338" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Kawasaki disease</a> may need <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cath/">cardiac catheterization</a> (KATH-eh-ter-ih-ZA-shun). Doctors use this procedure to diagnose and treat some <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> conditions.</p><p>A flexible tube called a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022169" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">catheter</a> is put into a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arm</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028097" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">groin</a> (upper thigh), or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027054" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neck</a> and threaded to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. Through the catheter, doctors can perform tests and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> on the heart.</p><p>Very rarely, a child may need to have other procedures or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> if <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022625" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inflammation</a> narrows his or her <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a> and blocks <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-angioplasty/">Coronary angioplasty</a> (AN-jee-oh-plas-tee), <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stents/">stent placement</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cabg/">coronary artery bypass grafting</a> (CABG) may be used.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029846" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Coronary angioplasty</a> restores <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow through narrowed or blocked <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a>. A thin tube with a balloon on the end is inserted into a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arm</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028097" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">groin</a>. The tube is threaded to the narrowed or blocked <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary artery</a>. Then, the balloon is inflated to widen the artery and restore blood flow.</p><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029850" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stent</a> (small mesh tube) may be placed in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary artery</a> during <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029847" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">angioplasty</a>. This device helps support the narrowed or weakened artery. A stent can improve <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow and prevent the artery from bursting.</p><p>Rarely, a child may need to have CABG. This <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> is used to treat blocked <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a>. During CABG, a healthy <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a> from another part of the body is connected, or grafted, to the blocked <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary artery</a>.</p><p>The grafted <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a> bypasses (that is, goes around) the blocked part of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary artery</a>. This improves <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-prevention"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-prevention_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Can Kawasaki Disease Be Prevented?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023338" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Kawasaki disease</a> can't be prevented. However, most children who have the disease recover—usually within weeks of getting signs and symptoms. Further problems are rare.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-livingwith"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-livingwith_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Living With Kawasaki Disease</h2><p>Most children who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023338" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Kawasaki disease</a> recover—usually within weeks of getting symptoms. Further problems are rare. Early <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> reduces the risk of serious problems.</p><p>Researchers continue to look for the cause of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023338" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Kawasaki disease</a> and better ways to diagnose and treat it. They also hope to learn more about long-term health risks, if any, for people who have had the disease.</p><div id="nhlbi-kd-sec2-d10e34"><h3>What To Expect After Treatment</h3><p>Most children who are treated for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023338" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Kawasaki disease</a> fully recover from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acute</a> phase. They don't need further <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>. </p><p>They should, however, follow a healthy diet and adopt healthy lifestyle habits. Taking these steps can help lower their risk of future <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease. (Following a healthy lifestyle is advised for all children, not just those who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023338" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Kawasaki disease</a>).</p><p>Children treated with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000931" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune globulin</a> should wait 11 months before having <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024686" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">measles</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024798" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chicken pox</a> vaccines. Immune globulin can prevent these vaccines from working well.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-kd-sec2-d10e47"><h3>Ongoing Health Care Needs</h3><p>If <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023338" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Kawasaki disease</a> has affected your child's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a>, he or she will need ongoing care and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>. It's best if a pediatric <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015644" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiologist</a> provides this care to reduce the risk of severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> problems. A pediatric cardiologist is a doctor who specializes in treating children who have heart problems.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-kd-sec2-d10e53"><h3>Support Groups</h3><p>Joining a support group may help you adjust to caring for a child who has <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023338" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Kawasaki disease</a>. You can see how other parents have coped with the disease. Ask your child's doctor about local support groups or check with an area medical center.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-trials"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-trials_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Clinical Trials</h2><p>The National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute (NHLBI) is strongly committed to supporting research aimed at preventing and treating heart, lung, and blood diseases and conditions and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorders</a>.</p><p>NHLBI-supported research has led to many advances in medical knowledge and care. Often, these advances depend on the willingness of volunteers to take part in <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-clinicaltrials/">clinical trials</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Clinical trials</a> test new ways to prevent, diagnose, or treat various diseases and conditions. For example, new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for a disease or condition (such as medicines, medical devices, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgeries</a>, or procedures) are tested in volunteers who have the illness. Testing shows whether a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> is safe and effective in humans before it is made available for widespread use.</p><p>By taking part in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, your child can gain access to new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> before they're widely available. Your child also will have the support of a team of health care providers, who will likely monitor his or her health closely. Even if your child doesn't directly benefit from the results of a clinical trial, the information gathered can help others and add to scientific knowledge.</p><p>Children (aged 18 and younger) get special protection as research subjects. Almost always, parents must give legal consent for their child to take part in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>.</p><p>When researchers think that a trial's potential risks are greater than minimal, both parents must give permission for their child to enroll. Also, children aged 7 and older often must agree (assent) to take part in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a>.</p><p>If you agree to have your child take part in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, you'll be asked to sign an informed consent form. This form is not a contract. You have the right to withdraw your child from a study at any time, for any reason. Also, you have the right to learn about new risks or findings that emerge during the trial.</p><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> related to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023338" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Kawasaki disease</a>, talk with your child's doctor. For more information about clinical trials for children, visit the NHLBI's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/childrenandclinicalstudies/index.php" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Children and Clinical Studies</a> Web page.</p><p>You also can visit the following Web sites to learn more about clinical research and to search for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a>:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>http://clinicalresearch.nih.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.clinicaltrials.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.researchmatch.org</div></li></ul></div><div style="display: none; width: 200px; top: -100px; left: -100px;" aria-live="assertive" aria-hidden="true" class="ui-helper-reset ui-ncbipopper-wrapper ui-ncbilinksmenu"><ul id="ui-ncbiinpagenav-6"><li><a href="#_nhlbi-kd-sec1-d1e37_">What Is Kawasaki Disease?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-names_">Other Names for Kawasaki Disease</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-causes_">What Causes Kawasaki Disease?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-atrisk_">Who Is at Risk for Kawasaki Disease?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-signs_">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Kawasaki Disease?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-diagnosis_">How Is Kawasaki Disease Diagnosed?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-treatment_">How Is Kawasaki Disease Treated?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-prevention_">How Can Kawasaki Disease Be Prevented?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-livingwith_">Living With Kawasaki Disease</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-trials_">Clinical Trials</a></li></ul></div></div></div> |
June 11, 2014. |
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2018-02-02 04:25:06 |
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<L1> diseases_conditions
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2018-02-02 05:18:22 |
LAM |
<div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-lam-sec1-d1e35_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Is LAM?</h2><p>LAM, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymphangioleiomyomatosis</a> (lim-FAN-je-o-LI-o-MI-o-ma-TO-sis), is a rare <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung disease</a> that mostly affects women of childbearing age.</p><p>In LAM, abnormal, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscle</a>-like <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> begin to grow out of control in certain <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissues</a>, especially the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022179" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymph nodes</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidneys</a>.</p><p>Over time, these LAM <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> can destroy the normal lung <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a>. As a result, air can’t move freely in and out of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. In some cases, this means the lungs can’t supply the body’s other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> with enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>.</p><div id="nhlbi-lam-sec2-d1e47"><h3>Overview</h3><p>There are two forms of LAM. Sporadic LAM occurs for unknown reasons. LAM also can occur in women who have a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029769" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rare disease</a> called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022985" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tuberous sclerosis complex</a> (TSC). Women who have TSC often have a milder form of LAM.</p><p>About 50 percent of women who have LAM develop <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pleurisy/">pneumothorax</a> (noo-mo-THOR-aks), or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022353" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">collapsed lung</a>. In this condition, air leaks out of the lung and into the space between the lung and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030256" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest wall</a> (the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025091" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleural space</a>).</p><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022353" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">collapsed lung</a> can cause pain and shortness of breath. Sometimes one lung will collapse over and over again. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023382" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pneumothorax</a> is a serious condition. It usually requires <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> and might be life threatening.</p><p> </p><div class="graphic left label"><img src="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063019/bin/lam.jpg" alt="Figure A shows the location of the lungs and airways in the body. The inset image shows a cross-section of a healthy lung. Figure B shows a view of the lungs with LAM and a collapsed lung (pneumothorax). The inset image shows a cross-section of a lung with LAM."></div> <p></p><p>Many women who have LAM get <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024119" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tumors</a> called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022986" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">angiomyolipomas</a> (AN-je-o-my-o-li-PO-mas), or AMLs, in their <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidneys</a>. Women who have LAM also may develop:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Growths in other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a>, including the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Large <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024119" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tumors</a> in their <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022179" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymph nodes</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A buildup of fluid in their chests, abdomens, or pelvic areas</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-lam-sec2-d1e92"><h3>Outlook</h3><p>LAM has no cure, and the disease tends to worsen over time. How quickly the disease worsens varies from woman to woman. LAM may lead to death from <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/rf/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">respiratory failure</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-lungtxp/">Lung transplant</a> is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> option for women whose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> have been damaged by LAM.</p><p>Not long ago, doctors thought women who had LAM wouldn't live more than 8–10 years following diagnosis. They now know that some women may survive longer (as long as 20 years following diagnosis, although this is rare).</p><p>Doctors have learned a lot about LAM in recent years. They're now able to diagnose the condition earlier. Support services also are now available to help improve the quality of life for women who have LAM.</p><p>Researchers continue to explore and test new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for LAM.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes LAM?</h2><p>The cause of LAM and why it mainly affects women isn’t known. Recent studies show that sporadic LAM has some of the same traits as another <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029769" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rare disease</a> called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022985" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tuberous sclerosis complex</a> (TSC). This information has provided some valuable clues about what causes LAM.</p><p>The common features of sporadic LAM and TSC are:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Kidney</a> growths. People who have TSC get growths in their <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidneys</a>. These growths are the same as the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022986" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">angiomyolipomas</a> that many women who have LAM get in their kidneys.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Lung <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024724" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cysts</a>. Some women who have TSC get cysts in their <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. These cysts are the same as the ones that women who have sporadic LAM get in their lungs. When a woman who has TSC gets cysts in her lungs, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung disease</a> is called TSC-associated LAM or TSC–LAM.</div></li></ul><p>TSC is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022031" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic</a> disease. A defect in one of two <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a> causes the disease. These genes are called TSC1 and TSC2. They normally make <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022051" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">proteins</a> that control <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cell</a> growth and movement in the body. In people who have TSC, the genes are faulty. The proteins that the genes make can’t control cell growth and movement.</p><p>Women who have LAM also have abnormal TSC1 and TSC2 <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a>. Researchers have found that these genes play a role in causing LAM. This finding is leading to new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for LAM.</p><p>Because LAM affects women, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hormone</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023144" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">estrogen</a> also may play a role in causing the disease.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-atrisk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-atrisk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is at Risk for LAM?</h2><p>LAM is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029769" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rare disease</a> that mostly affects women of childbearing age. Many women who develop LAM are between the ages of 20 and 40 when they begin to have symptoms. LAM can occur in older women as well, although this is less common.</p><p>Some women might have LAM and not know it. Many of LAM’s signs and symptoms are the same as those of other diseases, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-asthma/">asthma</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023374" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">emphysema</a> (em-fih-SE-ma), and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-brnchi/">bronchitis</a> (brong-KI-tis).</p><p>LAM affects about 3 out of every 10 women who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022985" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tuberous sclerosis complex</a> (TSC). Some of these women may have mild cases of LAM that don’t cause symptoms. Not everyone who has TSC and LAM has lung symptoms.</p><p>In rare cases, LAM has been reported in men.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of LAM?</h2><p>The uncontrolled growth of LAM <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> and their effect on nearby body <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissues</a> causes the signs and symptoms of LAM. The most common signs and symptoms are:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Shortness of breath, especially during activity. At first, shortness of breath may occur only during high-energy activities. Over time, you may have trouble breathing during simple activities, such as dressing and showering.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Chest</a> pain or aches. This pain might be worse when you breathe in.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Frequent <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cough/">cough</a>. This may occur with bloody <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025094" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">phlegm</a> (a sticky fluid).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Wheezing (a whistling sound when you breathe).</div></li></ul><p>Other signs and symptoms of LAM include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pleurisy/">Pneumothorax</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022353" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">collapsed lung</a>. In LAM, a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023382" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumothorax</a> can occur if lung <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024724" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cysts</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rupture</a> through the lining of a lung. Air that collects in the space between the lung and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030256" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest wall</a> must be removed to reinflate the lung.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pleurisy/">Pleural effusions</a>. This condition can occur if bodily fluids collect in the space between the lung and the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030256" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest wall</a>. Often the fluid contains a milky substance called chyle (kile). The excess fluid in the chest may cause shortness of breath because the lung has less room to expand.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022162" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">urine</a>. This sign may occur in women who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidney</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024119" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tumors</a> called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022986" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">angiomyolipomas</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Enlarged <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022179" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymph nodes</a>. These usually occur in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022602" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abdomen</a> or the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a>. Very rarely, enlarged lymph nodes may occur in locations where they can be felt, such as the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027054" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neck</a> or under the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arms</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Abdominal swelling, sometimes with pain.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Swelling in the legs, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024901" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ankles</a>, or feet.</div></li></ul><p>Other diseases also can cause many of these signs and symptoms. If you’re having any of these problems, see your doctor. He or she can help find the cause of your symptoms.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is LAM Diagnosed?</h2><p>Methods for diagnosing LAM have improved. It's now possible for doctors to diagnose the disease at an early stage.</p><p>LAM is diagnosed based on your signs and symptoms and the results from tests and procedures. If you have LAM, you may need to see a pulmonologist. This is a doctor who specializes in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung diseases</a> and conditions.</p><div id="nhlbi-lam-sec2-d6e34"><h3>Signs and Symptoms</h3><p>Your doctor will ask about your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063019/#nhlbisec-signs">signs and symptoms</a> related to LAM. He or she may ask how long you’ve had symptoms, and whether they’ve become worse over time.</p><p>Many of LAM’s signs and symptoms are the same as those of other diseases, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-asthma/">asthma</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023374" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">emphysema</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-brnchi/">bronchitis</a>. Your doctor will want to rule out those conditions before making a final diagnosis.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-lam-sec2-d6e56"><h3>Diagnostic Tests and Procedures</h3><p>Your doctor may recommend tests to show how well your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> are working and what your lung <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> looks like.</p><p>These tests can show whether your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> are delivering enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. You also may have tests to check for complications of LAM.</p><div id="nhlbi-lam-sec3-d6e65"><h4>Tests for Lung Function</h4><p>Lung function tests. For <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-lft/">lung function tests</a>, you breathe through a mouthpiece into a machine called a spirometer (spi-ROM-eh-ter). The spirometer measures the amount of air you breathe in and out.</p><p>Other lung function tests can show about how much air your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> can hold and how well your lungs deliver <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022070" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood tests</a>. Your doctor may take a blood sample from a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arm</a> to look at your blood <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> and blood chemistry.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024325" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pulse</a> oximetry. For this test, a small sensor is attached to your finger or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024836" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ear</a>. The sensor uses light to estimate how much <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> is in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-lam-sec3-d6e90"><h4>Tests To Check for Complications or Detect LAM Cells</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Chest</a> x ray. A <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cxray/">chest x ray</a> creates a picture of the structures in your chest, such as your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. The test can show a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022353" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">collapsed lung</a> or fluid in your chest. In the early stages of LAM, your chest x rays may look normal. As the disease gets worse, the x rays may show <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024724" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cysts</a> in your lungs.</p><p>High-resolution CT (HRCT) scan. The most useful <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022767" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">imaging test</a> for diagnosing LAM is an <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cct/">HRCT scan</a>. This test creates a computer-generated picture of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. The picture shows more detail than the pictures from a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> x ray.</p><p>An HRCT scan can show <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024724" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cysts</a>, shadows of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cell</a> clusters, excess fluid, a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022353" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">collapsed lung</a>, and enlarged <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022179" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymph nodes</a>. The test also can show how much normal lung <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> has been replaced by the LAM cysts.</p><p>HRCT scans of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022602" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abdomen</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022614" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pelvis</a> can show whether you have growths in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidneys</a>, other abdominal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022179" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymph nodes</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-lam-sec3-d6e116"><h4>Procedures To Look for LAM Cells</h4><p>The results from the above tests—along with information about your signs, symptoms, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029840" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">medical history</a>—might be enough for your doctor to diagnose LAM.</p><p>However, if your doctor needs more information, the most useful method involves looking at samples of your lung <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> for LAM <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a>.</p><p>You may want to see a doctor who specializes in LAM for this test. Several procedures can be used to get a sample of lung <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a>.</p><p>Video-assisted <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022278" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thoracoscopy</a> (tho-rah-KOS-ko-pe). In this procedure, also called VAT, your doctor inserts a small, lighted tube into little cuts made in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030256" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest wall</a>. This lets him or her look inside your chest and snip out a few small pieces of lung <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a>.</p><p>VAT is done in a hospital. The procedure isn’t major <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>, but it does require general anesthesia (that is, you’re given medicine to make you <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> during the procedure).</p><p>Open lung <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022958" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">biopsy</a>. In this procedure, your doctor removes a few small pieces of lung <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> through a cut made in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030256" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest wall</a> between your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029862" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ribs</a>. An open lung biopsy is done in a hospital. You’ll be given medicine to make you <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> during the procedure.</p><p>Open lung <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022958" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">biopsies</a> are rarely done anymore because the recovery time is much longer than the recovery time from VAT.</p><p>Transbronchial <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022958" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">biopsy</a>. In this procedure, your doctor inserts a long, narrow, flexible, lighted tube down your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022078" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">windpipe</a> and into your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. He or she then snips out bits of lung <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> using a tiny device.</p><p>This procedure usually is done in a hospital. Your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024473" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">throat</a> are numbed to prevent pain.</p><p>The amount of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> that your doctor removes is very small, so this test doesn’t always provide enough information.</p><p>Other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022958" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">biopsies</a>. Your doctor also can diagnose LAM using the results from other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> biopsies, such as biopsies of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022179" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymph nodes</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025777" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymphatic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024119" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tumors</a> called lymphangiomyomas.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-lam-sec2-d6e162"><h3>Other Tests</h3><p>If you’re diagnosed with sporadic LAM, your doctor may advise you to have a computed tomography (CT) scan or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan of your head. These tests can help screen for underlying <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022985" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tuberous sclerosis complex</a> (TSC).</p><p>CT and MRI scans will reveal TSC in only a small number of people who are initially diagnosed with sporadic LAM.</p><p>Researchers are exploring other tests that may help diagnose LAM. These tests include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022070" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood tests</a> for the LAM <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> or a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a> growth factor called VEGF-D.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is LAM Treated?</h2><p>Currently, no <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> is available to stop the growth of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024724" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cysts</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cell</a> clusters that occur in LAM. Most <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for LAM are aimed at easing symptoms and preventing complications.</p><p>The main <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> are:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Medicines to improve air flow in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> and reduce wheezing</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-oxt/">Oxygen therapy</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Procedures to remove fluid from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022602" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abdomen</a> and stop it from building up again</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Procedures to shrink <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022986" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">angiomyolipomas</a> (AMLs)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-lungtxp/">Lung transplant</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Hormone</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a></div></li></ul><div id="nhlbi-lam-sec2-d7e58"><h3>Medicines</h3><div id="nhlbi-lam-sec3-d7e62"><h4>Medicines That Help You Breathe Better</h4><p>If you’re having trouble breathing, your doctor may prescribe bronchodilators. These medicines relax the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscles</a> around the airways. This helps the airways open up, making it easier for you to breathe.</p><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-lft/">Lung function tests</a> can sometimes show whether these medicines are likely to help you.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-lam-sec3-d7e73"><h4>Medicines That Prevent Bone Loss</h4><p>Women who have LAM are at risk for a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022807" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone</a>-weakening condition called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024680" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">osteoporosis</a> (OS-te-o-po-RO-sis). This is in part because many LAM <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapies</a> block the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023144" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">estrogen</a> action needed to keep <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022807" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bones</a> strong.</p><p>To prevent <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024680" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">osteoporosis</a>, your doctor may measure your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024682" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone density</a>. If you have lost bone density, your doctor may prescribe medicines to prevent bone loss. He or she also may prescribe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022775" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">calcium</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0001921" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin D</a> supplements.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-lam-sec3-d7e83"><h4>Rapamycin (Sirolimus)</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0012134" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sirolimus</a> was originally developed to prevent the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025680" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune system</a> from rejecting <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028187" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidney transplants</a>. However, studies have shown that the medicine helps regulate the abnormal growth and movement of LAM <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a>.</p><p>Research suggests that <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0012134" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sirolimus</a> may shrink <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024119" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tumors</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidneys</a> of women who have LAM.</p><p>A recent study funded in part by the National Institutes of Health showed that <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0012134" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sirolimus</a> also helps stabilize lung function, reduce symptoms, and improve quality of life for people who have LAM.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0012134" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sirolimus</a> does have side effects, some of which can be serious. If you have LAM, talk with your doctor about the benefits and risks of this medicine, and whether it’s an option for you.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-lam-sec2-d7e98"><h3>Oxygen Therapy</h3><p>If the level of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> is low, your doctor may suggest <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029682" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen therapy</a>. Oxygen usually is given through nasal prongs or a mask. At first, you may need oxygen only while exercising. It also may help to use it while sleeping. Over time, you may need full-time oxygen therapy.</p><p>A standard <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stress/">exercise stress test</a> or a 6-minute walk test can show whether you need <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> while exercising. A 6-minute walk test measures the distance you can walk in 6 minutes. An <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">exercise</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029874" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress test</a> measures how well your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> work while you walk on a treadmill or pedal a stationary bike.</p><p>You also may need a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bdt/">blood test</a> to show your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> level and how much oxygen you need.</p><p>For more information, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-oxt/">Oxygen Therapy</a> article.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-lam-sec2-d7e123"><h3>Procedures To Remove Air or Fluid From the Chest or Abdomen</h3><p>Several procedures can remove excess air or fluid from your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022602" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abdomen</a>. These procedures also help prevent air or fluid from building up again.</p><p>Removing fluid from your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022602" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abdomen</a> may help relieve discomfort and shortness of breath. The procedure to remove fluid from the chest is called <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-thor/">thoracentesis</a> (THOR-ah-sen-TE-sis). The procedure to remove fluid from the abdomen is called paracentesis (PAR-ah-sen-TE-sis).</p><p>Your doctor often can remove the fluid with a needle and syringe. If large amounts of fluid build up in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a>, your doctor may have to insert a tube into your chest to remove the fluid.</p><p>Removing air from your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> may relieve shortness of breath and chest pain caused by a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022353" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">collapsed lung</a>. Your doctor usually can remove the air with a tube. The tube is inserted into your chest between your side <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029862" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ribs</a>. Often, the tube is attached to a suction device. If this procedure doesn't work, or if your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> collapse often, you may need <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>.</p><p>If fluid and air often leak into your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a>, your doctor may inject a chemical at the site of the leakage. The chemical fuses your lung and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030256" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest wall</a> together. This removes the space for leakage.</p><p>Your doctor may do this procedure at your bedside in the hospital. You will be given medicine to prevent pain. The procedure also can be done in an operating room using video-assisted <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022278" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thoracoscopy</a>. In this case, you will be given medicine to make you <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> during the procedure.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-lam-sec2-d7e148"><h3>Procedures To Remove or Shrink Angiomyolipomas</h3><p>AMLs often don't cause symptoms, but sometimes they can cause ongoing pain or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>. If this happens, you may need <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> to remove some of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024119" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tumors</a>.</p><p>If <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> isn't too severe, a radiologist often can block the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> feeding the AMLs. This may cause them to shrink.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-lam-sec2-d7e158"><h3>Lung Transplant</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028188" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Lung transplants</a> can improve lung function and quality of life in patients who have advanced LAM.</p><p>However, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028188" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung transplants</a> have a high risk of complications, including infections and rejection of the transplanted lung by the body.</p><p>Studies suggest that more than three-quarters of women with LAM who receive a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028188" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung transplant</a> survive for at least 3 years.</p><p>In a few cases, doctors have found LAM <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> in the newly transplanted <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> and other parts of the body. However, the LAM cells don't seem to stop the transplanted lung from working.</p><p>For more information, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-lungtxp/">Lung Transplant</a> article.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-lam-sec2-d7e180"><h3>Hormone Therapy</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023144" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Estrogen</a> is thought to play a role in causing LAM. Thus, your doctor may want to treat you with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hormone</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a> that limits the effects of estrogen on your body. Hormone therapy is given in pill form or as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022222" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">injections</a>.</p><p>Some doctors also suggest <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> to remove the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022599" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ovaries</a>. This causes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023140" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">menopause</a> and greatly reduces <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023144" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">estrogen</a> levels in the body.</p><p>Unfortunately, at this time, no clear evidence shows that this type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> works for women who have LAM.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-livingwith"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-livingwith_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Living With LAM</h2><p>In the early stages of LAM, you usually can do your normal daily activities. These may include attending school, going to work, and doing common physical activities such as walking up stairs.</p><p>In the later stages of LAM, you may find it harder to be active. You also may need <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-oxt/">oxygen therapy</a> full time.</p><div id="nhlbi-lam-sec2-d8e37"><h3>Ongoing Care</h3><p>Getting ongoing medical care is important. You may need to see a pulmonologist. This is a doctor who specializes in treating <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung diseases</a> and conditions.</p><p>Take steps to care for your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. For example, talk with your doctor about getting a yearly <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025769" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">flu</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022222" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">shot</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pnu/">pneumonia</a> vaccine.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-lam-sec2-d8e50"><h3>Lifestyle Changes</h3><p>If you have LAM, taking good care of your health is important. Follow a healthy eating plan, be as physically active as you can, and get plenty of rest.</p><p>If you smoke, quit. Talk to your doctor about programs and products that can help you quit smoking.</p><p>If you have trouble quitting smoking on your own, consider joining a support group. Many hospitals, workplaces, and community groups offer classes to help people quit smoking. Ask your family members and friends to support you in your efforts to quit.</p><p>For more information about how to quit smoking, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">Smoking and Your Heart</a> article and the National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute's (NHLBI’s) <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/other/your_guide/healthyheart.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri"> "Your Guide to a Healthy Heart."</a> Although these resources focus on heart health, they include basic information about how to quit smoking.</p><p>Also, check with your doctor before traveling by air or traveling to areas where medical attention isn't readily available. Also, talk to your doctor before traveling to places where the amount of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> in the air is low.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-lam-sec2-d8e75"><h3>Pregnancy and Birth Control</h3><p>If your lung function is normal, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a> might be an option. However, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hormones</a> during pregnancy can worsen LAM. Thus, you should discuss a possible pregnancy with both a pulmonologist who specializes in LAM and your obstetrician.</p><p>Most doctors don't recommend birth control pills containing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023144" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">estrogen</a> to women who have LAM. Talk to your doctor about birth control options.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-lam-sec2-d8e84"><h3>Emotional Issues and Support</h3><p>Living with LAM may cause fear, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024918" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anxiety</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024768" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">depression</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a>. Talk about how you feel with your health care team. Talking to a professional counselor also can help. If you’re very <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024768" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">depressed</a>, your doctor may recommend medicines or other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> that can improve your quality of life.</p><p>Joining a patient support group may help you adjust to living with LAM. Information about patient support groups is available from the NHLBI Health Information Center at 301–592–8573 or the National Institutes of Health/NHLBI <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022202" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pulmonary</a> Vascular Medicine Branch at 1–877–NIH–LUNG (1–877–644–5864), <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022438" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">extension</a> 3.</p><p>Support from family and friends also can help relieve <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024918" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anxiety</a>. Let your loved ones know how you feel and what they can do to help you.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-trials"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-trials_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Clinical Trials</h2><p>The National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute (NHLBI) is strongly committed to supporting research aimed at preventing and treating heart, lung, and blood diseases and conditions and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorders</a>.</p><p>NHLBI-supported research has led to many advances in medical knowledge and care. For example, this research has uncovered some of the causes of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung diseases</a>, as well as ways to prevent and treat these diseases.</p><p>Many more questions remain about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung diseases</a>, including LAM. The NHLBI continues to support research aimed at learning more about these diseases. For example, NHLBI-supported research on LAM includes studies that explore:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The disease processes involved in LAM, and how to develop better <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> based on these processes</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>How <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bacteria</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030685" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">toxins</a> found in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a>, and digestive system contribute to LAM and other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung diseases</a></div></li></ul><p>Much of the NHLBI’s research depends on the willingness of volunteers to take part in <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-clinicaltrials/">clinical trials</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Clinical trials</a> test new ways to prevent, diagnose, or treat various diseases and conditions.</p><p>For example, new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for a disease or condition (such as medicines, medical devices, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgeries</a>, or procedures) are tested in volunteers who have the illness. Testing shows whether a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> is safe and effective in humans before it is made available for widespread use.</p><p>By taking part in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, you may gain access to new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> before they’re widely available. You also will have the support of a team of health care providers, who will likely monitor your health closely. Even if you don’t directly benefit from the results of a clinical trial, the information gathered can help others and add to scientific knowledge.</p><p>If you volunteer for a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, the research will be explained to you in detail. You’ll learn about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> and tests you may receive, and the benefits and risks they may pose. You’ll also be given a chance to ask questions about the research. This process is called informed consent.</p><p>If you agree to take part in the trial, you’ll be asked to sign an informed consent form. This form is not a contract. You have the right to withdraw from a study at any time, for any reason. Also, you have the right to learn about new risks or findings that emerge during the trial.</p><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> related to LAM, talk with your doctor. You also can visit the following Web sites to learn more about clinical research and to search for clinical trials:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>http://clinicalresearch.nih.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.clinicaltrials.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.researchmatch.org</div></li></ul></div><div style="display: none; width: 200px; top: -100px; left: -100px;" aria-live="assertive" aria-hidden="true" class="ui-helper-reset ui-ncbipopper-wrapper ui-ncbilinksmenu"><ul id="ui-ncbiinpagenav-6"><li><a href="#_nhlbi-lam-sec1-d1e35_">What Is LAM?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-causes_">What Causes LAM?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-atrisk_">Who Is at Risk for LAM?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-signs_">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of LAM?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-diagnosis_">How Is LAM Diagnosed?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-treatment_">How Is LAM Treated?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-livingwith_">Living With LAM</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-trials_">Clinical Trials</a></li></ul></div></div></div> |
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Long QT Syndrome |
<div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-qt-sec1-d1e36_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Is Long QT Syndrome?</h2><p>Long QT syndrome (LQTS) is a disorder of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical activity. It can cause sudden, uncontrollable, dangerous <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-arr/">arrhythmias</a> (ah-RITH-me-ahs) in response to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">exercise</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Arrhythmias</a> are problems with the rate or rhythm of the heartbeat.</p><p>People who have LQTS also can have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmias</a> for no known reason. However, not everyone who has LQTS has dangerous <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> rhythms. When they do occur, though, they can be fatal.</p><div id="nhlbi-qt-sec2-d1e48"><h3>What Does "Long QT" Mean?</h3><p>The term "long QT" refers to an abnormal pattern seen on an <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ekg/">EKG</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029879" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">electrocardiogram</a>). An EKG is a test that detects and records the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical activity.</p><p>With each heartbeat, an electrical signal spreads from the top of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> to the bottom. As it travels, the signal causes the heart to contract and pump <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. An EKG records electrical signals as they move through your heart.</p><p>Data from the EKG are mapped on a graph so your doctor can study your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical activity. Each heartbeat is mapped as five distinct electrical waves: P, Q, R, S, and T.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figd1e67" co-legend-rid="figlgndd1e67"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063050/figure/d1e67/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figd1e67" rid-ob="figobd1e67"><img class="small-thumb" src="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063050/bin/ekg.gif" src-large="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063050/bin/ekg.jpg" alt="EKG."></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndd1e67"><h4 id="d1e67"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063050/figure/d1e67/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd1e67">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">EKG. The picture shows the standard setup for an EKG. Figure A shows the data from the EKG, which are mapped on a graph. In figure B, a patient lies in bed with EKG electrodes attached to his chest, upper arms, and legs. A nurse oversees the painless procedure. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063050/figure/d1e67/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd1e67">(more...)</a></p></div></div><p>The electrical activity that occurs between the Q and T waves is called the QT interval. This interval shows electrical activity in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s lower <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a>, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a> (VEN-trih-kuls).</p><p>The timing of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical activity is complex, and the body carefully controls it. Normally the QT interval is about a third of each heartbeat cycle. However, in people who have LQTS, the QT interval lasts longer than normal.</p><p>A long QT interval can upset the careful timing of the heartbeat and trigger dangerous <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> rhythms.</p><p>For more information about the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical system, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hhw/">How the Heart Works</a> article.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-qt-sec2-d1e89"><h3>Overview</h3><p>On the surface of each <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cell</a> are tiny pores called ion channels. Ion channels open and close to let electrically charged sodium, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022775" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">calcium</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025487" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">potassium</a> atoms (ions) flow into and out of each cell. This generates the heart's electrical activity.</p><p>In people who have LQTS, the ion channels may not work well, or there may be too few of them. This may disrupt electrical activity in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a> and cause dangerous <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmias</a>.</p><p>LQTS often is inherited, which means you're born with the condition and have it your whole life. There are seven known types of inherited LQTS. The most common ones are LQTS 1, 2, and 3.</p><p>In LQTS 1, emotional <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">exercise</a> (especially swimming) can trigger <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmias</a>. In LQTS 2, extreme emotions, such as surprise, can trigger arrhythmias. In LQTS 3, a slow <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024325" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart rate</a> during <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> can trigger arrhythmias.</p><p>You also can acquire LQTS. This means you aren't born with the disorder, but you develop it during your lifetime. Some medicines and conditions can cause acquired LQTS. (For more information, go to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063050/#nhlbisec-causes">"What Causes Long QT Syndrome?"</a>)</p></div><div id="nhlbi-qt-sec2-d1e111"><h3>Outlook</h3><p>More than half of the people who have untreated, inherited types of LQTS die within 10 years. However, lifestyle changes and medicines can help people who have LQTS prevent complications and live longer.</p><p>Some of these lifestyle changes and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Avoiding strenuous physical activity or startling noises.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Adding more <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025487" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">potassium</a> to your diet (as your doctor advises).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Taking <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> medicines called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">beta blockers</a>. These medicines help prevent <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-scda/">sudden cardiac arrest</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Having an implanted medical device, such as a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pace/">pacemaker</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-icd/">implantable cardioverter defibrillator</a>. These devices help control abnormal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> rhythms.</div></li></ul><p>If you have LQTS, talk with your doctor about which lifestyle changes and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> are best for you.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-names"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-names_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Other Names for Long QT Syndrome</h2><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Romano-Ward syndrome</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes Long QT Syndrome?</h2><p>Long QT syndrome (LQTS) can be inherited or acquired. "Inherited" means you're born with the condition and have it your whole life. Inherited conditions are passed from parents to children through <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a>. "Acquired" means you aren't born with the condition, but you develop it during your lifetime.</p><div id="nhlbi-qt-sec2-d4e31"><h3>Inherited Long QT Syndrome</h3><p>Faulty <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a> cause inherited LQTS. These genes control the production of certain types of ion channels in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. Faulty genes may cause the body to make too few ion channels, ion channels that don't work well, or both.</p><p>There are seven known types of inherited LQTS (types 1 though 7). The most common types are LQTS 1, 2, and 3.</p><p>Some types of LQTS involve faulty or lacking <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025487" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">potassium</a> ion or sodium ion channels.</p><p>If you have LQTS 1 or LQTS 2, the flow of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025487" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">potassium</a> ions through the ion channels in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> isn't normal. This may cause problems when you <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">exercise</a> or when you have strong emotions.</p><p>You may develop a rapid, uncontrollable <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> rhythm that prevents your heart from pumping <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. This type of heart rhythm can be fatal if it's not quickly brought under control.</p><p>If you have LQTS 3, the flow of sodium ions through ion channels in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> isn't normal. This can trigger a rapid, uncontrollable heart rhythm that can be fatal. In LQTS 3, problems usually occur when your heart beats slower than normal, such as during <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-qt-sec2-d4e53"><h3>Acquired Long QT Syndrome</h3><p>Some medicines and conditions can cause acquired LQTS.</p><div id="nhlbi-qt-sec3-d4e60"><h4>Medication-Induced Long QT Syndrome</h4><p>More than 50 medicines have been found to cause LQTS. Some common medicines that may cause the disorder include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030662" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Antihistamines</a> and decongestants</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025451" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Diuretics</a> (pills that remove excess water from your body)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Antibiotics</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Antiarrhythmic medicines</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Antidepressant and antipsychotic medicines</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Cholesterol</a>-lowering medicines and some <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a> medicines</div></li></ul><p>Some people who have medication-induced LQTS also may have an inherited form of the disorder. They may not have symptoms unless they take medicines that lengthen the QT interval or lower <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025487" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">potassium</a> levels in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. When LQTS doesn't cause symptoms, it's called silent LQTS.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-qt-sec3-d4e91"><h4>Other Causes of Acquired Long QT Syndrome</h4><p>Severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024806" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diarrhea</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024776" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vomiting</a> that causes a major loss of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025487" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">potassium</a> or sodium ions from the bloodstream may cause LQTS. The disorder lasts until these ion levels return to normal.</p><p>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029716" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eating disorders</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025745" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anorexia nervosa</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029717" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bulimia</a> and some <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029359" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thyroid disorders</a> may cause a drop in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025487" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">potassium</a> ion levels in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>, causing LQTS.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-atrisk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-atrisk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is at Risk for Long QT Syndrome?</h2><p>Long QT syndrome (LQTS) is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029769" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rare disorder</a>. Experts think that about 1 in 7,000 people has LQTS. But no one knows for sure, because LQTS often goes undiagnosed.</p><p>LQTS causes about 3,000 to 4,000 sudden deaths in children and young adults each year in the United States. Unexplained sudden deaths in children are rare. When they do occur, LQTS often is the cause.</p><p>Inherited LQTS usually is first detected during childhood or young adulthood. Half of all people who have LQTS have their first abnormal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> rhythm by the time they're 12 years old, and 90 percent by the time they're 40 years old. The condition rarely is diagnosed after age 40.</p><p>In boys who have LQTS, the QT interval (which can be seen on an <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ekg/">EKG</a> test) often returns toward normal after puberty. If this happens, the risk of LQTS symptoms and complications goes down.</p><p>LQTS is more common in women than men. Women who have LQTS are more likely to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029695" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">faint</a> or die suddenly from the disorder during <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023146" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">menstruation</a> and shortly after giving birth.</p><p>Children who are born deaf also are at increased risk for LQTS. This is because the same <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022031" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic</a> problem that affects <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024976" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hearing</a> also affects the function of ion channels in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>.</p><div id="nhlbi-qt-sec2-d5e50"><h3>Major Risk Factors</h3><p>You're at risk of having LQTS if anyone in your family has ever had it. Unexplained <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029695" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fainting</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">seizures</a>, drowning or near drowning, and unexplained sudden death are all possible signs of LQTS.</p><p>You're also at risk for LQTS if you take medicines that make the QT interval longer. Your doctor can tell you whether your prescription or over-the-counter medicines might do this.</p><p>You also may develop LQTS if you have excessive <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024776" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vomiting</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024806" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diarrhea</a> or other conditions that cause low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> levels of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025487" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">potassium</a> or sodium. These conditions include the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029716" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eating disorders</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025745" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anorexia nervosa</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029717" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bulimia</a>, as well as some <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029359" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thyroid disorders</a>.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Long QT Syndrome?</h2><div id="nhlbi-qt-sec2-d6e28"><h3>Major Signs and Symptoms</h3><p>If you have long QT syndrome (LQTS), you can have sudden and dangerous <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-arr/">arrhythmias</a> (abnormal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> rhythms). Signs and symptoms of LQTS-related <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmias</a> often first occur during childhood and include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Unexplained <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029695" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fainting</a>. This happens because the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> isn't pumping enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>. Fainting may occur during physical or emotional <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a>. Fluttering feelings in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> may occur before fainting.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Unexplained drowning or near drowning. This may be due to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029695" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fainting</a> while swimming.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Unexplained <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-scda/">sudden cardiac arrest</a> (SCA) or death. SCA is a condition in which the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> suddenly stops beating for no obvious reason. People who have SCA die within minutes unless they receive <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>. In about 1 out of 10 people who have LQTS, SCA or sudden death is the first sign of the disorder.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-qt-sec2-d6e52"><h3>Other Signs and Symptoms</h3><p>Often, people who have LQTS 3 develop an abnormal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> rhythm during <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a>. This may cause noisy gasping while sleeping.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-qt-sec2-d6e59"><h3>Silent Long QT Syndrome</h3><p>Sometimes long QT syndrome doesn't cause any signs or symptoms. This is called silent LQTS. For this reason, doctors often advise family members of people who have LQTS to be tested for the disorder, even if they have no symptoms.</p><p>Medical and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022716" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic tests</a> may reveal whether these family members have LQTS and what type of the condition they have.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Long QT Syndrome Diagnosed?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015644" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Cardiologists</a> diagnose and treat long QT syndrome (LQTS). Cardiologists are doctors who specialize in diagnosing and treating <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> diseases and conditions. To diagnose LQTS, your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015644" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiologist</a> will consider your:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ekg/">EKG</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029879" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">electrocardiogram</a>) results</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029840" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Medical history</a> and the results from a physical exam</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022716" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Genetic test</a> results</div></li></ul><div id="nhlbi-qt-sec2-d7e45"><h3>EKG (Electrocardiogram)</h3><p>An EKG is a simple test that detects and records the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical activity. This test may show a long QT interval and other signs that suggest LQTS. Often, doctors first discover a long QT interval when an EKG is done for another suspected heart problem.</p><p>Not all people who have LQTS will always have a long QT interval on an EKG. The QT interval may change from time to time; it may be long sometimes and normal at other times. Thus, your doctor may want you to have several EKG tests over a period of days or weeks. Or, your doctor may have you wear a device called a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-holt/">Holter monitor</a>.</p><p>A Holter monitor records the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical activity for a full 24- or 48-hour period. It can detect heart problems that occur for only a few minutes out of the day.</p><p>You wear small patches called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">electrodes</a> on your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a>. Wires connect the patches to a small, portable recorder. You can clip the recorder to a belt, keep it in a pocket, or hang it around your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027054" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neck</a>.</p><p>While you wear the monitor, you do your usual daily activities. You also keep a notebook, noting any symptoms you have and the time they occur. You then return both the recorder and the notebook to your doctor to read the results. Your doctor can see how your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> was beating at the time you had symptoms.</p><p>Some people have a long QT interval only while they <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">exercise</a>. For this reason, your doctor may recommend that you have a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stress/">stress test</a>.</p><p>During a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029874" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress test</a>, you <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">exercise</a> to make your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> work hard and beat fast. An EKG is done while you exercise. If you can't exercise, you may be given medicine to increase your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024325" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart rate</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-qt-sec2-d7e77"><h3>Medical History and Physical Exam</h3><p>Your doctor will ask whether you've had any symptoms of an abnormal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> rhythm. Symptoms may include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Unexplained <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029695" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fainting</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A fluttering feeling in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a>, which is the result of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> beating too fast</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Loud gasping during <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a></div></li></ul><p>Your doctor may ask what over-the-counter, prescription, or other drugs you take. He or she also may want to know whether anyone in your family has been diagnosed with or has had signs of LQTS. Signs of LQTS include unexplained <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029695" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fainting</a>, drowning, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-scda/">sudden cardiac arrest</a>, or sudden death.</p><p>Your doctor will check you for signs of conditions that may lower <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> levels of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025487" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">potassium</a> or sodium. These conditions include the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029716" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eating disorders</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025745" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anorexia nervosa</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029717" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bulimia</a>, excessive <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024776" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vomiting</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024806" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diarrhea</a>, and certain <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029359" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thyroid disorders</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-qt-sec2-d7e104"><h3>Genetic Tests</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022031" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Genetic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022070" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood tests</a> can detect some forms of inherited LQTS. If your doctor thinks that you have LQTS, he or she may suggest <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022716" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic testing</a>. Genetic blood tests usually are suggested for family members of people who have LQTS as well.</p><p>However, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022716" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic tests</a> don't always detect LQTS. So, even if you have the disorder, the tests may not show it.</p><p>Also, some people who test positive for LQTS don't have any signs or symptoms of the disorder. These people may have silent LQTS. Less than 10 percent of these people will <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029695" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">faint</a> or suddenly die from an abnormal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> rhythm.</p><p>Even if you have silent LQTS, you may be at increased risk of having an abnormal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> rhythm while taking medicines that affect <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025487" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">potassium</a> ion channels or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> levels of potassium.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-qt-sec2-d7e120"><h3>Types of Inherited Long QT Syndrome</h3><p>If you have inherited LQTS, it may be helpful to know which type you have. This will help you and your doctor plan your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> and decide which lifestyle changes you should make.</p><p>To find out what type of LQTS you have, your doctor will consider:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022716" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Genetic test</a> results</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The types of situations that trigger an abnormal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> rhythm</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>How well you respond to medicine</div></li></ul></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Long QT Syndrome Treated?</h2><p>The goal of treating long QT syndrome (LQTS) is to prevent life-threatening, abnormal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> rhythms and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029695" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fainting</a> spells.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatment</a> isn't a cure for the disorder and may not restore a normal QT interval on an <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ekg/">EKG</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029879" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">electrocardiogram</a>). However, treatment greatly improves the chances of survival.</p><div id="nhlbi-qt-sec2-d8e37"><h3>Specific Types of Treatment</h3><p>Your doctor will recommend the best <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> for you based on:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Whether you've had symptoms, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029695" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fainting</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-scda/">sudden cardiac arrest</a> (SCA)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>What type of LQTS you have</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>How likely it is that you'll <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029695" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">faint</a> or have SCA</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>What <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> you feel most comfortable with</div></li></ul><p>People who have LQTS without symptoms may be advised to:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Make lifestyle changes that reduce the risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029695" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fainting</a> or SCA. Lifestyle changes may include avoiding certain sports and strenuous <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">exercise</a>, such as swimming, which can cause abnormal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> rhythms.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Avoid medicines that may trigger abnormal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> rhythms. This may include some medicines used to treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">allergies</a>, infections, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">high blood pressure</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbc/">high blood cholesterol</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024768" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">depression</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-arr/">arrhythmias</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Take medicines such as beta-<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025464" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blockers</a>, which reduce the risk of symptoms by slowing the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024325" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart rate</a>.</div></li></ul><p>The type of medicine you take will depend on the type of LQTS you have. For example, doctors usually will prescribe sodium channel <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025464" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blocker</a> medicines only for people who have LQTS 3.</p><p>If your doctor thinks you're at increased risk for LQTS complications, he or she may suggest more aggressive <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> (in addition to medicines and lifestyle changes). These treatments may include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A surgically implanted device, such as a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pace/">pacemaker</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-icd/">implantable cardioverter defibrillator</a> (ICD). These devices help control abnormal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> rhythms.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Surgery</a> on the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022678" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nerves</a> that regulate your heartbeat.</div></li></ul><p>People at increased risk are those who have fainted or who have had dangerous <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> rhythms from their LQTS.</p><div id="nhlbi-qt-sec3-d8e111"><h4>Lifestyle Changes</h4><p>If possible, try to avoid things that can trigger abnormal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> rhythms. For example, people who have LQTS should avoid medicines that lengthen the QT interval or lower <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025487" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">potassium</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> levels. (For more information, go to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063050/#nhlbisec-causes">"What Causes Long QT Syndrome?"</a>)</p><p>Many people who have LQTS also benefit from adding more <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025487" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">potassium</a> to their diets. Check with your doctor about eating more potassium-rich foods (such as bananas) or taking potassium supplements daily.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-qt-sec3-d8e123"><h4>Medicines</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Beta blockers</a> are medicines that prevent the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> from beating faster in response to physical or emotional <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a>. Most people who have LQTS are treated with beta blockers.</p><p>Doctors may suggest that people who have LQTS 3 take sodium channel <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025464" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blockers</a>, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0011204" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mexiletine</a>. These medicines make sodium ion channels less active.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-qt-sec3-d8e133"><h4>Medical Devices</h4><p>Pacemakers and ICDs are small devices that help control abnormal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> rhythms. Both devices use electrical currents to prompt the heart to beat normally. Surgeons <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025325" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">implant</a> pacemakers and ICDs in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> or belly with a minor procedure.</p><p>The use of these devices is similar in children and adults. However, because children are still growing, other issues may arise. For example, as children grow, they may need to have their devices replaced.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-qt-sec3-d8e142"><h4>Surgery</h4><p>People who are at high risk of death from LQTS sometimes are treated with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>. During surgery, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022678" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nerves</a> that prompt the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> to beat faster in response to physical or emotional <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a> are cut.</p><p>This type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> keeps the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> beating at a steady pace and lowers the risk of dangerous heart rhythms in response to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">exercise</a>.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-livingwith"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-livingwith_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Living With Long QT Syndrome</h2><p>Long QT syndrome (LQTS) usually is a lifelong condition. The risk of having an abnormal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> rhythm that leads to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029695" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fainting</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-scda/">sudden cardiac arrest</a> may lessen as you age. However, the risk never completely goes away.</p><p>You'll need to take certain steps for the rest of your life to prevent abnormal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> rhythms. You can:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Avoid things that trigger abnormal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> rhythms</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Let others know you might <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029695" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">faint</a> or your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> might stop beating, and tell them what steps they can take</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Have a plan in place for how to handle abnormal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> rhythms</div></li></ul><p>If an abnormal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> rhythm does occur, you'll need to seek <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> right away.</p><div id="nhlbi-qt-sec2-d9e53"><h3>Avoid Triggers</h3><p>If <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">exercise</a> triggers an abnormal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> rhythm, your doctor may tell you to avoid any strenuous exercise, especially swimming. Ask your doctor what types and amounts of exercise are safe for you.</p><p>If you have a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pace/">pacemaker</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-icd/">implantable cardioverter defibrillator</a>, avoid contact sports that may dislodge these devices. You may want to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">exercise</a> in public or with a friend who can help you if you <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029695" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">faint</a>.</p><p>Avoid medicines that can trigger an abnormal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> rhythm. This includes some medicines used to treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">allergies</a>, infections, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">high blood pressure</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbc/">high blood cholesterol</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024768" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">depression</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-arr/">arrhythmias</a>. Talk with your doctor before taking any prescription, over-the-counter, or other medicines or drugs.</p><p>Seek medical care right away for conditions that lower the sodium or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025487" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">potassium</a> level in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. These conditions include the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029716" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eating disorders</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025745" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anorexia nervosa</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029717" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bulimia</a>, excessive <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024776" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vomiting</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024806" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diarrhea</a>, and certain <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029359" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thyroid disorders</a>.</p><p>If you have LQTS 2, try to avoid unexpected noises, such as loud or jarring alarm clock buzzers and telephone ringers.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-qt-sec2-d9e87"><h3>Inform Others</h3><p>You may want to wear a medical ID necklace or bracelet that states that you have LQTS. This will help alert medical personnel and others about your condition if you have an emergency.</p><p>Let your roommates, coworkers, or other people with whom you have regular contact know that you have a condition that might cause you to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029695" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">faint</a> or go into <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiac arrest</a>. Tell them to call 9–1–1 right away if you faint.</p><p>Consider asking a family member and/or coworker to learn <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030032" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiopulmonary resuscitation</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030032" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">CPR</a>) in case your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> stops beating.</p><p>You also may want to keep an <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-aed/">automated external defibrillator</a> (AED) with you at home or at work. This device uses electric shocks to restore a normal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> rhythm.</p><p>Someone at your home and/or workplace should be trained on how to use the AED, just in case your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> stops beating. If a trained person isn't available, an untrained person also can use the AED to help save your life.</p><p>If you have LQTS 3 and you <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> alone, you may want to have an intercom in your bedroom that's connected to someone else's bedroom. This will let others detect the noisy gasping that often occurs if you have an abnormal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> rhythm while lying down.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-qt-sec2-d9e112"><h3>Ongoing Health Care Needs</h3><p>You should see your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015644" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiologist</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> specialist) regularly. He or she will adjust your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> as needed. For example, if you still <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029695" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">faint</a> often while using less aggressive <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a>, your doctor may suggest other treatment options.</p><div id="nhlbi-qt-sec3-d9e118"><h4>Emotional Issues and Support</h4><p>Living with LQTS may cause fear, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024918" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anxiety</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024768" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">depression</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a>. Talk about how you feel with your health care team. Talking to a professional counselor also can help. If you're very <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024768" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">depressed</a>, your doctor may recommend medicines or other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> that can improve your quality of life.</p><p>Joining a patient support group may help you adjust to living with LQTS. You can see how other people have coped with the condition. Talk with your doctor about local support groups or check with an area medical center.</p><p>Support from family and friends also can help relieve <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024918" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anxiety</a>. Let your loved ones know how you feel and what they can do to help you.</p><p>Some people learn they have LQTS because they're tested after a family member dies suddenly from LQTS. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029738" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Grief</a> counseling may help you cope if this has happened to you. Talk with your doctor about finding a grief counselor.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-trials"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-trials_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Clinical Trials</h2><p>The National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute (NHLBI) is strongly committed to supporting research aimed at preventing and treating heart, lung, and blood diseases and conditions and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorders</a>.</p><p>NHLBI-supported research has led to many advances in medical knowledge and care. Often, these advances depend on the willingness of volunteers to take part in <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-clinicaltrials/">clinical trials</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Clinical trials</a> test new ways to prevent, diagnose, or treat various diseases and conditions. For example, new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for a disease or condition (such as medicines, medical devices, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgeries</a>, or procedures) are tested in volunteers who have the illness. Testing shows whether a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> is safe and effective in humans before it is made available for widespread use.</p><p>By taking part in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, you can gain access to new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> before they're widely available. You also will have the support of a team of health care providers, who will likely monitor your health closely. Even if you don't directly benefit from the results of a clinical trial, the information gathered can help others and add to scientific knowledge.</p><p>If you volunteer for a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, the research will be explained to you in detail. You'll learn about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> and tests you may receive, and the benefits and risks they may pose. You'll also be given a chance to ask questions about the research. This process is called informed consent.</p><p>If you agree to take part in the trial, you'll be asked to sign an informed consent form. This form is not a contract. You have the right to withdraw from a study at any time, for any reason. Also, you have the right to learn about new risks or findings that emerge during the trial.</p><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> related to long QT syndrome, talk with your doctor. You also can visit the following Web sites to learn more about clinical research and to search for clinical trials:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>http://clinicalresearch.nih.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.clinicaltrials.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.researchmatch.org</div></li></ul><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> for children, visit the NHLBI's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/childrenandclinicalstudies/index.php" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Children and Clinical Studies</a> Web page.</p></div><div style="display: none; width: 200px; top: -100px; left: -100px;" aria-live="assertive" aria-hidden="true" class="ui-helper-reset ui-ncbipopper-wrapper ui-ncbilinksmenu"><ul id="ui-ncbiinpagenav-6"><li><a href="#_nhlbi-qt-sec1-d1e36_">What Is Long QT Syndrome?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-names_">Other Names for Long QT Syndrome</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-causes_">What Causes Long QT Syndrome?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-atrisk_">Who Is at Risk for Long QT Syndrome?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-signs_">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Long QT Syndrome?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-diagnosis_">How Is Long QT Syndrome Diagnosed?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-treatment_">How Is Long QT Syndrome Treated?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-livingwith_">Living With Long QT Syndrome</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-trials_">Clinical Trials</a></li></ul></div></div></div> |
June 11, 2014. |
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2018-02-02 05:18:59 |
Lymphocytopenia |
<div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-lym-sec1-d1e36_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Is Lymphocytopenia?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022084" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Lymphocytopenia</a> (LIM-fo-si-to-PE-ne-ah) is a disorder in which your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> doesn’t have enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022046" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">white blood cells</a> called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022042" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymphocytes</a> (LIM-fo-sites).</p><p>These <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> are made in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> along with other kinds of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> cells. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022042" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Lymphocytes</a> help protect your body from <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>. Low numbers of lymphocytes can raise your risk of infection.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022084" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Lymphocytopenia</a> also is called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022084" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymphopenia</a>.</p><div id="nhlbi-lym-sec2-d1e48"><h3>Overview</h3><p>About 20 to 40 percent of all <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022046" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">white blood cells</a> are <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022042" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymphocytes</a>. A normal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022042" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymphocyte</a> count for adults usually is between 1,000 and 4,800 lymphocytes per microliter of blood. For children, a normal lymphocyte count usually is between 3,000 and 9,500 lymphocytes per microliter of blood.</p><p>The term "<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022084" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymphocytopenia</a>" refers to a count of less than 1,000 <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022042" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymphocytes</a> per microliter of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> in adults, or less than 3,000 lymphocytes per microliter of blood in children.</p><p>The three types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022042" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymphocytes</a> are B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022045" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">natural killer cells</a>. All of these cells help protect the body from <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>. Most people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022084" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymphocytopenia</a> have low numbers of T lymphocytes. Sometimes they also have low numbers of the other types of lymphocytes.</p><p>Certain factors can cause a low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022042" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymphocyte</a> count, such as:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The body doesn't make enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022042" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymphocytes</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The body makes enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022042" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymphocytes</a>, but they’re destroyed.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022042" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymphocytes</a> get trapped in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022189" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spleen</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022179" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymph nodes</a>. Lymphocytes normally pass through these <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> into the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A combination of the above factors.</div></li></ul><p>Many diseases, conditions, and factors can cause the above problems that lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022084" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymphocytopenia</a>. These causes can be acquired or inherited.</p><p>"Acquired" means you aren't born with the condition, but you develop it. One of the most common acquired causes of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022084" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymphocytopenia</a> is AIDS.</p><p>"Inherited" means your parents passed the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a> for the condition on to you. Inherited causes include DiGeorge anomaly, Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029631" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ataxia</a>-telangiectasia. These inherited conditions are rare.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-lym-sec2-d1e89"><h3>Outlook</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022084" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Lymphocytopenia</a> can range from mild to severe. The condition alone may not cause any signs, symptoms, or serious problems.</p><p>How long <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022084" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymphocytopenia</a> lasts depends on its cause. The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> for this condition depends on its cause and severity. Mild lymphocytopenia may not require treatment. If an underlying condition is successfully treated, lymphocytopenia will likely improve.</p><p>If <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022084" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymphocytopenia</a> causes serious infections, you may need medicines or other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a>.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes Lymphocytopenia?</h2><p>In general, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022084" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymphocytopenia</a> (a low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022042" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymphocyte</a> count) occurs because:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The body doesn't make enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022042" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymphocytes</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The body makes enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022042" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymphocytes</a>, but they’re destroyed.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022042" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymphocytes</a> get stuck in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022189" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spleen</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022179" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymph nodes</a>.</div></li></ul><p>A combination of these factors also may cause a low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022042" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymphocyte</a> count.</p><p>Many diseases, conditions, and factors can lead to a low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022042" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymphocyte</a> count. These conditions can be acquired or inherited. "Acquired" means you aren't born with the condition, but you develop it. "Inherited" means your parents passed the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a> for the condition on to you.</p><p>Exactly how each disease, condition, or factor affects your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022042" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymphocyte</a> count isn't known. Some people have low lymphocyte counts with no underlying cause.</p><div id="nhlbi-lym-sec2-d3e53"><h3>Acquired Causes</h3><p>Many acquired diseases, conditions, and factors can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022084" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymphocytopenia</a>. Examples include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023003" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Infectious diseases</a>, such as AIDS, viral <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027053" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hepatitis</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024668" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tuberculosis</a>, and typhoid <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fever</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022033" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Autoimmune disorders</a>, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024510" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lupus</a>. (Autoimmune disorders occur if the body’s <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025680" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune system</a> mistakenly attacks the body’s <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissues</a>.)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Steroid <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancer</a> and other blood diseases, such as Hodgkin's disease and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-aplastic/">aplastic anemia</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Radiation and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024232" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chemotherapy</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancer</a>).</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-lym-sec2-d3e80"><h3>Inherited Causes</h3><p>Certain inherited diseases and conditions can lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022084" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymphocytopenia</a>. Examples include DiGeorge anomaly, Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029631" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ataxia</a>-telangiectasia. These inherited conditions are rare.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-atrisk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-atrisk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is at Risk for Lymphocytopenia?</h2><p>People at highest risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022084" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymphocytopenia</a> have one of the diseases, conditions, or factors that can cause a low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022042" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymphocyte</a> count. This includes people who have:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>AIDS or other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023003" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infectious diseases</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022033" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Autoimmune disorders</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancers</a> or other blood diseases</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Certain inherited diseases or conditions</div></li></ul><p>People who have had steroid <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a> or radiation or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024232" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chemotherapy</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancer</a>) also are at increased risk. For more information, go to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063005/#nhlbisec-causes">"What Causes Lymphocytopenia?"</a> </p></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Lymphocytopenia?</h2><p>A low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022042" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymphocyte</a> count alone may not cause any signs or symptoms. The condition usually is found when a person is tested for other diseases or conditions, such as AIDS.</p><p>If you have unusual infections, repeat infections, and/or infections that won't go away, your doctor may suspect that you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022084" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymphocytopenia</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Fever</a> is the most common symptom of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Lymphocytopenia Diagnosed?</h2><p>Your doctor will diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022084" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymphocytopenia</a> based on your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029840" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">medical history</a>, a physical exam, and test results.</p><p>A low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022042" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymphocyte</a> count alone may not cause any signs or symptoms. Thus, the condition often is diagnosed during testing for other diseases or conditions.</p><div id="nhlbi-lym-sec2-d6e34"><h3>Specialists Involved</h3><p>Your primary care doctor may notice that you have unusual infections, repeat infections, and/or infections that won't go away. These infections may be signs of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022084" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymphocytopenia</a>. Your primary care doctor may refer you to an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023003" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infectious disease</a> specialist to find out what's causing the infections.</p><p>You also may see a hematologist (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> disease specialist) or an immunologist (immune disorders specialist). Blood diseases and immune disorders can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022084" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymphocytopenia</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-lym-sec2-d6e44"><h3>Medical History</h3><p>To assess your risk for a low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022042" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymphocyte</a> count, your doctor may ask:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>About your risk for AIDS, including questions about <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bt/">blood transfusions</a>, sexual partners, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022191" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">intravenous</a> (IV) drug use, and exposure to infectious <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> or bodily fluids at work</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Whether you've ever had radiation or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024232" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chemotherapy</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancer</a>)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Whether you've ever been diagnosed with a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> disease or immune disorder, or whether you have a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family history</a> of such illnesses</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-lym-sec2-d6e65"><h3>Physical Exam</h3><p>Your doctor will do a physical exam to look for signs of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fever</a>. He or she may check your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022602" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abdomen</a> for signs of an enlarged <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022189" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spleen</a> and your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027054" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neck</a> for signs of enlarged <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022179" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymph nodes</a>.</p><p>Your doctor also will look for signs and symptoms of diseases and conditions that can affect your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022042" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymphocyte</a> count, such as AIDS and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancers</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-lym-sec2-d6e75"><h3>Diagnostic Tests</h3><p>Your doctor may recommend one or more of the following tests to help diagnose a low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022042" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymphocyte</a> count.</p><div id="nhlbi-lym-sec3-d6e81"><h4>Complete Blood Count With Differential</h4><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bdt/#nhlbisec-types">complete blood count</a> (CBC) measures many parts of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. The test checks the number of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022046" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">white blood cells</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a> in your blood. The CBC will show whether you have a low number of white blood cells.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022042" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Lymphocytes</a> account for 20 to 40 percent of all <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022046" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">white blood cells</a>. Although a CBC will show an overall low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022046" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">white blood cell</a> count, it won't show whether the number of lymphocytes is low.</p><p>You may need a more detailed test, called a CBC with differential, to find out whether you have a low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022042" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymphocyte</a> count. This test shows whether you have low levels of certain types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022046" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">white blood cells</a>, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022042" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymphocytes</a>. The test results can help your doctor diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022084" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymphocytopenia</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-lym-sec3-d6e97"><h4>Flow Cytometry</h4><p>Flow cytometry (si-TOM-eh-tree) looks at many types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a>. It's even more detailed than a CBC with differential. Flow cytometry can measure the levels of the different types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022042" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymphocytes</a>—<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022044" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">T cells</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022043" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">B cells</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022045" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">natural killer cells</a>.</p><p>The test can help diagnose the underlying cause of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022084" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymphocytopenia</a>. Some underlying conditions cause low levels of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022044" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">T cells</a>. Others may cause low levels of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022043" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">B cells</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022045" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">natural killer cells</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-lym-sec3-d6e109"><h4>Tests for Underlying Conditions</h4><p>Many diseases and conditions can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022084" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymphocytopenia</a>. Your doctor will want to find the cause of the disorder. You may be tested for HIV/AIDS, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024668" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tuberculosis</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> diseases, and immune disorders.</p><p>Tests for these underlying conditions might include <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bdt/">blood tests</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bmt/">bone marrow tests</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022179" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymph node</a> tests.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022179" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Lymph nodes</a> are part of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025680" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune system</a>. They're found in many places in your body. During a physical exam, your doctor may find that certain lymph nodes are swollen. In <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022084" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymphocytopenia</a>, the lymph nodes may hold on to too many <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022042" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymphocytes</a> instead of releasing them into the bloodstream.</p><p>To test a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022179" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymph node</a>, you may need to have it removed. Removing a lymph node involves minor <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Lymphocytopenia Treated?</h2><p>If you have mild <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022084" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymphocytopenia</a> with no underlying cause, you may not need <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>. The disorder may improve on its own.</p><p>If you have unusual infections, repeat infections, and/or infections that won't go away due to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022084" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymphocytopenia</a>, you'll need <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> for the infections.</p><p>If you have a disease or condition that's causing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022084" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymphocytopenia</a>, your doctor will prescribe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> for that illness. Treating the underlying problem will help treat the lymphocytopenia.</p><div id="nhlbi-lym-sec2-d7e37"><h3>Treatment for Infections</h3><p>A low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022042" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymphocyte</a> count makes it hard for your body to fight infections. You may get infections caused by <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022086" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">viruses</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022590" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fungi</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022591" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">parasites</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bacteria</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatment</a> for an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> will depend on its cause. You also may need treatment after an infection is gone to help prevent repeat infections.</p><p>Children who have serious, ongoing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024516" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bacterial infections</a> may get a medicine called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000931" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune globulin</a>. This medicine helps boost the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025680" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune system</a> and fight infections.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-lym-sec2-d7e50"><h3>Treatment for Underlying Diseases or Conditions</h3><p>Many diseases and conditions can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022084" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymphocytopenia</a>. Examples include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023003" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infectious diseases</a>, such as AIDS; <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> diseases, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-aplastic/">aplastic anemia</a>; and inherited diseases, such as Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome.</p><p>Your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> will depend on your underlying disease or condition.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-lym-sec2-d7e63"><h3>Emerging Treatments</h3><p>Researchers are looking at ways to increase <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022042" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymphocyte</a> production in people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022084" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymphocytopenia</a> with serious underlying conditions.</p><p>For example, some studies are looking into <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bmsct/">blood and marrow stem cell transplants</a>. This procedure may help treat or cure some of the conditions that can cause a low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022042" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymphocyte</a> count.</p><p>Other studies are looking at medicines and other substances that can help the body make more <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022042" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymphocytes</a>.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-prevention"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-prevention_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Can Lymphocytopenia Be Prevented?</h2><p>You can't prevent <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022084" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymphocytopenia</a> that's caused by an inherited condition. However, you can take steps to control lymphocytopenia. Follow your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> plan and take all medicines as your doctor advises.</p><p>Early diagnosis also can help control <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022084" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymphocytopenia</a>. In the United States, newborns are routinely screened for an immune condition that can lead to lymphocytopenia. This allows doctors to diagnose the disorder before serious problems develop.</p><p>You may be able to lower your risk for acquired conditions that cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022084" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymphocytopenia</a>. For more information about acquired causes of the disorder, go to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063005/#nhlbisec-causes">"What Causes Lymphocytopenia?"</a> </p></div><div id="nhlbisec-livingwith"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-livingwith_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Living With Lymphocytopenia</h2><p>If you have mild <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022084" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymphocytopenia</a> with no underlying cause, you may not need <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>. The disorder may improve on its own.</p><p>If an underlying condition is causing your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022084" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymphocytopenia</a>, you'll need <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> for that condition. You'll also need treatment for infections if your body is unable to fight them because of lymphocytopenia.</p><div id="nhlbi-lym-sec2-d9e34"><h3>Treating and Preventing Infections</h3><p>The main risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022084" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymphocytopenia</a> is getting unusual infections, repeat infections, and/or infections that won't go away. If you have the disorder, you may get <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> to prevent infections or to treat infections you already have.</p><p>You also can take other steps to prevent infections. For example:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Stay away from people who are sick, and avoid large crowds of people.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Avoid foods that can expose you to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bacteria</a>, such as uncooked foods.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Wash your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hands</a> often.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Brush and floss your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023261" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">teeth</a> and get regular dental care to reduce the risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024473" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">throat</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Ask your doctor whether you should get a yearly <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025769" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">flu</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022222" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">shot</a> and the <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pnu/">pneumonia</a> vaccine.</div></li></ul><p>Know the signs of an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>, such as a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fever</a>. Call your doctor right away if you think you have an infection.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-lym-sec2-d9e68"><h3>Treating an Underlying Disease or Condition</h3><p>If you have a disease or condition that’s causing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022084" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymphocytopenia</a>, you’ll need <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> for that condition.</p><p>You'll likely have regular tests to show how the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> is working. For example, you may have <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bdt/">blood tests</a> to check the number of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022042" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymphocytes</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>.</p><p>If the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for the underlying condition are working, the number of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022042" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymphocytes</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> may go up.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-lym-sec2-d9e84"><h3>Physical Activity</h3><p>Talk with your doctor about what types and amounts of physical activity are safe for you. You may want to avoid activities that could result in injuries or increase your risk of infections.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-trials"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-trials_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Clinical Trials</h2><p>The National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute (NHLBI) is strongly committed to supporting research aimed at preventing and treating heart, lung, and blood diseases and conditions and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorders</a>.</p><p>NHLBI-supported research has led to many advances in medical knowledge and care. Often, these advances depend on the willingness of volunteers to take part in <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-clinicaltrials/">clinical trials</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Clinical trials</a> test new ways to prevent, diagnose, or treat various diseases and conditions. For example, new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for a disease or condition (such as medicines, medical devices, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgeries</a>, or procedures) are tested in volunteers who have the illness. Testing shows whether a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> is safe and effective in humans before it is made available for widespread use.</p><p>By taking part in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, you can gain access to new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> before they’re widely available. You also will have the support of a team of health care providers, who will likely monitor your health closely. Even if you don’t directly benefit from the results of a clinical trial, the information gathered can help others and add to scientific knowledge.</p><p>If you volunteer for a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, the research will be explained to you in detail. You’ll learn about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> and tests you may receive, and the benefits and risks they may pose. You’ll also be given a chance to ask questions about the research. This process is called informed consent.</p><p>If you agree to take part in the trial, you’ll be asked to sign an informed consent form. This form is not a contract. You have the right to withdraw from a study at any time, for any reason. Also, you have the right to learn about new risks or findings that emerge during the trial.</p><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> related to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022084" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymphocytopenia</a>, talk with your doctor. You also can visit the following Web sites to learn more about clinical research and to search for clinical trials:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>http://clinicalresearch.nih.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.clinicaltrials.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.researchmatch.org</div></li></ul><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> for children, visit the NHLBI’s <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/childrenandclinicalstudies/index.php" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Children and Clinical Studies</a> Web page.</p></div><div style="display: none; width: 200px; top: -100px; left: -100px;" aria-live="assertive" aria-hidden="true" class="ui-helper-reset ui-ncbipopper-wrapper ui-ncbilinksmenu"><ul id="ui-ncbiinpagenav-6"><li><a href="#_nhlbi-lym-sec1-d1e36_">What Is Lymphocytopenia?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-causes_">What Causes Lymphocytopenia?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-atrisk_">Who Is at Risk for Lymphocytopenia?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-signs_">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Lymphocytopenia?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-diagnosis_">How Is Lymphocytopenia Diagnosed?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-treatment_">How Is Lymphocytopenia Treated?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-prevention_">How Can Lymphocytopenia Be Prevented?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-livingwith_">Living With Lymphocytopenia</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-trials_">Clinical Trials</a></li></ul></div></div></div> |
June 11, 2014. |
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2018-02-02 05:19:19 |
Marfan Syndrome |
<div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-mar-sec1-d1e35_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Is Marfan Syndrome?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023297" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Marfan syndrome</a> is a condition in which your body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022672" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">connective tissue</a> is abnormal. Connective tissue helps support all parts of your body. It also helps control how your body grows and develops.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023297" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Marfan syndrome</a> most often affects the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022672" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">connective tissue</a> of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eyes</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022807" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bones</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, and covering of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024392" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spinal cord</a>. Because the condition affects many parts of the body, it can cause many complications. Sometimes the complications are life threatening.</p><div id="nhlbi-mar-sec2-d1e44"><h3>Overview</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023297" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Marfan syndrome</a> is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022031" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic</a> disorder. A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029640" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mutation</a>, or change, in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a> that controls how the body makes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023315" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fibrillin</a> causes Marfan syndrome. Fibrillin is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> that plays a major role in your body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022672" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">connective tissue</a>.</p><p>Most people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023297" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Marfan syndrome</a> inherit it from their parents. If you have Marfan syndrome, you have a 50 percent chance of passing the altered <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a> to each of your children.</p><p>In about 1 in 4 cases, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029640" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mutation</a> that causes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023297" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Marfan syndrome</a> is not inherited. Thus, the affected person is the first in his or her family to have the condition.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023297" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Marfan syndrome</a> often affects the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027348" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">long bones</a> of the body. This can lead to signs, or traits, such as:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A tall, thin build.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Long <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arms</a>, legs, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023112" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fingers</a>, and toes and flexible <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022450" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">joints</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024395" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spine</a> that curves to one side. This condition is called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">scoliosis</a> (sko-le-O-sis).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> that sinks in or sticks out. These conditions are called pectus excavatum (eks-ka-VA-tum) and pectus carinatum (ka-ri-NA-tum), respectively.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023261" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Teeth</a> that are too crowded.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Flat feet.</div></li></ul><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023297" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Marfan syndrome</a> traits vary from person to person, even in the same family. Some people who have the condition have many traits, while others have few.</p><p>The most serious complications of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023297" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Marfan syndrome</a> involve the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>. Marfan syndrome can affect the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022262" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aorta</a>, the main <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a> that supplies <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich blood to the body. In Marfan syndrome, the aorta can stretch and grow weak. This condition is called aortic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028153" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">dilation</a> (di-LA-shun) or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-arm/">aortic aneurysm</a> (AN-u-rism).</p><p>If the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022262" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aorta</a> stretches and grows weak, it may tear or burst and leak <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. This condition is called aortic dissection. It's very serious and can lead to severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> problems or even death.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023297" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Marfan syndrome</a> has no cure, but <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> can help delay or prevent complications. Treatments include medicines, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>, and other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapies</a>. Limiting certain activities, or changing how you do them, may help reduce the risks to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022262" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aorta</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eyes</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022450" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">joints</a>.</p><p>The type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> you receive depends on how the condition is affecting your body.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-mar-sec2-d1e101"><h3>Outlook</h3><p>About 1 out of every 5,000 people in the United States has <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023297" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Marfan syndrome</a>. Men, women, children, and people of all races can have the condition.</p><p>Advances have been made in the early diagnosis and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023297" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Marfan syndrome</a>. It's now possible for people who have the condition to live longer and enjoy a good quality of life. Many people who have Marfan syndrome and are properly diagnosed and treated may live an average lifespan.</p><p>Researchers continue to study the condition and look for better <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a>.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes Marfan Syndrome?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023297" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Marfan syndrome</a> is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022031" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic</a> disorder. A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029640" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mutation</a>, or change, in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a> that controls how the body makes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023315" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fibrillin</a> causes Marfan syndrome. Fibrillin is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> that plays a major role in your body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022672" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">connective tissue</a>.</p><p>Most people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023297" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Marfan syndrome</a> inherit it from their parents. If you have the condition, you have a 50 percent chance of passing the altered <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a> to each of your children.</p><p>Sometimes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023297" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Marfan syndrome</a> isn't inherited. The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029640" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mutation</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023315" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fibrillin</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a> occurs in the egg or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022595" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sperm</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a>. If a child is conceived, the altered gene may be passed on to the child. The risk of that child's brothers or sisters having Marfan syndrome is low.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-atrisk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-atrisk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is at Risk for Marfan Syndrome?</h2><p>People at highest risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023297" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Marfan syndrome</a> are those who have a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family history</a> of the condition. If you have Marfan syndrome, you have a 50 percent chance of passing the altered <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a> to each of your children.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023297" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Marfan syndrome</a> affects about 1 out of every 5,000 people in the United States. Men, women, and children, and people of all races, can have the condition.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Marfan Syndrome?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023297" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Marfan syndrome</a> can affect many parts of the body. As a result, the signs and symptoms of the disorder vary from person to person, even in the same family.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023297" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Marfan</a> complications also vary, depending on how the condition affects your body. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023297" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Marfan syndrome</a> most often affects the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022672" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">connective tissue</a> of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eyes</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022807" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bones</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, and covering of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024392" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spinal cord</a>. This can cause many complications, some of which are life threatening.</p><div id="nhlbi-mar-sec2-d5e34"><h3>Marfan Traits</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023297" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Marfan syndrome</a> often affects the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027348" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">long bones</a> of the body. This can lead to signs, or traits, such as:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A tall, thin build.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Long <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arms</a>, legs, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023112" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fingers</a>, and toes and flexible <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022450" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">joints</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024395" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spine</a> that curves to one side. This condition is called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">scoliosis</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> that sinks in or sticks out. These conditions are called pectus excavatum and pectus carinatum, respectively.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023261" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Teeth</a> that are too crowded.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Flat feet.</div></li></ul><p>Stretch marks on the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> also are a common trait in people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023297" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Marfan syndrome</a>. Stretch marks usually appear on the lower back, buttocks, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022435" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">shoulders</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021901" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">breasts</a>, thighs, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022602" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abdomen</a>.</p><p>Not everyone who has these traits has <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023297" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Marfan syndrome</a>. Some of these traits also are signs of other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030005" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">connective tissue disorders</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-mar-sec2-d5e69"><h3>Complications of Marfan Syndrome</h3><div id="nhlbi-mar-sec3-d5e72"><h4>Heart and Blood Vessel Complications</h4><p>The most serious complications of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023297" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Marfan syndrome</a> involve the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023297" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Marfan syndrome</a> can affect the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022262" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aorta</a>, the main <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a> that supplies <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich blood to the body. In Marfan syndrome, the aorta can stretch and grow weak. This condition is called aortic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028153" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">dilation</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-arm/">aortic aneurysm</a>.</p><p>If the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022262" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aorta</a> stretches and grows weak, it may tear and leak <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. This condition, called aortic dissection, can lead to severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> problems or even death.</p><p>Aortic dissection can cause severe pain in either the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">front</a> or back of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022602" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abdomen</a>. The pain can travel upward or downward. If you have symptoms of aortic dissection, call 9–1–1.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023297" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Marfan syndrome</a> also can cause problems with the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s mitral (MI-trul) valve. This valve controls <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow between the upper and lower <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a> on the left side of the heart. Marfan syndrome can lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-mvp/">mitral valve prolapse</a> (MVP).</p><p>MVP is a condition in which the flaps of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022268" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mitral valve</a> are floppy and don't close tightly. MVP can cause shortness of breath, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hpl/">palpitations</a> (pal-pi-TA-shuns), <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain, and other symptoms.</p><p>If you have MVP, your doctor may hear a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartmurmur/">heart murmur</a> if he or she listens to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> with a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023209" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stethoscope</a>. A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023248" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart murmur</a> is an extra or unusual sound heard during the heartbeat.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-mar-sec3-d5e110"><h4>Eye Complications</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023297" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Marfan syndrome</a> can cause many <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eye</a> problems. A common problem in Marfan syndrome is a dislocated <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022382" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lens</a> in one or both of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eyes</a>. In this condition, the lens (the part of the eye that helps focus light) shifts up, down, or to the side. This can affect your eyesight. A dislocated lens often is the first sign that someone has Marfan syndrome.</p><p>Other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eye</a> complications of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023297" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Marfan syndrome</a> include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023023" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nearsightedness</a>, early <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">glaucoma</a> (high pressure in the fluid in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eyes</a>), and early <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024949" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cataracts</a> (clouding of an eye's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022382" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lens</a>). A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023020" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">detached retina</a> also can occur.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-mar-sec3-d5e119"><h4>Nervous System Complications</h4><p>Fluid surrounds your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024392" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spinal cord</a>. A substance called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030178" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">dura</a> covers the fluid. In <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023297" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Marfan syndrome</a>, the dura can stretch and grow weak.</p><p>This condition, called dural ectasia (ek-TA-ze-ah), can occur in people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023297" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Marfan syndrome</a> as they grow older. Eventually, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022807" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bones</a> of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024395" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spine</a> may wear away.</p><p>Symptoms of this condition are lower <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024559" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">back pain</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024811" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abdominal pain</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">headache</a>, and numbness in the legs.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-mar-sec3-d5e132"><h4>Lung Complications</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023297" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Marfan syndrome</a> can cause sudden <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pleurisy/">pneumothorax</a> (noo-mo-THOR-aks), or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022353" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">collapsed lung</a>. In this condition, air or gas builds up in the space between the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030256" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest wall</a>. If enough air or gas builds up, a lung can collapse.</p><p>The most common symptoms of a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022353" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">collapsed lung</a> are sudden pain in one side of the lung and shortness of breath.</p><p>Conditions such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">scoliosis</a> (a curved <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024395" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spine</a>) and pectus excavatum (a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> that sinks in) can prevent the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> from expanding fully. This can cause breathing problems. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023297" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Marfan syndrome</a> also can cause changes in the lung <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a>, and it can lead to early <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023374" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">emphysema</a> (em-fi-SE-ma).</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023297" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Marfan syndrome</a> also has been linked to <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-sleepapnea/">sleep apnea</a>. In people who have Marfan syndrome, the shape of the face, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oral cavity</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023261" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">teeth</a> may increase the risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> apnea. Sleep apnea causes one or more pauses in breathing or shallow breaths while you sleep.</p><p>Breathing pauses can last from a few seconds to minutes. They often occur 5 to 30 times or more an hour. Typically, normal breathing then starts again, sometimes with a loud snort or choking sound.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Marfan Syndrome Diagnosed?</h2><p>Your doctor will diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023297" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Marfan syndrome</a> based on your medical and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family histories</a>, a physical exam, and test results. He or she also will consult a set of guidelines called Ghent criteria, which are used to diagnose Marfan syndrome.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023297" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Marfan syndrome</a> can be hard to diagnose. This is because its signs, or traits, are the same as or similar to the signs of other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030005" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">connective tissue disorders</a>.</p><p>If you're diagnosed with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023297" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Marfan syndrome</a>, all of your first-degree relatives (for example, parents, siblings, and children) also should be checked for the disorder. This is because, even in families, the outward traits of Marfan syndrome may vary quite a bit.</p><div id="nhlbi-mar-sec2-d6e37"><h3>Specialists Involved</h3><p>Your family doctor or another type of doctor, such as an orthopedist (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022807" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone</a> specialist), may notice certain traits that suggest <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023297" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Marfan syndrome</a>.</p><p>If so, your doctor will likely refer you to a geneticist or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015644" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiologist</a>. A geneticist is hereditary disease expert. A cardiologist is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> specialist. These two types of specialists often have the most experience working with people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023297" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Marfan syndrome</a>.</p><p>A geneticist will ask for medical information about you and your family. He or she will examine you and perhaps other members of your family. The geneticist also will coordinate your visits with other doctors, including a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015644" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiologist</a>, an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023018" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ophthalmologist</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eye</a> specialist), and an orthopedist.</p><p>After reviewing the medical findings, the geneticist will determine whether you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023297" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Marfan syndrome</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-mar-sec2-d6e53"><h3>Medical and Family Histories</h3><p>Your doctor will ask about your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029840" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">medical history</a> and your family's medical history. For example, your doctor may ask whether:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>You've had <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eye</a> problems, or problems with your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024395" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spine</a>. These complications are common in people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023297" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Marfan syndrome</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>You have shortness of breath, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hpl/">palpitations</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain. These are common symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> or lung problems linked to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023297" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Marfan syndrome</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Any of your family members have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023297" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Marfan syndrome</a>, have died from <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> problems, or have died suddenly.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-mar-sec2-d6e75"><h3>Physical Exam</h3><p>During the physical exam, your doctor will look for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023297" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Marfan syndrome</a> traits. For example, he or she may check the curve of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024395" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spine</a> and the shape of your feet. Your doctor also will listen to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> with a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023209" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stethoscope</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-mar-sec2-d6e81"><h3>Diagnostic Tests</h3><p>Your doctor may recommend one or more of the following tests to help diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023297" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Marfan syndrome</a>.</p><div id="nhlbi-mar-sec3-d6e87"><h4>Echocardiography</h4><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-echo/">Echocardiography</a> (EK-o-kar-de-OG-ra-fee), or echo, is a painless test that uses sound waves to create pictures of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>.</p><p>This test shows the size and shape of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and the diameter of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022262" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aorta</a> or other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>. (The aorta is the main <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a> that carries <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich blood to your body.) Echo also shows how well your heart's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a> and valves are working.</p><p>For people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023297" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Marfan syndrome</a>, echo mainly is used to check the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s valves and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022262" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aorta</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-mar-sec3-d6e102"><h4>Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Computed Tomography Scans</h4><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-mri/">Magnetic resonance imaging</a> (MRI) is a test that uses radio waves and magnets to create detailed pictures of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissues</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ct/">Computed tomography</a> (CT) uses an x-ray machine to take clear, detailed pictures of your organs.</p><p>MRI and CT scans are used to check your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valves</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022262" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aorta</a>. These scans also are used to check for dural ectasia, a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025454" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nervous system</a> complication of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023297" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Marfan syndrome</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-mar-sec3-d6e117"><h4>Slit-Lamp Exam</h4><p>For this test, an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023018" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ophthalmologist</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eye</a> specialist) will use a microscope with a light to check your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eyes</a>. A slit-lamp exam can find out whether you have a dislocated <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022382" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lens</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024949" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cataracts</a>, or a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023020" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">detached retina</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-mar-sec3-d6e123"><h4>Genetic Testing</h4><p>In general, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022716" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic testing</a> involves <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022070" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood tests</a> to detect changes in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a>. However, because many different genetic changes can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023297" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Marfan syndrome</a>, no single <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022070" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood test</a> can diagnose the condition.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-mar-sec3-d6e129"><h4>Ghent Criteria</h4><p>Because no single test can diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023297" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Marfan syndrome</a>, doctors use a set of guidelines called Ghent criteria to help diagnose the condition. The Ghent criteria are divided into major criteria and minor criteria. Sometimes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022716" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic testing</a> is part of this evaluation.</p><p>Major criteria include traits that are common in people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023297" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Marfan syndrome</a>. Minor criteria include traits that are common in many people. Doctors use a scoring system based on the number and type of Ghent criteria present to diagnose Marfan syndrome.</p><p>Talk with your doctor about which traits you have and your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029368" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">likelihood</a> of having <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023297" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Marfan syndrome</a>.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Marfan Syndrome Treated?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023297" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Marfan syndrome</a> has no cure. However, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> can help delay or prevent complications, especially when started early.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023297" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Marfan syndrome</a> can affect many parts of your body, including your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022807" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bones</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022450" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">joints</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eyes</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025454" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nervous system</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. The type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> you receive will depend on your signs and symptoms.</p><div id="nhlbi-mar-sec2-d7e34"><h3>Heart Treatments</h3><p>Aortic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028153" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">dilation</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-arm/">aortic aneurysm</a>, is the most common and serious <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> problem linked to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023297" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Marfan syndrome</a>. In this condition, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022262" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aorta</a>—the main <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a> that carries <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to your body—stretches and grows weak.</p><p>Medicines are used to try to slow the rate of aortic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028153" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">dilation</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Surgery</a> is used to replace the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028153" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">dilated</a> segment of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022262" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aorta</a> before it tears.</p><p>If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023297" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Marfan syndrome</a>, you'll need routine care and tests to check your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valves</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022262" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aorta</a>.</p><div id="nhlbi-mar-sec3-d7e50"><h4>Medicines</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Beta blockers</a> are medicines that help your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> beat slower and with less force. These medicines may help relieve strain on your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022262" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aorta</a> and slow the rate of aortic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028153" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">dilation</a>.</p><p>Some people have side effects from <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">beta blockers</a>, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tiredness</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024775" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nausea</a> (feeling sick to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a>). If side effects occur, your doctor may prescribe a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025449" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">calcium channel blocker</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025472" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ACE inhibitor</a> instead of a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">beta blocker</a>. Both medicines help relieve <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a> on the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022262" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aorta</a>.</p><p>Studies suggest that blocking a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> called TGF-beta may help prevent some of the effects of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023297" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Marfan syndrome</a>. Research shows that the medicine <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0010993" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">losartan</a> may block the protein in other conditions.</p><p>The National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute currently is sponsoring a study comparing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0010993" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">losartan</a> to a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">beta blocker</a> in children and adults who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023297" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Marfan syndrome</a>. The study's goal is to find out which medicine, if either, is best at slowing the rate of aortic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028153" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">dilation</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-mar-sec3-d7e69"><h4>Surgery</h4><p>If your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022262" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aorta</a> stretches, it's more likely to tear (a condition called aortic dissection). To prevent this, your doctor may recommend <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> to repair or replace part of your aorta.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Surgery</a> may involve:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A composite valve graft. For this <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>, part of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022262" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aorta</a> and the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022267" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aortic valve</a> are removed. The aorta is replaced with a man-made tube called a graft. A man-made valve replaces the original valve.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022267" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Aortic valve</a>-sparing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>. If your aortic valve is working well, your doctor may recommend valve-sparing surgery. For this surgery, your doctor replaces the enlarged part of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022262" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aorta</a> with a graft. Your aortic valve is left in place.</div></li></ul><p>After aortic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>, you may need medicines or followup tests. For example, after a composite valve graft, your doctor will prescribe medicines called anticoagulants, or "<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> thinners."</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> thinners help prevent blood clots from forming on your man-made <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022267" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aortic valve</a>. You'll need to take these medicines for the rest of your life. If you've had valve-sparing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>, you'll only need to take blood thinners for a short time, as your doctor prescribes.</p><p>If you've had a composite valve graft, you're at increased risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-endo/">endocarditis</a> (EN-do-kar-DI-tis). This is an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> of the inner lining of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a> and valves. Your doctor may recommend that you take antibiotics before certain medical or dental procedures that increase your risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023223" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">endocarditis</a>.</p><p>Your doctor also may advise you to continue taking <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">beta blockers</a> or other medicines after either type of aortic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>.</p><p>After <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>, you may have routine <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-mri/">cardiac magnetic resonance imaging</a> (MRI) or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ct/">cardiac computed tomography</a> (CT) scans to check your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022262" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aorta</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023205" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Cardiac</a> MRI is a painless test that uses radio waves and magnets to created detailed pictures of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissues</a>. Cardiac CT is a painless test that uses an x-ray machine to take clear, detailed pictures of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-mar-sec2-d7e115"><h3>Bone and Joint Treatments</h3><p>If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">scoliosis</a> (a curved <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024395" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spine</a>), your doctor may suggest a brace or other device to prevent the condition from getting worse. Severe cases of scoliosis may require <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>.</p><p>Some people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023297" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Marfan syndrome</a> need <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> to repair a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> that sinks in or sticks out. This surgery is done to prevent the chest from pressing on the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-mar-sec2-d7e125"><h3>Eye Treatments</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023297" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Marfan syndrome</a> can lead to many <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eye</a> problems, such as a dislocated <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022382" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lens</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023023" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nearsightedness</a>, early <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">glaucoma</a> (high pressure in the fluid in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eyes</a>), and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024949" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cataracts</a> (clouding of an eye's lens).</p><p>Glasses or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022397" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">contact lenses</a> can help with some of these problems. Sometimes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> is needed.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-mar-sec2-d7e134"><h3>Nervous System Treatments</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023297" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Marfan syndrome</a> can lead to dural ectasia. In this condition, a substance called the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030178" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">dura</a> (which covers the fluid around your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024392" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spinal cord</a>) stretches and grows weak. This can cause the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022807" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bones</a> of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024395" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spine</a> to wear away. Dural ectasia usually is treated with pain medicines.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-mar-sec2-d7e141"><h3>Lung Treatments</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023297" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Marfan syndrome</a> may cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pleurisy/">pneumothorax</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022353" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">collapsed lung</a>. In this condition, air or gas builds up in the space between the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> and the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030256" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest wall</a>.</p><p>If the condition is minor, it may go away on its own. However, you may need to have a tube placed through your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030256" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest wall</a> to remove the air. Sometimes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> is needed.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-livingwith"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-livingwith_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Living With Marfan Syndrome</h2><p>Advances have been made in the early diagnosis and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023297" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Marfan syndrome</a>. It's now possible for people who have Marfan syndrome to live longer and enjoy a good quality of life. Many people who have Marfan syndrome and are properly diagnosed and treated may live an average lifespan.</p><p>If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023297" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Marfan syndrome</a>, talk with your doctor about ongoing care and what types of physical activity are safe for you. If you're thinking about becoming pregnant, discuss the possible risks with your doctor.</p><div id="nhlbi-mar-sec2-d8e34"><h3>Ongoing Care</h3><p>If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023297" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Marfan syndrome</a>, you'll need regular checkups with the doctor who is coordinating your care and other medical experts, including:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Regular visits with your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015644" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiologist</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> specialist) to check for problems with your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valves</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022262" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aorta</a>. (The aorta is the main <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a> that supplies <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich blood to the body.) You'll have routine <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-echo/">echocardiograms</a> to check your heart.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Annual checkups with an orthopedist (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022807" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone</a> specialist) to look for changes in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024395" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spine</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025647" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">breastbone</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Regular <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eye</a> exams with an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023018" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ophthalmologist</a> (eye specialist) to find and treat eye problems early.</div></li></ul><p>Let your doctors and dentists know if you've had a composite valve graft. If you've had this type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>, you're at increased risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-endo/">endocarditis</a>. This is an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> of the inner lining of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a> and valves.</p><p>Your health care providers, including dentists, may give you antibiotics before certain medical or dental procedures that could raise your risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023223" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">endocarditis</a>.</p><p>Take all of your medicines as your doctor prescribes.</p><div id="nhlbi-mar-sec3-d8e68"><h4>Emergencies</h4><p>If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023297" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Marfan syndrome</a>, you're at risk for aortic dissection. This is a condition in which the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022262" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aorta</a> tears and leaks <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. Aortic dissection is a life-threatening condition.</p><p>The main symptom of aortic dissection is severe pain in either the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">front</a> or back of your <a hr |
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Metabolic Syndrome |
<div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-ms-sec1-d1e37_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Is Metabolic Syndrome?</h2><p>Metabolic (met-ah-BOL-ik) syndrome is the name for a group of risk factors that raises your risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease and other health problems, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stroke/">stroke</a>.</p><p>The term "metabolic" refers to the biochemical processes involved in the body's normal functioning. Risk factors are traits, conditions, or habits that increase your chance of developing a disease.</p><p>In this article, "<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease" refers to <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">coronary heart disease</a> (CHD). CHD is a condition in which a waxy substance called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> (plak) builds up inside the coronary (heart) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Plaque</a> hardens and narrows the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>, reducing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a>. This can lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-angina/">chest pain</a>, a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a>, heart damage, or even death.</p><div id="nhlbi-ms-sec2-d1e68"><h3>Metabolic Risk Factors</h3><p>The five conditions described below are metabolic risk factors. You can have any one of these risk factors by itself, but they tend to occur together. You must have at least three metabolic risk factors to be diagnosed with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024493" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">metabolic syndrome</a>.</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A large waistline. This also is called abdominal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">obesity</a> or "having an apple shape." Excess <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fat</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a> area is a greater risk factor for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease than excess fat in other parts of the body, such as on the hips.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A high <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022017" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">triglyceride</a> level (or you're on medicine to treat high <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022017" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">triglycerides</a>). Triglycerides are a type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fat</a> found in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022291" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">HDL cholesterol</a> level (or you're on medicine to treat low HDL cholesterol). HDL sometimes is called "good" cholesterol. This is because it helps remove cholesterol from your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>. A low HDL cholesterol level raises your risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">High blood pressure</a> (or you're on medicine to treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood pressure</a>). Blood pressure is the force of blood pushing against the walls of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> as your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> pumps blood. If this pressure rises and stays high over time, it can damage your heart and lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> buildup.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>High fasting <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024697" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood sugar</a> (or you're on medicine to treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood sugar</a>). Mildly high blood sugar may be an early sign of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-ms-sec2-d1e94"><h3>Overview</h3><p>Your risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a> increases with the number of metabolic risk factors you have. In general, a person who has <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024493" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">metabolic syndrome</a> is twice as likely to develop heart disease and five times as likely to develop diabetes as someone who doesn't have metabolic syndrome.</p><p>Other risk factors, besides those described above, also increase your risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease. For example, a high <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022292" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">LDL cholesterol</a> level and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">smoking</a> are major risk factors for heart disease, but they aren't part of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024493" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">metabolic syndrome</a>.</p><p>Having even one risk factor raises your risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease. You should try to control every risk factor you can to reduce your risk.</p><p>The risk of having <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024493" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">metabolic syndrome</a> is closely linked to <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-obe/">overweight and obesity</a> and a lack of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-phys/">physical activity</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023068" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Insulin resistance</a> also may increase your risk for metabolic syndrome.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023068" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Insulin resistance</a> is a condition in which the body can't use its insulin properly. Insulin is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hormone</a> that helps move <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024697" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood sugar</a> into <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> where it's used for energy. Insulin resistance can lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood sugar</a> levels, and it's closely linked to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030700" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">overweight</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">obesity</a>.</p><p>Genetics (ethnicity and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family history</a>) and older age are other factors that may play a role in causing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024493" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">metabolic syndrome</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ms-sec2-d1e128"><h3>Outlook</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024493" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Metabolic syndrome</a> is becoming more common due to a rise in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">obesity</a> rates among adults. In the future, metabolic syndrome may overtake smoking as the leading risk factor for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease.</p><p>It is possible to prevent or delay <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024493" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">metabolic syndrome</a>, mainly with lifestyle changes. A healthy lifestyle is a lifelong commitment. Successfully controlling metabolic syndrome requires long-term effort and teamwork with your health care providers.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-names"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-names_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Other Names for Metabolic Syndrome</h2><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Dysmetabolic syndrome</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Hypertriglyceridemic waist</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024493" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Insulin resistance syndrome</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Obesity</a> syndrome</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Syndrome X</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes Metabolic Syndrome?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024493" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Metabolic syndrome</a> has several causes that act together. You can control some of the causes, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-obe/">overweight and obesity</a>, an inactive lifestyle, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023068" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">insulin resistance</a>.</p><p>You can't control other factors that may play a role in causing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024493" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">metabolic syndrome</a>, such as growing older. Your risk for metabolic syndrome increases with age.</p><p>You also can't control genetics (ethnicity and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family history</a>), which may play a role in causing the condition. For example, genetics can increase your risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023068" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">insulin resistance</a>, which can lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024493" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">metabolic syndrome</a>.</p><p>People who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024493" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">metabolic syndrome</a> often have two other conditions: <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ebc/">excessive blood clotting</a> and constant, low-grade <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022625" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inflammation</a> throughout the body. Researchers don't know whether these conditions cause metabolic syndrome or worsen it.</p><p>Researchers continue to study conditions that may play a role in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024493" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">metabolic syndrome</a>, such as:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023067" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fatty liver</a> (excess <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022017" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">triglycerides</a> and other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015646" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fats</a> in the liver)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024506" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Polycystic ovarian syndrome</a> (a tendency to develop <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024724" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cysts</a> on the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022599" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ovaries</a>)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018967" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Gallstones</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Breathing problems during <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> (such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-sleepapnea/">sleep apnea</a>)</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-atrisk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-atrisk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is at Risk for Metabolic Syndrome?</h2><p>People at greatest risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024493" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">metabolic syndrome</a> have these underlying causes:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Abdominal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">obesity</a> (a large waistline)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>An inactive lifestyle</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023068" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Insulin resistance</a></div></li></ul><p>Some people are at risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024493" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">metabolic syndrome</a> because they take medicines that cause weight gain or changes in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022289" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood cholesterol</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024697" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood sugar</a> levels.</p><p>These medicines most often are used to treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022625" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inflammation</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">allergies</a>, HIV, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024768" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">depression</a> and other types of mental illness.</p><div id="nhlbi-ms-sec2-d5e51"><h3>Populations Affected</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024493" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Metabolic syndrome</a> is more common in African American women and Mexican American women than in men of the same racial groups. The condition affects White women and men about equally.</p><p>Some racial and ethnic groups in the United States are at higher risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024493" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">metabolic syndrome</a> than others. Mexican Americans have the highest rate of metabolic syndrome, followed by Whites and African Americans.</p><p>Worldwide, certain ethnic groups, such as South Asians, are at increased risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024493" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">metabolic syndrome</a>.</p><p>Other groups at increased risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024493" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">metabolic syndrome</a> include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>People who have a sibling or parent who has <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>People who have a personal history of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Women who have a personal history of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024506" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">polycystic ovarian syndrome</a> (a tendency to develop <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024724" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cysts</a> on the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022599" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ovaries</a>)</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-ms-sec2-d5e81"><h3>Heart Disease Risk</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024493" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Metabolic syndrome</a> increases your risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">heart disease</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a> disease risk can be divided into short-term risk and long-term risk.</p><p>"Short-term risk" refers to the risk of having a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a> or dying from <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease in the next 10 years. "Long-term risk" refers to the risk of developing heart disease over your lifetime.</p><p>Other risk factors, besides <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024493" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">metabolic syndrome</a>, also increase your risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease. For example, a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbc/">high LDL cholesterol</a> level and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">smoking</a> are major risk factors for heart disease. For details about all of the risk factors for heart disease, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hd/">Coronary Heart Disease Risk Factors</a> article.</p><p>Even if you don't have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024493" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">metabolic syndrome</a>, you should find out your short-term risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease. The National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Cholesterol</a> Education Program (NCEP) divides short-term heart disease risk into four categories, as shown below. Your risk category depends on which risk factors you have and how many you have.</p><p>Your risk factors are used to calculate your 10-year risk of developing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease. The NCEP has an online calculator that you can use to determine your 10-year heart disease risk score.</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>High risk: You're in this category if you already have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>, or if your 10-year risk score is more than 20 percent.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Moderately high risk: You're in this category if you have two or more risk factors and your 10-year risk score is 10–20 percent.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Moderate risk: You're in this category if you have two or more risk factors and your 10-year risk score is less than 10 percent.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Lower risk: You're in this category if you have zero or one risk factor.</div></li></ul><p>Even if your 10-year risk score isn't high, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024493" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">metabolic syndrome</a> will increase your risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease over time. Thus, metabolic syndrome should be treated (mainly with lifestyle changes).</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Metabolic Syndrome?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024493" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Metabolic syndrome</a> is a group of risk factors that raises your risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">heart disease</a> and other health problems, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stroke/">stroke</a>. These risk factors can increase your risk for health problems even if they're only moderately raised (borderline-high risk factors).</p><p>Most of the metabolic risk factors have no signs or symptoms, although a large waistline is a visible sign.</p><p>Some people may have symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood sugar</a> if <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>—especially <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024703" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">type 2 diabetes</a>—is present. Symptoms of high blood sugar often include increased thirst; increased <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030552" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">urination</a>, especially at night; <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fatigue</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tiredness</a>); and blurred vision.</p><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">High blood pressure</a> usually has no signs or symptoms. However, some people in the early stages of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood pressure</a> may have dull <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">headaches</a>, dizzy spells, or more nosebleeds than usual.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Metabolic Syndrome Diagnosed?</h2><p>Your doctor will diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024493" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">metabolic syndrome</a> based on the results of a physical exam and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bdt/">blood tests</a>. You must have at least three of the five metabolic risk factors to be diagnosed with metabolic syndrome.</p><div id="nhlbi-ms-sec2-d7e34"><h3>Metabolic Risk Factors</h3><div id="nhlbi-ms-sec3-d7e37"><h4>A Large Waistline</h4><p>Having a large waistline means that you carry excess weight around your waist (abdominal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">obesity</a>). This is also called having an "apple-shaped" figure. Your doctor will measure your waist to find out whether you have a large waistline.</p><p>A waist measurement of 35 inches or more for women or 40 inches or more for men is a metabolic risk factor. A large waistline means you're at increased risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">heart disease</a> and other health problems.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ms-sec3-d7e50"><h4>A High Triglyceride Level</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022017" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Triglycerides</a> are a type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fat</a> found in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022017" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">triglyceride</a> level of 150 mg/dL or higher (or being on medicine to treat high triglycerides) is a metabolic risk factor. (The mg/dL is milligrams per deciliter—the units used to measure triglycerides, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cholesterol</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024697" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood sugar</a>.)</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ms-sec3-d7e56"><h4>A Low HDL Cholesterol Level</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022291" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">HDL cholesterol</a> sometimes is called "good" cholesterol. This is because it helps remove cholesterol from your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>.</p><p>An <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022291" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">HDL cholesterol</a> level of less than 50 mg/dL for women and less than 40 mg/dL for men (or being on medicine to treat low HDL cholesterol) is a metabolic risk factor.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ms-sec3-d7e66"><h4>High Blood Pressure</h4><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> of 130/85 mmHg or higher (or being on medicine to treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">high blood pressure</a>) is a metabolic risk factor. (The mmHg is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030527" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">millimeters of mercury</a>—the units used to measure blood pressure.)</p><p>If only one of your two <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> numbers is high, you're still at risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024493" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">metabolic syndrome</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ms-sec3-d7e78"><h4>High Fasting Blood Sugar</h4><p>A normal fasting <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024697" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood sugar</a> level is less than 100 mg/dL. A fasting blood sugar level between 100–125 mg/dL is considered <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029848" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">prediabetes</a>. A fasting blood sugar level of 126 mg/dL or higher is considered <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>.</p><p>A fasting <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024697" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood sugar</a> level of 100 mg/dL or higher (or being on medicine to treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood sugar</a>) is a metabolic risk factor.</p><p>About 85 percent of people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024703" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">type 2 diabetes</a>—the most common type of diabetes—also have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024493" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">metabolic syndrome</a>. These people have a much higher risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease than the 15 percent of people who have type 2 diabetes without metabolic syndrome.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Metabolic Syndrome Treated?</h2><p>Healthy lifestyle changes are the first line of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024493" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">metabolic syndrome</a>. Lifestyle changes include losing weight, being physically active, following a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> healthy diet, and quitting <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">smoking</a>.</p><p>If lifestyle changes aren't enough, your doctor may prescribe medicines. Medicines are used to treat and control risk factors such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">high blood pressure</a>, high <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022017" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">triglycerides</a>, low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022291" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">HDL cholesterol</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood sugar</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a>-thinning medicines, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000168" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aspirin</a>, also may be used to reduce the risk of blood clots. <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ebc/">Excessive blood clotting</a> is a condition that often occurs with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024493" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">metabolic syndrome</a>.</p><div id="nhlbi-ms-sec2-d8e46"><h3>Goals of Treatment</h3><p>The major goal of treating <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024493" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">metabolic syndrome</a> is to reduce the risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">heart disease</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatment</a> is directed first at lowering <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022292" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">LDL cholesterol</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood pressure</a> and managing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a> (if these conditions are present).</p><p>The second goal of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> is to prevent the onset of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024703" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">type 2 diabetes</a> (if it hasn't already developed). Long-term complications of diabetes often include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028181" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidney disease</a>, vision loss, and foot or leg <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">amputation</a>.</p><p>If <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a> is present, the goal of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> is to reduce your risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease by controlling all of your risk factors.</p><p>The main focus of treating <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024493" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">metabolic syndrome</a> is managing the risk factors that are within your control, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-obe/">overweight or obesity</a>, an unhealthy diet, and an inactive lifestyle.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ms-sec2-d8e71"><h3>Lifestyle Changes</h3><div id="nhlbi-ms-sec3-d8e74"><h4>Losing Weight</h4><p>If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024493" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">metabolic syndrome</a> and are <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030700" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">overweight</a> or obese, your doctor will likely recommend weight loss. He or she can help you create a weight-loss plan and goals. </p><p>The long-range target is to lower your body mass index (BMI) to less than 25. BMI measures your weight in relation to your height and gives an estimate of your total <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018959" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">body fat</a>.</p><p>A BMI between 25 and 29.9 is considered <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030700" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">overweight</a>. A BMI of 30 or more is considered obese. A BMI of less than 25 is the goal for prevention and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024493" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">metabolic syndrome</a>.</p><p>You can calculate your BMI using the National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute's (NHLBI's) online calculator, or your health care provider can calculate your BMI.</p><p>For more information about losing weight or maintaining your weight, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-obe/">Overweight and Obesity</a> article.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ms-sec3-d8e99"><h4>Following a Heart Healthy Diet</h4><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> healthy diet is an important part of a healthy lifestyle. A healthy diet includes a variety of vegetables and fruits. These foods can be fresh, canned, frozen, or dried. A good rule is to try to fill half of your plate with vegetables and fruits.</p><p>A healthy diet also includes whole grains, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fat</a>-free or low-fat dairy products, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> foods, such as lean meats, poultry without <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>, seafood, processed soy products, nuts, seeds, beans, and peas.</p><p>Choose and prepare foods with little sodium (salt). Too much salt can raise your risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood pressure</a>. Studies show that following the <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-dash/">Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension</a> (DASH) eating plan can lower blood pressure.</p><p>Try to avoid foods and drinks that are high in added <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023305" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sugars</a>. For example, drink water instead of sugary drinks, such as soda.</p><p>Also, try to limit the amount of solid <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015646" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fats</a> and refined grains that you eat. Solid fats are <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018272" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">saturated fat</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022582" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">trans fatty acids</a>. Refined grains come from processing whole grains, which results in a loss of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023354" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nutrients</a> (such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022146" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">dietary fiber</a>).</p><p>If you drink alcohol, do so in moderation. Too much alcohol can raise your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022017" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">triglyceride</a> level. Alcohol also adds extra calories, which can cause weight gain.</p><p>Aim for a healthy weight by staying within your daily calorie needs. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024854" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Balance</a> the calories you take in from food and drinks with the calories you use while doing physical activity.</p><p>For more information about following a healthy diet, go to the National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/hbp/dash/index.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">"Your Guide to Lowering Your Blood Pressure With DASH"</a> and the U.S. Department of Agriculture's ChooseMyPlate.gov Web site. Both resources provide general information about healthy eating.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ms-sec3-d8e140"><h4>Being Physically Active</h4><p>Physical activity can help keep your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> healthy. Many Americans are not active enough. The good news is that even modest amounts of physical activity are good for your health. The more active you are, the more you'll benefit.</p><p>Before starting any kind of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">exercise</a> program or new physical activity, talk with your doctor about the types and amounts of physical activity that are safe for you.</p><p>The four main types of physical activity are aerobic, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscle</a>-strengthening, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022807" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone</a> strengthening, and stretching.</p><p>You can do physical activity with light, moderate, or vigorous intensity. The level of intensity depends on how hard you have to work to do the activity. People who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024493" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">metabolic syndrome</a> usually are urged to keep up a moderate level of activity.</p><p>For more information about physical activity, go to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services' "2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans," the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-phys/">Physical Activity and Your Heart</a> article, and the NHLBI's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/obesity/phy_active.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri"> "Your Guide to Physical Activity and Your Heart."</a> </p></div><div id="nhlbi-ms-sec3-d8e167"><h4>Smoking</h4><p>If you smoke, quit. Smoking can raise your risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a> and worsen other heart disease risk factors. Talk with your doctor about programs and products that can help you quit smoking. Also, try to avoid <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029761" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">secondhand smoke</a>.</p><p>If you have trouble quitting smoking on your own, consider joining a support group. Many hospitals, workplaces, and community groups offer classes to help people quit smoking.</p><p>For more information about how to quit smoking, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">Smoking and Your Heart</a> article and the NHLBI's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/other/your_guide/healthyheart.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri"> "Your Guide to a Healthy Heart."</a> </p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-ms-sec2-d8e188"><h3>Medicines</h3><p>If lifestyle changes aren't enough, your doctor may prescribe medicines to help you control your risk factors. Medicines can help treat unhealthy <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cholesterol</a> levels, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood pressure</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood sugar</a>.</p><p>Unhealthy <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cholesterol</a> levels are treated with medicines such as statins, fibrates, or nicotinic acid. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">High blood pressure</a> is treated with medicines such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025451" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diuretics</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025472" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ACE inhibitors</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">High blood sugar</a> is treated with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025395" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oral</a> medicines (such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0011121" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">metformin</a>), <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024496" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">insulin</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022222" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">injections</a>, or both.</p><p>Low-dose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000168" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aspirin</a> can help reduce the risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots, especially for people whose risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease is high.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-prevention"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-prevention_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Can Metabolic Syndrome Be Prevented?</h2><p>Making healthy lifestyle choices is the best way to prevent <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024493" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">metabolic syndrome</a>. One important lifestyle choice is to maintain a healthy weight. Other than weighing yourself on a scale, you can find out if you're at a healthy weight using your waist measurement and body mass index (BMI).</p><p>A waist measurement indicates your abdominal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fat</a>, which is linked to your risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">heart disease</a> and other diseases. To measure your waist, stand and place a tape measure around your middle, just above your hipbones. Measure your waist just after you breathe out. Make sure the tape is snug but doesn't squeeze the flesh.</p><p>A waist measurement of less than 35 inches for women and less than 40 inches for men is the goal for preventing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024493" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">metabolic syndrome</a>; it's also the goal when treating metabolic syndrome.</p><p>BMI measures your weight in relation to your height and gives an estimate of your total <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018959" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">body fat</a>. A BMI between 25 and 29.9 is considered <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030700" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">overweight</a>. A BMI of 30 or more is considered obese. A BMI of less than 25 is the goal for preventing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024493" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">metabolic syndrome</a>; it's also the goal when treating metabolic syndrome.</p><p>You can figure out your BMI using the National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute's (NHLBI's) online calculator, or your doctor can help you.</p><p>To maintain a healthy weight, follow a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> healthy diet and try not to overeat. A healthy diet includes a variety of vegetables and fruits. It also includes whole grains, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fat</a>-free or low-fat dairy products, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> foods, such as lean meats, poultry without <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>, seafood, processed soy products, nuts, seeds, beans, and peas.</p><p>A healthy diet is low in sodium (salt), added <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023305" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sugars</a>, solid <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015646" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fats</a>, and refined grains. Solid fats are <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018272" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">saturated fat</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022582" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">trans fatty acids</a>. Refined grains come from processing whole grains, which results in a loss of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023354" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nutrients</a> (such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022146" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">dietary fiber</a>).</p><p>For more information about following a healthy diet, go to the NHLBI's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/hbp/dash/index.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">"Your Guide to Lowering Your Blood Pressure With DASH"</a> and the U.S. Department of Agriculture's ChooseMyPlate.gov Web site. Both resources provide general information about healthy eating.</p><p>Being physically active also can help you maintain a healthy weight. Before starting any kind of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">exercise</a> program or new physical activity, talk with your doctor about the types and amounts of physical activity that are safe for you.</p><p>For more information about physical activity, go to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services' "2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans," the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-phys/">Physical Activity and Your Heart</a> article, and the NHLBI's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/obesity/phy_active.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri"> "Your Guide to Physical Activity and Your Heart."</a> </p><p>Make sure to schedule routine doctor visits to keep track of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cholesterol</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024697" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood sugar</a> levels. A <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bdt/">blood test</a> called a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022294" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lipoprotein</a> panel will show your levels of total cholesterol, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022292" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">LDL cholesterol</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022291" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">HDL cholesterol</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022017" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">triglycerides</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-livingwith"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-livingwith_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Living With Metabolic Syndrome</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024493" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Metabolic syndrome</a> is a lifelong condition. However, lifestyle changes can help you control your risk factors and reduce your risk for <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/Cad/CAD_WhatIs.html" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">heart disease</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>.</p><p>If you already have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease and/or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>, lifestyle changes can help you prevent or delay related problems. Examples of these problems include <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stroke/">stroke</a>, and diabetes-related complications (for example, damage to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eyes</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022678" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nerves</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidneys</a>, feet, and legs).</p><p>Lifestyle changes may include losing weight, following a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> healthy diet, being <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-phys/">physically active</a>, and quitting <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">smoking</a>.</p><p>If lifestyle changes aren't enough, your doctor may recommend medicines. Take all of your medicines as your doctor prescribes. For more information about lifestyle changes and medicines, go to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062969/#nhlbisec-treatment">"How Is Metabolic Syndrome Treated?"</a> </p><p>Make realistic short- and long-term goals for yourself when you begin to make healthy lifestyle changes. Work closely with your doctor and seek regular medical care.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-trials"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-trials_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Clinical Trials</h2><p>The National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute (NHLBI) is strongly committed to supporting research aimed at preventing and treating heart, lung, and blood diseases and conditions and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorders</a>.</p><p>NHLBI-supported research has led to many advances in medical knowledge and care. For example, this research has uncovered some of the causes of various diseases and conditions, as well as ways to prevent or treat them.</p><p>The NHLBI continues to support research aimed at learning more about various diseases and conditions, including <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024493" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">metabolic syndrome</a>. For example, NHLBI-supported research includes studies that explore:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>How <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029755" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tobacco</a> exposure and abdominal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">obesity</a> affect adolescents' risk of developing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024493" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">metabolic syndrome</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The effects of two diets on the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> of adolescents who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease risk factors</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>How certain medicines can help treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024493" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">metabolic syndrome</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The effects of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023305" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sugar</a>-sweetened beverages on <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cholesterol</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022017" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">triglyceride</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024697" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood sugar</a> levels</div></li></ul><p>Much of this research depends on the willingness of volunteers to take part in <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-clinicaltrials/">clinical trials</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Clinical trials</a> test new ways to prevent, diagnose, or treat various diseases and conditions.</p><p>For example, new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for a disease or condition (such as medicines, medical devices, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgeries</a>, or procedures) are tested in volunteers who have the illness. Testing shows whether a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> is safe and effective in humans before it is made available for widespread use.</p><p>By taking part in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, you can gain access to new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> before they're widely available. You also will have the support of a team of health care providers, who will likely monitor your health closely. Even if you don't directly benefit from the results of a clinical trial, the information gathered can help others and add to scientific knowledge.</p><p>If you volunteer for a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, the research will be explained to you in detail. You'll learn about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> and tests you may receive, and the benefits and risks they may pose. You'll also be given a chance to ask questions about the research. This process is called informed consent.</p><p>If you agree to take part in the trial, you'll be asked to sign an informed consent form. This form is not a contract. You have the right to withdraw from a study at any time, for any reason. Also, you have the right to learn about new risks or findings that emerge during the trial.</p><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> related to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024493" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">metabolic syndrome</a>, talk with your doctor. You also can visit the following Web sites to learn more about clinical research and to search for clinical trials:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>http://clinicalresearch.nih.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.clinicaltrials.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.researchmatch.org</div></li></ul><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> for children, visit the NHLBI's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/childrenandclinicalstudies/index.php" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Children and Clinical Studies</a> Web page.</p></div><div style="display: none; width: 200px; top: -100px; left: -100px;" aria-live="assertive" aria-hidden="true" class="ui-helper-reset ui-ncbipopper-wrapper ui-ncbilinksmenu"><ul id="ui-ncbiinpagenav-6"><li><a href="#_nhlbi-ms-sec1-d1e37_">What Is Metabolic Syndrome?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-names_">Other Names for Metabolic Syndrome</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-causes_">What Causes Metabolic Syndrome?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-atrisk_">Who Is at Risk for Metabolic Syndrome?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-signs_">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Metabolic Syndrome?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-diagnosis_">How Is Metabolic Syndrome Diagnosed?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-treatment_">How Is Metabolic Syndrome Treated?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-prevention_">How Can Metabolic Syndrome Be Prevented?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-livingwith_">Living With Metabolic Syndrome</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-trials_">Clinical Trials</a></li></ul></div></div></div> |
June 11, 2014. |
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2018-02-02 05:19:52 |
Mitral Valve Prolapse |
<div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-mvp-sec1-d1e37_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Is Mitral Valve Prolapse?</h2><p>Mitral (MI-tral) valve <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030546" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">prolapse</a> (MVP) is a condition in which the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022268" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mitral valve</a> doesn't work well. The flaps of the valve are "floppy" and don't close tightly. These flaps normally help seal or open the valve.</p><p>Much of the time, MVP doesn't cause any problems. Rarely, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> can leak the wrong way through the floppy valve. This can lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hpl/">palpitations</a>, shortness of breath, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain, and other symptoms. (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023167" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Palpitations</a> are feelings that your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> is skipping a beat, fluttering, or beating too hard or too fast.)</p><div id="nhlbi-mvp-sec2-d1e49"><h3>Normal Mitral Valve</h3><p>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022268" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mitral valve</a> controls <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow between the upper and lower <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a> of the left side of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. The upper <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chamber</a> is called the left atrium (AY-tree-um). The lower chamber is called the left <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricle</a> (VEN-trih-kul).</p><p>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022268" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mitral valve</a> allows <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to flow from the left atrium into the left <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricle</a>, but not back the other way. The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> also has a right atrium and ventricle, separated by the tricuspid (tri-CUSS-<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030415" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pid</a>) valve.</p><p>With each heartbeat, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022263" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atria</a> contract and push <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> into the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a>. The flaps of the mitral and tricuspid valves open to let blood through. Then, the ventricles contract to pump the blood out of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>.</p><p>When the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a> contract, the flaps of the mitral and tricuspid valves close. They form a tight seal that prevents <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> from flowing back into the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022263" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atria</a>.</p><p>For more information, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hhw/">How the Heart Works</a> article. This article contains animations that show how your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> pumps <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> and how your heart's electrical system works.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-mvp-sec2-d1e71"><h3>Mitral Valve Prolapse</h3><p>In MVP, when the left <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricle</a> contracts, one or both flaps of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022268" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mitral valve</a> flop or bulge back (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030546" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">prolapse</a>) into the left atrium. This can prevent the valve from forming a tight seal.</p><p>As a result, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> may leak from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricle</a> back into the atrium. The backflow of blood is called regurgitation (re-GUR-jih-TA-shun).</p><p>MVP doesn't always cause backflow. In fact, most people who have MVP don't have backflow and never have any related symptoms or problems. Their mitral valves still can form a tight seal.</p><p>When backflow does occur, it can cause shortness of breath, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">irregular heartbeats</a> called <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-arr/">arrhythmias</a> (ah-RITH-me-ahs), or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figd1e93" co-legend-rid="figlgndd1e93"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063024/figure/d1e93/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figd1e93" rid-ob="figobd1e93"><img class="small-thumb" src="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063024/bin/mitralvalve_prolapse.gif" src-large="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063024/bin/mitralvalve_prolapse.jpg" alt="Mitral Valve Prolapse."></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndd1e93"><h4 id="d1e93"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063024/figure/d1e93/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd1e93">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Mitral Valve Prolapse. Figure A shows a normal mitral valve. The valve separates the left atrium from the left ventricle. Figure B shows a heart with mitral valve prolapse. Figure C shows a closeup view of mitral valve prolapse. Figure D shows a mitral <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063024/figure/d1e93/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd1e93">(more...)</a></p></div></div><p>Backflow can get worse over time. It can change the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s size and raise pressure in the left atrium and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. Backflow also raises the risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valve</a> infections.</p><p>Medicines can treat troublesome MVP symptoms and help prevent complications. Some people will need <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> to repair or replace their mitral valves.</p><p>MVP once was thought to affect as much as 5 to 15 percent of the population. Researchers now believe that many people who were diagnosed with MVP in the past didn't actually have a faulty <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022268" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mitral valve</a>.</p><p>They may have had a slight bulging of the valve flaps due to other conditions, such as dehydration (lack of fluid in the body) or a small <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. However, their valves were normal, and little or no backflow of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> occurred.</p><p>Diagnosing MVP is more precise now because of a test called <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-echo/">echocardiography</a> (EK-o-kar-de-OG-ra-fee). This test allows doctors to easily see MVP and detect troublesome backflow.</p><p>As a result, researchers now think that less than 3 percent of the population actually has MVP. They believe an even smaller <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030538" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">percentage</a> has serious complications from the condition.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-mvp-sec2-d1e122"><h3>Outlook</h3><p>Most people who have MVP have no symptoms or medical problems and don't need <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>. They're able to lead normal, active lives; they may not even know they have the condition.</p><p>A small number of people who have MVP may need medicine to relieve their symptoms. Very few people who have MVP need <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hs/">heart valve surgery</a> to repair their mitral valves.</p><p>Rarely, MVP can cause problems such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmias</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">irregular heartbeats</a>) or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-endo/">infective endocarditis</a> (EN-do-kar-DI-tis). <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023223" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Endocarditis</a> is an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> of the inner lining of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a> and valves. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Bacteria</a> that enter the bloodstream can cause the infection.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-names"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-names_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Other Names for Mitral Valve Prolapse</h2><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Balloon <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022268" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mitral valve</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Barlow's syndrome</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Billowing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022268" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mitral valve</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Click-<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023248" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">murmur</a> syndrome</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Floppy valve syndrome</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Myxomatous <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022268" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mitral valve</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Prolapsing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022268" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mitral valve</a> syndrome</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes Mitral Valve Prolapse?</h2><p>The exact cause of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023252" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mitral valve prolapse</a> (MVP) isn't known. Most people who have the condition are born with it. MVP tends to run in families. Also, it's more common in people who are born with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030005" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">connective tissue disorders</a>, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-mar/">Marfan syndrome</a>.</p><p>In people who have MVP, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022268" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mitral valve</a> may be abnormal in the following ways:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The valve flaps may be too large and thick.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The valve flaps may be "floppy." The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> of the flaps and their supporting "strings" are too stretchy, and parts of the valve flop or bulge back into the atrium.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The opening of the valve may stretch.</div></li></ul><p>These problems can keep the valve from making a tight seal. Some people's valves are abnormal in more than one way.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-atrisk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-atrisk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is at Risk for Mitral Valve Prolapse?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023252" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Mitral valve prolapse</a> (MVP) affects people of all ages and both sexes. MVP that causes complications or severe symptoms most often occurs in men older than 50.</p><p>Certain conditions increase the risk of MVP, including:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030005" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Connective tissue disorders</a>, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-mar/">Marfan syndrome</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Scoliosis</a> (SKO-le-O-sis) and other skeletal problems</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Some types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024967" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscular dystrophy</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024708" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Graves disease</a></div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Mitral Valve Prolapse?</h2><p>Most people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023252" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mitral valve prolapse</a> (MVP) aren't affected by the condition. They don't have any symptoms or major mitral valve backflow.</p><p>When MVP does cause signs and symptoms, they may include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hpl/">Palpitations</a> (feelings that your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> is skipping a beat, fluttering, or beating too hard or too fast)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Shortness of breath</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cough/">Cough</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Fatigue</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tiredness</a>), <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029722" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">dizziness</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024918" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anxiety</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024778" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Migraine headaches</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Chest</a> discomfort</div></li></ul><p>MVP symptoms can vary from one person to another. They tend to be mild but can worsen over time, mainly when complications occur.</p><div id="nhlbi-mvp-sec2-d6e63"><h3>Mitral Valve Prolapse Complications</h3><p>MVP complications are rare. When present, they're most often caused by the backflow of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> through the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022268" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mitral valve</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022268" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Mitral valve</a> backflow is most common among men and people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">high blood pressure</a>. People who have severe backflow may need <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hs/">valve surgery</a> to prevent complications.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022268" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Mitral valve</a> backflow causes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to flow from the left <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricle</a> back into the left atrium. Blood can even back up from the atrium into the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, causing shortness of breath.</p><p>The backflow of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> strains the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscles</a> of both the atrium and the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricle</a>. Over time, the strain can lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-arr/">arrhythmias</a>. Backflow also increases the risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-endo/">infective endocarditis</a> (IE). IE is an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> of the inner lining of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a> and valves.</p><div id="nhlbi-mvp-sec3-d6e90"><h4>Arrhythmias</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Arrhythmias</a> are problems with the rate or rhythm of the heartbeat. The most common types of arrhythmias are harmless. Other arrhythmias can be serious or even life threatening, such as ventricular arrhythmias.</p><p>If the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024325" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart rate</a> is too slow, too fast, or irregular, the heart may not be able to pump enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to the body. Lack of blood flow can damage the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>, heart, and other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a>.</p><p>One troublesome <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmia</a> that MVP can cause is <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-af/">atrial fibrillation</a> (AF). In AF, the walls of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022263" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atria</a> quiver instead of beating normally. As a result, the atria aren't able to pump <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> into the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a> the way they should.</p><p>AF is bothersome but rarely life threatening, unless the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022263" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atria</a> contract very fast or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots form in the atria. Blood clots can occur because some blood "pools" in the atria instead of flowing into the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a>. If a blood clot breaks off and travels through the bloodstream, it can reach the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> and cause a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stroke/">stroke</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-mvp-sec3-d6e112"><h4>Infection of the Mitral Valve</h4><p>A deformed <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022268" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mitral valve</a> flap can attract <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bacteria</a> in the bloodstream. The bacteria attach to the valve and can cause a serious <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023224" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infective endocarditis</a> (IE). Signs and symptoms of a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024516" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bacterial infection</a> include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fever</a>, chills, body aches, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">headaches</a>.</p><p>IE doesn't happen often, but when it does, it's serious. MVP is the most common <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> condition that puts people at risk for this <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>.</p><p>If you have MVP, you can take steps to prevent IE. Floss and brush your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023261" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">teeth</a> regularly. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023265" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Gum</a> infections and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023279" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tooth decay</a> can cause IE.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Mitral Valve Prolapse Diagnosed?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023252" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Mitral valve prolapse</a> (MVP) most often is detected during a routine physical exam. During the exam, your doctor will listen to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> with a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023209" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stethoscope</a>.</p><p>Stretched valve flaps can make a clicking sound as they shut. If the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022268" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mitral valve</a> is leaking <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> back into the left atrium, your doctor may <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartmurmur/">heart murmur</a> or whooshing sound.</p><p>However, these abnormal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> sounds may come and go. Your doctor may not hear them at the time of an exam, even if you have MVP. Thus, you also may have tests and procedures to diagnose MVP.</p><div id="nhlbi-mvp-sec2-d7e40"><h3>Diagnostic Tests and Procedures</h3><div id="nhlbi-mvp-sec3-d7e44"><h4>Echocardiography</h4><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-echo/">Echocardiography</a> (echo) is the most useful test for diagnosing MVP. This painless test uses sound waves to create a moving picture of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>.</p><p>Echo shows the size and shape of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and how well your heart <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a> and valves are working. The test also can show areas of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a> that aren't contracting normally because of poor <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow or injury to the heart muscle.</p><p>Echo can show <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030546" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">prolapse</a> of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022268" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mitral valve</a> flaps and backflow of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> through the leaky valve.</p><p>There are several types of echo, including <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a> echo. Stress echo is done before and after a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stress/">stress test</a>. During a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029874" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress test</a>, you <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">exercise</a> or take medicine (given by your doctor) to make your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> work hard and beat fast.</p><p>You may have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a> echo to find out whether you have decreased <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> (a sign of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">coronary heart disease</a>).</p><p>Echo also can be done by placing a tiny probe in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015635" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">esophagus</a> to get a closer look at the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022268" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mitral valve</a>. The esophagus is the passage leading from your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a> to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a>.</p><p>The probe uses sound waves to create pictures of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. This form of echo is called transesophageal (tranz-ih-sof-uh-JEE-ul) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029837" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">echocardiography</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-tee/">TEE</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-mvp-sec3-d7e80"><h4>Doppler Ultrasound</h4><p>A Doppler ultrasound is part of an echo test. A Doppler ultrasound shows the speed and direction of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow through the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022268" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mitral valve</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-mvp-sec3-d7e89"><h4>Other Tests</h4><p>Other tests that can help diagnose MVP include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cxray/">chest x ray</a>. This test is used to look for fluid in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> or to show whether your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> is enlarged.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>An <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ekg/">EKG</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029879" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">electrocardiogram</a>). An EKG is a simple test that records your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical activity. An EKG can show how fast your heart is beating and whether its rhythm is steady or irregular. This test also records the strength and timing of electrical signals as they pass through your heart.</div></li></ul></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Mitral Valve Prolapse Treated?</h2><p>Most people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023252" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mitral valve prolapse</a> (MVP) don't need <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> because they don't have symptoms and complications.</p><p>Even people who do have symptoms may not need <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>. The presence of symptoms doesn't always mean that the backflow of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> through the valve is significant.</p><p>People who have MVP and troublesome <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022268" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mitral valve</a> backflow usually need <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>. MVP is treated with medicines, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>, or both.</p><p>The goals of treating MVP include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Preventing <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-endo/">infective endocarditis</a> (IE), <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-arr/">arrhythmias</a>, and other complications</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Relieving symptoms</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Correcting the underlying <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022268" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mitral valve</a> problem, if necessary</div></li></ul><div id="nhlbi-mvp-sec2-d8e59"><h3>Medicines</h3><p>Medicines called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">beta blockers</a> may be used to treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hpl/">palpitations</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> discomfort in people who have little or no <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022268" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mitral valve</a> backflow.</p><p>If you have significant backflow and symptoms, your doctor may prescribe:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Vasodilators to widen your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> and reduce your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s workload. Examples of vasodilators are <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0010795" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">isosorbide dinitrate</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000882" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hydralazine</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000575" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Digoxin</a> to strengthen your heartbeat.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025451" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Diuretics</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025451" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">water pills</a>) to remove excess fluid in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Medicines such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0010310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">flecainide</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0011845" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">procainamide</a> to regulate your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> rhythms.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a>-thinning medicines to reduce the risk of blood clots forming if you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-af/">atrial fibrillation</a>. Examples of blood-thinning medicines include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0012678" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">warfarin</a> (Coumadin®), <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0009793" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">dabigatran</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0010545" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heparin</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000168" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aspirin</a>.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-mvp-sec2-d8e95"><h3>Surgery</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Surgery</a> is done only if the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022268" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mitral valve</a> is very abnormal and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> is flowing back into the atrium. The main goal of surgery is to improve symptoms and reduce the risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a>.</p><p>The timing of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> is important. If it's done too early and your leaking valve is working fairly well, you may be put at needless risk from surgery. If it's done too late, you may have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> damage that can't be fixed.</p><div id="nhlbi-mvp-sec3-d8e108"><h4>Surgical Approaches</h4><p>Traditionally, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> surgeons repair or replace a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022268" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mitral valve</a> by making an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022138" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">incision</a> (cut) in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025647" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">breastbone</a> and exposing the heart.</p><p>A small but growing number of surgeons are using another approach that involves one or more small cuts through the side of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030256" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest wall</a>. This results in less cutting, reduced <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> loss, and a shorter hospital stay. However, not all hospitals offer this method.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-mvp-sec3-d8e117"><h4>Valve Repair and Valve Replacement</h4><p>In <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022268" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mitral valve</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>, the valve is repaired or replaced. Valve repair is preferred when possible. Repair is less likely than replacement to weaken the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. Repair also lowers the risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> and decreases the need for lifelong use of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>-thinning medicines.</p><p>If repair isn't an option, the valve can be replaced. Mechanical and biological valves are used as replacement valves.</p><p>Mechanical valves are man-made and can last a lifetime. People who have mechanical valves must take <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>-thinning medicines for the rest of their lives.</p><p>Biological valves are taken from cows or pigs or made from human <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a>. Many people who have biological valves don't need to take <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>-thinning medicines for the rest of their lives. The major drawback of biological valves is that they weaken over time and often last only about 10 years.</p><p>After <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>, you'll likely stay in the hospital's intensive care unit for 2 to 3 days. Overall, most people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022268" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mitral valve</a> surgery spend about 1 to 2 weeks in the hospital. Complete recovery takes a few weeks to several months, depending on your health before surgery.</p><p>If you've had valve repair or replacement, you may need antibiotics before dental work and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>. These procedures can allow <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bacteria</a> to enter your bloodstream. Antibiotics can help prevent IE, a serious <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valve</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>. Discuss with your doctor whether you need to take antibiotics before such procedures.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-mvp-sec3-d8e140"><h4>Experimental Approaches</h4><p>Researchers are testing whether they can repair leaky mitral valves using a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022169" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">catheter</a> (tube) inserted through a large <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a>.</p><p>This approach is less invasive and can prevent a patient from having <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hs/">open-heart surgery</a>. However, only a few medical centers are doing this type of procedure. Large studies haven't yet shown that this new approach is better than traditional approaches. </p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-prevention"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-prevention_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Can Mitral Valve Prolapse Be Prevented?</h2><p>You can't prevent <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023252" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mitral valve prolapse</a> (MVP). Most people who have the condition are born with it.</p><p>Complications from MVP, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-arr/">arrhythmias</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">irregular heartbeats</a>) and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-endo/">infective endocarditis</a> (IE), are rare. IE is an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> of the inner lining of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a> and valves.</p><p>People at high risk for IE may be given antibiotics before some types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> and dental work. Antibiotics can help prevent IE. Your doctor will tell you whether you need this type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>.</p><p>People at high risk for IE may include those who've had valve repair or replacement or who have some types of underlying <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-livingwith"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-livingwith_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Living With Mitral Valve Prolapse</h2><p>Most people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023252" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mitral valve prolapse</a> (MVP) have no symptoms or related problems, need no <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>, and are able to lead normal, active lives. If symptoms and complications do occur, you often can control them with medicine.</p><p>Some people may need <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hs/#nhlbisec-types">heart valve surgery</a> to relieve their symptoms and prevent complications. Rarely, MVP can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-arr/">arrhythmias</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">irregular heartbeats</a>) and other problems.</p><div id="nhlbi-mvp-sec2-d10e40"><h3>Ongoing Care</h3><p>If you have MVP, having ongoing care is important. Ask your doctor how often you should schedule followup visits. See your doctor if your symptoms worsen.</p><p>The backflow of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> that may occur with MVP increases your risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-endo/">infective endocarditis</a> (IE). IE is an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> of the inner lining of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a> and valves.</p><p>You can take steps to try to prevent IE. Tell your doctors and dentists that you have MVP. Floss and brush your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023261" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">teeth</a> regularly. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023265" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Gum</a> infections and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023279" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tooth decay</a> can cause IE. Call your doctor if you have any signs of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025780" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sore throat</a>, general body aches, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fever</a>.</p><p>Take all of your medicines as your doctor prescribes, including <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>-thinning and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">high blood pressure</a> medicines.</p><p>Make healthy lifestyle choices. For example, avoid smoking and taking birth control pills; both can raise your risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots.</p><p>If you smoke, talk with your doctor about programs and products that can help you quit. Also, try to avoid <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029761" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">secondhand smoke</a>. For more information about how to quit smoking, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">Smoking and Your Heart</a> article.</p><p>Ask your doctor how much and what types of physical activity are safe for you. Also, ask your doctor whether you need to make any changes to your diet.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-trials"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-trials_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Clinical Trials</h2><p>The National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute (NHLBI) is strongly committed to supporting research aimed at preventing and treating heart, lung, and blood diseases and conditions and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorders</a>.</p><p>NHLBI-supported research has led to many advances in medical knowledge and care. Often, these advances depend on the willingness of volunteers to take part in <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-clinicaltrials/">clinical trials</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Clinical trials</a> test new ways to prevent, diagnose, or treat various diseases and conditions. For example, new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for a disease or condition (such as medicines, medical devices, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgeries</a>, or procedures) are tested in volunteers who have the illness. Testing shows whether a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> is safe and effective in humans before it is made available for widespread use.</p><p>By taking part in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, you can gain access to new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> before they're widely available. You also will have the support of a team of health care providers, who will likely monitor your health closely. Even if you don't directly benefit from the results of a clinical trial, the information gathered can help others and add to scientific knowledge.</p><p>If you volunteer for a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, the research will be explained to you in detail. You'll learn about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> and tests you may receive, and the benefits and risks they may pose. You'll also be given a chance to ask questions about the research. This process is called informed consent.</p><p>If you agree to take part in the trial, you'll be asked to sign an informed consent form. This form is not a contract. You have the right to withdraw from a study at any time, for any reason. Also, you have the right to learn about new risks or findings that emerge during the trial.</p><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> related to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023252" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mitral valve prolapse</a>, talk with your doctor. You also can visit the following Web sites to learn more about clinical research and to search for clinical trials:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>http://clinicalresearch.nih.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.clinicaltrials.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.researchmatch.org</div></li></ul><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> for children, visit the NHLBI's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/childrenandclinicalstudies/index.php" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Children and Clinical Studies</a> Web page.</p></div><div style="display: none; width: 200px; top: -100px; left: -100px;" aria-live="assertive" aria-hidden="true" class="ui-helper-reset ui-ncbipopper-wrapper ui-ncbilinksmenu"><ul id="ui-ncbiinpagenav-6"><li><a href="#_nhlbi-mvp-sec1-d1e37_">What Is Mitral Valve Prolapse?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-names_">Other Names for Mitral Valve Prolapse</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-causes_">What Causes Mitral Valve Prolapse?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-atrisk_">Who Is at Risk for Mitral Valve Prolapse?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-signs_">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Mitral Valve Prolapse?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-diagnosis_">How Is Mitral Valve Prolapse Diagnosed?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-treatment_">How Is Mitral Valve Prolapse Treated?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-prevention_">How Can Mitral Valve Prolapse Be Prevented?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-livingwith_">Living With Mitral Valve Prolapse</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-trials_">Clinical Trials</a></li></ul></div></div></div> |
June 11, 2014. |
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2018-02-02 04:25:06 |
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<L1> diseases_conditions
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2018-02-02 05:20:10 |
Narcolepsy |
<div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-nar-sec1-d1e35_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Is Narcolepsy?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Narcolepsy</a> (NAR-ko-lep-se) is a disorder that causes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023146" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">periods</a> of extreme daytime sleepiness. The disorder also may cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscle</a> weakness.</p><p>Most people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">narcolepsy</a> have trouble sleeping at night. Some people who have the disorder <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029705" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fall</a> asleep suddenly, even if they're in the middle of talking, eating, or another activity.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Narcolepsy</a> also can cause:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Cataplexy (KAT-ah-plek-se). This condition causes a sudden loss of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscle</a> tone while you're awake. Muscle weakness can affect certain parts of your body or your whole body. For example, if cataplexy affects your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hand</a>, you may drop what you're holding. Strong emotions often trigger this weakness. It may last seconds or minutes.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024792" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Hallucinations</a> (ha-lu-sih-NA-shuns). These vivid dreams occur while <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029705" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">falling</a> asleep or waking up.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030410" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sleep paralysis</a> (pah-RAL-ih-sis). This condition prevents you from moving or speaking while waking up and sometimes while <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029705" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">falling</a> asleep. Sleep paralysis usually goes away within a few minutes.</div></li></ul><div id="nhlbi-nar-sec2-d1e60"><h3>Overview</h3><p>The two main phases of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> are nonrapid <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eye</a> movement (NREM) and rapid eye movement (REM). Most people are in the NREM phase when they first <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029705" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fall</a> asleep. After about 90 minutes of sleep, most people go from NREM to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023519" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">REM sleep</a>.</p><p>Dreaming occurs during the REM phase of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a>. During REM, your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscles</a> normally become limp. This prevents you from acting out your dreams. (For more information about sleep cycles, go to the National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/sleep/healthy_sleep.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">"Your Guide to Healthy Sleep."</a>)</p><p>People who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">narcolepsy</a> often <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029705" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fall</a> into <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023519" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">REM sleep</a> quickly and wake up directly from it. As a result, they may have vivid dreams while <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029705" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">falling</a> asleep and waking up.</p><p>Hypocretin (hi-po-KREET-in), a chemical in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>, helps promote wakefulness. Most people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">narcolepsy</a> have low levels of this chemical. What causes these low levels isn't well understood.</p><p>Researchers think that certain factors may work together to cause a lack of hypocretin. These factors may include heredity, infections, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> injuries, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022033" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">autoimmune disorders</a>. (Autoimmune disorders occur if the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025680" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune system</a> mistakenly attacks the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissues</a>.)</p></div><div id="nhlbi-nar-sec2-d1e82"><h3>Outlook</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Narcolepsy symptoms</a> usually begin during the teen or young adult years. People who have narcolepsy may find it hard to function at school, work, home, and in social situations because of extreme <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tiredness</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Narcolepsy</a> has no cure, but medicines, lifestyle changes, and other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapies</a> can improve symptoms. Research is ongoing on the causes of narcolepsy and new ways to treat it.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes Narcolepsy?</h2><p>Most people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">narcolepsy</a> have low levels of hypocretin. This is a chemical in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> that helps promote wakefulness. What causes low hypocretin levels isn't well understood.</p><p>Researchers think that certain factors may work together to cause a lack of hypocretin. These factors may include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Heredity. Some people may inherit a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a> that affects hypocretin. Up to 10 percent of people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">narcolepsy</a> report having a relative who has the same symptoms.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Infections.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Brain</a> injuries caused by conditions such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024760" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain tumors</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">strokes</a>, or trauma (for example, car accidents or military-related <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022139" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">wounds</a>).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022033" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Autoimmune disorders</a>. With these disorders, the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025680" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune system</a> mistakenly attacks the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissues</a>. An example of an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022033" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">autoimmune disorder</a> is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024678" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rheumatoid arthritis</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Low levels of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025446" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">histamine</a>, a substance in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> that promotes wakefulness.</div></li></ul><p>Some research suggests that environmental <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030685" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">toxins</a> may play a role in triggering <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">narcolepsy</a>. Toxins may include heavy metals, pesticides and weed killers, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029761" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">secondhand smoke</a>.</p><p>Heredity alone doesn't cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">narcolepsy</a>. You also must have at least one other factor, such as one of those listed above, to develop narcolepsy.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-atrisk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-atrisk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is At Risk for Narcolepsy?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Narcolepsy</a> affects men and women. Symptoms usually begin during the teen or young adult years. The disorder also can develop later in life or in children, but it's rare before age 5.</p><p>Researchers think that certain factors may work together to cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">narcolepsy</a>. If these factors affect you, you may be at higher risk for the disorder. (For more information, go to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062956/#nhlbisec-causes">"What Causes Narcolepsy?"</a>)</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Narcolepsy?</h2><p>The four major signs and symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">narcolepsy</a> are extreme daytime sleepiness, cataplexy (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscle</a> weakness) while awake, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024792" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hallucinations</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030410" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep paralysis</a> during sleep.</p><p>If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">narcolepsy</a>, you may have one or more of these symptoms. They can range from mild to severe. Less than one-third of people who have narcolepsy have all four symptoms.</p><div id="nhlbi-nar-sec2-d5e34"><h3>Extreme Daytime Sleepiness</h3><p>All people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">narcolepsy</a> have extreme daytime sleepiness. This often is the most obvious symptom of the disorder.</p><p>During the day, you may have few or many <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023146" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">periods</a> of sleepiness. Each period usually lasts 30 minutes or less. Strong emotions—such as anger, fear, laughter, or excitement—can trigger this sleepiness.</p><p>People who have daytime sleepiness often complain of:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Mental cloudiness or "fog"</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Memory problems or problems focusing</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Lack of energy or extreme exhaustion</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024768" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Depression</a></div></li></ul><p>Some people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">narcolepsy</a> have episodes in which they <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029705" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fall</a> asleep suddenly. This is more likely to happen when they're not active—for example, while reading, watching TV, or sitting in a meeting.</p><p>However, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> episodes also may occur in the middle of talking, eating, or another activity. Cataplexy also may occur at the same time.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-nar-sec2-d5e68"><h3>Cataplexy</h3><p>This condition causes loss of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscle</a> tone while you're awake. Muscle weakness affects part or all of your body.</p><p>Cataplexy may make your head nod or make it hard for you to speak. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Muscle</a> weakness also may make your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">knees</a> weak or cause you to drop things you're holding. Some people lose all muscle control and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029705" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fall</a>.</p><p>Strong emotions—such as anger, surprise, fear, or laughter—often trigger cataplexy. It usually lasts a few seconds or minutes. During this time, you're usually awake.</p><p>Cataplexy may occur weeks to years after you first start to have extreme daytime sleepiness.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-nar-sec2-d5e84"><h3>Hallucinations</h3><p>If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">narcolepsy</a>, you may have vivid dreams while <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029705" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">falling</a> asleep, waking up, or dozing. These dreams can feel very real. You may feel like you can see, hear, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025081" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">smell</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028130" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">taste</a> things.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-nar-sec2-d5e91"><h3>Sleep Paralysis</h3><p>This condition prevents you from moving or speaking while <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029705" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">falling</a> asleep or waking up. However, you're fully conscious (aware) during this time. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030410" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sleep paralysis</a> usually lasts just a few seconds or minutes, but it can be scary.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-nar-sec2-d5e97"><h3>Other Symptoms</h3><p>Most people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">narcolepsy</a> don't <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> well at night. They may have trouble <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029705" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">falling</a> and staying asleep. Vivid, scary dreams may disturb sleep. Not sleeping well at night worsens daytime sleepiness.</p><p>Rarely, people who <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029705" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fall</a> asleep in the middle of an activity, such as eating, may continue that activity for a few seconds or minutes. This is called automatic behavior.</p><p>During automatic behavior, you're not aware of your actions, so you don't do them well. For example, if you're writing before <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029705" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">falling</a> asleep, you may scribble rather than form words. If you're driving, you may get lost or have an accident. Most people who have this symptom don't remember what happened while it was going on.</p><p>Children who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">narcolepsy</a> often have trouble studying, focusing, and remembering things. Also, they may seem hyperactive. Some children who have narcolepsy speed up their activities rather than slow them down.</p><p>Children who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">narcolepsy</a> may have severe sleepiness. They may <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029705" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fall</a> asleep while talking or eating, or during sporting events and social activities.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Narcolepsy Diagnosed?</h2><p>It can take as long as 10 to 15 years after the first symptoms appear before <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">narcolepsy</a> is recognized and diagnosed. This is because narcolepsy is fairly rare. Also, many <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">narcolepsy symptoms</a> are like symptoms of other illnesses, such as infections, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024768" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">depression</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorders</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Narcolepsy</a> sometimes is mistaken for learning problems, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023036" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">seizure disorders</a>, or laziness, especially in school-aged children and teens. When <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">narcolepsy symptoms</a> are mild, the disorder is even harder to diagnose.</p><p>Your doctor will diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">narcolepsy</a> based on your signs and symptoms, your medical and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family histories</a>, a physical exam, and test results.</p><div id="nhlbi-nar-sec2-d6e37"><h3>Signs and Symptoms</h3><p>Tell your doctor about any signs and symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">narcolepsy</a> that you have. This is important because your doctor may not ask about them during a routine checkup.</p><p>Your doctor will want to know when you first had signs and symptoms and whether they bother your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> or daily routine. He or she also will want to know about your sleep habits and how you feel and act during the day.</p><p>To help answer these questions, you may want to keep a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> diary for a few weeks. Keep a daily record of how easy it is to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029705" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fall</a> and stay asleep, how much sleep you get at night, and how alert you feel during the day.</p><p>For a sample <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> diary, go to the National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/sleep/healthy_sleep.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">"Your Guide to Healthy Sleep."</a> </p></div><div id="nhlbi-nar-sec2-d6e55"><h3>Medical and Family Histories</h3><p>Your doctor may ask whether:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>You're affected by certain factors that can lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">narcolepsy</a>. Examples of these factors include infections, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> injuries, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022033" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">autoimmune disorders</a>. Some research suggests that environmental <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030685" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">toxins</a> may play a role in triggering narcolepsy.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>You take medicines and which ones you take. Some medicines can cause daytime sleepiness. Thus, your symptoms may be due to medicine, not <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">narcolepsy</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>You have symptoms of other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorders</a> that cause daytime sleepiness.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>You have relatives who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">narcolepsy</a> or who have signs or symptoms of the disorder.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-nar-sec2-d6e77"><h3>Physical Exam</h3><p>Your doctor will check you to see whether another condition is causing your symptoms. For example, infections, certain <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029359" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thyroid diseases</a>, drug and alcohol use, and other medical or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorders</a> may cause symptoms similar to those of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">narcolepsy</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-nar-sec2-d6e83"><h3>Diagnostic Tests</h3><div id="nhlbi-nar-sec3-d6e86"><h4>Sleep Studies</h4><p>If your doctor thinks you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">narcolepsy</a>, he or she will likely suggest that you see a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> specialist. This specialist may advise you to have <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-slpst/">sleep studies</a> to find out more about your condition.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023524" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sleep studies</a> usually are done at a sleep center. Doctors use the results from two tests to diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">narcolepsy</a>. These tests are a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023524" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">polysomnogram</a> (PSG) and a multiple sleep latency test (MSLT).</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023524" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Polysomnogram</a>. You usually stay overnight at a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> center for a PSG. The test records <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> activity, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eye</a> movements, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024325" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart rate</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a>. A PSG can help find out whether you:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029705" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Fall</a> asleep quickly</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Go into rapid <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eye</a> movement (REM) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> soon after <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029705" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">falling</a> asleep</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Wake up often during the night</div></li></ul><p>Multiple <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> latency test. This daytime <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023524" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep study</a> measures how sleepy you are. It's often done the day after a PSG. During the test, you're asked to nap for 20 minutes every 2 hours throughout the day. (You will nap a total of four or five times.)</p><p>A technician checks your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> activity during this time. He or she notes how quickly you <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029705" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fall</a> asleep and how long it takes you to reach various stages of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a>.</p><p>An MSLT finds out how quickly you <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029705" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fall</a> asleep during the day (after a full night's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a>). It also shows whether you go into <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023519" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">REM sleep</a> soon after <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029705" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">falling</a> asleep.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-nar-sec3-d6e128"><h4>Other Tests</h4><p>Hypocretin test. This test measures the level of hypocretin in the fluid that surrounds your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024392" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spinal cord</a>. Most people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">narcolepsy</a> have low levels of hypocretin. Hypocretin is a chemical that helps promote wakefulness.</p><p>To get a sample of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024392" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spinal cord</a> fluid, a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024319" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spinal tap</a> (also called a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024319" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lumbar puncture</a>) is done. For this procedure, your doctor inserts a needle into your lower back area and then withdraws a sample of your spinal fluid.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Narcolepsy Treated?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Narcolepsy</a> has no cure. However, medicines, lifestyle changes, and other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapies</a> can relieve many of its symptoms. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatment</a> for narcolepsy is based on the type of symptoms you have and how severe they are.</p><p>Not all medicines and lifestyle changes work for everyone. It may take weeks to months for you and your doctor to find the best <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>.</p><div id="nhlbi-nar-sec2-d7e34"><h3>Medicines</h3><p>You may need one or more medicines to treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">narcolepsy symptoms</a>. These may include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Stimulants to ease daytime sleepiness and raise your alertness.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A medicine that helps make up for the low levels of hypocretin in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>. (Hypocretin is a chemical that helps promote wakefulness.) This medicine helps you stay awake during the day and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> at night. It doesn't always completely relieve daytime sleepiness, so your doctor may tell you to take it with a stimulant.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Medicines that help you <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> at night.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Medicines used to treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024768" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">depression</a>. These medicines also help prevent cataplexy, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024792" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hallucinations</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030410" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep paralysis</a>.</div></li></ul><p>Some prescription and over-the-counter medicines can interfere with your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a>. Ask your doctor about these medicines and how to avoid them, if possible. For example, your doctor may advise you to avoid <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030662" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antihistamines</a>. These medicines suppress the action of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025446" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">histamine</a>, a substance in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> that promotes wakefulness.</p><p>If you take regular naps when you feel sleepy, you may need less medicine to stay awake.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-nar-sec2-d7e62"><h3>Lifestyle Changes</h3><p>Lifestyle changes also may help relieve some <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">narcolepsy symptoms</a>. You can take steps to make it easier to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029705" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fall</a> asleep at night and stay asleep.</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Follow a regular <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> schedule. Go to bed and wake up at the same time every day.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Do something relaxing before bedtime, such as taking a warm bath.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Keep your bedroom or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> area quiet, comfortable, dark, and free from distractions, such as a TV or computer.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Allow yourself about 20 minutes to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029705" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fall</a> asleep or fall back asleep after waking up. After that, get up and do something relaxing (like reading) until you get sleepy.</div></li></ul><p>Certain activities, foods, and drinks before bedtime can keep you awake. Try to follow these guidelines:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Exercise</a> regularly, but not within 3 hours of bedtime.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Avoid <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029755" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tobacco</a>, alcohol, chocolate, and drinks that contain <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000290" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">caffeine</a> for several hours before bedtime.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Avoid large meals and beverages just before bedtime.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Avoid bright lights before bedtime.</div></li></ul><p>For more tips on sleeping better, go to the National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/sleep/healthy_sleep.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">"Your Guide to Healthy Sleep."</a> </p></div><div id="nhlbi-nar-sec2-d7e107"><h3>Other Therapies</h3><p>Light <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a> may help you keep a regular <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> and wake schedule. For this type of therapy, you sit in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">front</a> of a light box, which has special lights, for 10 to 30 minutes. This therapy can help you feel less sleepy in the morning.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-livingwith"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-livingwith_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Living With Narcolepsy</h2><p>Living with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">narcolepsy</a> can be hard. It can affect your ability to drive, work, go to school, and have relationships. Besides taking medicine, you can do many things to live a safe and fulfilling life.</p><div id="nhlbi-nar-sec2-d8e31"><h3>Driving</h3><p>Driving can be dangerous for people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">narcolepsy</a>. Ask your doctor whether you can drive safely. To help make it safer for you to drive:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Take naps before driving. This helps some people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023146" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">periods</a> of extreme daytime sleepiness.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Stop often during long drives. Stretch and walk around during the stops.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Try to have family, friends, or coworkers in the car to keep you aware and engaged, or get rides from them.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-nar-sec2-d8e50"><h3>Working</h3><p>People who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">narcolepsy</a> can work in almost any type of job, but some jobs may be better than others.</p><p>For example, a job with a flexible work schedule can make it easier to take naps when needed. A job in which you interact with your coworkers can help keep you awake. Jobs that don't require you to drive or are closer to home also may better suit your needs.</p><p>Certain laws may apply to workers who have medical conditions, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">narcolepsy</a>. These laws include the:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). This law requires employers to reasonably accommodate the needs of their workers who have disabilities. This includes people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">narcolepsy</a>. For example, employers may allow workers to take short naps during the workday or adjust work schedules to avoid sleepy <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023146" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">periods</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Family and Medical Leave Act. This law requires employers who have 50 or more employees to provide unpaid leave to employees who have an illness, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">narcolepsy</a>. This law also gives leave to family members who need time to care for a close relative who has a serious illness.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Social Security Disability Insurance or Supplemental Security Income programs. These programs may offer financial help if you can't work because of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">narcolepsy</a>.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-nar-sec2-d8e74"><h3>Emotional Issues and Support</h3><p>Living with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">narcolepsy</a> may cause fear, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024918" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anxiety</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024768" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">depression</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a>. Talk about how you feel with your health care team. Talking to a professional counselor also can help. If you're very <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024768" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">depressed</a>, your doctor may recommend medicines or other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> that can improve your quality of life.</p><p>Joining a patient support group may help you adjust to living with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">narcolepsy</a>. You can see how other people who have the same symptoms have coped with them. Talk with your doctor about local support groups or check with an area medical center.</p><p>Support from family and friends also can help relieve <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024918" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anxiety</a>. Let your loved ones know how you feel and what they can do to help you.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-nar-sec2-d8e87"><h3>Narcolepsy in Special Groups</h3><div id="nhlbi-nar-sec3-d8e90"><h4>School-Aged Children</h4><p>Children who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">narcolepsy</a> may have trouble studying, focusing, and remembering things. To help your child in school:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Talk with your child's teachers and school officials about your child's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">narcolepsy</a> and the best ways to meet his or her needs. For example, your child may need to take naps or walks during the day or tape the teacher's lessons.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Talk with the school nurse about your child's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">narcolepsy</a> and medicines. Together you can work out a place to keep the medicines and a schedule for taking them at school.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-nar-sec3-d8e106"><h4>Pregnant Women</h4><p>If you're pregnant or planning a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a>, ask your doctor whether you should continue taking your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">narcolepsy</a> medicines. Certain medicines may interfere with your pregnancy.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-trials"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-trials_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Clinical Trials</h2><p>The National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute (NHLBI) is strongly committed to supporting research aimed at preventing and treating heart, lung, and blood diseases and conditions and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorders</a>.</p><p>NHLBI-supported research has led to many advances in medical knowledge and care. Often, these advances depend on the willingness of volunteers to take part in <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-clinicaltrials/">clinical trials</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Clinical trials</a> test new ways to prevent, diagnose, or treat various diseases and conditions. For example, new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for a disease or condition (such as medicines, medical devices, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgeries</a>, or procedures) are tested in volunteers who have the illness. Testing shows whether a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> is safe and effective in humans before it is made available for widespread use.</p><p>By taking part in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, you can gain access to new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> before they're widely available. You also will have the support of a team of health care providers, who will likely monitor your health closely. Even if you don't directly benefit from the results of a clinical trial, the information gathered can help others and add to scientific knowledge.</p><p>If you volunteer for a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, the research will be explained to you in detail. You'll learn about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> and tests you may receive, and the benefits and risks they may pose. You'll also be given a chance to ask questions about the research. This process is called informed consent.</p><p>If you agree to take part in the trial, you'll be asked to sign an informed consent form. This form is not a contract. You have the right to withdraw from a study at any time, for any reason. Also, you have the right to learn about new risks or findings that emerge during the trial.</p><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> related to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">narcolepsy</a>, talk with your doctor. You also can visit the following Web sites to learn more about clinical research and to search for clinical trials:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>http://clinicalresearch.nih.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.clinicaltrials.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.researchmatch.org</div></li></ul><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> for children, visit the NHLBI's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/childrenandclinicalstudies/index.php" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Children and Clinical Studies</a> Web page.</p></div><div style="display: none; width: 200px; top: -100px; left: -100px;" aria-live="assertive" aria-hidden="true" class="ui-helper-reset ui-ncbipopper-wrapper ui-ncbilinksmenu"><ul id="ui-ncbiinpagenav-6"><li><a href="#_nhlbi-nar-sec1-d1e35_">What Is Narcolepsy?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-causes_">What Causes Narcolepsy?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-atrisk_">Who Is At Risk for Narcolepsy?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-signs_">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Narcolepsy?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-diagnosis_">How Is Narcolepsy Diagnosed?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-treatment_">How Is Narcolepsy Treated?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-livingwith_">Living With Narcolepsy</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-trials_">Clinical Trials</a></li></ul></div></div></div> |
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2018-02-02 05:20:29 |
Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome |
<div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-ohs-sec1-d1e36_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Is Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Obesity</a> hypoventilation (HI-po-ven-tih-LA-shun) syndrome (OHS) is a breathing disorder that affects some <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-obe/">obese</a> people. In OHS, poor breathing results in too much <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022309" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carbon dioxide</a> (hypoventilation) and too little <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> (hypoxemia).</p><p>OHS sometimes is called Pickwickian syndrome.</p><div id="nhlbi-ohs-sec2-d1e48"><h3>Overview</h3><p>To understand OHS, it helps to understand <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hlw/">how the lungs work</a>. When you breathe, air passes through your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025667" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nose</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a> into your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022078" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">windpipe</a>. The air then travels to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>' air <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022396" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sacs</a>. These sacs are called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022134" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">alveoli</a> (al-VEE-uhl-<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eye</a>).</p><p>Small <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022018" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">capillaries</a> (KAP-ih-lare-ees) run through the walls of the air <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022396" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sacs</a>. When air reaches the air sacs, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> passes through the air <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022396" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sac</a> walls into the blood in the capillaries. At the same time, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022309" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carbon dioxide</a> moves from the capillaries into the air sacs. This process is called gas exchange.</p><p>In people who have OHS, poor breathing prevents proper gas exchange. As a result, the level of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022309" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carbon dioxide</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> rises. Also, the level of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> in the blood drops.</p><p>These changes can lead to serious health problems, such as leg <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022960" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">edema</a> (e-DE-mah), <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pah/">pulmonary hypertension</a> (PULL-mun-ary HI-per-TEN-shun), cor pulmonale (pul-meh-NAL-e), and secondary <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022032" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">erythrocytosis</a> (eh-RITH-ro-si-TOE-sis). If left untreated, OHS can even be fatal.</p><p>The cause of OHS isn't fully known. Researchers think that several factors may work together to cause the disorder.</p><p>Many people who have OHS also have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024431" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">obstructive sleep apnea</a>. Obstructive sleep apnea is a common disorder in which the airway collapses or is blocked during sleep. This causes pauses in breathing or shallow breaths while you sleep.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024431" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Obstructive sleep apnea</a> disrupts your sleep and causes you to feel very tired during the day. (For more information, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-sleepapnea/">Sleep Apnea</a> article.)</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ohs-sec2-d1e89"><h3>Outlook</h3><p>Doctors treat OHS in a number of ways. One way is with positive airway pressure (PAP) machines, which are used during <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a>.</p><p>PAP <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a> uses mild air pressure to keep your airways open. Your doctor might recommend <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cpap/">CPAP</a> (continuous positive airway pressure) or BiPAP (bilevel positive airway pressure).</p><p>If your doctor prescribes PAP <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a>, you'll work with someone from a home equipment provider to select a CPAP or BiPAP machine. The home equipment provider will help you select a machine based on your prescription and the features that meet your needs.</p><p>Other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for OHS include <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-vent/">ventilator</a> (VEN-til-a-tor) support and medicines. (A ventilator is a machine that supports breathing.)</p><p>OHS occurs with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">obesity</a>, so your doctor will likely recommend weight loss as part of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> plan. Successful weight loss often involves setting goals and making lifestyle changes, such as following a healthy diet and being <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-phys/">physically active</a>.</p><p>OHS can lead to other serious health problems, so following your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> plan is important. Your health care team, home equipment provider, and family can help you manage your treatment.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Obesity</a> hypoventilation syndrome (OHS) is a breathing disorder that affects some <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-obe/">obese</a> people. Why these people develop OHS isn't fully known. Researchers think that several factors may work together to cause OHS. These factors include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022181" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">respiratory</a> (RES-pih-rah-tor-e) system that has to work harder than normal and perhaps differently because of excess body weight. (The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022181" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">respiratory system</a> is a group of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissues</a>, including the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, that helps you breathe.)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A slow response by the body to fix the problem of too much <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022309" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carbon dioxide</a> and too little <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The presence of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-sleepapnea/">sleep apnea</a>, usually <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024431" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">obstructive sleep apnea</a>.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-atrisk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-atrisk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is at Risk for Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome?</h2><p>People who are <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-obe/">obese</a> are at risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">obesity</a> hypoventilation syndrome (OHS). "Obesity" refers to having too much <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018959" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">body fat</a>. People who are obese have body weight that's greater than what is considered healthy for a certain height.</p><p>The most useful measure of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">obesity</a> is body mass index (BMI). BMI is calculated from your height and weight. In adults, a BMI of 30 or more is considered obese.</p><p>You can use the National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute's (NHLBI's) online BMI calculator to figure out your BMI, or your doctor can help you.</p><p>If you are obese, you're at greater risk for OHS if your BMI is 40 or higher. You're also at greater risk if most of your excess weight is around your waist, rather than at your hips. This is referred to as "abdominal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">obesity</a>."</p><p>OHS tends to occur more often in men than women. At the time of diagnosis, most people are 40 to 60 years old.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome?</h2><p>Many of the signs and symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">obesity</a> hypoventilation syndrome (OHS) are the same as those of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-sleepapnea/">obstructive sleep apnea</a>. This is because many people who have OHS also have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024431" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">obstructive sleep apnea</a>.</p><p>One of the most common signs of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024431" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">obstructive sleep apnea</a> is loud and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> (ongoing) snoring. Pauses may occur in the snoring. Choking or gasping may follow the pauses.</p><p>Other symptoms include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Daytime sleepiness</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Morning <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">headaches</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Memory, learning, or concentration problems</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Feeling irritable or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024768" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">depressed</a>, or having mood swings or personality changes</div></li></ul><p>You also may have rapid, shallow breathing. During a physical exam, your doctor might hear abnormal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> sounds while listening to your heart with a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023209" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stethoscope</a>. He or she also might notice that the opening to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024473" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">throat</a> is small and your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027054" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neck</a> is larger than normal.</p><div id="nhlbi-ohs-sec2-d5e59"><h3>Complications of Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome</h3><p>When left untreated, OHS can cause serious problems, such as:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Leg <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022960" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">edema</a>, which is swelling in the legs caused by fluid in the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissues</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pah/">Pulmonary hypertension</a>, which is increased pressure in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022019" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary arteries</a>. These arteries carry <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> from your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> to pick up <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Cor pulmonale, which is failure of the right side of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Secondary <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022032" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">erythrocytosis</a>, which is a condition in which the body makes too many <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>.</div></li></ul></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome Diagnosed?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Obesity</a> hypoventilation syndrome (OHS) is diagnosed based on your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029840" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">medical history</a>, signs and symptoms, and test results.</p><div id="nhlbi-ohs-sec2-d6e31"><h3>Specialists Involved</h3><p>A critical care specialist, pulmonologist (lung specialist), and/or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> specialist may diagnose and treat your condition.</p><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> specialist is a doctor who diagnoses and treats sleep problems. Examples of such doctors include lung and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022678" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nerve</a> specialists and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024836" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ear</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025667" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nose</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024473" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">throat</a> specialists. Other types of doctors also can be sleep specialists.</p><p>Your health care team also may include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A registered dietitian or nutritionist to help you plan and follow a healthy diet. (Your primary care doctor also might oversee weight-loss <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> and progress.)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>An <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">exercise</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030539" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">physiologist</a> or trainer to assess your fitness level and help create a physical activity plan that's safe for you.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A bariatric surgeon if weight-loss <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> is an option for you.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-ohs-sec2-d6e56"><h3>Medical History and Physical Exam</h3><p>Your doctor will ask about your signs and symptoms, such as loud snoring or daytime sleepiness. He or she also may ask about your use of alcohol and certain medicines, such as sedatives and narcotics. These substances can worsen OHS.</p><p>During the physical exam, your doctor will listen to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> with a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023209" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stethoscope</a>. He or she also will check to see whether another disease or condition could be the cause of your poor breathing.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ohs-sec2-d6e65"><h3>Diagnostic Tests</h3><p>In OHS, poor breathing leads to too much <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022309" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carbon dioxide</a> and too little <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. An arterial blood gas test can measure the levels of these gases in your blood.</p><p>For this test, a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> sample is taken from an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a>, usually in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023104" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">wrist</a>. The sample is then sent to a laboratory, where the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022309" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carbon dioxide</a> levels are measured.</p><p>Other tests also can measure the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022309" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carbon dioxide</a> level or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> level in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. These tests include a serum bicarbonate test and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024325" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulse</a> oximetry.</p><p>A serum bicarbonate test measures the amount of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022309" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carbon dioxide</a> in the liquid part of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>, called the serum. For this test, a blood sample is taken from a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a>, usually in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023104" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">wrist</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hand</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024325" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pulse</a> oximetry measures the level of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. For this test, a small sensor is attached to your finger or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024836" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ear</a>. The sensor uses light to estimate how much oxygen is in your blood.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ohs-sec2-d6e84"><h3>Other Tests</h3><p>Your doctor may recommend other tests to help check for conditions and problems related to OHS.</p><div id="nhlbi-ohs-sec3-d6e91"><h4>Polysomnogram</h4><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023524" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">polysomnogram</a> (PSG) is a type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-slpst/">sleep study</a>. You usually have to stay overnight at a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> center for a PSG. The test records <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> activity, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eye</a> movements, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024325" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart rate</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a>.</p><p>A PSG also records the amount of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>, how much air is moving through your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025667" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nose</a> while you breathe, snoring, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> movements. The chest movements show whether you're making an effort to breathe.</p><p>Your doctor might use the PSG results to help diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a>-related breathing disorders, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-sleepapnea/">sleep apnea</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ohs-sec3-d6e109"><h4>Lung Function Tests</h4><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-lft/">Lung function tests</a>, also called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022202" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary</a> function tests, measure how well your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> work. For example, these tests show:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>How much air you can take into your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. This amount is compared with that of other people your age, height, and sex. This allows your doctor to see whether you're in the normal range.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>How much air you can blow out of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> and how fast you can do it.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>How well your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> deliver <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The strength of your breathing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscles</a>.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-ohs-sec3-d6e133"><h4>Chest X Ray</h4><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cxray/">chest x ray</a> is a test that creates pictures of the structures inside your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a>, such as your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>. This test can help rule out other conditions that might be causing your signs and symptoms.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ohs-sec3-d6e142"><h4>EKG (Electrocardiogram)</h4><p>An <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ekg/">EKG</a> is a test that detects and records the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical activity. The test shows how fast the heart is beating and its rhythm (steady or irregular). An EKG also records the strength and timing of electrical signals as they pass through your heart.</p><p>The results from an EKG might show whether OHS has affected your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> function.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ohs-sec3-d6e155"><h4>Other Tests</h4><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bdt/#nhlbisec-types">complete blood count</a> (CBC) can show whether your body is making too many <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> as a result of OHS. A CBC measures many parts of your blood, including red blood cells.</p><p>A toxicology screen is a group of tests that shows which medicines and drugs you've taken and how much of them you've taken. A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022162" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">urine</a> sample usually is collected for a toxicology screen.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome Treated?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatments</a> for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">obesity</a> hypoventilation syndrome (OHS) include breathing support, weight loss, and medicines.</p><p>The goals of treating OHS may include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Supporting and aiding your breathing</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Achieving major weight loss</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Treating underlying and related conditions</div></li></ul><div id="nhlbi-ohs-sec2-d7e46"><h3>Breathing Support</h3><div id="nhlbi-ohs-sec3-d7e50"><h4>Positive Airway Pressure</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatment</a> for OHS often involves a machine that provides positive airway pressure (PAP) while you <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a>.</p><p>PAP <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a> uses mild air pressure to keep your airways open. This <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> can help your body better maintain the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022309" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carbon dioxide</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> levels in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. PAP therapy also can help relieve daytime sleepiness.</p><p>Your doctor might recommend <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cpap/">CPAP</a> (continuous positive airway pressure) or BiPAP (bilevel positive airway pressure). CPAP provides continuous mild air pressure to keep your airways open. BiPAP works almost the same, but it changes the air pressure while you breathe in and out.</p><p>The machines have three main parts:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A mask or other device that <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fits</a> over your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025667" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nose</a> or your nose and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a>. Straps keep the mask in place while you're wearing it.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A tube that connects the mask to the machine's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024752" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">motor</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024752" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">motor</a> that blows air into the tube.</div></li></ul><p>Some machines have other features, such as heated humidifiers. The machines are small, lightweight, and fairly quiet. The noise they make is soft and rhythmic.</p><p>Some people who have OHS receive <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-oxt/">extra oxygen</a> as part of their PAP <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>. However, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029682" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen therapy</a> alone isn't recommended as a treatment for OHS.</p><p>PAP <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a> also is used to treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-sleepapnea/">obstructive sleep apnea</a>. Many people who have OHS also have this common condition.</p><p>If your doctor prescribes PAP <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a>, you'll work with someone from a home equipment provider to select a CPAP or BiPAP machine. The home equipment provider will help you pick a machine based on your prescription and the features that meet your needs.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ohs-sec3-d7e99"><h4>Ventilator Support</h4><p>If you have severe OHS that requires <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> in a hospital, you might be put on a ventilator. A ventilator is a machine that supports breathing. This machine:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Gets <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> into your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Removes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022309" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carbon dioxide</a> from your body</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Helps you breathe easier</div></li></ul><p>A ventilator blows air, or air with extra <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>, into the airways through a breathing tube. One end of the tube is inserted into your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022078" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">windpipe</a>, and the other end is hooked to the ventilator.</p><p>Usually, the breathing tube is put into your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025667" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nose</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a> and then moved down into your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024473" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">throat</a>. A tube placed like this is called an endotracheal (en-do-TRA-ke-al) tube. Endotracheal tubes are used only in a hospital setting.</p><p>Sometimes the breathing tube is placed through a surgically made hole called a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-trach/">tracheostomy</a> (TRA-ke-OS-toe-me). The hole goes through the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">front</a> of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027054" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neck</a> and into your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022078" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">windpipe</a>.</p><p>The procedure to make a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022255" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tracheostomy</a> usually is done in an operating room. You'll be given medicine so you won't feel any pain. The tracheostomy allows you to be on a ventilator in the hospital, in a long-term care facility, or at home.</p><p>Talk with your doctor about how long you'll need ventilator support and whether you can receive <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> at home.</p><p>For more information about ventilator support, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-vent/">Ventilator/Ventilator Support</a> article.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-ohs-sec2-d7e143"><h3>Weight Loss</h3><p>Your doctor will likely recommend weight loss as part of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> plan. Successful weight loss often involves setting goals and making lifestyle changes. For example, eating fewer calories and being <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-phys/">physically active</a> can help you lose weight.</p><p>Medicines and weight-loss <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> might be an option if lifestyle changes aren't enough. Your doctor will advise you on the best weight-loss <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> for you.</p><p>For more information about weight loss, go to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> section of the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-obe/">Overweight and Obesity</a> article.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ohs-sec2-d7e161"><h3>Medicines</h3><p>Your doctor may prescribe medicines to treat OHS (although this <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> is less common than others).</p><p>Your doctor also may advise you to avoid certain substances and medicines that can worsen OHS. Examples include alcohol, sedatives, and narcotics. They can interfere with how well your body is able to maintain normal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022309" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carbon dioxide</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> levels.</p><p>If you're having <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>, make sure you tell your surgeon and health care team that you have OHS. Some medicines routinely used for surgery can worsen your condition.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-prevention"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-prevention_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Can Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome Be Prevented?</h2><p>You can prevent <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">obesity</a> hypoventilation syndrome (OHS) by maintaining a healthy weight. However, not everyone who is <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-obe/">obese</a> develops OHS. Researchers don't fully know why only some people who are obese develop the condition.</p><p>Adopting healthy habits can help you maintain a healthy weight. Many lifestyle habits begin during childhood. So, it's important to make following a healthy lifestyle a family goal.</p><p>A healthy diet is an important part of a healthy lifestyle. A healthy diet includes a variety of vegetables and fruits. It also includes whole grains, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fat</a>-free or low-fat dairy products, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> foods, such as lean meats, eggs, poultry without <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>, seafood, nuts, seeds, beans, and peas.</p><p>A healthy diet is low in sodium (salt), added <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023305" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sugars</a>, solid <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015646" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fats</a>, and refined grains. Solid fats are <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018272" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">saturated fat</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022582" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">trans fatty acids</a>. Refined grains come from processing whole grains, which results in a loss of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023354" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nutrients</a> (such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022146" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">dietary fiber</a>). Examples of refined grains include white rice and white bread.</p><p>For more information about following a healthy diet, go to the National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/hbp/dash/index.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">"Your Guide to Lowering Your Blood Pressure With DASH"</a> and the U.S. Department of Agriculture's ChooseMyPlate.gov Web site. Both resources provide general information about healthy eating.</p><p>To adopt other healthy lifestyle habits, follow these tips:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Focus on portion size. Watch the portion sizes in fast food and other restaurants. The portions served often are enough for two or three people. Children's portion sizes should be smaller than those for adults. Cutting back on portion sizes will help you manage your calorie intake.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Be <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-phys/">physically active</a>. Make personal and family time as active as possible. Find activities that everyone will enjoy. For example, go for a brisk walk, bike or rollerblade, or train together for a walk or run.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Reduce screen time. Limit the use of TVs, computers, DVDs, and videogames; they cut back on the time for physical activity. Health experts recommend 2 hours or less a day of screen time that's not work- or homework-related.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Keep track of your weight and body mass index (BMI). BMI is calculated from your height and weight. In adults, a BMI of 30 or more is considered obese. You can use the NHLBI's online BMI calculator to figure out your BMI, or your doctor can help you.</div></li></ul><p>For more information, go to the prevention section of the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-obe/">Overweight and Obesity</a> article.</p><p>Even if you have OHS, you might be able to prevent the condition from worsening. For example, avoid alcohol, sedatives, and narcotics. These substances can interfere with how well your body is able to maintain normal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022309" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carbon dioxide</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> levels.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-livingwith"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-livingwith_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Living With Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Obesity</a> hypoventilation syndrome (OHS) can be very serious. However, following your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> plan can help improve your breathing. Treatment also can:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Help you avoid serious health problems, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pah/">pulmonary hypertension</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Improve your quality of life and help you lose weight</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Improve your symptoms, such as poor <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a>, daytime sleepiness, and poor concentration</div></li></ul><div id="nhlbi-ohs-sec2-d9e45"><h3>Ongoing Care</h3><p>To make sure your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> is working, see your doctor for ongoing care. Tell him or her if your treatment is causing any side effects or problems.</p><div id="nhlbi-ohs-sec3-d9e52"><h4>CPAP and BiPAP Treatment</h4><p>If your doctor has prescribed <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cpap/">CPAP</a> (continuous positive airway pressure) or BiPAP (bilevel positive airway pressure), use your machine as directed. You may find that it takes time to adjust to this <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>.</p><p>If you can't adjust to the CPAP or BiPAP machine, or if it doesn't seem to work well, talk with your doctor or home equipment provider. You may need to switch to a different device or mask. If you're having side effects from CPAP or BiPAP, your doctor may be able to treat them.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ohs-sec3-d9e64"><h4>Weight-Loss Treatment</h4><p>Weight loss will likely be part of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> plan. Your doctor will work with you to create a reasonable weight-loss plan. Your doctor and other members of your health care team can help you meet your weight-loss goals.</p><p>For more information about weight-loss <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> and for tips on losing weight, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-obe/">Overweight and Obesity</a> article.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ohs-sec3-d9e77"><h4>Other Treatment Concerns</h4><p>OHS can cause daytime sleepiness. Until this symptom is fully treated, know the dangers of driving or using heavy machinery while sleepy.</p><p>If you're having <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>, tell your surgeon and health care team that you have OHS. Some medicines routinely used for surgery can worsen your condition.</p><p>Ask your doctor when you should contact him or her or seek emergency medical care. In an emergency, call 9–1–1. You may want to wear a medical ID bracelet or necklace to alert others to your medical needs.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-ohs-sec2-d9e89"><h3>Family Support</h3><p>If you have a family member who has OHS, you can help him or her achieve success with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>. Tell his or her doctor about any signs or symptoms you've noticed.</p><p>For example, many people who have OHS also have <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-sleepapnea/">obstructive sleep apnea</a>. Family members or bed partners usually are the first to notice symptoms, such as loud snoring and pauses in breathing. Telling the doctor about these symptoms can help him or her diagnose and treat your family member promptly.</p><p>Encourage your family member to seek medical help when needed and to follow up with his or her doctor regularly. You also can help your family member adopt healthy lifestyle habits, such as following a healthy diet and being physically active.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-trials"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-trials_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Clinical Trials</h2><p>The National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute (NHLBI) is strongly committed to supporting research aimed at preventing and treating heart, lung, and blood diseases and conditions and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorders</a>.</p><p>NHLBI-supported research has led to many advances in medical knowledge and care. Often, these advances depend on the willingness of volunteers to take part in <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-clinicaltrials/">clinical trials</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Clinical trials</a> test new ways to prevent, diagnose, or treat various diseases and conditions. For example, new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for a disease or condition (such as medicines, medical devices, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgeries</a>, or procedures) are tested in volunteers who have the illness. Testing shows whether a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> is safe and effective in humans before it is made available for widespread use.</p><p>By taking part in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, you can gain access to new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> before they're widely available. You also will have the support of a team of health care providers, who will likely monitor your health closely. Even if you don't directly benefit from the results of a clinical trial, the information gathered can help others and add to scientific knowledge.</p><p>If you volunteer for a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, the research will be explained to you in detail. You'll learn about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> and tests you may receive, and the benefits and risks they may pose. You'll also be given a chance to ask questions about the research. This process is called informed consent.</p><p>If you agree to take part in the trial, you'll be asked to sign an informed consent form. This form is not a contract. You have the right to withdraw from a study at any time, for any reason. Also, you have the right to learn about new risks or findings that emerge during the trial.</p><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> related to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">obesity</a> hypoventilation syndrome, talk with your doctor. You can visit the following Web sites to learn more about clinical research and to search for clinical trials:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>http://clinicalresearch.nih.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.clinicaltrials.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.researchmatch.org</div></li></ul><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> for children, visit the NHLBI's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/childrenandclinicalstudies/index.php" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Children and Clinical Studies</a> Web page.</p></div><div style="display: none; width: 200px; top: -100px; left: -100px;" aria-live="assertive" aria-hidden="true" class="ui-helper-reset ui-ncbipopper-wrapper ui-ncbilinksmenu"><ul id="ui-ncbiinpagenav-6"><li><a href="#_nhlbi-ohs-sec1-d1e36_">What Is Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-causes_">What Causes Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-atrisk_">Who Is at Risk for Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-signs_">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-diagnosis_">How Is Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome Diagnosed?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-treatment_">How Is Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome Treated?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-prevention_">How Can Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome Be Prevented?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-livingwith_">Living With Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-trials_">Clinical Trials</a></li></ul></div></div></div> |
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Overweight and Obesity |
<div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-obe-sec1-d1e37_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are Overweight and Obesity?</h2><p>The terms "<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030700" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">overweight</a>" and "<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">obesity</a>" refer to body weight that’s greater than what is considered healthy for a certain height.</p><p>The most useful measure of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030700" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">overweight</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">obesity</a> is body mass index (BMI). BMI is calculated from your height and weight. For more information about BMI, go to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063069/#nhlbisec-diagnosis">"How Are Overweight and Obesity Diagnosed?"</a> </p><div id="nhlbi-obe-sec2-d1e48"><h3>Overview</h3><p>Millions of Americans and people worldwide are <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030700" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">overweight</a> or obese. Being overweight or obese puts you at risk for many health problems. The more <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018959" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">body fat</a> that you have and the more you weigh, the more likely you are to develop:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">Coronary heart disease</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">High blood pressure</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024703" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Type 2 diabetes</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018967" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Gallstones</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Breathing problems</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Certain <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancers</a></div></li></ul><p>Your weight is the result of many factors. These factors include environment, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family history</a> and genetics, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022160" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">metabolism</a> (the way your body changes food and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> into energy), behavior or habits, and more.</p><p>You can't change some factors, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family history</a>. However, you can change other factors, such as your lifestyle habits.</p><p>For example, follow a healthy eating plan and keep your calorie needs in mind. Be physically active and try to limit the amount of time that you're inactive.</p><p>Weight-loss medicines and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> also are options for some people if lifestyle changes aren't enough.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-obe-sec2-d1e91"><h3>Outlook</h3><p>Reaching and staying at a healthy weight is a long-term challenge for people who are <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030700" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">overweight</a> or obese. But it also is a chance to lower your risk for other serious health problems. With the right <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> and motivation, it's possible to lose weight and lower your long-term disease risk.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes Overweight and Obesity?</h2><div id="nhlbi-obe-sec2-d3e28"><h3>Lack of Energy Balance</h3><p>A lack of energy <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024854" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">balance</a> most often causes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030700" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">overweight</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">obesity</a>. Energy balance means that your energy IN equals your energy OUT.</p><p>Energy IN is the amount of energy or calories you get from food and drinks. Energy OUT is the amount of energy your body uses for things like breathing, digesting, and being physically active.</p><p>To maintain a healthy weight, your energy IN and OUT don't have to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024854" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">balance</a> exactly every day. It's the balance over time that helps you maintain a healthy weight.</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The same amount of energy IN and energy OUT over time = weight stays the same</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>More energy IN than energy OUT over time = weight gain</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>More energy OUT than energy IN over time = weight loss</div></li></ul><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030700" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Overweight</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">obesity</a> happen over time when you take in more calories than you use.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-obe-sec2-d3e56"><h3>Other Causes</h3><div id="nhlbi-obe-sec3-d3e59"><h4>An Inactive Lifestyle</h4><p>Many Americans aren't very physically active. One reason for this is that many people spend hours in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">front</a> of TVs and computers doing work, schoolwork, and leisure activities. In fact, more than 2 hours a day of regular TV viewing time has been linked to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030700" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">overweight</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">obesity</a>.</p><p>Other reasons for not being active include: relying on cars instead of walking, fewer physical demands at work or at home because of modern technology and conveniences, and lack of physical education classes in schools.</p><p>People who are inactive are more likely to gain weight because they don't burn the calories that they take in from food and drinks. An inactive lifestyle also raises your risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">coronary heart disease</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">high blood pressure</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024241" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">colon cancer</a>, and other health problems.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-obe-sec3-d3e78"><h4>Environment</h4><p>Our environment doesn't support healthy lifestyle habits; in fact, it encourages <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">obesity</a>. Some reasons include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Lack of neighborhood sidewalks and safe places for recreation. Not having area parks, trails, sidewalks, and affordable gyms makes it hard for people to be physically active.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Work schedules. People often say that they don't have time to be physically active because of long work hours and time spent commuting.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Oversized food portions. Americans are exposed to huge food portions in restaurants, fast food places, gas stations, movie theaters, supermarkets, and even at home. Some of these meals and snacks can feed two or more people. Eating large portions means too much energy IN. Over time, this will cause weight gain if it isn't balanced with physical activity.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Lack of access to healthy foods. Some people don't live in neighborhoods that have supermarkets that sell healthy foods, such as fresh fruits and vegetables. Or, for some people, these healthy foods are too costly.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Food advertising. Americans are surrounded by ads from food companies. Often children are the targets of advertising for high-calorie, high-<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fat</a> snacks and sugary drinks. The goal of these ads is to sway people to buy these high-calorie foods, and often they do.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-obe-sec3-d3e102"><h4>Genes and Family History</h4><p>Studies of identical twins who have been raised apart show that <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a> have a strong influence on a person's weight. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030700" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Overweight</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">obesity</a> tend to run in families. Your chances of being overweight are greater if one or both of your parents are overweight or obese.</p><p>Your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a> also may affect the amount of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fat</a> you store in your body and where on your body you carry the extra fat. Because families also share food and physical activity habits, a link exists between genes and the environment.</p><p>Children adopt the habits of their parents. A child who has <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030700" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">overweight</a> parents who eat high-calorie foods and are inactive will likely become overweight too. However, if the family adopts healthy food and physical activity habits, the child's chance of being overweight or obese is reduced.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-obe-sec3-d3e115"><h4>Health Conditions</h4><p>Some <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hormone</a> problems may cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030700" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">overweight</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">obesity</a>, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022776" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">underactive thyroid</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022776" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypothyroidism</a>), Cushing's syndrome, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024506" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">polycystic ovarian syndrome</a> (PCOS).</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022776" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Underactive thyroid</a> is a condition in which the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022083" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thyroid gland</a> doesn't make enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022780" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thyroid hormone</a>. Lack of thyroid hormone will slow down your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022160" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">metabolism</a> and cause weight gain. You'll also feel tired and weak.</p><p>Cushing's syndrome is a condition in which the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022159" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">adrenal glands</a> make too much of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hormone</a> cortisol. Cushing's syndrome also can develop if a person takes high doses of certain medicines, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0011828" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">prednisone</a>, for long <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023146" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">periods</a>.</p><p>People who have Cushing's syndrome gain weight, have upper-body <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">obesity</a>, a rounded face, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fat</a> around the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027054" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neck</a>, and thin <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arms</a> and legs.</p><p>PCOS is a condition that affects about 5–10 percent of women of childbearing age. Women who have PCOS often are obese, have excess hair growth, and have reproductive problems and other health issues. These problems are caused by high levels of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hormones</a> called androgens.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-obe-sec3-d3e134"><h4>Medicines</h4><p>Certain medicines may cause you to gain weight. These medicines include some corticosteroids, antidepressants, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">seizure</a> medicines.</p><p>These medicines can slow the rate at which your body <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027084" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">burns</a> calories, increase your appetite, or cause your body to hold on to extra water. All of these factors can lead to weight gain.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-obe-sec3-d3e143"><h4>Emotional Factors</h4><p>Some people eat more than usual when they're bored, angry, or stressed. Over time, overeating will lead to weight gain and may cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030700" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">overweight</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">obesity</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-obe-sec3-d3e150"><h4>Smoking</h4><p>Some people gain weight when they stop smoking. One reason is that food often <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028130" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tastes</a> and smells better after quitting smoking.</p><p>Another reason is because <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029762" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nicotine</a> raises the rate at which your body <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027084" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">burns</a> calories, so you burn fewer calories when you stop smoking. However, smoking is a serious health risk, and quitting is more important than possible weight gain.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-obe-sec3-d3e159"><h4>Age</h4><p>As you get older, you tend to lose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscle</a>, especially if you're less active. Muscle loss can slow down the rate at which your body <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027084" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">burns</a> calories. If you don't reduce your calorie intake as you get older, you may gain weight.</p><p>Midlife weight gain in women is mainly due to aging and lifestyle, but <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023140" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">menopause</a> also plays a role. Many women gain about 5 pounds during menopause and have more <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fat</a> around the waist than they did before.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-obe-sec3-d3e169"><h4>Pregnancy</h4><p>During <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a>, women gain weight to support their babies’ growth and development. After giving birth, some women find it hard to lose the weight. This may lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030700" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">overweight</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">obesity</a>, especially after a few <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancies</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-obe-sec3-d3e175"><h4>Lack of Sleep</h4><p>Research shows that lack of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> increases the risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">obesity</a>. For example, one study of teenagers showed that with each hour of sleep lost, the odds of becoming obese went up. Lack of sleep increases the risk of obesity in other age groups as well.</p><p>People who <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> fewer hours also seem to prefer eating foods that are higher in calories and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023302" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carbohydrates</a>, which can lead to overeating, weight gain, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">obesity</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sleep</a> helps maintain a healthy <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024854" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">balance</a> of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hormones</a> that make you feel hungry (ghrelin) or full (leptin). When you don't get enough sleep, your level of ghrelin goes up and your level of leptin goes down. This makes you feel hungrier than when you're well-rested.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sleep</a> also affects how your body reacts to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024496" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">insulin</a>, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hormone</a> that controls your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024697" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood glucose</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023305" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sugar</a>) level. Lack of sleep results in a higher than normal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024697" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood sugar</a> level, which may increase your risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>.</p><p>For more information, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-sdd/">Sleep Deprivation and Deficiency</a> article.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-risks"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-risks_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Health Risks of Overweight and Obesity?</h2><p>Being <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030700" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">overweight</a> or obese isn't a cosmetic problem. These conditions greatly raise your risk for other health problems.</p><div id="nhlbi-obe-sec2-d4e31"><h3>Overweight and Obesity-Related Health Problems in Adults</h3><div id="nhlbi-obe-sec3-d4e34"><h4>Coronary Heart Disease</h4><p>As your body mass index rises, so does your risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">coronary heart disease</a> (CHD). CHD is a condition in which a waxy substance called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> (plak) builds up inside the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a>. These arteries supply <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Plaque</a> can narrow or block the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a> and reduce <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a>. This can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-angina/">angina</a> (an-JI-nuh or AN-juh-nuh) or a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a>. (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Angina</a> is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain or discomfort.)</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Obesity</a> also can lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a>. This is a serious condition in which your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> can't pump enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to meet your body's needs.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-obe-sec3-d4e59"><h4>High Blood Pressure</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood pressure</a> is the force of blood pushing against the walls of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> as the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> pumps blood. If this pressure rises and stays high over time, it can damage the body in many ways.</p><p>Your chances of having <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">high blood pressure</a> are greater if you're <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030700" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">overweight</a> or obese.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-obe-sec3-d4e71"><h4>Stroke</h4><p>Being <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030700" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">overweight</a> or obese can lead to a buildup of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>. Eventually, an area of plaque can <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rupture</a>, causing a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clot to form.</p><p>If the clot is close to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>, it can block the flow of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> to your brain and cause a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stroke/">stroke</a>. The risk of having a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a> rises as BMI increases.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-obe-sec3-d4e84"><h4>Type 2 Diabetes</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Diabetes</a> is a disease in which the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024697" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood glucose</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024697" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood sugar</a>, level is too high. Normally, the body breaks down food into glucose and then carries it to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> throughout the body. The cells use a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hormone</a> called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024496" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">insulin</a> to turn the glucose into energy.</p><p>In <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024703" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">type 2 diabetes</a>, the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> don't use <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024496" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">insulin</a> properly. At first, the body reacts by making more insulin. Over time, however, the body can't make enough insulin to control its <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024697" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood sugar</a> level.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Diabetes</a> is a leading cause of early death, CHD, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028181" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidney disease</a>, and blindness. Most people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024703" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">type 2 diabetes</a> are <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030700" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">overweight</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-obe-sec3-d4e97"><h4>Abnormal Blood Fats</h4><p>If you're <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030700" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">overweight</a> or obese, you're at increased risk of having abnormal levels of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015646" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fats</a>. These include high levels of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022017" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">triglycerides</a> and LDL ("bad") <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cholesterol</a> and low levels of HDL ("good") cholesterol.</p><p>Abnormal levels of these <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015646" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fats</a> are a risk factor for CHD. For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022017" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">triglycerides</a> and LDL and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022291" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">HDL cholesterol</a>, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbc/">High Blood Cholesterol</a> article.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-obe-sec3-d4e109"><h4>Metabolic Syndrome</h4><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ms/">Metabolic syndrome</a> is the name for a group of risk factors that raises your risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease and other health problems, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a>.</p><p>You can develop any one of these risk factors by itself, but they tend to occur together. A diagnosis of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024493" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">metabolic syndrome</a> is made if you have at least three of the following risk factors:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A large waistline. This is called abdominal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">obesity</a> or "having an apple shape." Having extra <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fat</a> in the waist area is a greater risk factor for CHD than having extra fat in other parts of the body, such as on the hips.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A higher than normal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022017" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">triglyceride</a> level (or you're on medicine to treat high <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022017" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">triglycerides</a>).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A lower than normal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022291" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">HDL cholesterol</a> level (or you're on medicine to treat low HDL cholesterol).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Higher than normal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> (or you're on medicine to treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood pressure</a>).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Higher than normal fasting <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024697" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood sugar</a> (or you're on medicine to treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>).</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-obe-sec3-d4e139"><h4>Cancer</h4><p>Being <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030700" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">overweight</a> or obese raises your risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022229" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">colon</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021901" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">breast</a>, endometrial, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023631" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gallbladder cancers</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-obe-sec3-d4e145"><h4>Osteoarthritis</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Osteoarthritis</a> is a common <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022450" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">joint</a> problem of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">knees</a>, hips, and lower back. The condition occurs if the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> that protects the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022450" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">joints</a> wears away. Extra weight can put more pressure and wear on joints, causing pain.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-obe-sec3-d4e151"><h4>Sleep Apnea</h4><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-sleepapnea/">Sleep apnea</a> is a common disorder in which you have one or more pauses in breathing or shallow breaths while you <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a>.</p><p>A person who has <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> apnea may have more <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fat</a> stored around the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027054" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neck</a>. This can narrow the airway, making it hard to breathe.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-obe-sec3-d4e163"><h4>Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome</h4><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ohs/">Obesity hypoventilation syndrome</a> (OHS) is a breathing disorder that affects some obese people. In OHS, poor breathing results in too much <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022309" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carbon dioxide</a> (hypoventilation) and too little <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> (hypoxemia).</p><p>OHS can lead to serious health problems and may even cause death.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-obe-sec3-d4e174"><h4>Reproductive Problems</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Obesity</a> can cause menstrual issues and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025041" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infertility</a> in women.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-obe-sec3-d4e181"><h4>Gallstones</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018967" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Gallstones</a> are hard pieces of stone-like material that form in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015632" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gallbladder</a>. They're mostly made of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cholesterol</a>. Gallstones can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024559" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">back pain</a>.</p><p>People who are <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030700" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">overweight</a> or obese are at increased risk of having <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018967" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gallstones</a>. Also, being overweight may result in an enlarged <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015632" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gallbladder</a> that doesn't work well.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-obe-sec2-d4e190"><h3>Overweight and Obesity-Related Health Problems in Children and Teens</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030700" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Overweight</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">obesity</a> also increase the health risks for children and teens. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024703" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Type 2 diabetes</a> once was rare in American children, but an increasing number of children are developing the disease.</p><p>Also, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030700" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">overweight</a> children are more likely to become overweight or obese as adults, with the same disease risks.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-atrisk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-atrisk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is at Risk for Overweight and Obesity?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030700" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Overweight</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">obesity</a> affect Americans of all ages, sexes, and racial/ethnic groups. This serious health problem has been growing over the last 30 years.</p><div id="nhlbi-obe-sec2-d5e31"><h3>Adults</h3><p>According to the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2009–2010, almost 70 percent of Americans are <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030700" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">overweight</a> or obese. The survey also shows differences in overweight and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">obesity</a> among racial/ethnic groups.</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>In women, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030700" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">overweight</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">obesity</a> are highest among non-Hispanic Black women (about 82 percent), compared with about 76 percent for Hispanic women and 64 percent for non-Hispanic White women.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>In men, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030700" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">overweight</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">obesity</a> are highest among Hispanic men (about 82 percent), compared with about 74 percent for non-Hispanic White men and about 70 percent for non-Hispanic Black men.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-obe-sec2-d5e47"><h3>Children and Teens</h3><p>Children also have become heavier. In the past 30 years, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">obesity</a> has tripled among school-aged children and teens.</p><p>According to NHANES 2009–2010, about 1 in 6 American children ages 2–19 are obese. The survey also suggests that <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030700" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">overweight</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">obesity</a> are having a greater effect on minority groups, including Blacks and Hispanics.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Overweight and Obesity?</h2><p>Weight gain usually happens over time. Most people know when they've gained weight. Some of the signs of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030700" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">overweight</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">obesity</a> include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Clothes feeling tight and needing a larger size.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The scale showing that you've gained weight.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Having extra <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fat</a> around the waist.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A higher than normal body mass index and waist circumference. (For more information, go to "<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063069/#nhlbisec-diagnosis">How Are Overweight and Obesity Diagnosed?</a>")</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Are Overweight and Obesity Diagnosed?</h2><p>The most common way to find out whether you're <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030700" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">overweight</a> or obese is to figure out your body mass index (BMI). BMI is an estimate of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018959" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">body fat</a>, and it's a good gauge of your risk for diseases that occur with more body fat.</p><p>BMI is calculated from your height and weight. You can use the chart below or the National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute's (NHLBI's) <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/obesity/BMI/bmicalc.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">online BMI calculator</a> to figure out your BMI. Or, you health care provider can measure your BMI.</p><div id="nhlbi-obe-sec2-d7e37"><h3>Body Mass Index for Adults</h3><p>Use this table to learn your BMI. First, find your height on the far left column. Next, move across the row to find your weight. Weight is measured with underwear but no shoes.</p><p>Once you've found your weight, move to the very top of that column. This number is your BMI.</p><div id="d7e47" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063069/table/d7e47/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__d7e47_lrgtbl__"><table cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" summary="Body Mass Index Chart"><tbody><tr><th id="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_1_1" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">Height</th><th id="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_1_2" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">21</th><th id="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_1_3" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">22</th><th id="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_1_4" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">23</th><th id="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_1_5" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">24</th><th id="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_1_6" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">25</th><th id="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_1_7" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">26</th><th id="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_1_8" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">27</th><th id="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_1_9" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">28</th><th id="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_1_10" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">29</th><th id="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_1_11" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">30</th><th id="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_1_12" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">31</th></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_2_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">4'10"</th><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_2_1 hd_b_d7e47_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">100</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_2_1 hd_b_d7e47_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">105</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_2_1 hd_b_d7e47_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">110</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_2_1 hd_b_d7e47_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">115</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_2_1 hd_b_d7e47_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">119</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_2_1 hd_b_d7e47_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">124</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_2_1 hd_b_d7e47_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">129</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_2_1 hd_b_d7e47_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">134</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_2_1 hd_b_d7e47_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">138</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_2_1 hd_b_d7e47_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">143</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_2_1 hd_b_d7e47_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">148</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_3_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">5'0"</th><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">107</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">112</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">118</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">123</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">128</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">133</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">138</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">143</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">148</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">153</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">158</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_4_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">5'1"</th><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">111</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">116</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">122</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">127</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">132</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">137</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">143</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">148</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">153</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">158</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">164</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_5_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">5'3"</th><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">118</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">124</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">130</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">135</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">141</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">146</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">152</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">158</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">163</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">169</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">175</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_6_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">5'5"</th><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">126</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">132</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">138</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">144</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">150</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">156</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">162</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">168</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">174</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">180</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">186</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_7_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">5'7"</th><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">134</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">140</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">146</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">153</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">159</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">166</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">172</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">178</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">185</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">191</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">198</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_8_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">5'9"</th><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_8_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">142</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_8_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">149</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_8_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">155</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_8_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">162</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_8_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">169</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_8_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">176</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_8_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">182</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_8_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">189</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_8_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">196</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_8_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">203</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_8_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">209</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_9_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">5'11"</th><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">150</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">157</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">165</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">172</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">179</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">186</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">193</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">200</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">208</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">215</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">222</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_10_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">6'1"</th><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">159</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">166</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">174</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">182</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">189</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">197</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">204</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">212</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">219</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">227</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">235</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_11_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">6'3"</th><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">168</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">176</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">184</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">192</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">200</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">208</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">216</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">224</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">232</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">240</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">248</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><p>This table offers a sample of BMI measurements. If you don't see your height and/or weight listed on this table, go the NHLBI's complete <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/obesity/bmi_tbl.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Body Mass Index Table</a>.</p><div id="nhlbi-obe-sec3-d7e511"><h4>What Does Body Mass Index Mean?</h4><div id="d7e516" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063069/table/d7e516/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__d7e516_lrgtbl__"><table cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><th id="hd_b_d7e516_1_1_1_1" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">BMI</th><th id="hd_b_d7e516_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;"> </th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_b_d7e516_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">18.5–24.9</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e516_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">Normal weight</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_b_d7e516_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">25.0–29.9</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e516_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030700" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Overweight</a></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_b_d7e516_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">30.0–39.9</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e516_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">Obese</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_b_d7e516_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">40.0 and above</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e516_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">Extreme <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">obesity</a></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><p>Although BMI can be used for most men and women, it does have some limits. It may overestimate <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018959" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">body fat</a> in athletes and others who have a muscular build. BMI also may underestimate body fat in older people and others who have lost <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscle</a>.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-obe-sec2-d7e571"><h3>Body Mass Index for Children and Teens</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030700" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Overweight</a> are <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">obesity</a> are defined differently for children and teens than for adults. Children are still growing, and boys and girls mature at different rates.</p><p>BMIs for children and teens compare their heights and weights against growth charts that take age and sex into account. This is called BMI-for-age percentile. A child or teen's BMI-for-age percentile shows how his or her BMI compares with other boys and girls of the same age.</p><p>For more information about BMI-for-age and growth charts for children, go to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's BMI-for-age calculator.</p><div id="nhlbi-obe-sec3-d7e586"><h4>What Does the BMI-for-Age Percentile Mean?</h4><div id="d7e592" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063069/table/d7e592/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__d7e592_lrgtbl__"><table cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><th id="hd_b_d7e592_1_1_1_1" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"> BMI-for-Age Percentile</th><th id="hd_b_d7e592_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;"> </th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_b_d7e592_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Less than 5th percentile</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e592_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">Underweight</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_b_d7e592_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">5th percentile to less than the 85th percentile</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e592_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">Healthy weight</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_b_d7e592_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">85th percentile to less than the 95th percentile</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e592_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030700" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Overweight</a></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_b_d7e592_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">95th percentile or greater</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e592_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">Obese</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div></div><div id="nhlbi-obe-sec2-d7e645"><h3>Waist Circumference</h3><p>Health care professionals also may take your waist measurement. This helps screen for the possible health risks related to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030700" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">overweight</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">obesity</a> in adults.</p><p>If you have abdominal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">obesity</a> and most of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fat</a> is around your waist rather than at your hips, you're at increased risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">coronary heart disease</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024703" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">type 2 diabetes</a>. The risk goes up with a waist size that's greater than 35 inches for women or greater than 40 inches for men.</p><p>You also can measure your waist size. To do so correctly, stand and place a tape measure around your middle, just above your hipbones. Measure your waist just after you breathe out.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-obe-sec2-d7e661"><h3>Specialists Involved</h3><p>A primary care doctor (or pediatrician for children and teens) will assess your BMI, waist measurement, and overall health risk. If you're <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030700" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">overweight</a> or obese, or if you have a large waist size, your doctor should explain the health risks and find out whether you're interested and willing to lose weight.</p><p>If you are, you and your doctor can work together to create a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> plan. The plan may include weight-loss goals and treatment options that are realistic for you.</p><p>Your doctor may send you to other health care specialists if you need expert care. These specialists may include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhyth |
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Patent Ductus Arteriosus |
<div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-pda-sec1-d1e36_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Is Patent Ductus Arteriosus?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023293" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Patent ductus arteriosus</a> (PDA) is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> problem that affects some babies soon after birth. In PDA, abnormal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow occurs between two of the major <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> connected to the heart. These arteries are the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022262" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aorta</a> and the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022202" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary</a> (PULL-mun-ary) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a>.</p><p>Before birth, these <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> are connected by a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a> called the ductus arteriosus. This blood vessel is a vital part of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028116" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fetal</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023062" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood circulation</a>.</p><p>Within minutes or up to a few days after birth, the ductus arteriosus closes. This change is normal in newborns.</p><p>In some babies, however, the ductus arteriosus remains open (patent). The opening allows <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022262" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aorta</a> to mix with oxygen-poor blood from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022019" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary artery</a>. This can strain the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and increase <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> in the lung <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figd1e55" co-legend-rid="figlgndd1e55"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062968/figure/d1e55/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figd1e55" rid-ob="figobd1e55"><img class="small-thumb" src="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062968/bin/patent_ductus.gif" src-large="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062968/bin/patent_ductus.jpg" alt="Normal Heart and Heart With Patent Ductus Arteriosus."></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndd1e55"><h4 id="d1e55"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062968/figure/d1e55/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd1e55">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Normal Heart and Heart With Patent Ductus Arteriosus. Figure A shows a cross-section of a normal heart. The arrows show the direction of blood flow through the heart. Figure B shows a heart with patent ductus arteriosus. The defect connects the aorta <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062968/figure/d1e55/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd1e55">(more...)</a></p></div></div><p>Go to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062968/#nhlbisec-heartworks">"How the Heart Works"</a> section of this article for more details about how a normal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> works compared with a heart that has PDA.</p><div id="nhlbi-pda-sec2-d1e67"><h3>Overview</h3><p>PDA is a type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-chd/">congenital (kon-JEN-ih-tal) heart defect</a>. A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023239" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">congenital heart defect</a> is any type of heart problem that's present at birth.</p><p>If your baby has a PDA but an otherwise normal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, the PDA may shrink and go away. However, some children need <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> to close their PDAs.</p><p>Some children who have PDAs are given medicine to keep the ductus arteriosus open. For example, this may be done if a child is born with another <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> defect that decreases <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> or the rest of the body.</p><p>Keeping the PDA open helps maintain <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> levels until doctors can do <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> to correct the other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> defect.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pda-sec2-d1e86"><h3>Outlook</h3><p>PDA is a fairly common <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023239" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">congenital heart defect</a> in the United States. Although the condition can affect full-term infants, it's more common in premature infants.</p><p>On average, PDA occurs in about 8 out of every 1,000 premature babies, compared with 2 out of every 1,000 full-term babies. Premature babies also are more vulnerable to the effects of PDA.</p><p>PDA is twice as common in girls as it is in boys.</p><p>Doctors treat the condition with medicines, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022169" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">catheter</a>-based procedures, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>. Most children who have PDAs live healthy, normal lives after <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-heartworks"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-heartworks_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How the Heart Works</h2><p>To understand <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023293" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">patent ductus arteriosus</a> (PDA), it helps to know how a normal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> works. Your child's heart is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscle</a> about the size of his or her fist. The heart works like a pump and beats 100,000 times a day.</p><p>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> has two sides, separated by an inner wall called the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022259" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">septum</a>. The right side of the heart pumps <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> to pick up <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>. The left side of the heart receives the oxygen-rich blood from the lungs and pumps it to the body.</p><p>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> has four <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a> and four valves and is connected to various <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Veins</a> are blood vessels that carry blood from the body to the heart. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Arteries</a> are blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart to the body.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figd3e41" co-legend-rid="figlgndd3e41"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062968/figure/d3e41/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figd3e41" rid-ob="figobd3e41"><img class="small-thumb" src="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062968/bin/heart_interior2011.gif" src-large="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062968/bin/heart_interior2011.jpg" alt="A Healthy Heart Cross-Section."></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndd3e41"><h4 id="d3e41"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062968/figure/d3e41/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd3e41">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">A Healthy Heart Cross-Section. Figure A shows the location of the heart in the body. Figure B shows a cross-section of a healthy heart and its inside structures. The blue arrow shows the direction in which oxygen-poor blood flows through the heart to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062968/figure/d3e41/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd3e41">(more...)</a></p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-pda-sec2-d3e47"><h3>Heart Chambers</h3><p>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> has four <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a> or "rooms."</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022263" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atria</a> (AY-tree-uh) are the two upper <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a> that collect <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> as it flows into the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a> (VEN-trih-kuhls) are the two lower <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a> that pump <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> out of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> or other parts of the body.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-pda-sec2-d3e62"><h3>Heart Valves</h3><p>Four valves control the flow of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022263" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atria</a> to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a> and from the ventricles into the two large <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> connected to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>.</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The tricuspid (tri-CUSS-<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030415" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pid</a>) valve is in the right side of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, between the right atrium and the right <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricle</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022202" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary</a> (PULL-mun-ary) valve is in the right side of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, between the right <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricle</a> and the entrance to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022019" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary artery</a>. This artery carries <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> from the heart to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The mitral (MI-trul) valve is in the left side of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, between the left atrium and the left <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricle</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The aortic (ay-OR-tik) valve is in the left side of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, between the left <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricle</a> and the entrance to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022262" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aorta</a>. This <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a> carries <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> from the heart to the body.</div></li></ul><p>Valves are like doors that open and close. They open to allow <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to flow through to the next <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chamber</a> or to one of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>. Then they shut to keep blood from flowing backward.</p><p>When the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s valves open and close, they make a "lub-DUB" sound that a doctor can hear using a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023209" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stethoscope</a>.</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The first sound—the "lub"—is made by the mitral and tricuspid valves closing at the beginning of systole (SIS-toe-lee). Systole is when the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a> contract, or squeeze, and pump <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> out of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The second sound—the "DUB"—is made by the aortic and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022202" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary</a> valves closing at the beginning of diastole (di-AS-toe-lee). Diastole is when the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a> relax and fill with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> pumped into them by the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022263" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atria</a>.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-pda-sec2-d3e99"><h3>Arteries</h3><p>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> are major <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> connected to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>.</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022019" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary artery</a> carries <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> from the right side of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> to pick up a fresh supply of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022262" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aorta</a> is the main <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a> that carries <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> from the left side of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> to the body.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a> are the other important arteries attached to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. They carry <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022262" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aorta</a> to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a>, which must have its own blood supply to function.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-pda-sec2-d3e118"><h3>Veins</h3><p>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a> also are major <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> connected to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>.</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022264" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary veins</a> carry <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> to the left side of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> so it can be pumped to the body.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023101" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">superior</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023100" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inferior</a> vena cavae are large <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a> that carry <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-poor <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> from the body back to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>.</div></li></ul><p>For more information about how a healthy <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> works, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hhw/">How the Heart Works</a> article. The article contains animations that show how your heart pumps <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> and how your heart's electrical system works.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pda-sec2-d3e140"><h3>The Heart With Patent Ductus Arteriosus</h3><p>The ductus arteriosus is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a> that connects the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022262" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aorta</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022019" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary artery</a> in unborn babies. This vessel allows blood to be pumped from the right side of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> into the aorta, without stopping at the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>.</p><p>While a baby is in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022603" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">womb</a>, only a small amount of his or her <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> needs to go to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. This is because the baby gets <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> from the mother's bloodstream.</p><p>After birth, the baby no longer is connected to the mother's bloodstream. Thus, the baby's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> must travel to his or her own <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> to get <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>. As the baby begins to breathe on his or her own, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022019" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary artery</a> opens to allow blood into the lungs. Normally, the ductus arteriosus closes because the infant no longer needs it.</p><p>Once the ductus arteriosus closes, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> leaving the right side of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> no longer goes into the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022262" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aorta</a>. Instead, the blood travels through the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022019" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary artery</a> to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. There, the blood picks up <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>. The oxygen-rich blood returns to the left side of the heart and is pumped to the rest of the body.</p><p>Sometimes the ductus arteriosus remains open (patent) after birth. A PDA allows <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to flow from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022262" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aorta</a> into the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022019" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary artery</a> and to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. The extra blood flowing into the lungs strains the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. It also increases <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> in the lung's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>.</p><div id="nhlbi-pda-sec3-d3e159"><h4>Effects of Patent Ductus Arteriosus</h4><p>Full-term infants. A small PDA might not cause any problems, but a large PDA likely will cause problems. The larger the PDA, the greater the amount of extra <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> that passes through the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>.</p><p>A large PDA that remains open for an extended time can cause the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> to enlarge, forcing it to work harder. Also, fluid can build up in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>.</p><p>A PDA can slightly increase the risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-endo/">infective endocarditis</a> (IE). IE is an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> of the inner lining of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a> and valves.</p><p>In PDA, increased <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow can irritate the lining of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022019" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary artery</a>, where the ductus arteriosus connects. This irritation makes it easier for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bacteria</a> in the bloodstream to collect and grow, which can lead to IE.</p><p>Premature infants. PDA can be more serious in premature infants than in full-term infants. Premature babies are more likely to have lung damage from the extra <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flowing from the PDA into the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. These infants may need to be put on <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-vent/">ventilators</a>. Ventilators are machines that support breathing.</p><p>Increased <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow through the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> also can reduce blood flow to the rest of the body. This can damage other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a>, especially the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022247" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">intestines</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidneys</a>.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes Patent Ductus Arteriosus?</h2><p>If your child has <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023293" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">patent ductus arteriosus</a> (PDA), you may think you did something wrong during your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a> to cause the problem. However, the cause of patent ductus arteriosus isn't known.</p><p>Genetics may play a role in causing the condition. A defect in one or more <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a> might prevent the ductus arteriosus from closing after birth.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-atrisk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-atrisk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is at Risk for Patent Ductus Arteriosus?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023293" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Patent ductus arteriosus</a> (PDA) is a fairly common <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-chd/">congenital heart defect</a> in the United States. Although the condition can affect full-term infants, it's more common in premature infants.</p><p>On average, PDA occurs in about 8 out of every 1,000 premature babies, compared with 2 out of every 1,000 full-term babies.</p><p>PDA also is more common in:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Infants who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022031" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic</a> conditions, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024723" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Down syndrome</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Infants whose mothers had <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029650" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">German measles</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029650" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rubella</a>) during <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a></div></li></ul><p>PDA is twice as common in girls as it is in boys.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Patent Ductus Arteriosus?</h2><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartmurmur/">heart murmur</a> may be the only sign that a baby has <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023293" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">patent ductus arteriosus</a> (PDA). A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023248" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart murmur</a> is an extra or unusual sound heard during the heartbeat. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023248" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart murmurs</a> also have other causes besides PDA, and most murmurs are harmless.</p><p>Some infants may have signs or symptoms of volume overload on the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and excess <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. These signs and symptoms may include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Fast breathing, working hard to breathe, and shortness of breath. Premature infants may need <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-oxt/">extra oxygen</a> or a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-vent/">ventilator</a> to help them breathe.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Poor feeding and poor weight gain.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Tiring easily.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Sweating with exertion, such as while feeding.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Patent Ductus Arteriosus Diagnosed?</h2><p>In full-term infants, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023293" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">patent ductus arteriosus</a> (PDA) usually is first suspected if a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartmurmur/">heart murmur</a> is heard during a routine checkup.</p><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023248" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart murmur</a> is an extra or unusual sound heard during the heartbeat. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023248" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart murmurs</a> have other causes besides PDA, and most murmurs are harmless.</p><p>If a PDA is large, an infant also may have symptoms of volume overload and increased <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. If a PDA is small, it may not be diagnosed until later in childhood.</p><p>If your child's doctor thinks your child has PDA, he or she may refer you to a pediatric <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015644" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiologist</a>. This is a doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> problems in children.</p><p>Premature babies who have PDA may not have the same signs and symptoms as full-term babies, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023248" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart murmurs</a>. Doctors may suspect PDA in premature babies who have breathing problems soon after birth. Tests can help confirm a diagnosis.</p><div id="nhlbi-pda-sec2-d7e47"><h3>Diagnostic Tests</h3><div id="nhlbi-pda-sec3-d7e50"><h4>Echocardiography</h4><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-echo/">Echocardiography</a> (echo) is a painless test that uses sound waves to create a moving picture of your baby's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. The sound waves (called ultrasound) bounce off the structures of the heart. A computer converts the sound waves into pictures on a screen.</p><p>The test allows the doctor to clearly see any problems with the way the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> is formed or the way it's working. Echo is an important test for both diagnosing a heart defect and following the problem over time.</p><p>Echo can show the size of a PDA and how the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> is responding to the defect. When medical <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> are used to try to close a PDA, echo can show how well the treatments are working.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pda-sec3-d7e65"><h4>EKG (Electrocardiogram)</h4><p>An <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ekg/">EKG</a> is a simple, painless test that records the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical activity. For babies who have PDA, an EKG can show whether the heart is enlarged. The test also can show other subtle changes that may suggest the presence of a PDA.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Patent Ductus Arteriosus Treated?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023293" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Patent ductus arteriosus</a> (PDA) is treated with medicines, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022169" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">catheter</a>-based procedures, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>. The goal of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> is to close the PDA. Closure will help prevent complications and reverse the effects of increased <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> volume.</p><p>Small PDAs often close without <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>. For full-term infants, treatment is needed if the PDA is large or causing health problems. For premature infants, treatment is needed if the PDA is causing breathing problems or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> problems.</p><p>Talk with your child's doctor about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> options and how your family prefers to handle treatment decisions.</p><div id="nhlbi-pda-sec2-d8e37"><h3>Medicines</h3><p>Your child's doctor may prescribe medicines to help close your child's PDA.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000945" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Indomethacin</a> (in-doh-METH-ah-sin) is a medicine that helps close PDAs in premature infants. This medicine triggers the PDA to constrict or tighten, which closes the opening. Indomethacin usually doesn't work in full-term infants.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000915" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Ibuprofen</a> also is used to close PDAs in premature infants. This medicine is similar to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000945" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">indomethacin</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pda-sec2-d8e50"><h3>Catheter-Based Procedures</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022169" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Catheters</a> are thin, flexible tubes that doctors use as part of a procedure called <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cath/">cardiac catheterization</a> (KATH-eh-ter-ih-ZA-shun). <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022169" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Catheter</a>-based procedures often are used to close PDAs in infants or children who are large enough to have the procedure.</p><p>Your child's doctor may refer to the procedure as "transcatheter device closure." The procedure sometimes is used for small PDAs to prevent the risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-endo/">infective endocarditis</a> (IE). IE is an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> of the inner lining of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a> and valves.</p><p>Your child will be given medicine to help him or her relax or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> during the procedure. The doctor will insert a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022169" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">catheter</a> in a large <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028097" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">groin</a> (upper thigh). He or she will then guide the catheter to your child's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>.</p><p>A small metal coil or other blocking device is passed through the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022169" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">catheter</a> and placed in the PDA. This device blocks <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow through the vessel.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022169" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Catheter</a>-based procedures don't require the child's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> to be opened. They also allow the child to recover quickly.</p><p>These procedures often are done on an outpatient basis. You'll most likely be able to take your child home the same day the procedure is done.</p><p>Complications from <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022169" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">catheter</a>-based procedures are rare and short term. They can include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>, and movement of the blocking device from where it was placed.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pda-sec2-d8e81"><h3>Surgery</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Surgery</a> to correct a PDA may be done if:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A premature or full-term infant has health problems due to a PDA and is too small to have a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022169" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">catheter</a>-based procedure</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022169" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">catheter</a>-based procedure doesn't successfully close the PDA</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Surgery</a> is planned for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> of related <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-chd/">congenital heart defects</a> </div></li></ul><p>Often, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> isn't done until after 6 months of age in infants who don't have health problems from their PDAs. Doctors sometimes do surgery on small PDAs to prevent the risk of IE.</p><p>For the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>, your child will be given medicine so that he or she will <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> and not feel any pain. The surgeon will make a small <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022138" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">incision</a> (cut) between your child's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029862" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ribs</a> to reach the PDA. He or she will close the PDA using <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030128" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stitches</a> or clips.</p><p>Complications from <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> are rare and usually short term. They can include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027099" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hoarseness</a>, a paralyzed <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022135" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diaphragm</a> (the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscle</a> below the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>), <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>, or fluid buildup around the lungs.</p><div id="nhlbi-pda-sec3-d8e111"><h4>After Surgery</h4><p>After <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>, your child will spend a few days in the hospital. He or she will be given medicine to reduce pain and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024918" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anxiety</a>. Most children go home 2 days after surgery. Premature infants usually have to stay in the hospital longer because of their other health issues.</p><p>The doctors and nurses at the hospital will teach you how to care for your child at home. They will talk to you about:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Limits on activity for your child while he or she recovers</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Followup appointments with your child's doctors</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>How to give your child medicines at home, if needed</div></li></ul><p>When your child goes home after <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>, you can expect that he or she will feel fairly comfortable. However, you child may have some short-term pain.</p><p>Your child should begin to eat better and gain weight quickly. Within a few weeks, he or she should fully recover and be able to take part in normal activities.</p><p>Long-term complications from <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> are rare. However, they can include narrowing of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022262" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aorta</a>, incomplete closure of the PDA, and reopening of the PDA.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-livingwith"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-livingwith_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Living With Patent Ductus Arteriosus</h2><p>Most children who have PDAs live healthy, normal lives after <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>. Full-term infants will likely have normal activity levels, appetite, and growth after PDA treatment, unless they had other <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-chd/">congenital heart defects</a>.</p><p>For premature infants, the outlook after PDA <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> depends on other factors, such as:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>How early the child was born</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Whether the child has other illnesses or conditions, such as other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023239" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">congenital heart defects</a></div></li></ul><div id="nhlbi-pda-sec2-d9e46"><h3>Ongoing Care</h3><p>Children who have PDAs are at slightly increased risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-endo/">infective endocarditis</a> (IE). IE is an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> of the inner lining of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a> and valves.</p><p>Your child's doctor will tell you whether your child needs antibiotics before certain medical procedures to help prevent IE. According to the most recent American <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a> Association guidelines, most children who have PDAs don't need antibiotics.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-trials"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-trials_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Clinical Trials</h2><p>The National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute (NHLBI) is strongly committed to supporting research aimed at preventing and treating heart, lung, and blood diseases and conditions and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorders</a>.</p><p>NHLBI-supported research has led to many advances in medical knowledge and care. For example, this research has uncovered some of the causes of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> diseases and conditions, as well as ways to prevent or treat them.</p><p>Many more questions remain about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> diseases and conditions, including <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023293" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">patent ductus arteriosus</a> (PDA) and other <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-chd/">congenital heart defects</a>. The NHLBI continues to support research aimed at learning more about these conditions. For example, the NHLBI currently sponsors two research groups that study <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023376" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">congenital</a> heart disease.</p><p>The Pediatric <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a> Network conducts clinical research to improve outcomes and quality of life for children who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023376" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">congenital</a> heart disease and other pediatric heart diseases.</p><p>The Pediatric <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023205" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Cardiac</a> Genomic Consortium (part of the NHLBI's Bench to Bassinet Program) conducts clinical research to find the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022031" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic</a> causes of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023376" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">congenital</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease. This group's research also aims to pinpoint the genetic factors that affect clinical outcomes in people who have congenital heart disease.</p><p>Much of this research depends on the willingness of volunteers to take part in <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-clinicaltrials/">clinical trials</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Clinical trials</a> test new ways to prevent, diagnose, or treat various diseases and conditions.</p><p>For example, new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for a disease or condition (such as medicines, medical devices, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgeries</a>, or procedures) are tested in volunteers who have the illness. Testing shows whether a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> is safe and effective in humans before it is made available for widespread use.</p><p>By taking part in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, your child can gain access to new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> before they're widely available. Your child also will have the support of a team of health care providers, who will likely monitor his or her health closely. Even if your child doesn't directly benefit from the results of a clinical trial, the information gathered can help others and add to scientific knowledge.</p><p>Children (aged 18 and younger) get special protection as research subjects. Almost always, parents must give legal consent for their child to take part in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>.</p><p>When researchers think that a trial's potential risks are greater than minimal, both parents must give permission for their child to enroll. Also, children aged 7 and older often must agree (assent) to take part in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a>.</p><p>If you agree to have your child take part in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, you'll be asked to sign an informed consent form. This form is not a contract. You have the right to withdraw your child from a study at any time, for any reason. Also, you have the right to learn about new risks or findings that emerge during the trial.</p><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> related to PDA, talk with your child's doctor. For more information about clinical trials for children, visit the NHLBI's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/childrenandclinicalstudies/index.php" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Children and Clinical Studies</a> Web page.</p><p>You also can visit the following Web sites to learn more about clinical research and to search for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a>:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>http://clinicalresearch.nih.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.clinicaltrials.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.researchmatch.org</div></li></ul></div><div style="display: none; width: 200px; top: -100px; left: -100px;" aria-live="assertive" aria-hidden="true" class="ui-helper-reset ui-ncbipopper-wrapper ui-ncbilinksmenu"><ul id="ui-ncbiinpagenav-6"><li><a href="#_nhlbi-pda-sec1-d1e36_">What Is Patent Ductus Arteriosus?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-heartworks_">How the Heart Works</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-causes_">What Causes Patent Ductus Arteriosus?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-atrisk_">Who Is at Risk for Patent Ductus Arteriosus?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-signs_">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Patent Ductus Arteriosus?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-diagnosis_">How Is Patent Ductus Arteriosus Diagnosed?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-treatment_">How Is Patent Ductus Arteriosus Treated?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-livingwith_">Living With Patent Ductus Arteriosus</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-trials_">Clinical Trials</a></li></ul></div></div></div> |
June 11, 2014. |
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2018-02-02 04:25:06 |
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<L1> diseases_conditions
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2018-02-02 05:21:28 |
Pericarditis |
<div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-peri-sec1-d1e37_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Is Pericarditis?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pericarditis</a> (PER-ih-kar-DI-tis) is a condition in which the membrane, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022396" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sac</a>, around your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> is inflamed. This sac is called the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023219" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pericardium</a> (per-ih-KAR-de-um).</p><p>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023219" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pericardium</a> holds the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> in place and helps it work properly. The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022396" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sac</a> is made of two thin layers of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> that enclose your heart. Between the two layers is a small amount of fluid. This fluid keeps the layers from rubbing against each other and causing friction.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figd1e49" co-legend-rid="figlgndd1e49"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062992/figure/d1e49/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figd1e49" rid-ob="figobd1e49"><img class="small-thumb" src="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062992/bin/pericarditis.gif" src-large="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062992/bin/pericarditis.jpg" alt="Pericardium."></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndd1e49"><h4 id="d1e49"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062992/figure/d1e49/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd1e49">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Pericardium. Figure A shows the location of the heart and a normal heart and pericardium (the sac surrounding the heart). The inset image is an enlarged cross-section of the pericardium that shows its two layers of tissue and the fluid between the layers. Figure <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062992/figure/d1e49/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd1e49">(more...)</a></p></div></div><p>In <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pericarditis</a>, the layers of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> become inflamed and can rub against the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. This causes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain, a common symptom of pericarditis.</p><p>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain from <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pericarditis</a> may feel like pain from a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a>. More often, the pain may be sharp and get worse when you inhale, and improve when you are sitting up and leaning forward. If you have chest pain, you should call 9–1–1 right away, as you may be having a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>.</p><div id="nhlbi-peri-sec2-d1e65"><h3>Overview</h3><p>In many cases, the cause of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pericarditis</a> is unknown. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024518" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Viral infections</a> are likely a common cause of pericarditis, although the virus may never be found. Bacterial, fungal, and other infections also can cause pericarditis.</p><p>Other possible causes include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hs/">heart surgery</a>, other medical conditions, injuries, and certain medicines.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pericarditis</a> can be <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acute</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a>. "Acute" means that it occurs suddenly and usually doesn't last long. "Chronic" means that it develops over time and may take longer to treat.</p><p>Both <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acute</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pericarditis</a> can disrupt your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s normal rhythm or function and possibly (although rarely) lead to death. However, most cases of pericarditis are mild; they clear up on their own or with rest and simple <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>.</p><p>Other times, more intense <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> are needed to prevent complications. Treatments may include medicines and, less often, procedures or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-peri-sec2-d1e87"><h3>Outlook</h3><p>It may take from a few days to weeks or even months to recover from <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pericarditis</a>. With proper and prompt <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>, such as rest and ongoing care, most people fully recover from pericarditis. Proper treatment also can help reduce the chance of getting the condition again.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-names"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-names_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Other Names for Pericarditis</h2><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022069" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Idiopathic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pericarditis</a>. This term refers to pericarditis with no known cause.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Acute</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pericarditis</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Chronic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pericarditis</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Chronic</a> effusive <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pericarditis</a> and chronic constrictive pericarditis. These are forms of chronic pericarditis.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Recurrent <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pericarditis</a>.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes Pericarditis?</h2><p>In many cases, the cause of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pericarditis</a> (both <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acute</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a>) is unknown.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024518" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Viral infections</a> are likely a common cause of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pericarditis</a>, although the virus may never be found. Pericarditis often occurs after <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022181" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">respiratory</a> infections. Bacterial, fungal, and other infections also can cause pericarditis.</p><p>Most cases of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a>, or recurring, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pericarditis</a> are thought to be the result of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022033" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">autoimmune disorders</a>. Examples of such disorders include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024510" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lupus</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024964" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">scleroderma</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024678" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rheumatoid arthritis</a>.</p><p>With <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022033" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">autoimmune disorders</a>, the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025680" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune system</a> makes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antibodies</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022051" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">proteins</a>) that mistakenly <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024324" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">attack</a> the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissues</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a>.</p><p>Other possible causes of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pericarditis</a> are:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">Heart attack</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hs/">heart surgery</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Kidney failure</a>, HIV/AIDS, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancer</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024668" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tuberculosis</a>, and other health problems</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Trauma to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> or prior radiation <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a> to the chest</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022033" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Autoimmune diseases</a>, including <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022830" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ulcerative colitis</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Certain medicines, like <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0001418" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">phenytoin</a> (an antiseizure medicine), <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0012678" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">warfarin</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0010545" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heparin</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>-thinning medicines), and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0011845" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">procainamide</a> (a medicine to treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">irregular heartbeats</a></div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-atrisk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-atrisk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is at Risk for Pericarditis?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pericarditis</a> occurs in people of all ages. However, men aged 20 to 50 are more likely to develop it than others.</p><p>People who are treated for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acute</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pericarditis</a> may get it again. This may happen in 15 to 30 percent of people who have the condition. A small number of these people go on to develop <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> pericarditis.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Pericarditis?</h2><p>The most common sign of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acute</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pericarditis</a> is sharp, stabbing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain. The pain usually comes on quickly. It often is felt in the middle or left side of the chest or over the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">front</a> of the chest. You also may feel pain in one or both <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022435" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">shoulders</a>, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027054" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neck</a>, back, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022602" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abdomen</a>.</p><p>The pain tends to ease when you sit up and lean forward. Lying down and deep breathing worsens it. For some people, the pain feels like a dull ache or pressure in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a>.</p><p>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain also may feel like pain from a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a>. If you have chest pain, you should call 9–1–1 right away, as you may be having a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>.</p><p>Some people with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acute</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pericarditis</a> develop a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fever</a>. Other symptoms are weakness, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hpl/">palpitations</a>, trouble breathing, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cough/">coughing</a>. (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023167" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Palpitations</a> are feelings that your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> is skipping a beat, fluttering, or beating too hard or too fast.)</p><p>The most common symptom of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pericarditis</a> is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain. Chronic pericarditis also often causes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tiredness</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coughing</a>, and shortness of breath. Severe cases of chronic pericarditis can lead to swelling in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a> and legs and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hyp/">hypotension</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">low blood pressure</a>).</p><div id="nhlbi-peri-sec2-d6e56"><h3>Complications of Pericarditis</h3><p>Two serious complications of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pericarditis</a> are <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023205" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiac</a> tamponade (tam-po-NAD) and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> constrictive pericarditis.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023205" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Cardiac</a> tamponade occurs if too much fluid collects in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023219" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pericardium</a> (the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022396" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sac</a> around the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>). The extra fluid puts pressure on the heart. This prevents the heart from properly filling with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. As a result, less blood leaves the heart, which causes a sharp drop in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a>. If left untreated, cardiac tamponade can be fatal.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Chronic</a> constrictive <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pericarditis</a> is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029769" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rare disease</a> that develops over time. It leads to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028156" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">scar</a>-like <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> forming throughout the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023219" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pericardium</a>. The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022396" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sac</a> becomes stiff and can't move properly. In time, the scarred tissue compresses the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and prevents it from working well.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Pericarditis Diagnosed?</h2><p>Your doctor will diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pericarditis</a> based on your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029840" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">medical history</a>, a physical exam, and test results.</p><div id="nhlbi-peri-sec2-d7e31"><h3>Specialists Involved</h3><p>Primary care doctors—such as a family doctor, internist, or pediatrician—often diagnose and treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pericarditis</a>. Other types of doctors also may be involved, such as a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015644" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiologist</a>, pediatric cardiologist, and an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023003" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infectious disease</a> specialist.</p><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015644" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiologist</a> treats adults who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> problems. A pediatric cardiologist treats children who have heart problems. An <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023003" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infectious disease</a> specialist treats people who have infections.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-peri-sec2-d7e41"><h3>Medical History</h3><p>Your doctor may ask whether you:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Have had a recent <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022181" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">respiratory</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025769" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">flu</a>-like illness</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Have had a recent <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a> or injury to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Have any other medical conditions</div></li></ul><p>Your doctor also may ask about your symptoms. If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain, he or she will ask you to describe how it feels, where it's located, and whether it's worse when you lie down, breathe, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-peri-sec2-d7e65"><h3>Physical Exam</h3><p>When the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023219" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pericardium</a> (the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022396" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sac</a> around your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>) is inflamed, the amount of fluid between its two layers of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> increases. As part of the exam, your doctor will look for signs of excess fluid in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a>.</p><p>A common sign is the pericardial rub. This is the sound of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023219" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pericardium</a> rubbing against the outer layer of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. Your doctor will place a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023209" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stethoscope</a> on your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> to listen for this sound.</p><p>Your doctor may hear other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> sounds that are signs of fluid in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023219" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pericardium</a> (pericardial <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025275" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">effusion</a>) or the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pleurisy/">pleural effusion</a>). These are more severe problems related to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pericarditis</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-peri-sec2-d7e81"><h3>Diagnostic Tests</h3><p>Your doctor may recommend one or more tests to diagnose your condition and show how severe it is. The most common tests are:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ekg/">EKG</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029879" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">electrocardiogram</a>). This simple test detects and records your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical activity. Certain EKG results may suggest <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pericarditis</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cxray/">Chest x ray</a>. A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> x ray creates pictures of the structures inside your chest, such as your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>. The pictures can show whether you have an enlarged heart. This is a sign of excess fluid in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023219" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pericardium</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-echo/">Echocardiography</a>. This painless test uses sound waves to create pictures of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. The pictures show the size and shape of your heart and how well your heart is working. This test can show whether fluid has built up in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023219" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pericardium</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ct/">Cardiac CT</a> (computed tomography (to-MOG-rah-fee). <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023205" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Cardiac</a> CT is a type of x ray that takes a clear, detailed picture of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023219" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pericardium</a>. A cardiac CT helps rule out other causes of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-mri/">Cardiac MRI</a> (magnetic resonance imaging). This test uses powerful magnets and radio waves to create detailed pictures of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissues</a>. A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023205" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiac</a> MRI can show thickening or other changes in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023219" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pericardium</a>.</div></li></ul><p>Your doctor also may recommend <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bdt/">blood tests</a>. These tests can help your doctor find out whether you've had a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>, the cause of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pericarditis</a>, and how inflamed your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023219" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pericardium</a> is.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Pericarditis Treated?</h2><p>Most cases of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pericarditis</a> are mild; they clear up on their own or with rest and simple <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>. Other times, more intense treatment is needed to prevent complications. Treatment may include medicines and, less often, procedures or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>.</p><p>The goals of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Reducing pain and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022625" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inflammation</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Treating the underlying cause, if it's known</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Checking for complications</div></li></ul><div id="nhlbi-peri-sec2-d8e46"><h3>Specific Types of Treatment</h3><p>As a first step in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>, your doctor may advise you to rest until you feel better and have no <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fever</a>. He or she may tell you to take over-the-counter, anti-inflammatory medicines to reduce pain and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022625" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inflammation</a>. Examples of these medicines include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000168" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aspirin</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000915" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ibuprofen</a>.</p><p>You may need stronger medicine if your pain is severe. If your pain continues to be severe, your doctor may prescribe a medicine called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0009709" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">colchicine</a> and, possibly, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0011828" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">prednisone</a> (a steroid medicine).</p><p>If an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> is causing your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pericarditis</a>, your doctor will prescribe an antibiotic or other medicine to treat the infection.</p><p>You may need to stay in the hospital during <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pericarditis</a> so your doctor can check you for complications.</p><p>The symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acute</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pericarditis</a> can last from a few days to a few weeks. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Chronic</a> pericarditis may last for several months.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-peri-sec2-d8e65"><h3>Other Types of Treatment</h3><p>You may need <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> for complications of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pericarditis</a>. Two serious complications are <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023205" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiac</a> tamponade and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> constrictive pericarditis.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023205" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Cardiac</a> tamponade is treated with a procedure called pericardiocentesis (per-ih-KAR-de-o-sen-TE-sis). A needle or tube (called a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022169" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">catheter</a>) is inserted into the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030256" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest wall</a> to remove excess fluid in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023219" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pericardium</a>. This procedure relieves pressure on the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>.</p><p>The only cure for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> constrictive <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pericarditis</a> is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> to remove the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023219" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pericardium</a>. This is known as a pericardiectomy (PER-ih-kar-de-EK-to-me).</p><p>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for these complications require staying in the hospital.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-prevention"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-prevention_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Can Pericarditis Be Prevented?</h2><p>You usually can't prevent <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acute</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pericarditis</a>. You can take steps to reduce your chance of having another acute episode, having complications, or getting <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> pericarditis.</p><p>These steps include getting prompt <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>, following your treatment plan, and having ongoing medical care (as your doctor advises).</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-livingwith"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-livingwith_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Living With Pericarditis</h2><p>Many cases of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pericarditis</a> are mild and go away on their own. But other cases, if not treated, can lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> pericarditis and serious problems that affect your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. Some problems can be life threatening.</p><p>Sometimes it takes weeks or months to recover from <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pericarditis</a>. Full recovery is likely with rest and ongoing care. These measures also can help reduce your risk of having the condition again.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-trials"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-trials_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Clinical Trials</h2><p>The National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute (NHLBI) is strongly committed to supporting research aimed at preventing and treating heart, lung, and blood diseases and conditions and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorders</a>.</p><p>NHLBI-supported research has led to many advances in medical knowledge and care. Often, these advances depend on the willingness of volunteers to take part in <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-clinicaltrials/">clinical trials</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Clinical trials</a> test new ways to prevent, diagnose, or treat various diseases and conditions. For example, new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for a disease or condition (such as medicines, medical devices, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgeries</a>, or procedures) are tested in volunteers who have the illness. Testing shows whether a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> is safe and effective in humans before it is made available for widespread use.</p><p>By taking part in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, you can gain access to new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> before they're widely available. You also will have the support of a team of health care providers, who will likely monitor your health closely. Even if you don't directly benefit from the results of a clinical trial, the information gathered can help others and add to scientific knowledge.</p><p>If you volunteer for a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, the research will be explained to you in detail. You'll learn about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> and tests you may receive, and the benefits and risks they may pose. You'll also be given a chance to ask questions about the research. This process is called informed consent.</p><p>If you agree to take part in the trial, you'll be asked to sign an informed consent form. This form is not a contract. You have the right to withdraw from a study at any time, for any reason. Also, you have the right to learn about new risks or findings that emerge during the trial.</p><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> related to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pericarditis</a>, talk with your doctor. You also can visit the following Web sites to learn more about clinical research and to search for clinical trials:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>http://clinicalresearch.nih.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.clinicaltrials.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.researchmatch.org</div></li></ul><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> for children, visit the NHLBI's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/childrenandclinicalstudies/index.php" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Children and Clinical Studies</a> Web page.</p></div><div style="display: none; width: 200px; top: -100px; left: -100px;" aria-live="assertive" aria-hidden="true" class="ui-helper-reset ui-ncbipopper-wrapper ui-ncbilinksmenu"><ul id="ui-ncbiinpagenav-6"><li><a href="#_nhlbi-peri-sec1-d1e37_">What Is Pericarditis?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-names_">Other Names for Pericarditis</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-causes_">What Causes Pericarditis?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-atrisk_">Who Is at Risk for Pericarditis?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-signs_">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Pericarditis?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-diagnosis_">How Is Pericarditis Diagnosed?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-treatment_">How Is Pericarditis Treated?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-prevention_">How Can Pericarditis Be Prevented?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-livingwith_">Living With Pericarditis</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-trials_">Clinical Trials</a></li></ul></div></div></div> |
June 11, 2014. |
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2018-02-02 05:21:47 |
Peripheral Arterial Disease |
<div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-pad-sec1-d1e37_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Is Peripheral Arterial Disease?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023287" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Peripheral arterial disease</a> (P.A.D.) is a disease in which <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> (plak) builds up in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> that carry <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to your head, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">limbs</a>. Plaque is made up of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fat</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cholesterol</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022775" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">calcium</a>, fibrous <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a>, and other substances in the blood.</p><p>When <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> builds up in the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>, the condition is called <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-atherosclerosis/">atherosclerosis</a> (ATH-er-o-skler-O-sis). Over time, plaque can harden and narrow the arteries. This limits the flow of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> and other parts of your body.</p><p>P.A.D. usually affects the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> in the legs, but it also can affect the arteries that carry <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> from your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> to your head, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arms</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidneys</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a>. This article focuses on P.A.D. that affects blood flow to the legs.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figd1e56" co-legend-rid="figlgndd1e56"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062981/figure/d1e56/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figd1e56" rid-ob="figobd1e56"><img class="small-thumb" src="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062981/bin/pad_plaque.gif" src-large="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062981/bin/pad_plaque.jpg" alt="Normal Artery and Artery With Plaque Buildup."></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndd1e56"><h4 id="d1e56"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062981/figure/d1e56/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd1e56">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Normal Artery and Artery With Plaque Buildup. The illustration shows how P.A.D. can affect arteries in the legs. Figure A shows a normal artery with normal blood flow. The inset image shows a cross-section of the normal artery. Figure B shows an artery <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062981/figure/d1e56/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd1e56">(more...)</a></p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-pad-sec2-d1e62"><h3>Overview</h3><p>Blocked <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow to your legs can cause pain and numbness. It also can raise your risk of getting an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> in the affected <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">limbs</a>. Your body may have a hard time fighting the infection.</p><p>If severe enough, blocked <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029651" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gangrene</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> death). In very serious cases, this can lead to leg <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">amputation</a>.</p><p>If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024515" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">leg pain</a> when you walk or climb stairs, talk with your doctor. Sometimes older people think that leg pain is just a symptom of aging. However, the cause of the pain could be P.A.D. Tell your doctor if you're feeling pain in your legs and discuss whether you should be tested for P.A.D.</p><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">Smoking</a> is the main risk factor for P.A.D. If you smoke or have a history of smoking, your risk of P.A.D. increases up to four times. Other factors, such as age and having certain diseases or conditions, also increase your risk of P.A.D.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pad-sec2-d1e80"><h3>Outlook</h3><p>P.A.D. increases your risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">coronary heart disease</a> (CHD; also called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021983" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary artery disease</a>), <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stroke/">stroke</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024787" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">transient ischemic attack</a> ("mini-<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a>"). If you have CHD, you have a 1 in 3 chance of having blocked leg <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>.</p><p>Although P.A.D. is serious, it's treatable. If you have the disease, see your doctor regularly and treat the underlying <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023229" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atherosclerosis</a>.</p><p>P.A.D. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> may slow or stop disease progress and reduce the risk of complications. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatments</a> include lifestyle changes, medicines, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> or procedures. Researchers continue to explore new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapies</a> for P.A.D.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-names"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-names_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Other Names for Peripheral Arterial Disease</h2><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Atherosclerotic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023287" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">peripheral arterial disease</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024512" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Claudication</a> (klaw-dih-KA-shen)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Hardening of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Leg <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cramps</a> from poor circulation</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023155" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Peripheral</a> vascular disease</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Poor circulation</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Vascular disease</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes Peripheral Arterial Disease?</h2><p>The most common cause of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023287" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">peripheral arterial disease</a> (P.A.D.) is <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-atherosclerosis/">atherosclerosis</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023229" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Atherosclerosis</a> is a disease in which <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> builds up in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>. The exact cause of atherosclerosis isn't known.</p><p>The disease may start if certain factors damage the inner layers of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>. These factors include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">Smoking</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>High amounts of certain <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015646" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fats</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbc/">cholesterol</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">High blood pressure</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>High amounts of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023305" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sugar</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> due to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023068" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">insulin resistance</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a></div></li></ul><p>When damage occurs, your body starts a healing process. The healing may cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> to build up where the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> are damaged.</p><p>Eventually, a section of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> can <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rupture</a> (break open), causing a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clot to form at the site. The buildup of plaque or blood clots can severely narrow or block the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> and limit the flow of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich blood to your body.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-atrisk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-atrisk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is at Risk for Peripheral Arterial Disease?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023287" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Peripheral arterial disease</a> (P.A.D.) affects millions of people in the United States. The disease is more common in African Americans than any other racial or ethnic group.</p><p>The major risk factors for P.A.D. are <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">smoking</a>, older age, and having certain diseases or conditions.</p><div id="nhlbi-pad-sec2-d5e37"><h3>Smoking</h3><p>Smoking is the main risk factor for P.A.D. Your risk of P.A.D. increases four times if you smoke or have a history of smoking.</p><p>On average, people who smoke and develop P.A.D. have symptoms 10 years earlier than people who don't smoke and develop P.A.D.</p><p>Quitting smoking slows the progress of P.A.D. Smoking even one or two cigarettes a day can interfere with P.A.D. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a>. People who smoke and people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a> are at highest risk for P.A.D. complications, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029651" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gangrene</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> death) in the leg from decreased <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pad-sec2-d5e53"><h3>Older Age</h3><p>Older age also is a risk factor for P.A.D. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Plaque</a> builds up in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> as you age. About 1 in every 20 Americans over the age of 60 has P.A.D. The risk continues to rise as you get older.</p><p>Older age combined with other risk factors, such as smoking or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>, also puts you at higher risk for P.A.D.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pad-sec2-d5e62"><h3>Diseases and Conditions</h3><p>Many diseases and conditions can raise your risk of P.A.D., including:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Diabetes</a>. About 1 in 3 people older than 50 who has diabetes also has P.A.D.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">High blood pressure</a> or a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family history</a> of it.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbc/">High blood cholesterol</a> or a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family history</a> of it.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">Coronary heart disease</a> (CHD) or a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family history</a> of it.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stroke/">Stroke</a> or a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family history</a> of it.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ms/">Metabolic syndrome</a> (a group of risk factors that raise your risk of CHD and other health problems, such as P.A.D., <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>).</div></li></ul></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Peripheral Arterial Disease?</h2><p>Many people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023287" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">peripheral arterial disease</a> (P.A.D.) don't have any signs or symptoms. Others may have many signs and symptoms.</p><p>Even if you don't have signs or symptoms, ask your doctor whether you should get checked for P.A.D. if you're:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Aged 70 or older</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Aged 50 or older and have a history of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">smoking</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Younger than 50 and have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a> and one or more <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-atherosclerosis/#nhlbisec-atrisk">risk factors for atherosclerosis</a> </div></li></ul><div id="nhlbi-pad-sec2-d6e53"><h3>Intermittent Claudication</h3><p>People who have P.A.D. may have symptoms when walking or climbing stairs. These symptoms may include pain, numbness, aching, or heaviness in the leg <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscles</a>.</p><p>Symptoms also may include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cramping</a> in the affected leg(s) and in the buttocks, thighs, calves, and feet. Symptoms may ease after resting.</p><p>These symptoms are called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024513" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">intermittent claudication</a>. During physical activity, your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscles</a> need increased <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow. If your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> are narrowed or blocked, your muscles won't get enough blood, which will lead to symptoms. When resting, the muscles need less blood flow, so the symptoms will go away.</p><p>About 10 percent of people who have P.A.D. have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024512" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">claudication</a>. This symptom is more likely in people who also have <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-atherosclerosis/">atherosclerosis</a> in other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pad-sec2-d6e72"><h3>Other Signs and Symptoms</h3><p>Other signs and symptoms of P.A.D. include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Weak or absent pulses in the legs or feet</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Sores or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022139" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">wounds</a> on the toes, feet, or legs that heal slowly, poorly, or not at all</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A pale or bluish color to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A lower temperature in one leg compared to the other leg</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Poor <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025352" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nail</a> growth on the toes and decreased hair growth on the legs</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Erectile dysfunction, especially among men who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a></div></li></ul></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Peripheral Arterial Disease Diagnosed?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023287" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Peripheral arterial disease</a> (P.A.D.) is diagnosed based on your medical and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family histories</a>, a physical exam, and test results.</p><p>P.A.D. often is diagnosed after symptoms are reported. A correct diagnosis is important because people who have P.A.D. are at higher risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">coronary heart disease</a> (CHD), <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stroke/">stroke</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024787" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">transient ischemic attack</a> ("mini-<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a>"). If you have P.A.D., your doctor also may want to check for signs of these diseases and conditions.</p><div id="nhlbi-pad-sec2-d7e46"><h3>Specialists Involved</h3><p>Primary care doctors, such as internists and family doctors, may treat people who have mild P.A.D. For more advanced P.A.D., a vascular specialist may be involved. This is a doctor who specializes in treating <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a> diseases and conditions.</p><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015644" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiologist</a> also may be involved in treating people who have P.A.D. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015644" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Cardiologists</a> treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> problems, such as CHD and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>, which often affect people who have P.A.D.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pad-sec2-d7e56"><h3>Medical and Family Histories</h3><p>Your doctor may ask:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Whether you have any risk factors for P.A.D. For example, he or she may ask whether you <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">smoke</a> or have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>About your symptoms, including any symptoms that occur when walking, exercising, sitting, standing, or climbing.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>About your diet.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>About any medicines you take, including prescription and over-the-counter medicines.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Whether anyone in your family has a history of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a> diseases.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-pad-sec2-d7e86"><h3>Physical Exam</h3><p>During the physical exam, your doctor will look for signs of P.A.D. He or she may check the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow in your legs or feet to see whether you have weak or absent pulses.</p><p>Your doctor also may check the pulses in your leg <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> for an abnormal whooshing sound called a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023206" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bruit</a> (broo-E). He or she can hear this sound with a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023209" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stethoscope</a>. A bruit may be a warning sign of a narrowed or blocked <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a>.</p><p>Your doctor may compare <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> between your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">limbs</a> to see whether the pressure is lower in the affected <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">limb</a>. He or she also may check for poor <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022139" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">wound</a> healing or any changes in your hair, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>, or nails that may be signs of P.A.D.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pad-sec2-d7e99"><h3>Diagnostic Tests</h3><div id="nhlbi-pad-sec3-d7e102"><h4>Ankle-Brachial Index</h4><p>A simple test called an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024901" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ankle</a>-brachial index (ABI) often is used to diagnose P.A.D. The ABI compares <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> in your ankle to blood pressure in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arm</a>. This test shows how well blood is flowing in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">limbs</a>.</p><p>ABI can show whether P.A.D. is affecting your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">limbs</a>, but it won't show which <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> are narrowed or blocked.</p><p>A normal ABI result is 1.0 or greater (with a range of 0.90 to 1.30). The test takes about 10 to 15 minutes to measure both <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arms</a> and both <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024901" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ankles</a>. This test may be done yearly to see whether P.A.D. is getting worse.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figd7e118" co-legend-rid="figlgndd7e118"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062981/figure/d7e118/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figd7e118" rid-ob="figobd7e118"><img class="small-thumb" src="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062981/bin/pad_abi.gif" src-large="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062981/bin/pad_abi.jpg" alt="Ankle-Brachial Index."></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndd7e118"><h4 id="d7e118"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062981/figure/d7e118/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd7e118">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Ankle-Brachial Index. The illustration shows the ankle-brachial index test. The test compares blood pressure in the ankle to blood pressure in the arm. As the blood pressure cuff deflates, the blood pressure in the arteries is recorded. </p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbi-pad-sec3-d7e124"><h4>Doppler Ultrasound</h4><p>A Doppler ultrasound looks at <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow in the major <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">limbs</a>. During this test, a handheld device is placed on your body and passed back and forth over the affected area. A computer converts sound waves into a picture of blood flow in the arteries and veins.</p><p>The results of this test can show whether a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a> is blocked. The results also can help show the severity of P.A.D.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pad-sec3-d7e134"><h4>Treadmill Test</h4><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029875" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treadmill test</a> can show the severity of symptoms and the level of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">exercise</a> that brings them on. You'll walk on a treadmill for this test. This shows whether you have any problems during normal walking.</p><p>You may have an ABI test before and after the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029875" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treadmill test</a>. This will help compare <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arms</a> and legs before and after <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">exercise</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pad-sec3-d7e143"><h4>Magnetic Resonance Angiogram</h4><p>A magnetic resonance angiogram (MRA) uses magnetic and radio wave energy to take pictures of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>. This test is a type of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).</p><p>An MRA can show the location and severity of a blocked <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a>. If you have a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pace/">pacemaker</a>, man-made <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022450" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">joint</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stents/">stent</a>, surgical clips, mechanical <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valve</a>, or other metallic devices in your body, you might not be able to have an MRA. Ask your doctor whether an MRA is an option for you.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pad-sec3-d7e162"><h4>Arteriogram</h4><p>An arteriogram provides a "road map" of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>. Doctors use this test to find the exact location of a blocked <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a>.</p><p>For this test, dye is injected through a needle or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022169" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">catheter</a> (tube) into one of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>. This may make you feel mildly flushed. After the dye is injected, an x ray is taken. The x ray can show the location, type, and extent of the blockage in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a>.</p><p>Some doctors use a newer method of arteriogram that uses tiny ultrasound cameras. These cameras take pictures of the insides of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>. This method is called intravascular ultrasound.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pad-sec3-d7e174"><h4>Blood Tests</h4><p>Your doctor may recommend <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bdt/">blood tests</a> to check for P.A.D. risk factors. For example, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022070" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood tests</a> can help diagnose conditions such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbc/">high blood cholesterol</a>.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Peripheral Arterial Disease Treated?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatments</a> for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023287" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">peripheral arterial disease</a> (P.A.D.) include lifestyle changes, medicines, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> or procedures.</p><p>The overall goals of treating P.A.D. include reducing symptoms, improving quality of life, and preventing complications. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatment</a> is based on your signs and symptoms, risk factors, and results from a physical exam and tests.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatment</a> may slow or stop disease progress and reduce the risk of complications. Without treatment, P.A.D. can cause sores or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029651" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gangrene</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> death). In extreme cases, it may be necessary to remove part of the leg or foot (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">amputation</a>).</p><div id="nhlbi-pad-sec2-d8e37"><h3>Lifestyle Changes</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatment</a> often includes making long-lasting lifestyle changes, such as:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Quitting <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">smoking</a>. Your risk of P.A.D. increases four times if you smoke. Smoking also raises your risk for other diseases, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">coronary heart disease</a> (CHD). Talk with your doctor about programs and products that can help you quit smoking. Also, try to avoid <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029761" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">secondhand smoke</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Lowering <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">blood pressure</a>. This lifestyle change can help you avoid the risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stroke/">stroke</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028181" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidney disease</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Lowering <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbc/">high blood cholesterol</a>. Lowering <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cholesterol</a> can delay or even reverse the buildup of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Lowering <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024697" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood glucose</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023305" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sugar</a>) levels if you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>. A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029849" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin A1C test</a> can show how well you have controlled your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024697" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood sugar</a> level over the past 3 months.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Being <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-phys/">physically active</a>. Talk with your doctor about taking part in a supervised <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">exercise</a> program. This type of program has been shown to reduce P.A.D. symptoms.</div></li></ul><p>Follow a healthy eating plan that's low in total <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fat</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018272" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">saturated fat</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022582" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">trans fat</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cholesterol</a>, and sodium (salt). Include fruits, vegetables, and low-fat dairy products in your diet. If you're <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-obe/">overweight or obese</a>, work with your doctor to create a reasonable weight-loss plan.</p><p>Two examples of healthy eating plans are <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/chol/chol_tlc.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Therapeutic Lifestyle Changes (TLC)</a> and <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/dash/dash_what.html" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension</a> (DASH).</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pad-sec2-d8e110"><h3>Medicines</h3><p>Your doctor may prescribe medicines to:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Treat unhealthy <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cholesterol</a> levels and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood pressure</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Prevent <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots from forming due to low blood flow</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Help ease <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024515" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">leg pain</a> that occurs when you walk or climb stairs</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-pad-sec2-d8e129"><h3>Surgery or Procedures</h3><div id="nhlbi-pad-sec3-d8e132"><h4>Bypass Grafting</h4><p>Your doctor may recommend bypass grafting <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> if <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">limb</a> is blocked or nearly blocked. For this surgery, your doctor uses a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a> from another part of your body or a man-made tube to make a graft.</p><p>This graft bypasses (that is, goes around) the blocked part of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a>. The bypass allows <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to flow around the blockage.</p><p>This <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> doesn't cure P.A.D., but it may increase <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow to the affected <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">limb</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pad-sec3-d8e145"><h4>Angioplasty and Stenting</h4><p>Your doctor may recommend <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029847" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">angioplasty</a> (AN-jee-oh-plas-tee) to restore <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow through a narrowed or blocked <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a>.</p><p>During this procedure, a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022169" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">catheter</a> (thin tube) with a balloon at the tip is inserted into a blocked <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a>. The balloon is then inflated, which pushes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> outward against the artery wall. This widens the artery and restores <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow.</p><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stents/">stent</a> (a small mesh tube) may be placed in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a> during <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029847" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">angioplasty</a>. A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029850" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stent</a> helps keep the artery open after angioplasty is done. Some <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029850" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stents</a> are coated with medicine to help prevent blockages in the artery.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pad-sec3-d8e163"><h4>Atherectomy</h4><p>Atherectomy (ath-eh-REK-to-me) is a procedure that removes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> buildup from an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a>. During the procedure, a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022169" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">catheter</a> is used to insert a small cutting device into the blocked artery. The device is used to shave or cut off plaque.</p><p>The bits of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> are removed from the body through the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022169" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">catheter</a> or washed away in the bloodstream (if they're small enough).</p><p>Doctors also can do atherectomy using a special <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022301" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">laser</a> that dissolves the blockage.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-pad-sec2-d8e176"><h3>Other Types of Treatment</h3><p>Researchers are studying <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cell</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapies</a> to treat P.A.D. However, these <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> aren't yet available outside of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a>.</p><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a>, go to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062981/#nhlbisec-trials">"Clinical Trials"</a> section of this article or the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-clinicaltrials/">Clinical Trials</a> article.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-prevention"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-prevention_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Can Peripheral Arterial Disease Be Prevented?</h2><p>Taking action to control your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062981/#nhlbisec-atrisk">risk factors</a> can help prevent or delay <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023287" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">peripheral arterial disease</a> (P.A.D.) and its complications.</p><p>Know your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family history</a> of health problems related to P.A.D. If you or someone in your family has the disease, be sure to tell your doctor.</p><p>If you smoke, quit. Smoking is the main risk factor for P.A.D. Your risk of P.A.D. increases four times if you smoke or have a history of smoking. Talk with your doctor about programs and products that can help you quit smoking. Also, try to avoid <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029761" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">secondhand smoke</a>.</p><p>The Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">Smoking and Your Heart</a> article and the National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute's (NHLBI's) <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/other/your_guide/healthyheart.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri"> "Your Guide to a Healthy Heart"</a> both include information about how to quit smoking.</p><p>Follow a healthy diet that includes a variety of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. A healthy diet also includes lean meats, poultry, fish, beans, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fat</a>-free or low-fat milk or milk products. A healthy diet is low in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018272" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">saturated fat</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022582" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">trans fat</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cholesterol</a>, sodium (salt), and added <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023305" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sugar</a>.</p><p>The National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute's (NHLBI's) <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/chol/chol_tlc.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Therapeutic Lifestyle Changes (TLC)</a> and <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/dash/dash_what.html" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH)</a> are two programs that promote healthy eating.</p><p>If you're <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-obe/">overweight or obese</a>, work with your doctor to create a reasonable weight-loss plan. Also, try to be physically active. Physical activity can improve your fitness level and your health. Talk with your doctor about the types of activity that are safe for you.</p><p>The Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-phys/">Physical Activity and Your Heart</a> article and the NHLBI's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/obesity/phy_active.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri"> "Your Guide to Physical Activity and Your Heart"</a> include information about physical activity. Although these resources focus on heart health, they also apply to general health and well-being.</p><p>The lifestyle changes described above can reduce your risk of P.A.D. These changes also can help prevent and control conditions that can lead to P.A.D., such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">high blood pressure</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbc/">high blood cholesterol</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">coronary heart disease</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stroke/">stroke</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-livingwith"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-livingwith_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Living With Peripheral Arterial Disease</h2><p>If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023287" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">peripheral arterial disease</a> (P.A.D.), you're more likely to also have <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">coronary heart disease</a> (CHD), <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stroke/">stroke</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024787" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">transient ischemic attack</a> ("mini-<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a>"). However, you can take steps to treat and control P.A.D. and lower your risk for these other conditions.</p><div id="nhlbi-pad-sec2-d10e45"><h3>Living With Peripheral Arterial Disease Symptoms</h3><p>If you have P.A.D., you may feel pain in your calf or thigh <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscles</a> after walking. Try to take a break and allow the pain to ease before walking again. Over time, this may increase the distance that you can walk without pain.</p><p>Talk with your doctor about taking part in a supervised <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">exercise</a> program. This type of program has been shown to reduce P.A.D. symptoms.</p><p>Check your feet and toes regularly for sores or possible infections. Wear comfortable shoes that fit well. Maintain good foot hygiene and have professional medical <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> for corns, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025483" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bunions</a>, or calluses.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pad-sec2-d10e58"><h3>Ongoing Health Care Needs and Lifestyle Changes</h3><p>See your doctor for checkups as he or she advises. If you have P.A.D. without symptoms, you should still see your doctor regularly. Take all medicines as your doctor prescribes.</p><p>Lifestyle changes can help prevent or delay P.A.D. and other related problems, such as CHD, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024787" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">transient ischemic attack</a>. Lifestyle changes include quitting <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">smoking</a>, controlling risk factors, being <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-phys/">physically active</a>, and following a healthy diet.</p><p>For more information about lifestyle changes, go to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062981/#nhlbisec-treatment">"How Can Peripheral Arterial Disease Be Treated?"</a> </p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-trials"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-trials_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Clinical Trials</h2><p>The National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute (NHLBI) is strongly committed to supporting research aimed at preventing and treating heart, lung, and blood diseases and conditions and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorders</a>.</p><p>NHLBI-supported research has led to many advances in medical knowledge and care. For example, this research has uncovered some of the causes of various diseases and conditions, as well as ways to prevent, diagnose, or treat them.</p><p>The NHLBI continues to support research aimed at learning more about various diseases and conditions, including <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023287" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">peripheral arterial disease</a> (P.A.D.). For example, NHLBI-supported research on P.A.D. includes studies that explore:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Ways to increase physical activity and its benefits in people who have P.A.D., such as motivational interviewing or taking nutritional supplements</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The effectiveness of certain types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> to improve or increase <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow or activity level in people who have P.A.D.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The causes of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-atherosclerosis/">atherosclerosis</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The effect of short <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> duration on cardiovascular function</div></li></ul><p>Much of this research depends on the willingness of volunteers to take part in <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-clinicaltrials/">clinical trials</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Clinical trials</a> test new ways to prevent, diagnose, or treat various diseases and conditions.</p><p>For example, new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for a disease or condition (such as medicines, medical devices, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgeries</a>, or procedures) are tested in volunteers who have the illness. Testing shows whether a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> is safe and effective in humans before it is made available for widespread use.</p><p>By taking part in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, you can gain access to new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> before they're widely available. You also will have the support of a team of health care providers, who will likely monitor your health closely. Even if you don't directly benefit from the results of a clinical trial, the information gathered can help others and add to scientific knowledge.</p><p>If you volunteer for a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, the research will be explained to you in detail. You'll learn about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> and tests you may receive, and the benefits and risks they may pose. You'll also be given a chance to ask questions about the research. This process is called informed consent.</p><p>If you agree to take part in the trial, you'll be asked to sign an informed consent form. This form is not a contract. You have the right to withdraw from a study at any time, for any reason. Also, you have the right to learn about new risks or findings that emerge during the trial.</p><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> related to P.A.D., talk with your doctor. You also can visit the following Web sites to learn more about clinical research and to search for clinical trials:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>http://clinicalresearch.nih.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.clinicaltrials.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.researchmatch.org</div></li></ul></div><div style="display: none; width: 200px; top: -100px; left: -100px;" aria-live="assertive" aria-hidden="true" class="ui-helper-reset ui-ncbipopper-wrapper ui-ncbilinksmenu"><ul id="ui-ncbiinpagenav-6"><li><a href="#_nhlbi-pad-sec1-d1e37_">What Is Peripheral Arterial Disease?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-names_">Other Names for Peripheral Arterial Disease</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-causes_">What Causes Peripheral Arterial Disease?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-atrisk_">Who Is at Risk for Peripheral Arterial Disease?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-signs_">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Peripheral Arterial Disease?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-diagnosis_">How Is Peripheral Arterial Disease Diagnosed?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-treatment_">How Is Peripheral Arterial Disease Treated?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-prevention_">How Can Peripheral Arterial Disease Be Prevented?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-livingwith_">Living With Peripheral Arterial Disease</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-trials_">Clinical Trials</a></li></ul></div></div></div> |
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2018-02-02 05:22:05 |
Pernicious Anemia |
<div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-prnanmia-sec1-d1e37_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Is Pernicious Anemia?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022012" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pernicious anemia</a> (per-NISH-us uh-NEE-me-uh) is a condition in which the body can't make enough healthy <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> because it doesn't have enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022013" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin B12</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022013" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Vitamin B12</a> is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023354" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nutrient</a> found in some foods. The body needs this nutrient to make healthy <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> and to keep its <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025454" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nervous system</a> working properly.</p><p>People who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022012" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pernicious anemia</a> can't absorb enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022013" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin B12</a> from food. This is because they lack intrinsic (in-TRIN-sik) factor, a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> made in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a>. A lack of this protein leads to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin B12 deficiency</a>.</p><p>Other conditions and factors also can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin B12 deficiency</a>. Examples include infections, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>, medicines, and diet. Technically, the term "<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022012" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pernicious anemia</a>" refers to vitamin B12 deficiency due to a lack of intrinsic factor. Often though, vitamin B12 deficiency due to other causes also is called pernicious anemia.</p><p>This article discusses <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022012" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pernicious anemia</a> due to a lack of intrinsic factor and other causes.</p><div id="nhlbi-prnanmia-sec2-d1e56"><h3>Overview</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022012" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pernicious anemia</a> is a type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-anemia/">anemia</a>. The term "anemia" usually refers to a condition in which the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> has a lower than normal number of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>. In pernicious anemia, the body can't make enough healthy red blood cells because it doesn't have enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0012653" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin B12</a>.</p><p>Without enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0012653" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin B12</a>, your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> don't divide normally and are too large. They may have trouble getting out of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a>—a sponge-like <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> inside the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022807" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bones</a> where blood cells are made.</p><p>Without enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> to carry <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> to your body, you may feel tired and weak. Severe or long-lasting <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022012" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pernicious anemia</a> can damage the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>, and other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> in the body.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022012" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pernicious anemia</a> also can cause other problems, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022678" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nerve</a> damage, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024541" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neurological</a> problems (such as memory loss), and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022855" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">digestive tract</a> problems. People who have pernicious anemia also may be at higher risk for weakened <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022807" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone</a> strength and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021891" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach cancer</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-prnanmia-sec2-d1e75"><h3>Outlook</h3><p>The term “pernicious” means “deadly.” The condition is called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022012" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pernicious anemia</a> because it often was fatal in the past, before <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022013" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin B12</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> were available. Now, pernicious anemia usually is easy to treat with vitamin B12 pills or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022222" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">shots</a>.</p><p>With ongoing care and proper <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>, most people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022012" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pernicious anemia</a> can recover, feel well, and live normal lives.</p><p>Without <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022012" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pernicious anemia</a> can lead to serious problems with the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022678" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nerves</a>, and other parts of the body. Some of these problems may be permanent.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-names"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-names_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Other Names for Pernicious Anemia</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022012" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pernicious anemia</a> is one of two major types of "macrocytic" or "megaloblastic" anemia. These terms refer to anemia in which the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> are larger than normal. (The other major type of macrocytic anemia is caused by <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022009" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">folic acid</a> deficiency.)</p><p>Rarely, children are born with an inherited disorder that prevents their bodies from making intrinsic factor. This disorder is called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023376" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">congenital</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022012" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pernicious anemia</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Vitamin B12 deficiency</a> also is called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cobalamin deficiency</a> and combined systems disease.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes Pernicious Anemia?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022012" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pernicious anemia</a> is caused by a lack of intrinsic factor or other causes, such as infections, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>, medicines, or diet.</p><div id="nhlbi-prnanmia-sec2-d4e31"><h3>Lack of Intrinsic Factor</h3><p>Intrinsic factor is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> made in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a>. It helps your body absorb <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0012653" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin B12</a>. In some people, an autoimmune response causes a lack of intrinsic factor.</p><p>An autoimmune response occurs if the body’s <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025680" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune system</a> makes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antibodies</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022051" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">proteins</a>) that mistakenly <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024324" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">attack</a> and damage the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissues</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a>.</p><p>In <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022012" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pernicious anemia</a>, the body makes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antibodies</a> that <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024324" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">attack</a> and destroy the parietal (pa-RI-eh-tal) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a>. These cells line the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a> and make intrinsic factor. Why this autoimmune response occurs isn't known.</p><p>As a result of this <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024324" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">attack</a>, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a> stops making intrinsic factor. Without intrinsic factor, your body can't move <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0012653" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin B12</a> through the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022231" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">small intestine</a>, where it's absorbed. This leads to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin B12 deficiency</a>.</p><p>A lack of intrinsic factor also can occur if you've had part or all of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a> surgically removed. This type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> reduces the number of parietal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> available to make intrinsic factor.</p><p>Rarely, children are born with an inherited disorder that prevents their bodies from making intrinsic factor. This disorder is called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023376" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">congenital</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022012" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pernicious anemia</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-prnanmia-sec2-d4e53"><h3>Other Causes</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022012" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pernicious anemia</a> also has other causes, besides a lack of intrinsic factor. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024807" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Malabsorption</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022231" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">small intestine</a> and a diet lacking <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022013" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin B12</a> both can lead to pernicious anemia.</p><div id="nhlbi-prnanmia-sec3-d4e60"><h4>Malabsorption in the Small Intestine</h4><p>Sometimes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022012" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pernicious anemia</a> occurs because the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022231" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">small intestine</a> can't properly absorb <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022013" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin B12</a>. This may be the result of:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Too many of the wrong kind of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bacteria</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022231" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">small intestine</a>. This is a common cause of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022012" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pernicious anemia</a> in older adults. The bacteria use up the available <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022013" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin B12</a> before the small intestine can absorb it.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Diseases that interfere with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0012653" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin B12</a> absorption. One example is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024528" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">celiac disease</a>. This is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022031" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic</a> disorder in which your body can't tolerate a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024529" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gluten</a>. Another example is Crohn's disease, an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022800" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inflammatory bowel disease</a>. HIV also may interfere with vitamin B12 absorption.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Certain medicines that alter bacterial growth or prevent the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022231" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">small intestine</a> from properly absorbing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022013" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin B12</a>. Examples include antibiotics and certain <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">seizure</a> medicines.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Surgical removal of part or all of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022231" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">small intestine</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A tapeworm <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>. The tapeworm feeds off of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022013" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin B12</a>. Eating undercooked, infected fish may cause this type of infection.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-prnanmia-sec3-d4e84"><h4>Diet Lacking Vitamin B12</h4><p>Some people get <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022012" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pernicious anemia</a> because they don't have enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0012653" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin B12</a> in their diets. This cause of pernicious anemia is less common than other causes.</p><p>Good food sources of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0012653" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin B12</a> include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Breakfast cereals with added <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022013" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin B12</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Meats such as beef, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver</a>, poultry, and fish</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Eggs and dairy products (such as milk, yogurt, and cheese)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Foods fortified with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0012653" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin B12</a>, such as soy-based beverages and vegetarian burgers</div></li></ul><p>Strict vegetarians who don't eat any animal or dairy products and don't take a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0012653" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin B12</a> supplement are at risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022012" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pernicious anemia</a>.</p><p>Breastfed infants of strict vegetarian mothers also are at risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022012" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pernicious anemia</a>. These infants can develop anemia within months of being born. This is because they haven't had enough time to store <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022013" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin B12</a> in their bodies. Doctors treat these infants with vitamin B12 supplements.</p><p>Other groups, such as the elderly and people who suffer from alcoholism, also may be at risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022012" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pernicious anemia</a>. These people may not get the proper <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023354" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nutrients</a> in their diets.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-atrisk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-atrisk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is at Risk for Pernicious Anemia?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022012" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pernicious anemia</a> is more common in people of Northern European and African descent than in other ethnic groups.</p><p>Older people also are at higher risk for the condition. This is mainly due to a lack of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a> acid and intrinsic factor, which prevents the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022231" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">small intestine</a> from absorbing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022013" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin B12</a>. As people grow older, they tend to make less stomach acid.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022012" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pernicious anemia</a> also can occur in younger people and other populations. You're at higher risk for pernicious anemia if you:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Have a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family history</a> of the condition.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Have had part or all of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a> surgically removed. The stomach makes intrinsic factor. This <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> helps your body absorb <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0012653" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin B12</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Have an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022033" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">autoimmune disorder</a> that involves the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022073" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">endocrine glands</a>, such as Addison's disease, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024702" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">type 1 diabetes</a>, Graves' disease, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022700" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitiligo</a>. Research suggests a link may exist between these <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022033" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">autoimmune disorders</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022012" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pernicious anemia</a> that's caused by an autoimmune response.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Have had part or all of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022231" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">small intestine</a> surgically removed. The small intestine is where <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022013" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin B12</a> is absorbed.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Have certain intestinal diseases or other disorders that may prevent your body from properly absorbing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0012653" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin B12</a>. Examples include Crohn's disease, intestinal infections, and HIV.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Take medicines that prevent your body from properly absorbing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022013" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin B12</a>. Examples of such medicines include antibiotics and certain <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">seizure</a> medicines.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Are a strict vegetarian who doesn't eat any animal or dairy products and doesn't take a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022013" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin B12</a> supplement, or if you eat poorly overall.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Pernicious Anemia?</h2><p>A lack of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0012653" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin B12</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin B12 deficiency</a>) causes the signs and symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022012" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pernicious anemia</a>. Without enough vitamin B12, your body can't make enough healthy <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>, which causes <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-anemia/">anemia</a>.</p><p>Some of the signs and symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022012" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pernicious anemia</a> apply to all types of anemia. Other signs and symptoms are specific to a lack of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0012653" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin B12</a>.</p><div id="nhlbi-prnanmia-sec2-d6e37"><h3>Signs and Symptoms of Anemia</h3><p>The most common symptom of all types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a> is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fatigue</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tiredness</a>). Fatigue occurs because your body doesn’t have enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> to carry <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> to its various parts.</p><p>A low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cell</a> count also can cause shortness of breath, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029722" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">dizziness</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">headache</a>, coldness in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hands</a> and feet, pale or yellowish <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain.</p><p>A lack of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> also means that your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> has to work harder to move <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich blood through your body. This can lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">irregular heartbeats</a> called <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-arr/">arrhythmias</a> (ah-RITH-me-ahs), <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartmurmur/">heart murmur</a>, an enlarged heart, or even <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-prnanmia-sec2-d6e59"><h3>Signs and Symptoms of Vitamin B12 Deficiency</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Vitamin B12 deficiency</a> may lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022678" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nerve</a> damage. This can cause tingling and numbness in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hands</a> and feet, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscle</a> weakness, and loss of reflexes. You also may feel unsteady, lose your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024854" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">balance</a>, and have trouble walking. Vitamin B12 deficiency can cause weakened <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022807" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bones</a> and may lead to hip fractures.</p><p>Severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin B12 deficiency</a> can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024541" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neurological</a> problems, such as confusion, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029494" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">dementia</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024768" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">depression</a>, and memory loss.</p><p>Other symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin B12 deficiency</a> involve the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022855" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">digestive tract</a>. These symptoms include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024775" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nausea</a> (feeling sick to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a>) and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024776" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vomiting</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028109" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heartburn</a>, abdominal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028108" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bloating</a> and gas, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024803" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">constipation</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024806" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diarrhea</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024897" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">loss of appetite</a>, and weight loss. An enlarged <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver</a> is another symptom.</p><p>A smooth, thick, red <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022322" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tongue</a> also is a sign of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin B12 deficiency</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022012" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pernicious anemia</a>.</p><p>Infants who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin B12 deficiency</a> may have poor reflexes or unusual movements, such as face <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024540" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tremors</a>. They may have trouble feeding due to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022322" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tongue</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024473" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">throat</a> problems. They also may be irritable. If vitamin B12 deficiency isn't treated, these infants may have permanent growth problems.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Pernicious Anemia Diagnosed?</h2><p>Your doctor will diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022012" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pernicious anemia</a> based on your medical and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family histories</a>, a physical exam, and test results.</p><p>Your doctor will want to find out whether the condition is due to a lack of intrinsic factor or another cause. He or she also will want to find out the severity of the condition, so it can be properly treated.</p><div id="nhlbi-prnanmia-sec2-d7e34"><h3>Specialists Involved</h3><p>Primary care doctors—such as family doctors, internists, and pediatricians (doctors who treat children)—often diagnose and treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022012" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pernicious anemia</a>. Other kinds of doctors also may be involved, including:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022774" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neurologist</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025454" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nervous system</a> specialist)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015644" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiologist</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> specialist)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A hematologist (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> disease specialist)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028172" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gastroenterologist</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022855" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">digestive tract</a> specialist)</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-prnanmia-sec2-d7e56"><h3>Medical and Family Histories</h3><p>Your doctor may ask about your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063030/#nhlbisec-signs">signs and symptoms</a>. He or she also may ask:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Whether you've had any <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a> or intestinal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgeries</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Whether you have any digestive disorders, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024528" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">celiac disease</a> or Crohn's disease</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>About your diet and any medicines you take</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Whether you have a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family history</a> of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-anemia/">anemia</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022012" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pernicious anemia</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Whether you have a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family history</a> of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022033" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">autoimmune disorders</a> (such as Addison's disease, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024702" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">type 1 diabetes</a>, Graves' disease, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022700" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitiligo</a>). Research suggests a link may exist between these autoimmune disorders and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022012" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pernicious anemia</a> that's caused by an autoimmune response.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-prnanmia-sec2-d7e86"><h3>Physical Exam</h3><p>During the physical exam, your doctor may check for pale or yellowish <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> and an enlarged <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver</a>. He or she may listen to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> for rapid or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">irregular heartbeats</a> or a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartmurmur/">heart murmur</a>.</p><p>Your doctor also may check for signs of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022678" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nerve</a> damage. He or she may want to see how well your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscles</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eyes</a>, senses, and reflexes work. Your doctor may ask questions or do tests to check your mental status, coordination, and ability to walk.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-prnanmia-sec2-d7e99"><h3>Diagnostic Tests and Procedures</h3><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bdt/">Blood tests</a> and procedures can help diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022012" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pernicious anemia</a> and find out what's causing it.</p><div id="nhlbi-prnanmia-sec3-d7e107"><h4>Complete Blood Count</h4><p>Often, the first test used to diagnose many types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a> is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bdt/#nhlbisec-types">complete blood count</a> (CBC). This test measures many parts of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. For this test, a small amount of blood is drawn from a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a> (usually in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arm</a>) using a needle.</p><p>A CBC checks your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a> (HEE-muh-glow-bin) and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021986" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hematocrit</a> (hee-MAT-oh-crit) levels. Hemoglobin is an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> that helps <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> carry <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> to the rest of the body. Hematocrit is a measure of how much space red blood cells take up in your blood. A low level of hemoglobin or hematocrit is a sign of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>.</p><p>The normal range of these levels may be lower in certain racial and ethnic populations. Your doctor can explain your test results to you.</p><p>The CBC also checks the number of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022046" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">white blood cells</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a> (PLATE-lets) in your blood. Abnormal results may be a sign of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>, another blood disorder, an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>, or another condition.</p><p>Finally, the CBC looks at mean corpuscular (kor-<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024835" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">PUS</a>-kyu-lar) volume (MCV). MCV is a measure of the average size of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>. MCV can be a clue as to what's causing your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>. In <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022012" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pernicious anemia</a>, the red blood cells are larger than normal.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-prnanmia-sec3-d7e129"><h4>Other Blood Tests</h4><p>If the CBC results confirm that you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>, you may need other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022070" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood tests</a> to find out what type of anemia you have.</p><p>A reticulocyte (re-TIK-u-lo-site) count measures the number of young <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> in your blood. The test shows whether your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> is making red blood cells at the correct rate. People who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022012" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pernicious anemia</a> have low reticulocyte counts.</p><p>Serum <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022009" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">folate</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>, and iron-binding capacity tests also can help show whether you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022012" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pernicious anemia</a> or another type of anemia.</p><p>Your doctor may recommend other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022070" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood tests</a> to check:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0012653" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin B12</a> level. A low level of vitamin B12 in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> indicates <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022012" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pernicious anemia</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Your homocysteine and methylmalonic acid (MMA) levels. High levels of these substances in your body are a sign of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022012" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pernicious anemia</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>For intrinsic factor <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antibodies</a> and parietal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cell</a> antibodies. These antibodies also are a sign of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022012" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pernicious anemia</a>.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-prnanmia-sec3-d7e157"><h4>Bone Marrow Tests</h4><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bmt/">Bone marrow tests</a> can show whether your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> is healthy and making enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>. The two bone marrow tests are <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030172" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aspiration</a> (as-pi-RA-shun) and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022958" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">biopsy</a>.</p><p>For <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030172" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aspiration</a>, your doctor removes a small amount of fluid <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> through a needle. For a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022958" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">biopsy</a>, your doctor removes a small amount of bone marrow <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> through a larger needle. The samples are then examined under a microscope.</p><p>In <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022012" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pernicious anemia</a>, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> that turn into <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> cells are larger than normal.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Pernicious Anemia Treated?</h2><p>Doctors treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022012" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pernicious anemia</a> by replacing the missing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0012653" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin B12</a> in the body. People who have pernicious anemia may need lifelong <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>.</p><p>The goals of treating <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022012" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pernicious anemia</a> include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Preventing or treating the <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-anemia/">anemia</a> and its signs and symptoms</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Preventing or managing complications, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022678" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nerve</a> damage</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Treating the cause of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022012" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pernicious anemia</a> (if a cause can be found)</div></li></ul><div id="nhlbi-prnanmia-sec2-d8e49"><h3>Specific Types of Treatment</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022012" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pernicious anemia</a> usually is easy to treat with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0012653" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin B12</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022222" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">shots</a> or pills.</p><p>If you have severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022012" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pernicious anemia</a>, your doctor may recommend <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022222" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">shots</a> first. Shots usually are given in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscle</a> every day or every week until the level of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022013" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin B12</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> increases. After your vitamin B12 blood level returns to normal, you may get a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022222" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">shot</a> only once a month.</p><p>For less severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022012" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pernicious anemia</a>, your doctor may recommend large doses of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022013" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin B12</a> pills. A vitamin B12 <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025667" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nose</a> gel and spray also are available. These products may be useful for people who have trouble <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027073" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">swallowing</a> pills, such as older people who have had <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stroke/">strokes</a>.</p><p>Your signs and symptoms may begin to improve within a few days after you start <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>. Your doctor may advise you to limit your physical activity until your condition improves.</p><p>If your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022012" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pernicious anemia</a> is caused by something other than a lack of intrinsic factor, you may get <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> for the cause (if a cause can be found). For example, your doctor may prescribe medicines to treat a condition that prevents your body from absorbing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022013" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin B12</a>.</p><p>If medicines are the cause of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022012" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pernicious anemia</a>, your doctor may change the type or dose of medicine you take. Infants of strict vegetarian mothers may be given <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0012653" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin B12</a> supplements from birth.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-prevention"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-prevention_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Can Pernicious Anemia Be Prevented?</h2><p>You can't prevent <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022012" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pernicious anemia</a> caused by a lack of intrinsic factor. Without intrinsic factor, you won't be able to absorb <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022013" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin B12</a> and will develop pernicious anemia.</p><p>Although uncommon, some people develop <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022012" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pernicious anemia</a> because they don't get enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0012653" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin B12</a> in their diets. You can take steps to prevent pernicious anemia caused by dietary factors.</p><p>Eating foods high in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022013" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin B12</a> can help prevent low vitamin B12 levels. Good food sources of vitamin B12 include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Breakfast cereals with added <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0012653" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin B12</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Meats such as beef, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver</a>, poultry, and fish</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Eggs and dairy products (such as milk, yogurt, and cheese)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Foods fortified with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022013" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin B12</a>, such as soy-based beverages and vegetarian burgers</div></li></ul><p>If you’re a strict vegetarian, talk with your doctor about having your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022013" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin B12</a> level checked regularly.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022013" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Vitamin B12</a> also is found in multivitamins and B-complex vitamin supplements. Doctors may recommend supplements for people at risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin B12 deficiency</a>, such as strict vegetarians or people who have had <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>.</p><p>Older adults may have trouble absorbing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022013" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin B12</a>. Thus, doctors may recommend that older adults eat foods fortified with vitamin B12 or take vitamin B12 supplements.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-livingwith"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-livingwith_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Living With Pernicious Anemia</h2><p>With proper <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>, people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022012" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pernicious anemia</a> can recover, feel well, and live normal lives. If you have complications of pernicious anemia, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022678" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nerve</a> damage, early treatment may help reverse the damage.</p><div id="nhlbi-prnanmia-sec2-d10e31"><h3>Ongoing Care</h3><p>If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022012" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pernicious anemia</a>, you may need lifelong <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>. See your doctor regularly for checkups and ongoing care. Take <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0012653" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin B12</a> supplements as your doctor advises. This may help prevent symptoms and complications.</p><p>During your followup visits, your doctor may check for signs of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin B12 deficiency</a>. He or she also may adjust your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> as needed.</p><p>If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022012" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pernicious anemia</a>, you're at higher risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021891" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach cancer</a>. See your doctor regularly so he or she can check for this complication.</p><p>Also, tell your family members, especially your children and brothers and sisters, that you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022012" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pernicious anemia</a>. Pernicious anemia can run in families, so they may have a higher risk for the condition.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-trials"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-trials_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Clinical Trials</h2><p>The National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute (NHLBI) is strongly committed to supporting research aimed at preventing and treating heart, lung, and blood diseases and conditions and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorders</a>.</p><p>NHLBI-supported research has led to many advances in medical knowledge and care. Often, these advances depend on the willingness of volunteers to take part in <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-clinicaltrials/">clinical trials</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Clinical trials</a> test new ways to prevent, diagnose, or treat various diseases and conditions. For example, new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for a disease or condition (such as medicines, medical devices, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgeries</a>, or procedures) are tested in volunteers who have the illness. Testing shows whether a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> is safe and effective in humans before it is made available for widespread use.</p><p>By taking part in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, you can gain access to new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> before they’re widely available. You also will have the support of a team of health care providers, who will likely monitor your health closely. Even if you don’t directly benefit from the results of a clinical trial, the information gathered can help others and add to scientific knowledge.</p><p>If you volunteer for a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, the research will be explained to you in detail. You’ll learn about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> and tests you may receive, and the benefits and risks they may pose. You’ll also be given a chance to ask questions about the research. This process is called informed consent.</p><p>If you agree to take part in the trial, you’ll be asked to sign an informed consent form. This form is not a contract. You have the right to withdraw from a study at any time, for any reason. Also, you have the right to learn about new risks or findings that emerge during the trial.</p><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> related to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022012" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pernicious anemia</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin B12 deficiency</a>, talk with your doctor. You also can visit the following Web sites to learn more about clinical research and to search for clinical trials:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>http://clinicalresearch.nih.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.clinicaltrials.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm</a> </div></li><li clas |
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Pleurisy and Other Pleural Disorders |
<div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-pleurisy-sec1-d1e34_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are Pleurisy and Other Pleural Disorders?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023380" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pleurisy</a> (PLUR-ih-se) is a condition in which the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022321" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleura</a> is inflamed. The pleura is a membrane that consists of two large, thin layers of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a>. One layer wraps around the outside of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. The other layer lines the inside of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029751" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest cavity</a>.</p><p>Between the layers of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> is a very thin space called the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025091" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleural space</a>. Normally this space is filled with a small amount of fluid—about 4 teaspoons full. The fluid helps the two layers of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022321" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleura</a> glide smoothly past each other as you breathe in and out.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023380" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pleurisy</a> occurs if the two layers of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022321" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleura</a> become irritated and inflamed. Instead of gliding smoothly past each other, they rub together every time you breathe in. The rubbing can cause sharp pain.</p><p>Many conditions can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023380" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleurisy</a>, including <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024518" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">viral infections</a>.</p><div id="nhlbi-pleurisy-sec2-d1e50"><h3>Other Pleural Disorders</h3><div id="nhlbi-pleurisy-sec3-d1e53"><h4>Pneumothorax</h4><p>Air or gas can build up in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025091" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleural space</a>. When this happens, it's called a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023382" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumothorax</a> (noo-mo-THOR-aks). A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung disease</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acute</a> lung injury can cause a pneumothorax. </p><p>Some lung procedures also can cause a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023382" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumothorax</a>. Examples include lung <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>, drainage of fluid with a needle, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bron/">bronchoscopy</a> (bron-KOS-ko-pee), and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-vent/">mechanical ventilation</a>.</p><p>Sometimes the cause of a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023382" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumothorax</a> isn't known.</p><p>The most common symptoms of a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023382" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumothorax</a> are sudden pain in one side of the lung and shortness of breath. The air or gas in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025091" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleural space</a> also can put pressure on the lung and cause it to collapse.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figd1e78" co-legend-rid="figlgndd1e78"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063064/figure/d1e78/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figd1e78" rid-ob="figobd1e78"><img class="small-thumb" src="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063064/bin/pleurisy.gif" src-large="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063064/bin/pleurisy.jpg" alt="Pleurisy and Pneumothorax."></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndd1e78"><h4 id="d1e78"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063064/figure/d1e78/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd1e78">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Pleurisy and Pneumothorax. Figure A shows the location of the lungs, airways, pleura, and diaphragm (a muscle that helps you breathe). The inset image shows a detailed view of the two pleural layers and pleural space. Figure B shows lungs with pleurisy <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063064/figure/d1e78/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd1e78">(more...)</a></p></div></div><p>A small <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023382" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumothorax</a> may go away without <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>. A large pneumothorax may require a procedure to remove air or gas from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025091" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleural space</a>.</p><p>A very large <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023382" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumothorax</a> can interfere with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow through your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> and cause your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> to drop. This is called a tension pneumothorax.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pleurisy-sec3-d1e90"><h4>Pleural Effusion</h4><p>In some cases of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023380" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleurisy</a>, excess fluid builds up in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025091" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleural space</a>. This is called a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023392" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleural effusion</a>. A lot of extra fluid can push the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022321" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleura</a> against your lung until the lung, or part of it, collapses. This can make it hard for you to breathe.</p><p>Sometimes the extra fluid gets infected and turns into an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022195" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abscess</a>. When this happens, it's called an empyema (em-pi-E-ma).</p><p>You can develop a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023392" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleural effusion</a> even if you don't have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023380" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleurisy</a>. For example, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pnu/">pneumonia</a>, (nu-MO-ne-ah), <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancer</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pe/">pulmonary embolism</a> (PULL-mun-ary EM-bo-lizm) can lead to a pleural effusion.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pleurisy-sec3-d1e112"><h4>Hemothorax</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> also can build up in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025091" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleural space</a>. This condition is called a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023389" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemothorax</a> (he-mo-THOR-aks). An injury to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a>, chest or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hs/">heart surgery</a>, or lung or pleural <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancer</a> can cause a hemothorax.</p><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023389" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemothorax</a> can put pressure on the lung and cause it to collapse. A hemothorax also can cause shock. In shock, not enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> reach your body's vital <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a>.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-pleurisy-sec2-d1e125"><h3>Outlook</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023380" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pleurisy</a> and other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027800" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleural disorders</a> can be serious, depending on their causes. If the condition that caused the pleurisy or other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027800" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleural disorder</a> isn't too serious and is diagnosed and treated early, you usually can expect a full recovery.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-names"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-names_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Other Names for Pleurisy and Other Pleural Disorders</h2><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023380" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pleurisy</a> also is called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023380" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleuritis</a> and pleuritic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023392" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pleural effusion</a> also is called fluid in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> and pleural fluid.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023382" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pneumothorax</a> also is called air around the lung and air outside the lung.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes Pleurisy and Other Pleural Disorders?</h2><div id="nhlbi-pleurisy-sec2-d4e28"><h3>Pleurisy</h3><p>Many conditions can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023380" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleurisy</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024518" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Viral infections</a> are likely the most common cause. Other causes of pleurisy include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024516" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Bacterial infections</a> (such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pnu/">pneumonia</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024668" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tuberculosis</a>) and infections from <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022590" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fungi</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022591" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">parasites</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pe/">Pulmonary embolism</a> (a sudden blockage in a lung <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a>, usually caused by a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clot)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022033" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Autoimmune disorders</a>, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024510" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lupus</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024678" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rheumatoid arthritis</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Cancer</a>, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021885" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung cancer</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024410" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymphoma</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024415" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mesothelioma</a> (MEZ-o-thee-lee-O-ma)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Chest</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hs/">heart surgery</a>, especially <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/cabg/cabg_whatis.html" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri"> coronary artery bypass grafting</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Lung diseases</a>, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-lam/">LAM</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymphangioleiomyomatosis</a>) or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-asb/">asbestosis</a> (as-bes-TO-sis)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022800" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Inflammatory bowel disease</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Familial Mediterranean <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fever</a> (an inherited condition that often causes fever and swelling in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022602" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abdomen</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>)</div></li></ul><p>Other causes of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023380" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleurisy</a> include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> injuries, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022875" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pancreatitis</a> (an inflamed <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015631" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pancreas</a>), and reactions to some medicines.</p><p>Sometimes the cause of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023380" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleurisy</a> isn't known.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pleurisy-sec2-d4e88"><h3>Pneumothorax</h3><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung disease</a> or an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acute</a> lung injury can cause a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023382" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumothorax</a> (a buildup of air or gas in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025091" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleural space</a>). <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Lung diseases</a> that can cause a pneumothorax include <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-copd/">COPD</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022631" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic obstructive pulmonary disease</a>), <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024668" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tuberculosis</a>, LAM, and <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/cf/cf_what.html" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">cystic fibrosis</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Surgery</a> or a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> injury also may cause a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023382" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumothorax</a>.</p><p>You can develop a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023382" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumothorax</a> without having a recognized <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung disease</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> injury. This is called a spontaneous pneumothorax. Smoking increases your risk of spontaneous pneumothorax. Having a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family history</a> of the condition also increases your risk.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pleurisy-sec2-d4e106"><h3>Pleural Effusion</h3><p>The most common cause of a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023392" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleural effusion</a> (a buildup of fluid in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025091" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleural space</a>) is <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021885" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Lung cancer</a>, LAM, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumonia</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024668" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tuberculosis</a>, and other lung infections also can lead to a pleural effusion.</p><p>Sometimes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidney</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver</a> disease can cause fluid to build up in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025091" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleural space</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023537" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Asbestosis</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-sarc/">sarcoidosis</a> (sar-koy-DO-sis), and reactions to some medicines also can lead to a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023392" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleural effusion</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pleurisy-sec2-d4e122"><h3>Hemothorax</h3><p>An injury to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a>, chest or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hs/">heart surgery</a>, or lung or pleural <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancer</a> can cause a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023389" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemothorax</a> (a buildup of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025091" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleural space</a>).</p><p>An <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> (for example, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumonia</a>), <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024668" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tuberculosis</a>, or a spontaneous <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023382" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumothorax</a> also can lead to a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023389" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemothorax</a>.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Pleurisy and Other Pleural Disorders</h2><div id="nhlbi-pleurisy-sec2-d5e28"><h3>Pleurisy</h3><p>The main symptom of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023380" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleurisy</a> is sharp or stabbing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain. The pain gets worse when you breathe in deeply, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cough/">cough</a>, or sneeze.</p><p>The pain may stay in one place or spread to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022435" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">shoulders</a> or back. Sometimes the pain becomes a fairly constant dull ache.</p><p>Depending on the cause of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023380" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleurisy</a>, you may have other symptoms such as:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Shortness of breath or rapid, shallow breathing</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Coughing</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Fever</a> and chills</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Unexplained weight loss</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-pleurisy-sec2-d5e59"><h3>Pneumothorax</h3><p>The symptoms of a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023382" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumothorax</a> include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Sudden, sharp <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain that gets worse when you breathe in deeply or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Shortness of breath</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Chest</a> tightness</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Fatigue</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tiredness</a>) that comes on easily</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022345" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rapid heart rate</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A bluish tint to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> (caused by lack of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>)</div></li></ul><p>Other symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023382" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumothorax</a> include flaring of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030531" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nostrils</a>; <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024918" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anxiety</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a>, and tension; and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hyp/">hypotension</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">low blood pressure</a>).</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pleurisy-sec2-d5e93"><h3>Pleural Effusion</h3><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023392" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleural effusion</a> often has no symptoms. However, the disorder may cause shortness of breath or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> discomfort.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pleurisy-sec2-d5e100"><h3>Hemothorax</h3><p>The symptoms of a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023389" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemothorax</a> often are similar to those of a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023382" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumothorax</a>. They include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Chest</a> pain</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Shortness of breath</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-rf/">Respiratory failure</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022345" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rapid heart rate</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024918" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Anxiety</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Restlessness</div></li></ul></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Are Pleurisy and Other Pleural Disorders Diagnosed?</h2><p>Your doctor will diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023380" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleurisy</a> or another <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027800" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleural disorder</a> based on your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029840" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">medical history</a>, a physical exam, and test results.</p><p>Your doctor will want to rule out other causes of your symptoms. He or she also will want to find the underlying cause of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023380" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleurisy</a> or other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027800" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleural disorder</a> so it can be treated.</p><div id="nhlbi-pleurisy-sec2-d6e34"><h3>Medical History</h3><p>Your doctor may ask detailed questions about your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029840" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">medical history</a>. He or she likely will ask you to describe any pain, especially:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>What it feels like</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Where it's located and whether you can feel it in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arms</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030529" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">jaw</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022435" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">shoulders</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>When it started and whether it goes away and then comes back</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>What makes it better or worse</div></li></ul><p>Your doctor also may ask whether you have other symptoms, such as shortness of breath, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cough/">coughing</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hpl/">palpitations</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023167" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Palpitations</a> are feelings that your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> is skipping a beat, fluttering, or beating too hard or fast.</p><p>Your doctor also may ask whether you've ever:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Had <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Smoked.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Traveled to places where you may have been exposed to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024668" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tuberculosis</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Had a job that exposed you to asbestos. Asbestos is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023353" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mineral</a> that, at one time, was widely used in many industries.</div></li></ul><p>Your doctor also may ask about medicines you take or have taken. Reactions to some medicines can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023380" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleurisy</a> or other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027800" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleural disorders</a>. </p></div><div id="nhlbi-pleurisy-sec2-d6e86"><h3>Physical Exam</h3><p>Your doctor will listen to your breathing with a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023209" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stethoscope</a> to find out whether your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> are making any abnormal sounds.</p><p>If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023380" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleurisy</a>, the inflamed layers of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022321" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleura</a> make a rough, scratchy sound as they rub against each other when you breathe. Doctors call this a pleural friction rub. If your doctor hears the friction rub, he or she will know that you have pleurisy.</p><p>If you have a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023392" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleural effusion</a>, fluid buildup in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025091" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleural space</a> will prevent a friction rub. But if you have a lot of fluid, your doctor may hear a dull sound when he or she taps on your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a>. Or, he or she may have trouble <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024976" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hearing</a> any breathing sounds.</p><p>Muffled or dull breathing sounds also can be a sign of a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023382" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumothorax</a> (a buildup of air or gas in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025091" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleural space</a>).</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pleurisy-sec2-d6e102"><h3>Diagnostic Tests</h3><p>Depending on the results of your physical exam, your doctor may recommend tests.</p><div id="nhlbi-pleurisy-sec3-d6e109"><h4>Chest X Ray</h4><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cxray/">chest x ray</a> is a painless test that creates a picture of the structures in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a>, such as your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>. This test may show air or fluid in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025091" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleural space</a>.</p><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> x ray also may show what's causing a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027800" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleural disorder</a>—for example, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pnu/">pneumonia</a>, a fractured <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029862" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rib</a>, or a lung <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024119" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tumor</a>.</p><p>Sometimes a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> x ray is taken while you lie on your side. This position can show fluid that didn't appear on an x ray taken while you were standing.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pleurisy-sec3-d6e127"><h4>Chest CT Scan</h4><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> computed tomography (to-MOG-rah-fee) scan, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cct/">chest CT scan</a>, is a painless test that creates precise pictures of the structures in your chest.</p><p>This test provides a computer-generated picture of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> that can show pockets of fluid. A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> CT scan also may show signs of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumonia</a>, a lung <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022195" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abscess</a>, a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024119" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tumor</a>, or other possible causes of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027800" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleural disorders</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pleurisy-sec3-d6e140"><h4>Ultrasound</h4><p>This test uses sound waves to create pictures of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. An ultrasound may show where fluid is located in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a>. The test also can show some <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024119" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tumors</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pleurisy-sec3-d6e146"><h4>Chest MRI</h4><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> magnetic resonance imaging scan, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cmri/">chest MRI</a>, uses radio waves, magnets, and a computer to created detailed pictures of the structures in your chest. This test can show <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023392" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleural effusions</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024119" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tumors</a>.</p><p>This test also is called a magnetic resonance (MR) scan or a nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) scan.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pleurisy-sec3-d6e159"><h4>Blood Tests</h4><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bdt/#nhlbisec-with">Blood tests</a> can show whether you have an illness that increases your risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023380" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleurisy</a> or another <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027800" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleural disorder</a>. Such illnesses include bacterial or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024518" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">viral infections</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumonia</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022875" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pancreatitis</a> (an inflamed <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015631" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pancreas</a>), <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028181" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidney disease</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024510" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lupus</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pleurisy-sec3-d6e167"><h4>Arterial Blood Gas Test</h4><p>For this test, a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> sample is taken from an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a>, usually in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023104" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">wrist</a>. The blood's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022309" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carbon dioxide</a> levels are checked. This test shows how well your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> are taking in oxygen.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pleurisy-sec3-d6e173"><h4>Thoracentesis</h4><p>Once your doctor knows whether fluid has built up in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025091" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleural space</a> and where it is, he or she can remove a sample for testing. This is done using a procedure called <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-thor/">thoracentesis</a> (THOR-ah-sen-TE-sis).</p><p>During the procedure, your doctor inserts a thin needle or plastic tube into the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025091" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleural space</a> and draws out the excess fluid. After the fluid is removed from your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a>, it's sent for testing.</p><p>The risks of thoracentesis—such as pain, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>—usually are minor. They get better on their own, or they're easily treated. Your doctor may do a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> x ray after the procedure to check for complications.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pleurisy-sec3-d6e189"><h4>Fluid Analysis</h4><p>The fluid removed during thoracentesis is examined under a microscope. It's checked for signs of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancer</a>, or other conditions that can cause fluid or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to build up in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025091" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleural space</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pleurisy-sec3-d6e195"><h4>Biopsy</h4><p>Your doctor may suspect that <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024668" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tuberculosis</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancer</a> has caused fluid to build up in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025091" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleural space</a>. If so, he or she may want to look at a small piece of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022321" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleura</a> under a microscope.</p><p>To take a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> sample, your doctor may do one of the following procedures:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Insert a needle into your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> to remove a small sample of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022321" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleura</a>'s outer layer.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Insert a tube with a light on the end (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022208" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">endoscope</a>) into tiny cuts in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030256" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest wall</a> so that he or she can see the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022321" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleura</a>. Your doctor can then snip out small pieces of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a>. This procedure must be done in a hospital. You'll be given medicine to make you <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> during the procedure.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Snip out a sample of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022321" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleura</a> through a small cut in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030256" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest wall</a>. This is called an open pleural <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022958" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">biopsy</a>. It's usually done if the sample from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030166" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">needle biopsy</a> is too small for an accurate diagnosis. This procedure must be done in a hospital. You'll be given medicine to make you <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> during the procedure.</div></li></ul></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Are Pleurisy and Other Pleural Disorders Treated?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023380" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pleurisy</a> and other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027800" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleural disorders</a> are treated with procedures, medicines, and other methods. The goals of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Relieving symptoms</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Removing the fluid, air, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025091" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleural space</a> (if a large amount is present)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Treating the underlying condition</div></li></ul><div id="nhlbi-pleurisy-sec2-d7e43"><h3>Relieving Symptoms</h3><p>To relieve <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023385" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleurisy symptoms</a>, your doctor may recommend:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Acetaminophen</a> or anti-inflammatory medicines (such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000915" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ibuprofen</a>) to control pain.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0009704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Codeine</a>-based <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a> syrups to control <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cough/">coughing</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Lying on your painful side. This might make you more comfortable.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Breathing deeply and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coughing</a> to clear <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a> as the pain eases. Otherwise, you may develop <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pnu/">pneumonia</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Getting plenty of rest.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-pleurisy-sec2-d7e74"><h3>Removing Fluid, Air, or Blood From the Pleural Space</h3><p>Your doctor may recommend removing fluid, air, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> from your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025091" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleural space</a> to prevent a lung collapse.</p><p>The procedures used to drain fluid, air, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025091" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleural space</a> are similar.</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>During <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-thor/">thoracentesis</a>, your doctor will insert a thin needle or plastic tube into the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025091" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleural space</a>. An attached syringe will draw fluid out of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a>. This procedure can remove more than 6 cups of fluid at a time.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>If your doctor needs to remove a lot of fluid, he or she may use a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> tube. Your doctor will inject a painkiller into the area of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030256" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest wall</a> where the fluid is. He or she will then insert a plastic tube into your chest between two <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029862" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ribs</a>. The tube will be connected to a box that suctions out the fluid. Your doctor will use a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cxray/">chest x ray</a> to check the tube's position.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Your doctor also can use a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> tube to drain <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> and air from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025091" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleural space</a>. This process can take several days. The tube will be left in place, and you'll likely stay in the hospital during this time.</div></li></ul><p>Sometimes the fluid in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025091" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleural space</a> contains thick <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024835" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pus</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots. It may form a hard <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> or peel, which makes the fluid harder to drain. To help break up the pus or blood clots, your doctor may use a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> tube to deliver medicines called fibrinolytics to the pleural space. If the fluid still won't drain, you may need <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>.</p><p>If you have a small, persistent air leak into the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025091" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleural space</a>, your doctor may attach a one-way valve to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> tube. The valve allows air to exit the pleural space, but not reenter. Using this type of valve may allow you to continue your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> from home.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pleurisy-sec2-d7e108"><h3>Treat the Underlying Condition</h3><p>The fluid sample that was removed during thoracentesis will be checked under a microscope. This can tell your doctor what's causing the fluid buildup, and he or she can decide the best way to treat it.</p><p>If the fluid is infected, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> will involve antibiotics and drainage. If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024668" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tuberculosis</a> or a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024517" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fungal infection</a>, treatment will involve long-term use of antibiotics or antifungal medicines.</p><p>If <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024119" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tumors</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022321" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleura</a> are causing fluid buildup, the fluid may quickly build up again after it's drained. Sometimes antitumor medicines will prevent further fluid buildup. If they don't, your doctor may seal the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025091" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleural space</a>. Sealing the pleural space is called pleurodesis (plur-OD-eh-sis).</p><p>For this procedure, your doctor will drain all of the fluid out of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> through a chest tube. Then he or she will push a substance through the chest tube into the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025091" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleural space</a>. The substance will irritate the surface of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022321" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleura</a>. This will cause the two layers of the pleura to stick together, preventing more fluid from building up.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024232" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Chemotherapy</a> or radiation <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> also may be used to reduce the size of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024119" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tumors</a>.</p><p>If <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a> is causing fluid buildup, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> usually includes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025451" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diuretics</a> (medicines that help reduce fluid buildup) and other medicines.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-trials"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-trials_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Clinical Trials</h2><p>The National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute (NHLBI) is strongly committed to supporting research aimed at preventing and treating heart, lung, and blood diseases and conditions and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorders</a>.</p><p>NHLBI-supported research has led to many advances in medical knowledge and care. Often, these advances depend on the willingness of volunteers to take part in <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-clinicaltrials/">clinical trials</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Clinical trials</a> test new ways to prevent, diagnose, or treat various diseases and conditions. For example, new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for a disease or condition (such as medicines, medical devices, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgeries</a>, or procedures) are tested in volunteers who have the illness. Testing shows whether a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> is safe and effective in humans before it is made available for widespread use.</p><p>By taking part in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, you can gain access to new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> before they're widely available. You also will have the support of a team of health care providers, who will likely monitor your health closely. Even if you don't directly benefit from the results of a clinical trial, the information gathered can help others and add to scientific knowledge.</p><p>If you volunteer for a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, the research will be explained to you in detail. You'll learn about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> and tests you may receive, and the benefits and risks they may pose. You'll also be given a chance to ask questions about the research. This process is called informed consent.</p><p>If you agree to take part in the trial, you'll be asked to sign an informed consent form. This form is not a contract. You have the right to withdraw from a study at any time, for any reason. Also, you have the right to learn about new risks or findings that emerge during the trial.</p><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> related to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023380" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleurisy</a> and other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027800" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleural disorders</a>, talk with your doctor. You also can visit the following Web sites to learn more about clinical research and to search for clinical trials:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>http://clinicalresearch.nih.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.clinicaltrials.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.researchmatch.org</div></li></ul><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> for children, visit the NHLBI's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/childrenandclinicalstudies/index.php" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Children and Clinical Studies</a> Web page.</p></div><div style="display: none; width: 200px; top: -100px; left: -100px;" aria-live="assertive" aria-hidden="true" class="ui-helper-reset ui-ncbipopper-wrapper ui-ncbilinksmenu"><ul id="ui-ncbiinpagenav-6"><li><a href="#_nhlbi-pleurisy-sec1-d1e34_">What Are Pleurisy and Other Pleural Disorders?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-names_">Other Names for Pleurisy and Other Pleural Disorders</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-causes_">What Causes Pleurisy and Other Pleural Disorders?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-signs_">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Pleurisy and Other Pleural Disorders</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-diagnosis_">How Are Pleurisy and Other Pleural Disorders Diagnosed?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-treatment_">How Are Pleurisy and Other Pleural Disorders Treated?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-trials_">Clinical Trials</a></li></ul></div></div></div> |
June 11, 2014. |
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2018-02-02 04:25:06 |
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<L1> diseases_conditions
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2018-02-02 05:22:44 |
Pneumonia |
<div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-pnu-sec1-d1e38_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Is Pneumonia?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pneumonia</a> (nu-MO-ne-ah) is an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> in one or both of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. Many <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025078" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">germs</a>—such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bacteria</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022086" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">viruses</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022590" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fungi</a>—can cause pneumonia.</p><p>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> inflames your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>' air <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022396" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sacs</a>, which are called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022134" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">alveoli</a> (al-VEE-uhl-<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eye</a>). The air sacs may fill up with fluid or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024835" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pus</a>, causing symptoms such as a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cough/">cough</a> with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025094" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">phlegm</a> (a slimy substance), <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fever</a>, chills, and trouble breathing.</p><div id="nhlbi-pnu-sec2-d1e50"><h3>Overview</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pneumonia</a> and its symptoms can vary from mild to severe. Many factors affect how serious pneumonia is, such as the type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025078" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">germ</a> causing the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> and your age and overall health.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pneumonia</a> tends to be more serious for:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Infants and young children.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Older adults (people 65 years or older).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>People who have other health problems, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-copd/">COPD</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022631" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic obstructive pulmonary disease</a>).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>People who have weak <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025680" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune systems</a> as a result of diseases or other factors. Examples of these diseases and factors include HIV/AIDS, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024232" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chemotherapy</a> (a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancer</a>), and an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organ</a> transplant or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bmsct/">blood and marrow stem cell transplant</a>.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-pnu-sec2-d1e87"><h3>Outlook</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pneumonia</a> is common in the United States. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatment</a> for pneumonia depends on its cause, how severe your symptoms are, and your age and overall health. Many people can be treated at home, often with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025395" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oral</a> antibiotics.</p><p>Children usually start to feel better in 1 to 2 days. For adults, it usually takes 2 to 3 days. Anyone who has worsening symptoms should see a doctor.</p><p>People who have severe symptoms or underlying health problems may need <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> in a hospital. It may take 3 weeks or more before they can go back to their normal routines.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Fatigue</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tiredness</a>) from <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumonia</a> can last for a month or more.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-types"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-types_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Types of Pneumonia</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pneumonia</a> is named for the way in which a person gets the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> or for the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025078" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">germ</a> that causes it.</p><div id="nhlbi-pnu-sec2-d3e31"><h3>Community-Acquired Pneumonia</h3><p>Community-acquired <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumonia</a> (CAP) occurs outside of hospitals and other health care settings. Most people get CAP by <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022221" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">breathing in</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025078" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">germs</a> (especially while sleeping) that live in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025667" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nose</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024473" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">throat</a>.</p><p>CAP is the most common type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumonia</a>. Most cases occur during the winter. About 4 million people get this form of pneumonia each year. About 1 out of every 5 people who has CAP needs to be treated in a hospital.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pnu-sec2-d3e44"><h3>Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia</h3><p>Some people catch <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumonia</a> during a hospital stay for another illness. This is called hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP). You're at higher risk of getting HAP if you're on a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-vent/">ventilator</a> (a machine that helps you breathe).</p><p>HAP tends to be more serious than CAP because you're already sick. Also, hospitals tend to have more <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025078" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">germs</a> that are resistant to antibiotics (medicines used to treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumonia</a>).</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pnu-sec2-d3e56"><h3>Health Care-Associated Pneumonia</h3><p>Patients also may get <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumonia</a> in other health care settings, such as nursing homes, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022165" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">dialysis</a> centers, and outpatient clinics. This type of pneumonia is called health care-associated pneumonia.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pnu-sec2-d3e62"><h3>Other Common Types of Pneumonia</h3><div id="nhlbi-pnu-sec3-d3e66"><h4>Aspiration Pneumonia</h4><p>This type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumonia</a> can occur if you inhale food, drink, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024776" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vomit</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024478" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">saliva</a> from your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a> into your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. This may happen if something disturbs your normal gag reflex, such as a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> injury, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027073" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">swallowing</a> problem, or excessive use of alcohol or drugs.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030172" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Aspiration</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumonia</a> can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024835" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pus</a> to form in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022145" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cavity</a> in the lung. When this happens, it's called a lung <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022195" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abscess</a> (AB-ses).</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pnu-sec3-d3e75"><h4>Atypical Pneumonia</h4><p>Several types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bacteria</a>—Legionella pneumophila, mycoplasma <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumonia</a>, and Chlamydophila pneumoniae—cause atypical pneumonia, a type of CAP. Atypical pneumonia is passed from person to person.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-names"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-names_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Other Names for Pneumonia</h2><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hp/">Pneumonitis</a> (nu-mo-NI-tis).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Bronchopneumonia (BRONG-ko-nu-MO-ne-ah).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Nosocomial (nos-o-KO-me-al) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumonia</a>. This is another name for hospital-acquired pneumonia.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Walking <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumonia</a>. This refers to pneumonia that's mild enough that you're not bedridden.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Double <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumonia</a>. This refers to pneumonia that affects both <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lobes</a> of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes Pneumonia?</h2><p>Many <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025078" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">germs</a> can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumonia</a>. Examples include different kinds of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bacteria</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022086" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">viruses</a>, and, less often, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022590" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fungi</a>.</p><p>Most of the time, the body filters <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025078" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">germs</a> out of the air that we breathe to protect the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> from <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>. Your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025680" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune system</a>, the shape of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025667" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nose</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024473" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">throat</a>, your ability to <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cough/">cough</a>, and fine, hair-like structures called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022938" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cilia</a> (SIL-e-ah) help stop the germs from reaching your lungs. (For more information, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hlw/">How the Lungs Work</a> article.)</p><p>Sometimes, though, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025078" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">germs</a> manage to enter the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> and cause infections. This is more likely to occur if:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025680" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune system</a> is weak</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025078" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">germ</a> is very strong</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Your body fails to filter <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025078" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">germs</a> out of the air that you breathe</div></li></ul><p>For example, if you can't <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a> because you've had a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stroke/">stroke</a> or are sedated, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025078" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">germs</a> may remain in your airways. ("Sedated" means you're given medicine to make you sleepy.)</p><p>When <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025078" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">germs</a> reach your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025680" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune system</a> goes into action. It sends many kinds of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024324" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">attack</a> the germs. These cells cause the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022134" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">alveoli</a> (air <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022396" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sacs</a>) to become red and inflamed and to fill up with fluid and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024835" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pus</a>. This causes the symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumonia</a>.</p><div id="nhlbi-pnu-sec2-d5e65"><h3>Germs That Can Cause Pneumonia</h3><div id="nhlbi-pnu-sec3-d5e68"><h4>Bacteria</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Bacteria</a> are the most common cause of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumonia</a> in adults. Some people, especially the elderly and those who are disabled, may get bacterial pneumonia after having the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025769" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">flu</a> or even a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024671" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">common cold</a>.</p><p>Many types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bacteria</a> can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumonia</a>. Bacterial pneumonia can occur on its own or develop after you've had a cold or the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025769" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">flu</a>. This type of pneumonia often affects one <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lobe</a>, or area, of a lung. When this happens, the condition is called lobar pneumonia.</p><p>The most common cause of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumonia</a> in the United States is the bacterium <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025792" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Streptococcus</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025792" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">strep</a>-to-KOK-us) pneumoniae, or pneumococcus (nu-mo-KOK-us).</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figd5e93" co-legend-rid="figlgndd5e93"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063028/figure/d5e93/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figd5e93" rid-ob="figobd5e93"><img class="small-thumb" src="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063028/bin/pneumonia.gif" src-large="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063028/bin/pneumonia.jpg" alt="Lobar Pneumonia."></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndd5e93"><h4 id="d5e93"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063028/figure/d5e93/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd5e93">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Lobar Pneumonia. Figure A shows the location of the lungs and airways in the body. This figure also shows pneumonia affecting the lower lobe of the left lung. Figure B shows normal alveoli. Figure C shows infected alveoli. </p></div></div><p>Another type of bacterial <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumonia</a> is called atypical pneumonia. Atypical pneumonia includes:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Legionella pneumophila. This type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumonia</a> sometimes is called Legionnaire's disease, and it has caused serious outbreaks. Outbreaks have been linked to exposure to cooling towers, whirlpool spas, and decorative fountains.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Mycoplasma <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumonia</a>. This is a common type of pneumonia that usually affects people younger than 40 years old. People who live or work in crowded places like schools, homeless shelters, and prisons are at higher risk for this type of pneumonia. It's usually mild and responds well to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> with antibiotics. However, mycoplasma pneumonia can be very serious. It may be associated with a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024692" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rash</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022337" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemolysis</a> (the breakdown of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Chlamydophila pneumoniae. This type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumonia</a> can occur all year and often is mild. The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> is most common in people 65 to 79 years old.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-pnu-sec3-d5e124"><h4>Viruses</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022181" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Respiratory</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022086" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">viruses</a> cause up to one-third of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumonia</a> cases in the United States each year. These viruses are the most common cause of pneumonia in children younger than 5 years old.</p><p>Most cases of viral <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumonia</a> are mild. They get better in about 1 to 3 weeks without <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>. Some cases are more serious and may require treatment in a hospital.</p><p>If you have viral <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumonia</a>, you run the risk of getting bacterial pneumonia as well.</p><p>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025750" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">flu virus</a> is the most common cause of viral <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumonia</a> in adults. Other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022086" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">viruses</a> that cause pneumonia include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022181" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">respiratory</a> syncytial virus, rhinovirus, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024491" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">herpes simplex virus</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024856" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">severe acute respiratory syndrome</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024856" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">SARS</a>), and more.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pnu-sec3-d5e139"><h4>Fungi</h4><p>Three types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022590" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fungi</a> in the soil in some parts of the United States can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumonia</a>. These fungi are:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029886" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Coccidioidomycosis</a> (kok-sid-e-OY-do-mi-KO-sis). This <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022590" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fungus</a> is found in Southern California and the desert Southwest.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029753" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Histoplasmosis</a> (HIS-to-plaz-MO-sis). This <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022590" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fungus</a> is found in the Ohio and Mississippi River Valleys.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Cryptococcus (krip-to-KOK-us). This <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022590" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fungus</a> is found throughout the United States in bird droppings and soil contaminated with bird droppings.</div></li></ul><p>Most people exposed to these <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022590" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fungi</a> don't get sick, but some do and require <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>.</p><p>Serious <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024517" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fungal infections</a> are most common in people who have weak <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025680" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune systems</a> due to the long-term use of medicines to suppress their immune systems or having HIV/AIDS.</p><p>Pneumocystis jiroveci (nu-mo-SIS-tis ye-RO-VECH-e), formerly Pneumocystis carinii, sometimes is considered a fungal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumonia</a>. However, it's not treated with the usual antifungal medicines. This type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> is most common in people who:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Have HIV/AIDS or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancer</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Have had an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organ</a> transplant and/or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bmsct/">blood and marrow stem cell transplant</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Take medicines that affect their <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025680" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune systems</a></div></li></ul><p>Other kinds of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024517" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fungal infections</a> also can lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumonia</a>.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-atrisk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-atrisk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is at Risk for Pneumonia?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pneumonia</a> can affect people of all ages. However, two age groups are at greater risk of developing pneumonia:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Infants who are 2 years old or younger (because their <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025680" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune systems</a> are still developing during the first few years of life)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>People who are 65 years old or older</div></li></ul><p>Other conditions and factors also raise your risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumonia</a>. You're more likely to get pneumonia if you have a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung disease</a> or other serious disease. Examples include <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cf/">cystic fibrosis</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-asthma/">asthma</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-copd/">COPD</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022631" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic obstructive pulmonary disease</a>), <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-brn/">bronchiectasis</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-sca/">sickle cell anemia</a>.</p><p>You're at greater risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumonia</a> if you're in a hospital intensive-care unit, especially if you're on a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-vent/">ventilator</a> (a machine that helps you breathe).</p><p>Having a weak or suppressed <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025680" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune system</a> also raises your risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumonia</a>. A weak immune system may be the result of a disease such as HIV/AIDS. A suppressed immune system may be due to an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organ</a> transplant or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bmsct/">blood and marrow stem cell transplant</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024232" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chemotherapy</a> (a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancer</a>), or long-term steroid use.</p><p>Your risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumonia</a> also increases if you have trouble <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cough/">coughing</a> because of a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stroke/">stroke</a> or problems <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027073" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">swallowing</a>. You're also at higher risk if you can't move around much or are sedated (given medicine to make you relaxed or sleepy).</p><p>Smoking cigarettes, abusing alcohol, or being undernourished also raises your risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumonia</a>. Your risk also goes up if you've recently had a cold or the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025769" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">flu</a>, or if you're exposed to certain chemicals, pollutants, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029559" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">toxic fumes</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Pneumonia?</h2><p>The signs and symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumonia</a> vary from mild to severe. Many factors affect how serious pneumonia is, including the type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025078" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">germ</a> causing the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> and your age and overall health. (For more information, go to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063028/#nhlbisec-atrisk">"Who Is at Risk for Pneumonia?"</a>)</p><p>See your doctor promptly if you:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Have a high <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fever</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Have shaking chills</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Have a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cough/">cough</a> with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025094" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">phlegm</a> (a slimy substance), which doesn't improve or worsens</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Develop shortness of breath with normal daily activities</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain when you breathe or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Feel suddenly worse after a cold or the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025769" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">flu</a></div></li></ul><p>People who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumonia</a> may have other symptoms, including <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024775" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nausea</a> (feeling sick to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a>), <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024776" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vomiting</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024806" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diarrhea</a>.</p><p>Symptoms may vary in certain populations. Newborns and infants may not show any signs of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>. Or, they may <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024776" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vomit</a>, have a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fever</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a>, or appear restless, sick, or tired and without energy.</p><p>Older adults and people who have serious illnesses or weak <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025680" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune systems</a> may have fewer and milder symptoms. They may even have a lower than normal temperature. If they already have a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung disease</a>, it may get worse. Older adults who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumonia</a> sometimes have sudden changes in mental awareness.</p><div id="nhlbi-pnu-sec2-d7e72"><h3>Complications of Pneumonia</h3><p>Often, people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumonia</a> can be successfully treated and not have complications. But some people, especially those in high-risk groups, may have complications such as:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Bacteremia (bak-ter-E-me-ah). This serious complication occurs if the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> moves into your bloodstream. From there, it can quickly spread to other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a>, including your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Lung <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022195" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abscesses</a>. An <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022195" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abscess</a> occurs if <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024835" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pus</a> forms in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022145" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cavity</a> in the lung. An abscess usually is treated with antibiotics. Sometimes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> or drainage with a needle is needed to remove the pus.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pleurisy/">Pleural effusion</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pneumonia</a> may cause fluid to build up in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025091" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleural space</a>. This is a very thin space between two layers of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> that line the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> and the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029751" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest cavity</a>. Pneumonia can cause the fluid to become infected—a condition called empyema (em-pi-E-ma). If this happens, you may need to have the fluid drained through a chest tube or removed with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>.</div></li></ul></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Pneumonia Diagnosed?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pneumonia</a> can be hard to diagnose because it may seem like a cold or the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025769" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">flu</a>. You may not realize it's more serious until it lasts longer than these other conditions.</p><p>Your doctor will diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumonia</a> based on your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029840" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">medical history</a>, a physical exam, and test results.</p><div id="nhlbi-pnu-sec2-d8e34"><h3>Medical History</h3><p>Your doctor will ask about your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063028/#nhlbisec-signs">signs and symptoms</a> and how and when they began. To find out what type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025078" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">germ</a> is causing the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumonia</a>, he or she also may ask about:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Any recent traveling you've done</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Your hobbies</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Your exposure to animals</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Your exposure to sick people at home, school, or work</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Your past and current medical conditions, and whether any have gotten worse recently</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Any medicines you take</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Whether you smoke</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Whether you've had <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025769" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">flu</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumonia</a> vaccinations</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-pnu-sec2-d8e72"><h3>Physical Exam</h3><p>Your doctor will listen to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> with a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023209" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stethoscope</a>. If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumonia</a>, your lungs may make crackling, bubbling, and rumbling sounds when you inhale. Your doctor also may hear wheezing.</p><p>Your doctor may find it hard to hear sounds of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022221" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">breathing in</a> some areas of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pnu-sec2-d8e81"><h3>Diagnostic Tests</h3><p>If your doctor thinks you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumonia</a>, he or she may recommend one or more of the following tests.</p><div id="nhlbi-pnu-sec3-d8e88"><h4>Chest X Ray</h4><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cxray/">chest x ray</a> is a painless test that creates pictures of the structures inside your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a>, such as your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>.</p><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> x ray is the best test for diagnosing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumonia</a>. However, this test won't tell your doctor what kind of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025078" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">germ</a> is causing the pneumonia.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pnu-sec3-d8e100"><h4>Blood Tests</h4><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bdt/">Blood tests</a> involve taking a sample of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> from a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a> in your body. A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">complete blood count</a> (CBC) measures many parts of your blood, including the number of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022046" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">white blood cells</a> in the blood sample. The number of white blood cells can show whether you have a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024516" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bacterial infection</a>.</p><p>Your doctor also may recommend a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> culture to find out whether the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> has spread to your bloodstream. This test is used to detect <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025078" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">germs</a> in the bloodstream. A blood culture may show which <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025078" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">germ</a> caused the infection. If so, your doctor can decide how to treat the infection.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pnu-sec3-d8e112"><h4>Other Tests</h4><p>Your doctor may recommend other tests if you're in the hospital, have serious symptoms, are older, or have other health problems.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025092" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sputum</a> test. Your doctor may look at a sample of sputum (spit) collected from you after a deep <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a>. This may help your doctor find out what <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025078" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">germ</a> is causing your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumonia</a>. Then, he or she can plan <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Chest</a> computed tomography (CT) scan. A <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cct/">chest CT scan</a> is a painless test that creates precise pictures of the structures in your chest, such as your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. A chest CT scan is a type of x ray, but its pictures show more detail than those of a standard chest x ray.</p><p>Pleural fluid culture. For this test, a fluid sample is taken from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025091" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleural space</a> (a thin space between two layers of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> that line the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029751" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest cavity</a>). Doctors use a procedure called <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-thor/">thoracentesis</a> (THOR-ah-sen-TE-sis) to collect the fluid sample. The fluid is studied for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025078" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">germs</a> that may cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumonia</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024325" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pulse</a> oximetry. For this test, a small sensor is attached to your finger or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024836" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ear</a>. The sensor uses light to estimate how much <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> is in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pneumonia</a> can keep your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> from moving enough oxygen into your bloodstream.</p><p>If you're very sick, your doctor may need to measure the level of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> using a blood sample. The sample is taken from an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a>, usually in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023104" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">wrist</a>. This test is called an arterial blood gas test.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022276" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Bronchoscopy</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bron/">Bronchoscopy</a> (bron-KOS-ko-pee) is a procedure used to look inside the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>' airways. If you're in the hospital and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> with antibiotics isn't working well, your doctor may use this procedure.</p><p>Your doctor passes a thin, flexible tube through your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025667" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nose</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a>, down your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024473" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">throat</a>, and into the airways. The tube has a light and small camera that allow your doctor to see your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022078" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">windpipe</a> and airways and take pictures.</p><p>Your doctor can see whether something is blocking your airways or whether another factor is contributing to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumonia</a>.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Pneumonia Treated?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatment</a> for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumonia</a> depends on the type of pneumonia you have and how severe it is. Most people who have community-acquired pneumonia—the most common type of pneumonia—are treated at home.</p><p>The goals of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> are to cure the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> and prevent complications.</p><div id="nhlbi-pnu-sec2-d9e34"><h3>General Treatment</h3><p>If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumonia</a>, follow your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> plan, take all medicines as prescribed, and get ongoing medical care. Ask your doctor when you should schedule followup care. Your doctor may want you to have a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cxray/">chest x ray</a> to make sure the pneumonia is gone.</p><p>Although you may start feeling better after a few days or weeks, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fatigue</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tiredness</a>) can persist for up to a month or more. People who are treated in the hospital may need at least 3 weeks before they can go back to their normal routines.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pnu-sec2-d9e47"><h3>Bacterial Pneumonia</h3><p>Bacterial <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumonia</a> is treated with medicines called antibiotics. You should take antibiotics as your doctor prescribes. You may start to feel better before you finish the medicine, but you should continue taking it as prescribed. If you stop too soon, the pneumonia may come back.</p><p>Most people begin to improve after 1 to 3 days of antibiotic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>. This means that they should feel better and have fewer symptoms, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cough/">cough</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fever</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pnu-sec2-d9e59"><h3>Viral Pneumonia</h3><p>Antibiotics don't work when the cause of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumonia</a> is a virus. If you have viral pneumonia, your doctor may prescribe an antiviral medicine to treat it.</p><p>Viral <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumonia</a> usually improves in 1 to 3 weeks.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pnu-sec2-d9e69"><h3>Treating Severe Symptoms</h3><p>You may need to be treated in a hospital if:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Your symptoms are severe</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>You're at risk for complications because of other health problems</div></li></ul><p>If the level of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> in your bloodstream is low, you may receive <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-oxt/">oxygen therapy</a>. If you have bacterial <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumonia</a>, your doctor may give you antibiotics through an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022191" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">intravenous</a> (IV) line inserted into a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a>.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-prevention"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-prevention_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Can Pneumonia Be Prevented?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pneumonia</a> can be very serious and even life threatening. When possible, take steps to prevent the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>, especially if you're in a high-risk group.</p><div id="nhlbi-pnu-sec2-d10e31"><h3>Vaccines</h3><p>Vaccines are available to prevent pneumococcal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumonia</a> and the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025769" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">flu</a>. Vaccines can't prevent all cases of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>. However, compared to people who don't get vaccinated, those who do and still get pneumonia tend to have:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Milder cases of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pneumonia</a> that doesn't last as long</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Fewer serious complications</div></li></ul><div id="nhlbi-pnu-sec3-d10e50"><h4>Pneumococcal Pneumonia Vaccine</h4><p>A vaccine is available to prevent pneumococcal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumonia</a>. In most adults, one <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022222" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">shot</a> is good for at least 5 years of protection. This vaccine often is recommended for:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>People who are 65 years old or older.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>People who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> (ongoing) diseases, serious long-term health problems, or weak <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025680" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune systems</a>. For example, this may include people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancer</a>, HIV/AIDS, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-asthma/">asthma</a>, or damaged or removed <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022189" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spleens</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>People who smoke.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Children who are younger than 5 years old.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Children who are 5–18 years of age with certain medical conditions, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung diseases</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancer</a>. For more information, talk with your child's doctor.</div></li></ul><p>For more information about the pneumococcal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumonia</a> vaccine, go to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC's) Vaccines and Preventable Diseases: Pneumococcal Vaccination Web page.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pnu-sec3-d10e83"><h4>Influenza Vaccine</h4><p>The vaccine that helps prevent the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025769" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">flu</a> is good for 1 year. It's usually given in October or November, before peak flu season.</p><p>Because many people get <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumonia</a> after having the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025769" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">flu</a>, this vaccine also helps prevent pneumonia.</p><p>For more information about the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0014206" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">influenza vaccine</a>, go to the CDC's Vaccines and Preventable Diseases: Seasonal Influenza (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025769" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Flu</a>) Vaccination Web page.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pnu-sec3-d10e99"><h4>Hib Vaccine</h4><p>Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) is a type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bacteria</a> that can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumonia</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024781" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">meningitis</a> (men-in-JI-tis). (Meningitis is an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> of the covering of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024392" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spinal cord</a>.) The Hib vaccine is given to children to help prevent these infections.</p><p>The vaccine is recommended for all children in the United States who are younger than 5 years old. The vaccine often is given to infants starting at 2 months of age.</p><p>For more information about the Hib vaccine, go to the CDC's Vaccines and Preventable Diseases: Hib Vaccination Web page.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-pnu-sec2-d10e117"><h3>Other Ways To Help Prevent Pneumonia</h3><p>You also can take the following steps to help prevent <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumonia</a>:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Wash your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hands</a> with soap and water or alcohol-based rubs to kill <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025078" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">germs</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Don't smoke. Smoking damages your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>' ability to filter out and defend aga |
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Polycythemia Vera |
<div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-poly-sec1-d1e37_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Is Polycythemia Vera?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022032" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Polycythemia vera</a> (POL-e-si-THEE-me-ah VAY-rah or VE-rah), or PV, is a rare <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> disease in which your body makes too many <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>.</p><p>The extra <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> make your blood thicker than normal. As a result, blood clots can form more easily. These clots can block blood flow through your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a>, which can cause a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a>.</p><p>Thicker <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> also doesn't flow as quickly to your body as normal blood. Slowed blood flow prevents your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> from getting enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>, which can cause serious problems, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-angina/">angina</a> (an-JI-nuh or AN-juh-nuh) and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a>. (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Angina</a> is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain or discomfort.)</p><div id="nhlbi-poly-sec2-d1e61"><h3>Overview</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Red blood cells</a> carry <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> to all parts of your body. They also remove <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022309" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carbon dioxide</a> (a waste product) from your body's cells and carry it to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> to be exhaled.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Red blood cells</a> are made in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a>—a sponge-like <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> inside the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022807" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bones</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022046" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">White blood cells</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a> (PLATE-lets) also are made in your bone marrow. White blood cells help fight <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>. Platelets stick together to seal small cuts or breaks on <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a> walls and stop <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>.</p><p>If you have PV, your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> makes too many <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>. It also can make too many <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022046" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">white blood cells</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a>.</p><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029640" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mutation</a>, or change, in the body's JAK2 <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a> is the major cause of PV. This gene makes a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> that helps the body produce <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a>. What causes the change in the JAK2 gene isn't known. PV generally isn't inherited—that is, passed from parents to children through <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a>.</p><p>PV develops slowly and may not cause symptoms for years. The disease often is found during routine <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bdt/">blood tests</a> done for other reasons.</p><p>When signs and symptoms are present, they're the result of the thick <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> that occurs with PV. This thickness slows the flow of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich blood to all parts of your body. Without enough oxygen, many parts of your body won't work normally.</p><p>For example, slower <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow deprives your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arms</a>, legs, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eyes</a> of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> they need. This can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">headaches</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029722" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">dizziness</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025767" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">itching</a>, and vision problems, such as blurred or double vision.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-poly-sec2-d1e90"><h3>Outlook</h3><p>PV is a serious, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> (ongoing) disease that can be fatal if not diagnosed and treated. PV has no cure, but <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> can help control the disease and its complications.</p><p>PV is treated with procedures, medicines, and other methods. You may need one or more <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> to manage the disease.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-names"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-names_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Other Names for Polycythemia Vera</h2><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Cryptogenic (KRIP-to-JEN-ik) polycythemia</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022032" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Erythremia</a> (ER-ih-THRE-me-ah)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022032" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Erythrocytosis</a> (eh-RITH-ro-si-TO-sis) megalosplenica (MEG-ah-lo-SPLE-ne-kah)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Myelopathic (MY-e-lo-PATH-ik) polycythemia</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Myeloproliferative (MY-e-lo-pro-LIF-er-ah-tiv) disorder</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022032" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Osler disease</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022032" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Polycythemia rubra vera</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022032" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Polycythemia with chronic cyanosis</a> (SI-ah-NO-sis)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022032" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Primary polycythemia</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Splenomegalic (SPLE-no-me-GA-lic) polycythemia</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022032" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Vaquez disease</a></div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes Polycythemia Vera?</h2><div id="nhlbi-poly-sec2-d4e28"><h3>Primary Polycythemia</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022032" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Polycythemia vera</a> (PV) also is known as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022032" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">primary polycythemia</a>. A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029640" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mutation</a>, or change, in the body's JAK2 <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a> is the main cause of PV. The JAK2 gene makes a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> that helps the body produce <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a>.</p><p>What causes the change in the JAK2 <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a> isn't known. PV generally isn't inherited—that is, passed from parents to children through <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a>. However, in some families, the JAK2 gene may have a tendency to mutate. Other, unknown <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022031" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic</a> factors also may play a role in causing PV.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-poly-sec2-d4e37"><h3>Secondary Polycythemia</h3><p>Another type of polycythemia, called secondary polycythemia, isn't related to the JAK2 <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a>. Long-term exposure to low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> levels causes secondary polycythemia.</p><p>A lack of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> over a long period can cause your body to make more of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hormone</a> erythropoietin (EPO). High levels of EPO can prompt your body to make more <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> than normal. This leads to thicker blood, as seen in PV.</p><p>People who have severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung disease</a> may develop secondary polycythemia. People who smoke, spend long hours at high altitudes, or are exposed to high levels of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025069" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carbon monoxide</a> where they work or live also are at risk.</p><p>For example, working in an underground parking garage or living in a home with a poorly vented fireplace or furnace can raise your risk for secondary polycythemia.</p><p>Rarely, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024119" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tumors</a> can make and release EPO, or certain <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> problems can cause the body to make more EPO.</p><p>Sometimes doctors can cure secondary polycythemia—it depends on whether the underlying cause can be stopped, controlled, or cured.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-atrisk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-atrisk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is at Risk for Polycythemia Vera?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022032" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Polycythemia vera</a> (PV) is a rare <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> disease. The disease affects people of all ages, but it's most common in adults who are older than 60. PV is rare in children and young adults. Men are at slightly higher risk for PV than women.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Polycythemia Vera?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022032" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Polycythemia vera</a> (PV) develops slowly. The disease may not cause signs or symptoms for years.</p><p>When signs and symptoms are present, they're the result of the thick <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> that occurs with PV. This thickness slows the flow of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich blood to all parts of your body. Without enough oxygen, many parts of your body won't work normally.</p><p>The signs and symptoms of PV include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Headaches</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029722" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">dizziness</a>, and weakness</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Shortness of breath and problems breathing while lying down</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Feelings of pressure or fullness on the left side of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022602" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abdomen</a> due to an enlarged <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022189" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spleen</a> (an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organ</a> in the abdomen)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Double or blurred vision and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022395" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blind spots</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025767" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Itching</a> all over (especially after a warm bath), reddened face, and a burning feeling on your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> (especially your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hands</a> and feet)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Bleeding</a> from your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023265" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gums</a> and heavy bleeding from small cuts</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Unexplained weight loss</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Fatigue</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tiredness</a>)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Excessive sweating</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Very painful swelling in a single <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022450" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">joint</a>, usually the big toe (called gouty <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024677" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arthritis</a>)</div></li></ul><p>In rare cases, people who have PV may have pain in their <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022807" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bones</a>.</p><div id="nhlbi-poly-sec2-d6e75"><h3>Polycythemia Vera Complications</h3><p>If you have PV, the thickness of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> and the slowed blood flow can cause serious health problems.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> clots are the most serious complication of PV. Blood clots can cause a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a>. They also can cause your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022189" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spleen</a> to enlarge. Blood clots in the liver and spleen can cause sudden, intense pain.</p><p>Slowed <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow also prevents enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich blood from reaching your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a>. This can lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-angina/">angina</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain or discomfort) and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a>. The high levels of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> that PV causes can lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024958" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach ulcers</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022793" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gout</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022762" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidney stones</a>.</p><p>Some people who have PV may develop myelofibrosis (MY-e-lo-fi-BRO-sis). This is a condition in which your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> is replaced with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028156" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">scar</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a>. Abnormal bone marrow <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> may begin to grow out of control.</p><p>This abnormal growth can lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acute</a> myelogenous (my-eh-LOJ-eh-nus) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024326" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">leukemia</a> (AML), a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancer</a> of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a>. This disease can worsen very quickly.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Polycythemia Vera Diagnosed?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022032" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Polycythemia vera</a> (PV) may not cause signs or symptoms for years. The disease often is found during routine <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bdt/">blood tests</a> done for other reasons. If the results of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022070" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood tests</a> aren't normal, your doctor may want to do more tests.</p><p>Your doctor will diagnose PV based on your signs and symptoms, your age and overall health, your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029840" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">medical history</a>, a physical exam, and test results.</p><p>During the physical exam, your doctor will look for signs of PV. He or she will check for an enlarged <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022189" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spleen</a>, red <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> on your face, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> from your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023265" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gums</a>.</p><p>If your doctor confirms that you have polycythemia, the next step is to find out whether you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022032" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">primary polycythemia</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022032" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">polycythemia vera</a>) or secondary polycythemia.</p><p>Your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029840" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">medical history</a> and physical exam may confirm which type of polycythemia you have. If not, you may have tests that check the level of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hormone</a> erythropoietin (EPO) in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>.</p><p>People who have PV have very low levels of EPO. People who have secondary polycythemia usually have normal or high levels of EPO.</p><div id="nhlbi-poly-sec2-d7e50"><h3>Specialists Involved</h3><p>If your primary care doctor thinks you have PV, he or she may refer you to a hematologist. A hematologist is a doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> diseases and conditions.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-poly-sec2-d7e56"><h3>Diagnostic Tests</h3><p>You may have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022070" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood tests</a> to diagnose PV. These tests include a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bdt/#nhlbisec-types">complete blood count</a> (CBC) and other tests, if necessary.</p><div id="nhlbi-poly-sec3-d7e66"><h4>Complete Blood Count</h4><p>Often, the first test used to diagnose PV is a CBC. The CBC measures many parts of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>.</p><p>This test checks your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a> (HEE-muh-glow-bin) and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021986" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hematocrit</a> (hee-MAT-oh-crit) levels. Hemoglobin is an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> that helps <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> carry <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> to the rest of the body. Hematocrit is a measure of how much space red blood cells take up in your blood. A high level of hemoglobin or hematocrit may be a sign of PV.</p><p>The CBC also checks the number of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022046" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">white blood cells</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a> in your blood. Abnormal results may be a sign of PV, a blood disorder, an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>, or another condition.</p><p>In addition to high <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cell</a> counts, people who have PV also may have high <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022046" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">white blood cell</a> and/or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> counts.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-poly-sec3-d7e81"><h4>Other Blood Tests</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> smear. For this test, a small sample of blood is drawn from a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a>, usually in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arm</a>. The blood sample is examined under a microscope.</p><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> smear can show whether you have a higher than normal number of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>. The test also can show abnormal blood cells that are linked to myelofibrosis and other conditions related to PV.</p><p>Erythropoietin level. This <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022070" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood test</a> measures the level of EPO in your blood. EPO is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hormone</a> that prompts your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> to make new blood <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a>. People who have PV have very low levels of EPO. People who have secondary polycythemia usually have normal or high levels of EPO.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-poly-sec3-d7e98"><h4>Bone Marrow Tests</h4><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bmt/">Bone marrow tests</a> can show whether your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> is healthy. These tests also show whether your bone marrow is making normal amounts of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a>.</p><p>The two <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> tests are <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030172" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aspiration</a> (as-pi-RA-shun) and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022958" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">biopsy</a>. For aspiration, your doctor removes a small amount of fluid bone marrow through a needle. For a biopsy, your doctor removes a small amount of bone marrow <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> through a larger needle. The samples are then examined under a microscope.</p><p>If the tests show that your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> is making too many <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a>, it may be a sign that you have PV.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Polycythemia Vera Treated?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022032" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Polycythemia vera</a> (PV) doesn't have a cure. However, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> can help control the disease and its complications. PV is treated with procedures, medicines, and other methods. You may need one or more treatments to manage the disease.</p><div id="nhlbi-poly-sec2-d8e31"><h3>Goals of Treatment</h3><p>The goals of treating PV are to control symptoms and reduce the risk of complications, especially <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a>. To do this, PV <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> reduce the number of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> and the level of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a> (an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a>) in the blood. This brings the thickness of your blood closer to normal.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> with normal thickness flows better through the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>. This reduces the chance that blood clots will form and cause a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> with normal thickness also ensures that your body gets enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>. This can help reduce some of the signs and symptoms of PV, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">headaches</a>, vision problems, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025767" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">itching</a>.</p><p>Studies show that treating PV greatly improves your chances of living longer.</p><p>The goal of treating secondary polycythemia is to control its underlying cause, if possible. For example, if the cause is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025069" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carbon monoxide</a> exposure, the goal is to find the source of the carbon monoxide and fix or remove it.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-poly-sec2-d8e56"><h3>Treatments To Lower Red Blood Cell Levels</h3><div id="nhlbi-poly-sec3-d8e59"><h4>Phlebotomy</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030181" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Phlebotomy</a> (fle-BOT-o-me) is a procedure that removes some <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> from your body. For this procedure, a needle is inserted into one of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a>. Blood from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a> flows through an airtight tube into a sterile container or bag. The process is similar to the process of donating blood.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030181" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Phlebotomy</a> reduces your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cell</a> count and starts to bring your blood thickness closer to normal.</p><p>Typically, a pint (1 unit) of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> is removed each week until your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021986" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hematocrit</a> level approaches normal. (Hematocrit is the measure of how much space <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> take up in your blood.)</p><p>You may need to have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030181" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">phlebotomy</a> done every few months.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-poly-sec3-d8e75"><h4>Medicines</h4><p>Your doctor may prescribe medicines to keep your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> from making too many <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>. Examples of these medicines include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0010627" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hydroxyurea</a> and interferon-alpha.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0010627" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Hydroxyurea</a> is a medicine generally used to treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancer</a>. This medicine can reduce the number of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a> in your blood. As a result, this medicine helps improve your blood flow and bring the thickness of your blood closer to normal.</p><p>Interferon-alpha is a substance that your body normally makes. It also can be used to treat PV. Interferon-alpha can prompt your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025680" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune system</a> to fight overactive <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a>. This helps lower your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cell</a> count and keep your blood flow and blood thickness closer to normal.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-poly-sec3-d8e88"><h4>Radiation Treatment</h4><p>Radiation <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> can help suppress overactive <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a>. This helps lower your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cell</a> count and keep your blood flow and blood thickness closer to normal.</p><p>However, radiation <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> can raise your risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024326" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">leukemia</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancer</a>) and other blood diseases.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-poly-sec2-d8e97"><h3>Treatments for Symptoms</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000168" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Aspirin</a> can relieve <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022807" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone</a> pain and burning feelings in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hands</a> or feet that you may have as a result of PV. Aspirin also thins your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>, so it reduces the risk of blood clots.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000168" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Aspirin</a> can have side effects, including <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022247" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">intestines</a>. For this reason, take aspirin only as your doctor recommends.</p><p>If your PV causes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025767" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">itching</a>, your doctor may prescribe medicines to ease the discomfort. Your doctor also may prescribe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022667" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ultraviolet light</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> to help relieve your itching.</p><p>Other ways to reduce <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025767" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">itching</a> include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Avoiding hot baths. Cooler water can limit irritation to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Gently patting yourself dry after bathing. Vigorous rubbing with a towel can irritate your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Taking <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0012213" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">starch</a> baths. Add half a box of starch to a tub of lukewarm water. This can help soothe your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-poly-sec2-d8e125"><h3>Experimental Treatments</h3><p>Researchers are studying other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for PV. An experimental <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025767" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">itching</a> involves taking low doses of selective serotonin reuptake <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025473" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inhibitors</a> (SSRIs). This type of medicine is used to treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024768" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">depression</a>. In <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-clinicaltrials/">clinical trials</a>, SSRIs reduced itching in people who had PV.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0010674" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Imatinib</a> mesylate is a medicine that's approved for treating <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024326" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">leukemia</a>. In <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a>, this medicine helped reduce the need for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030181" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">phlebotomy</a> in people who had PV. This medicine also helped reduce the size of enlarged <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022189" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spleens</a>.</p><p>Researchers also are trying to find a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> that can block or limit the effects of an abnormal JAK2 <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a>. (A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029640" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mutation</a>, or change, in the JAK2 gene is the major cause of PV.)</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-prevention"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-prevention_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Can Polycythemia Vera Be Prevented?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022032" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Primary polycythemia</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022032" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">polycythemia vera</a>) can't be prevented. However, with proper <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>, you can prevent or delay symptoms and complications.</p><p>Sometimes you can prevent secondary polycythemia by avoiding things that deprive your body of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> for long <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023146" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">periods</a>. For example, you can avoid mountain climbing, living at a high altitude, or smoking.</p><p>People who have serious <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung diseases</a> may develop secondary polycythemia. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatment</a> for the underlying disease may improve the secondary polycythemia. Following a healthy lifestyle to lower your risk of heart and lung diseases also will help you prevent secondary polycythemia.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-livingwith"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-livingwith_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Living With Polycythemia Vera</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022032" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Polycythemia vera</a> (PV) develops very slowly. It may not cause signs or symptoms for years. If you have PV, the sooner it's diagnosed, the sooner your doctor can begin treating you. With proper <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>, you can prevent or delay complications.</p><div id="nhlbi-poly-sec2-d10e31"><h3>Preventing Complications</h3><p>Moderate physical activities, such as walking, can safely increase your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024325" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart rate</a> and improve <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow to your body. Improving blood flow lowers your risk of blood clots. Leg and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024901" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ankle</a> stretching exercises also can help improve your blood flow.</p><p>PV may cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025767" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">itching</a> all over your body. It's important not to scratch and damage your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>. If bathing or showering causes you to have severe itching, try using cooler water and gentler soap. Carefully and gently dry your skin after baths, and use moisturizing lotion on your skin. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0012213" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Starch</a> baths also may help ease itchy skin.</p><p>PV causes poor <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hands</a> and feet. As a result, you may be more prone to injuries from cold, heat, and pressure. If you have PV, avoid long-term exposure to extremes in temperature or pressure. For example:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Take extra care of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hands</a> and feet in cold weather. Wear warm gloves, socks, and shoes.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Avoid extreme heat, and protect yourself from the sun. Drink plenty of liquids. Avoid hot tubs, heated whirlpools, or hot baths of any type. Also, tanning beds, sun lamps, and heat lamps can damage your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> if you have PV.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Guard against trauma or situations where you may be at high risk of injury, such as during sports or strenuous activities. If you're injured, seek <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> right away. Tell the person treating you that you have PV.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Check your feet regularly and report any sores to your doctor.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-poly-sec2-d10e59"><h3>Getting Ongoing Care</h3><p>If you have PV, you'll need lifelong medical care for the disease. Ask your doctor how often you should schedule followup visits.</p><p>Routine care will allow your doctor to detect any changes with your PV and treat them early, if needed. You may need periodic <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bdt/">blood tests</a> to show whether the disease is getting worse.</p><p>Follow your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> plan and take all of your medicines exactly as your doctor prescribes.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-trials"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-trials_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Clinical Trials</h2><p>The National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute (NHLBI) is strongly committed to supporting research aimed at preventing and treating heart, lung, and blood diseases and conditions and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorders</a>.</p><p>NHLBI-supported research has led to many advances in medical knowledge and care. Often, these advances depend on the willingness of volunteers to take part in <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-clinicaltrials/">clinical trials</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Clinical trials</a> test new ways to prevent, diagnose, or treat various diseases and conditions. For example, new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for a disease or condition (such as medicines, medical devices, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgeries</a>, or procedures) are tested in volunteers who have the illness. Testing shows whether a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> is safe and effective in humans before it is made available for widespread use.</p><p>By taking part in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, you can gain access to new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> before they're widely available. You also will have the support of a team of health care providers, who will likely monitor your health closely. Even if you don't directly benefit from the results of a clinical trial, the information gathered can help others and add to scientific knowledge.</p><p>If you volunteer for a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, the research will be explained to you in detail. You'll learn about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> and tests you may receive, and the benefits and risks they may pose. You'll also be given a chance to ask questions about the research. This process is called informed consent.</p><p>If you agree to take part in the trial, you'll be asked to sign an informed consent form. This form is not a contract. You have the right to withdraw from a study at any time, for any reason. Also, you have the right to learn about new risks or findings that emerge during the trial.</p><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> related to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022032" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">polycythemia vera</a>, talk with your doctor. You also can visit the following Web sites to learn more about clinical research and to search for clinical trials:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>http://clinicalresearch.nih.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.clinicaltrials.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.researchmatch.org</div></li></ul><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> for children, visit the NHLBI's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/childrenandclinicalstudies/index.php" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Children and Clinical Studies</a> Web page.</p></div><div style="display: none; width: 200px; top: -100px; left: -100px;" aria-live="assertive" aria-hidden="true" class="ui-helper-reset ui-ncbipopper-wrapper ui-ncbilinksmenu"><ul id="ui-ncbiinpagenav-6"><li><a href="#_nhlbi-poly-sec1-d1e37_">What Is Polycythemia Vera?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-names_">Other Names for Polycythemia Vera</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-causes_">What Causes Polycythemia Vera?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-atrisk_">Who Is at Risk for Polycythemia Vera?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-signs_">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Polycythemia Vera?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-diagnosis_">How Is Polycythemia Vera Diagnosed?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-treatment_">How Is Polycythemia Vera Treated?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-prevention_">How Can Polycythemia Vera Be Prevented?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-livingwith_">Living With Polycythemia Vera</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-trials_">Clinical Trials</a></li></ul></div></div></div> |
June 11, 2014. |
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<L1> diseases_conditions
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2018-02-02 05:23:17 |
Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia |
<div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-pcd-sec1-d1e36_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Is Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia?</h2><p>Primary ciliary (SIL-e-ar-e) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024538" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">dyskinesia</a> (dis-kih-NE-ze-ah), or PCD, is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029769" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rare disease</a> that affects tiny, hair-like structures that line the airways. These structures are called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022938" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cilia</a> (SIL-e-ah).</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022938" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Cilia</a> move together in wave-like motions. They carry <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a> (a slimy substance) toward the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a> to be <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cough/">coughed</a> or sneezed out of the body. The mucus contains inhaled dust, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bacteria</a>, and other small particles.</p><p>If the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022938" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cilia</a> don't work well, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bacteria</a> stay in your airways. This can cause breathing problems, infections, and other disorders. PCD mainly affects the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024561" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sinuses</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024836" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ears</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. Some people who have PCD have breathing problems from the moment of birth.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022595" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sperm</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> have structures that are like <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022938" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cilia</a>. In men who have PCD, these structures also may not work well. This can cause fertility problems. "Fertility" refers to the ability to have children.</p><p>Fertility problems also occur in some women who have PCD. These problems likely are due to faulty <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022938" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cilia</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022597" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fallopian tubes</a>. (The fallopian tubes carry eggs from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022599" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ovaries</a> to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022603" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">uterus</a>.)</p><div id="nhlbi-pcd-sec2-d1e58"><h3>Overview</h3><p>PCD is an inherited disease. "Inherited" means the disease is passed from parents to children through <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a>. With PCD, this process is very complex. Researchers are still learning how the disease is inherited and which genes are involved.</p><p>Generally, a child must inherit faulty <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a> from both parents to have PCD. These genes affect how <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022938" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cilia</a> grow and function. Faulty genes may cause the cilia to be the wrong size or shape or move in the wrong way. Sometimes the cilia are missing altogether.</p><p>No single faulty <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a> causes all cases of PCD. Rather, many <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a> are associated with the disease.</p><p>If a child inherits a faulty <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a> (or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a>) from only one parent, he or she may be a "PCD carrier." Carriers usually have no symptoms of PCD. However, carriers can pass faulty PCD genes on to their children.</p><p>The symptoms and severity of PCD vary from person to person. If you or your child has the disease, you may have serious <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024561" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sinus</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024836" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ear</a>, and/or lung infections. If the disease is mild, it may not show up until the teen or adult years.</p><p>The symptoms and severity of PCD also vary over time. Sometimes you may have few symptoms. Other times, your symptoms may become more severe.</p><p>Some people who have PCD have a condition called situs inversus (SI-tus in-VER-sus). This is a condition in which the internal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> (for example, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022189" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spleen</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015632" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gallbladder</a>) are in opposite positions from where they normally are.</p><p>A correct and early diagnosis of PCD is very important. It will allow you or your child to get the proper <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> to keep your airways and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> as healthy as possible. An early diagnosis and proper treatment also can prevent or delay lung damage.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pcd-sec2-d1e86"><h3>Outlook</h3><p>Many people who have PCD have normal lifespans. However, about 25 percent of people who have the disease may develop <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-rf/">respiratory failure</a>, a life-threatening condition. A small number of people who have PCD need <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-lungtxp/">lung transplants</a>.</p><p>Scientists continue to study the faulty <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a> that cause PCD. Further studies of the disease will likely lead to earlier diagnoses, better <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a>, and improved outcomes.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-names"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-names_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Other Names for Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia</h2><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Acilia syndrome</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Dyskinetic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022938" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cilia</a> syndrome</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022930" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Immotile cilia syndrome</a></div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022930" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Primary ciliary dyskinesia</a> (PCD) is a rare, inherited disease. "Inherited" means the disease is passed from parents to children through <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a>. With PCD, this process is very complex. Researchers are still learning how the disease is inherited and which genes are involved.</p><p>Generally, a child must inherit faulty <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a> from both parents to have PCD. These genes affect how <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022938" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cilia</a> grow and function. Cilia are tiny, hair-like structures that line the airways.</p><p>The airways include your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025667" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nose</a> and linked air passages; <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a>; <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022080" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">larynx</a> (LAR-ingks), or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022080" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">voice box</a>; <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022078" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">trachea</a> (TRA-ke-ah), or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022078" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">windpipe</a>; and tubes called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022178" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bronchial tubes</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022178" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bronchi</a>, and their branches.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022938" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Cilia</a> move <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a> (a slimy substance) through your airways and toward your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a> to be <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cough/">coughed</a> or sneezed out of your body. The mucus contains inhaled dust, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bacteria</a>, and other small particles.</p><p>Faulty <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a> may cause the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022938" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cilia</a> to be the wrong size or shape or move in the wrong way. Sometimes the cilia are missing altogether. If the cilia don't work well, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bacteria</a> stay in your airways. This can cause breathing problems, infections, and other disorders.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figd4e50" co-legend-rid="figlgndd4e50"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062961/figure/d4e50/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figd4e50" rid-ob="figobd4e50"><img class="small-thumb" src="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062961/bin/primary_ciliary_dyskinesia.gif" src-large="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062961/bin/primary_ciliary_dyskinesia.jpg" alt="Image "></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndd4e50"><h4 id="d4e50"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062961/figure/d4e50/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd4e50">Figure</a></h4></div></div><p>Figure A shows the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> that <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022930" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">primary ciliary dyskinesia</a> can affect. Figure B shows a cross-section of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022078" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">trachea</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022078" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">windpipe</a>). Figure C shows a closeup view of normal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022938" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cilia</a> lining the trachea. The cilia move together in wave-like motions to transport <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a> toward the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a>. Figure D shows a closeup view of faulty cilia lining the trachea. The cilia are deformed and do not move together, causing a buildup of mucus.</p><p>No single faulty <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a> causes all cases of PCD. Rather, many <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a> are associated with the disease.</p><p>If a child inherits a faulty <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a> (or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a>) from only one parent, he or she may be a "PCD carrier." Carriers usually have no symptoms of PCD. However, carriers can pass faulty PCD genes on to their children.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-atrisk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-atrisk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is at Risk for Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022930" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Primary ciliary dyskinesia</a> (PCD) is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029769" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rare disease</a> that affects both males and females. The disease also affects people from all racial and ethnic groups.</p><p>Some people who have PCD have breathing problems from the moment of birth. However, other people can go through all or most of their lives without knowing that they have the disease.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022930" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Primary ciliary dyskinesia</a> (PCD) mainly affects the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024561" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sinuses</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024836" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ears</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. One sign that you might have PCD is if you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> (ongoing) infections in one or more of these areas. Common signs, symptoms, and complications linked to PCD include the following:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024561" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sinuses</a>: <ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Chronic</a> nasal congestion</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Runny nose</a> with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024835" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pus</a> discharge</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Chronic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024561" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sinus</a> infections</div></li></ul> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024836" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Ears</a>: <ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Chronic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022347" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">middle ear</a> infections</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024996" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Hearing loss</a></div></li></ul> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Lungs</a>: <ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022181" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Respiratory</a> distress (breathing problems) in newborns</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Chronic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cough/">cough</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Recurrent <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pnu/">pneumonia</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Collapse of part or all of a lung</div></li></ul> </div></li></ul><p>PCD also can cause fertility problems in men and women. "Fertility" refers to the ability to have children. In men, PCD can affect <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022938" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cilia</a>-like structures that help <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022595" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sperm</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> move. Because the sperm cells don't move well, men who have the disease usually are unable to father children.</p><p>Fertility problems also occur in some women who have PCD. These problems likely are due to faulty <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022938" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cilia</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022597" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fallopian tubes</a>. (The fallopian tubes carry eggs from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022599" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ovaries</a> to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022603" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">uterus</a>.)</p><p>About half of all people who have PCD have Kartagener's syndrome. This syndrome involves three disorders: <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024567" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sinusitis</a> (si-nu-SI-tis), <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-brn/">bronchiectasis</a> (brong-ke-EK-tah-sis), and situs inversus.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Chronic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024567" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sinusitis</a> is a condition in which the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024561" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sinuses</a> are infected or inflamed. The sinuses are hollow air spaces around the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024564" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nasal passages</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022844" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Bronchiectasis</a> is a condition in which damage to the airways causes them to widen and become flabby and scarred.</p><p>Situs inversus is a condition in which the internal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> (for example, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022189" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spleen</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015632" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gallbladder</a>) are in opposite positions from where they normally are.</p><p>Situs inversus can occur without PCD. In fact, only 25 percent of people who have the condition also have PCD. By itself, situs inversus may not affect your health. However, in PCD, it's a sign of Kartagener's syndrome.</p><p>Some people who have PCD have abnormally placed <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-chd/">congenital heart defects</a>.</p><div id="nhlbi-pcd-sec2-d6e118"><h3>When Do Symptoms Occur?</h3><p>The symptoms and severity of PCD vary from person to person. If you or your child has the disease, you may have serious <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024561" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sinus</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024836" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ear</a>, and/or lung infections. If the disease is mild, it may not show up until the teen or adult years.</p><p>The symptoms and severity of PCD also vary over time. Sometimes, you may have few symptoms. Other times, your symptoms may become more severe.</p><p>Some people who have PCD have breathing problems when they're born and need <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-oxt/">extra oxygen</a> for several days. Afterward, airway infections are common.</p><p>Diagnosing PCD in children can be hard. This is because some PCD symptoms—such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025405" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ear infections</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">runny nose</a>—are common in children, even if they don't have PCD. Also, the disease may be confused with another condition, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cf/">cystic fibrosis</a>.</p><p>A correct and early diagnosis of PCD is very important. It will allow you or your child to get the proper <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> to keep your airways and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> as healthy as possible. An early diagnosis and proper treatment also can prevent or delay ongoing and long-term lung damage.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia Diagnosed?</h2><p>Your doctor or your child's doctor will diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022930" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">primary ciliary dyskinesia</a> (PCD) based on signs and symptoms and test results.</p><p>If your primary care doctor thinks that you may have PCD or another <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung disorder</a>, he or she may refer you to a pulmonologist. This is a doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung diseases</a> and conditions.</p><div id="nhlbi-pcd-sec2-d7e34"><h3>Signs and Symptoms</h3><p>Your doctor will look for signs and symptoms that point to PCD, such as:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022181" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Respiratory</a> distress (breathing problems) at birth</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Chronic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024561" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sinus</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022347" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">middle ear</a>, and/or lung infections</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Situs inversus (internal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> in positions opposite of what is normal)</div></li></ul><p>For more information, go to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062961/#nhlbisec-signs">"What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia?"</a> </p><p>Your doctor also may ask whether you have a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family history</a> of PCD. PCD is an inherited disease. "Inherited" means the disease is passed from parents to children through <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a>. A family history of PCD suggests an increased risk for the disease.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pcd-sec2-d7e61"><h3>Diagnostic Tests</h3><p>If the doctor thinks that you or your child might have PCD, he or she may recommend tests to confirm the diagnosis.</p><div id="nhlbi-pcd-sec3-d7e67"><h4>Genetic Testing</h4><p>Researchers have found many <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a> defects associated with PCD. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022716" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Genetic testing</a> can show whether you have faulty <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a> linked to the disease.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022716" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Genetic testing</a> is done using a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> sample. The sample is taken from a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a> in your body using a needle. The blood sample is checked at a special genetic testing laboratory (lab).</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pcd-sec3-d7e77"><h4>Electron Microscopy</h4><p>Doctors can use a special microscope, called an electron microscope, to look at samples of your airway <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022938" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cilia</a>. This test can show whether your cilia are faulty.</p><p>An <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024836" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ear</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025667" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nose</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024473" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">throat</a> (ENT) specialist or a pulmonologist (lung specialist) will take samples of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022938" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cilia</a>. He or she will brush the inside of your nose or remove some <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> from your airways.</p><p>The doctor will send the samples to a lab. There, a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029361" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pathologist</a> will look at them under an electron microscope. (A pathologist is a doctor who specializes in identifying diseases by studying <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissues</a> under a microscope.)</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pcd-sec3-d7e90"><h4>Other Tests</h4><p>Sometimes doctors use one or more of the following tests to help diagnose PCD. These tests are less complex than <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022716" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic testing</a> and electron <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029872" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">microscopy</a>, and they can be done in a doctor's office.</p><p>However, these tests don't give a final diagnosis. Based on the test results, doctors may recommend the more complex tests.</p><p>Video <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029872" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">microscopy</a>. For this test, a pulmonologist brushes the inside of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025667" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nose</a> to get a sample of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022938" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cilia</a>. Then, he or she looks at the cilia under a microscope to see how they move. Abnormal movement of the cilia may be a sign of PCD.</p><p>Radiolabeled particles. For this test, you breathe in tiny particles that have a small amount of radiation attached to them. When you breathe out, your doctor will test how well your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022938" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cilia</a> can move the particles.</p><p>If you breathe out a smaller than normal number of particles, your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022938" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cilia</a> may not be working well. This could be a sign of PCD.</p><p>Nasal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0011425" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nitric oxide</a>. This test measures the level of nitric oxide (a gas) when you breathe out. In people who have PCD, the level of nitric oxide is very low compared with normal levels. Doctors don't know why people who have PCD breathe out such low levels of nitric oxide.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025038" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Semen analysis</a>. This test is used for adult men. In men, PCD can affect <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022938" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cilia</a>-like structures that help <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022595" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sperm</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> move. As a result, men who have PCD may have fertility problems. ("Fertility" refers to the ability to have children.)</p><p>For this test, a sample of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024427" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">semen</a> is checked under a microscope. Abnormal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022595" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sperm</a> may be a sign of PCD.</p><p>Tests for other conditions. Your doctor also might want to do tests to rule out diseases and disorders that have symptoms similar to those of PCD. For example, you may have tests to rule out <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cf/">cystic fibrosis</a> or immune disorders.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia Treated?</h2><p>Unfortunately, no <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> is available yet to fix faulty airway <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022938" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cilia</a>. (Cilia are tiny, hair-like structures that line the airways.) Thus, treatment for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022930" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">primary ciliary dyskinesia</a> (PCD) focuses on which symptoms and complications you have.</p><p>The main goals of treating PCD are to:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Control and treat lung, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024561" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sinus</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025405" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ear infections</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Remove trapped <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a> from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> and airways</div></li></ul><div id="nhlbi-pcd-sec2-d8e43"><h3>Specialists Involved</h3><p>Many doctors may help care for someone who has PCD. For example, a neonatologist may suspect PCD or another <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung disorder</a> if a newborn has breathing problems at birth. A neonatologist is a doctor who specializes in treating newborns.</p><p>A pediatrician may suspect PCD if a child has <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> (ongoing) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024561" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sinus</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024836" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ear</a>, and/or lung infections. A pediatrician is a doctor who specializes in treating children. This type of doctor provides children with ongoing care from an early age and treats conditions such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025405" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ear infections</a> and breathing problems.</p><p>An <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030535" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">otolaryngologist</a> also may help diagnose and treat PCD. This type of doctor treats <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024836" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ear</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025667" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nose</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024473" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">throat</a> disorders and also is called an ear, nose, and throat (ENT) specialist. If a child has <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024561" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sinus</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025405" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ear infections</a>, an ENT specialist may be involved in the child's care.</p><p>A pulmonologist may help diagnose or treat lung problems related to PCD. This type of doctor specializes in diagnosing and treating <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung diseases</a> and conditions. Most people who have PCD have lung problems at some point in their lives.</p><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029361" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pathologist</a> is a doctor who specializes in identifying diseases by studying <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissues</a> under a microscope. This type of doctor may help diagnose PCD by looking at <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022938" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cilia</a> under a microscope.</p><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029361" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pathologist</a> also may look at <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a> samples to see what types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bacteria</a> are causing infections. This information can help your doctor decide which <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> to prescribe.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pcd-sec2-d8e66"><h3>Treatments for Breathing and Lung Problems</h3><p>Standard <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for breathing and lung problems in people who have PCD are <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030138" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">physical therapy</a> (CPT), <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">exercise</a>, and medicines.</p><p>One of the main goals of these <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> is to get you to <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cough/">cough</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Coughing</a> clears <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a> from the airways, which is important for people who have PCD. For this reason, your doctor also may advise you to avoid medicines that suppress coughing.</p><div id="nhlbi-pcd-sec3-d8e78"><h4>Chest Physical Therapy</h4><p>CPT also is called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> clapping or percussion. It involves pounding your chest and back over and over with your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hands</a> or a device to loosen the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a> from your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> so that you can <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a> it up.</p><p>You might sit down or lie on your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a> with your head down while you do CPT. Gravity and force help drain the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a> from your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>.</p><p>Some people find CPT hard or uncomfortable to do. Several devices have been made to help with CPT, such as:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>An electric <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> clapper, known as a mechanical percussor.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>An inflatable <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a> vest that uses high-frequency airwaves. The airwaves force the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a> that's deep in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> toward your upper airways so you can <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a> it up.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A small <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hand</a>-held device that you breathe out through. The device causes vibrations that dislodge the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A mask that creates vibrations to help break the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a> loose from your airway walls.</div></li></ul><p>Breathing techniques also may help dislodge <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a> so you can <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a> it up. These techniques include forcing out a couple of short breaths or deeper breaths and then doing relaxed breathing. This may help loosen the mucus in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> and open your airways.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pcd-sec3-d8e109"><h4>Exercise</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022362" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Aerobic exercise</a> that makes you breathe harder helps loosen the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a> in your airways so you can <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a> it up. Exercise also helps improve your overall physical condition.</p><p>Talk with your doctor about what types and amounts of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">exercise</a> are safe for you or your child.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pcd-sec3-d8e119"><h4>Medicines</h4><p>If you have PCD, your doctor may prescribe antibiotics, bronchodilators, or anti-inflammatory medicines. These medicines help treat lung infections, open up the airways, and reduce swelling.</p><p>Antibiotics are the main <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> to prevent or treat lung infections. Your doctor may prescribe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025395" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oral</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022191" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">intravenous</a> (IV) antibiotics.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025395" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Oral</a> antibiotics often are used to treat mild lung infections. For severe or hard-to-treat infections, you may be given IV antibiotics through a tube inserted into a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a>.</p><p>To help decide which antibiotics you need, your doctor may send <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a> samples to a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029361" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pathologist</a>. The pathologist will try to find out which <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bacteria</a> are causing the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>.</p><p>Bronchodilators help open the airways by relaxing the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscles</a> around them. You inhale these medicines. Often, they're taken just before CPT to help clear <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a> from your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. You also may take bronchodilators before <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022221" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inhaling</a> other medicines into your lungs.</p><p>Anti-inflammatory medicines can help reduce swelling in your airways that's caused by ongoing infections. These medicines may be inhaled or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025395" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oral</a>.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-pcd-sec2-d8e141"><h3>Treatments for Sinus and Ear Infections</h3><p>To treat infections, your doctor may recommend <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030277" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">saline</a> nasal washes and anti-inflammatory nasal spray. If these <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> aren't enough, you may need medicines, such as antibiotics. If antibiotics don't work, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> may be an option.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025673" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Tympanostomy</a> (tim-pan-OS-toe-me) is a procedure in which small tubes are inserted into the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024839" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eardrums</a> to help drain <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a> from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024836" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ears</a>. This procedure may help children who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024976" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hearing</a> problems caused by PCD.</p><p>Nasal or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024561" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sinus</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> may help drain the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024561" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sinuses</a> and provide short-term relief of symptoms. However, the long-term benefits of this <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> are unclear.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pcd-sec2-d8e153"><h3>Treatments for Advanced Lung Disease</h3><p>People who have PCD may develop a serious lung condition called <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-brn/">bronchiectasis</a>. This condition often is treated with medicines, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022869" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hydration</a> (drinking plenty of fluids), and CPT.</p><p>If <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022844" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bronchiectasis</a> severely affects part of your lung, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> may be used to remove that area of lung.</p><p>In very rare cases, if other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> haven't worked, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-lungtxp/">lung transplant</a> may be an option for severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung disease</a>. A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028188" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung transplant</a> is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> to remove a person's diseased lung and replace it with a healthy lung from a deceased donor.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-livingwith"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-livingwith_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Living With Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia</h2><p>If you or your child has <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022930" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">primary ciliary dyskinesia</a> (PCD), try to learn as much as you can about the disease. Work closely with your doctors or your child's doctors to learn how to manage PCD.</p><div id="nhlbi-pcd-sec2-d9e31"><h3>Ongoing Care</h3><p>You'll need ongoing care to check your lung function and your general health. Ask your doctor how often you should schedule followup visits.</p><p>Your doctor will likely recommend periodic <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cxray/">chest x rays</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-lft/">lung function tests</a>. He or she will use the test results and information about your symptoms to plan your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>.</p><p>Make sure to report new or worsening symptoms, such as increased <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cough/">coughing</a>, to your doctor right away. This will allow him or her to find out whether you have an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> and what's causing it. Your doctor can then prescribe medicine to prevent the infection from worsening.</p><p>Also, certain vaccines can lower your risk for some infections. Talk with your doctor about which vaccines may benefit you.</p><p>If your child has PCD, encourage him or her to learn about the disease and take an active role in his or her <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pcd-sec2-d9e59"><h3>Healthy Lifestyle</h3><p>Between medical checkups, you can practice good self-care and follow a healthy lifestyle. An important part of a healthy lifestyle is following a healthy diet.</p><p>A healthy diet includes a variety of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. It also includes lean meats, poultry, fish, beans, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fat</a>-free or low-fat milk or milk products. A healthy diet is low in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018272" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">saturated fat</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022582" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">trans fat</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cholesterol</a>, sodium (salt), and added <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023305" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sugar</a>.</p><p>For more information about following a healthy diet, go to the National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute's (NHLBI's) <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/obesity/lose_wt/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Aim for a Healthy Weight</a> Web site, <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/other/your_guide/healthyheart.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri"> "Your Guide to a Healthy Heart,"</a> and <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/hbp/dash/index.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">"Your Guide to Lowering Your Blood Pressure With DASH."</a> All of these resources include general information about healthy eating.</p><p>Another important part of a healthy lifestyle is to quit smoking or not start smoking. Talk to your doctor about programs and products that can help you quit. Also, try to avoid <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029761" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">secondhand smoke</a>.</p><p>If you have a child who has PCD, avoid smoking anywhere your child spends time, including the home and car. Encourage your child to never start smoking.</p><p>For more information about how to quit smoking, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">Smoking and Your Heart</a> article and the NHLBI's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/other/your_guide/healthyheart.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri"> "Your Guide to a Healthy Heart."</a> Although these resources focus on heart health, they include general information about how to quit smoking.</p><p>Other steps you can take to follow a healthy lifestyle include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Washing your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hands</a> often to lower your risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Being physically active and drinking lots of fluids. Talk with your doctor about what types and amounts of activity are safe for you or your child.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Doing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030138" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">physical therapy</a> (as your doctor recommends).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Avoiding medicines that suppress <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coughing</a>. (Coughing helps clear <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a> from your airways.)</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-pcd-sec2-d9e118"><h3>Other Concerns</h3><p>Adults who have PCD can expect to have normal sex lives. However, men and women who have the disease may have fertility problems. ("Fertility" refers to the ability to have children.) Fertility <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> may help some people who have PCD.</p><p>If you have PCD and fertility concerns, talk with your doctor. He or she can advise you about available <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> options.</p><p>People who have PCD should still have protected sex to avoid <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030416" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sexually transmitted diseases</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pcd-sec2-d9e130"><h3>Emotional Issues and Support</h3><p>Living with PCD may cause fear, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024918" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anxiety</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024768" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">depression</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a>. Talk about how you feel with your health care team. Talking to a professional counselor also can help. If you're very <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024768" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">depressed</a>, your doctor may recommend medicines or other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> that can improve your quality of life.</p><p>Support from family and friends also can help relieve <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024918" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anxiety</a>. Let your loved ones know how you feel and what they can do to help you.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pcd-sec2-d9e140"><h3>Genetic Counseling</h3><p>You may want to consider <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025312" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic counseling</a> if you have:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family history</a> of PCD and you're planning to have children</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A child who has PCD and are planning to have more children</div></li></ul><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025312" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic counselor</a> can explain the risk (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029368" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">likelihood</a>) of having children who have the disease. He or she also can help explain the choices that are available.</p><p>You can find information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025312" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic counseling</a> from health departments, neighborhood health centers, and medical centers.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-trials"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-trials_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Clinical Trials</h2><p>The National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute (NHLBI) is strongly committed to supporting research aimed at preventing and treating heart, lung, and blood diseases and conditions and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorders</a>.</p><p>NHLBI-supported research has led to many advances in medical knowledge and care. For example, this research has uncovered some of the causes of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> (ongoing) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung diseases</a>, as well as ways to prevent or treat these diseases.</p><p>Many more questions remain about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung diseases</a>, including <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022930" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">primary ciliary dyskinesia</a> (PCD). The NHLBI continues to support research aimed at learning more about these diseases. For example, the NHLBI currently is supporting a study to explore how PCD starts and changes over time and how it affects lung function.</p><p>Research often depends on the willingness of volunteers to take part in <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-clinicaltrials/">clinical trials</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Clinical trials</a> test new ways to prevent, diagnose, or treat various diseases and conditions.</p><p>For example, new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for a disease or condition (such as medicines, medical devices, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgeries</a>, or procedures) |
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Pulmonary Embolism |
<div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-pe-sec1-d1e37_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Is Pulmonary Embolism?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022020" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pulmonary embolism</a> (PULL-mun-ary EM-bo-lizm), or PE, is a sudden blockage in a lung <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a>. The blockage usually is caused by a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clot that travels to the lung from a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a> in the leg.</p><p>A clot that forms in one part of the body and travels in the bloodstream to another part of the body is called an embolus (EM-bo-lus).</p><p>PE is a serious condition that can:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Damage part of your lung because of a lack of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow to your lung <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a>. This damage may lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pah/">pulmonary hypertension</a> (increased pressure in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022019" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary arteries</a>).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Cause low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> levels in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Damage other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> in your body because of a lack of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>.</div></li></ul><p>If a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clot is large, or if there are many clots, PE can cause death.</p><div id="nhlbi-pe-sec2-d1e68"><h3>Overview</h3><p>PE most often is a complication of a condition called <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-dvt/">deep vein thrombosis</a> (DVT). In DVT, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots form in the deep <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a> of the body—most often in the legs. These clots can break free, travel through the bloodstream to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, and block an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a>.</p><p>Deep <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a> clots are not like clots in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a> close to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>'s surface. Those clots remain in place and do not cause PE.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pe-sec2-d1e80"><h3>Outlook</h3><p>The exact number of people affected by DVT and PE isn't known. Estimates suggest these conditions affect 300,000 to 600,000 people in the United States each year.</p><p>If left untreated, about 30 percent of patients who have PE will die. Most of those who die do so within the first few hours of the event.</p><p>The good news is that a prompt diagnosis and proper <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> can save lives and help prevent the complications of PE.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-names"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-names_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Other Names for Pulmonary Embolism</h2><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021985" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Venous thromboembolism</a> (VTE). This term is used for both <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022020" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary embolism</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-dvt/">deep vein thrombosis</a>.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes Pulmonary Embolism?</h2><div id="nhlbi-pe-sec2-d4e28"><h3>Major Causes</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022020" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pulmonary embolism</a> (PE) usually begins as a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clot in a deep <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a> of the leg. This condition is called <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-dvt/">deep vein thrombosis</a>. The clot can break free, travel through the bloodstream to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, and block an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a>.</p><p>The animation below shows how a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clot from a deep <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a> in the leg can travel to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, causing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022020" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary embolism</a>. Click the "start" button to play the animation. Written and spoken explanations are provided with each frame. Use the buttons in the lower right corner to pause, restart, or replay the animation, or use the scroll bar below the buttons to move through the frames.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figdvtpe" co-legend-rid="figlgnddvtpe"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063052/figure/dvt_pe/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img" rid-ob="figobdvtpe"><img class="small-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/bookshelf/static/media-icon.gif" alt="Figure Icon"></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgnddvtpe"><h4 id="dvt_pe"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063052/figure/dvt_pe/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobdvtpe">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">The animation shows how a blood clot in a deep vein of the leg can break off, travel to the lungs, and block blood flow. </p></div></div><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> clots can form in the deep <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a> of the legs if blood flow is restricted and slows down. This can happen if you don't move around for long <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023146" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">periods</a>, such as:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>After some types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>During a long trip in a car or airplane</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>If you must stay in bed for an extended time</div></li></ul><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> clots are more likely to develop in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a> damaged from <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> or injured in other ways.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pe-sec2-d4e69"><h3>Other Causes</h3><p>Rarely, an air bubble, part of a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024119" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tumor</a>, or other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> travels to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> and causes PE. Also, if a large <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022807" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone</a> in the body (such as the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024553" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thigh bone</a>) breaks, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fat</a> from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> can travel through the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. If the fat reaches the lungs, it can cause PE.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-atrisk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-atrisk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is at Risk for Pulmonary Embolism?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022020" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pulmonary embolism</a> (PE) occurs equally in men and women. The risk increases with age. For every 10 years after age 60, the risk of having PE doubles.</p><p>Certain inherited conditions, such as factor V Leiden, increase the risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030009" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood clotting</a> and PE.</p><div id="nhlbi-pe-sec2-d5e34"><h3>Major Risk Factors</h3><p>Your risk for PE is high if you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-dvt/">deep vein thrombosis</a> (DVT) or a history of DVT. In DVT, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots form in the deep <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a> of the body—most often in the legs. These clots can break free, travel through the bloodstream to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, and block an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a>.</p><p>Your risk for PE also is high if you've had the condition before.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pe-sec2-d5e47"><h3>Other Risk Factors</h3><p>Other factors also can increase the risk for PE, such as:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Being bedridden or unable to move around much</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Having <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> or breaking a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022807" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone</a> (the risk goes up in the weeks following the surgery or injury)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Having certain diseases or conditions, such as a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stroke/">stroke</a>, paralysis (an inability to move), <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">high blood pressure</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">Smoking</a> </div></li></ul><p>People who have recently been treated for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancer</a> or who have a central venous <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022169" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">catheter</a> are more likely to develop DVT, which increases their risk for PE. A central venous catheter is a tube placed in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a> to allow easy access to the bloodstream for medical <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>.</p><p>Other risk factors for DVT include sitting for long <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023146" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">periods</a> (such as during long car or airplane rides), <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a> and the 6-week period after pregnancy, and being <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-obe/">overweight or obese</a>. Women who take <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hormone</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a> pills or birth control pills also are at increased risk for DVT.</p><p>The risk of developing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots increases as your number of risk factors increases.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Pulmonary Embolism?</h2><div id="nhlbi-pe-sec2-d6e28"><h3>Major Signs and Symptoms</h3><p>Signs and symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022020" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary embolism</a> (PE) include unexplained shortness of breath, problems breathing, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cough/">coughing</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coughing</a> up <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. An <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-arr/">arrhythmia</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">irregular heartbeat</a>) also may suggest that you have PE.</p><p>Sometimes the only signs and symptoms are related to <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-dvt/">deep vein thrombosis</a> (DVT). These include swelling of the leg or along a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a> in the leg, pain or tenderness in the leg, a feeling of increased warmth in the area of the leg that's swollen or tender, and red or discolored <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> on the affected leg.</p><p>See your doctor right away if you have any signs or symptoms of PE or DVT. It's also possible to have PE and not have any signs or symptoms.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pe-sec2-d6e50"><h3>Other Signs and Symptoms</h3><p>Some people who have PE have feelings of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024918" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anxiety</a> or dread, light-headedness or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029695" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fainting</a>, rapid breathing, sweating, or an increased <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024325" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart rate</a>.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Pulmonary Embolism Diagnosed?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022020" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pulmonary embolism</a> (PE) is diagnosed based on your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029840" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">medical history</a>, a physical exam, and test results.</p><p>Doctors who treat patients in the emergency room often are the ones to diagnose PE with the help of a radiologist. A radiologist is a doctor who deals with x rays and other similar tests.</p><div id="nhlbi-pe-sec2-d7e34"><h3>Medical History and Physical Exam</h3><p>To diagnose PE, the doctor will ask about your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029840" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">medical history</a>. He or she will want to: </p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Find out your <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-dvt/">deep vein thrombosis</a> (DVT) and PE risk factors</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>See how likely it is that you could have PE</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Rule out other possible causes for your symptoms</div></li></ul><p>Your doctor also will do a physical exam. During the exam, he or she will check your legs for signs of DVT. He or she also will check your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> and your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pe-sec2-d7e59"><h3>Diagnostic Tests</h3><p>Many tests can help diagnose PE. Which tests you have will depend on how you feel when you get to the hospital, your risk factors, available testing options, and other conditions you could possibly have. You may have one or more of the following tests.</p><div id="nhlbi-pe-sec3-d7e65"><h4>Ultrasound</h4><p>Doctors can use ultrasound to look for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots in your legs. Ultrasound uses sound waves to check blood flow in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a>.</p><p>For this test, gel is put on the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> of your legs. A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hand</a>-held device called a transducer is moved back and forth over the affected areas. The transducer gives off <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029836" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ultrasound waves</a> and detects their echoes as they bounce off the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a> walls and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a>.</p><p>A computer turns the echoes into a picture on a computer screen, allowing the doctor to see <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow in your legs. If the doctor finds blood clots in the deep <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a> of your legs, he or she will recommend <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>.</p><p>DVT and PE both are treated with the same medicines.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pe-sec3-d7e81"><h4>Computed Tomography Scans</h4><p>Doctors can use computed tomography (to-MOG-rah-fee) scans, or CT scans, to look for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> and legs.</p><p>For this test, dye is injected into a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arm</a>. The dye makes the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> and legs show up on x-ray images. You'll lie on a table, and an x-ray tube will rotate around you. The tube will take pictures from many angles.</p><p>This test allows doctors to detect most cases of PE. The test only takes a few minutes. Results are available shortly after the scan is done.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pe-sec3-d7e94"><h4>Lung Ventilation/Perfusion Scan</h4><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-lvq/">lung ventilation/perfusion scan</a>, or VQ scan, uses a radioactive substance to show how well <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> are flowing to all areas of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. This test can help detect PE.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pe-sec3-d7e103"><h4>Pulmonary Angiography</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022202" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pulmonary</a> angiography (an-jee-OG-rah-fee) is another test used to diagnose PE. This test isn't available at all hospitals, and a trained specialist must do the test.</p><p>For this test, a flexible tube called a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022169" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">catheter</a> is threaded through the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028097" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">groin</a> (upper thigh) or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arm</a> to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. Dye is injected into the blood vessels through the catheter.</p><p>X-ray pictures are taken to show <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flowing through the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. If a blood clot is found, your doctor may use the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022169" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">catheter</a> to remove it or deliver medicine to dissolve it.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pe-sec3-d7e116"><h4>Blood Tests</h4><p>Certain <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022070" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood tests</a> may help your doctor find out whether you're likely to have PE.</p><p>A D-dimer test measures a substance in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> that's released when a blood clot breaks down. High levels of the substance may mean a clot is present. If your test is normal and you have few risk factors, PE isn't likely.</p><p>Other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022070" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood tests</a> check for inherited disorders that cause blood clots. Blood tests also can measure the amount of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022309" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carbon dioxide</a> in your blood. A clot in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> may lower the level of oxygen in your blood.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pe-sec3-d7e128"><h4>Other Tests</h4><p>To rule out other possible causes of your symptoms, your doctor may use one or more of the following tests.</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-echo/">Echocardiography</a> (echo). This test uses sound waves to create a moving picture of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. Doctors use echo to check heart function and detect <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots inside the heart.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ekg/">EKG</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029879" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">electrocardiogram</a>). An EKG is a simple, painless test that detects and records the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical activity.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cxray/">Chest x ray</a>. This test creates pictures of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, large <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029862" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ribs</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022135" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diaphragm</a> (the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscle</a> below your lungs).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cmri/">Chest MRI</a> (magnetic resonance imaging). This test uses radio waves and magnetic fields to create pictures of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> and structures inside the body. MRI often can provide more information than an x ray.</div></li></ul></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Pulmonary Embolism Treated?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022020" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pulmonary embolism</a> (PE) is treated with medicines, procedures, and other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapies</a>. The main goals of treating PE are to stop the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clot from getting bigger and keep new clots from forming.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatment</a> may include medicines to thin the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> and slow its ability to clot. If your symptoms are life threatening, your doctor may give you medicine to quickly dissolve the clot. Rarely, your doctor may use <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> or another procedure to remove the clot.</p><div id="nhlbi-pe-sec2-d8e34"><h3>Medicines</h3><p>Anticoagulants (AN-te-ko-AG-u-lants), or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> thinners, decrease your blood's ability to clot. They're used to stop blood clots from getting larger and prevent clots from forming. Blood thinners don't break up blood clots that have already formed. (The body dissolves most clots with time.)</p><p>You can take <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> thinners as either a pill, an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022222" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">injection</a>, or through a needle or tube inserted into a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a> (called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022191" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">intravenous</a>, or IV, injection). <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0012678" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Warfarin</a> is given as a pill. (Coumadin® is a common brand name for warfarin.) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0010545" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heparin</a> is given as an injection or through an IV tube.</p><p>Your doctor may treat you with both <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0010545" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heparin</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0012678" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">warfarin</a> at the same time. Heparin acts quickly. Warfarin takes 2 to 3 days before it starts to work. Once warfarin starts to work, heparin usually is stopped.</p><p>Pregnant women usually are treated with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0010545" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heparin</a> only, because <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0012678" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">warfarin</a> is dangerous for the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a>.</p><p>If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-dvt/">deep vein thrombosis</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> thinners usually lasts for 3 to 6 months. If you've had blood clots before, you may need a longer period of treatment. If you're being treated for another illness, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancer</a>, you may need to take blood thinners as long as PE risk factors are present.</p><p>The most common side effect of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> thinners is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>. This can happen if the medicine thins your blood too much. This side effect can be life threatening.</p><p>Sometimes the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> is internal, which is why people treated with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> thinners usually have routine <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022070" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood tests</a>. These tests, called PT and PTT tests, measure the blood's ability to clot. These tests also help your doctor make sure you're taking the right amount of medicine. Call your doctor right away if you're bruising or bleeding easily.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0012405" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Thrombin</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025473" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inhibitors</a> are a newer type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>-thinning medicine. They're used to treat some types of blood clots in people who can't take <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0010545" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heparin</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pe-sec2-d8e69"><h3>Emergency Treatment</h3><p>When PE is life threatening, a doctor may use <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> that remove or break up the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clot. These treatments are given in an emergency room or hospital.</p><p>Thrombolytics (THROM-bo-LIT-iks) are medicines that can quickly dissolve a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clot. They're used to treat large clots that cause severe symptoms. Because thrombolytics can cause sudden <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>, they're used only in life-threatening situations.</p><p>Sometimes a doctor may use a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022169" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">catheter</a> (a flexible tube) to reach the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clot. The catheter is inserted into a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028097" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">groin</a> (upper thigh) or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arm</a> and threaded to the clot in the lung. The doctor may use the catheter to remove the clot or deliver medicine to dissolve it.</p><p>Rarely, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> may be needed to remove the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clot.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pe-sec2-d8e85"><h3>Other Types of Treatment</h3><p>If you can't take medicines to thin your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>, or if the medicines don't work, your doctor may suggest a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vena cava</a> filter. This device keeps blood clots from traveling to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>.</p><p>The filter is inserted inside a large <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a> called the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022265" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inferior vena cava</a>. (This vein carries <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> from the body back to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>). The filter catches clots before they travel to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. This type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> can prevent PE, but it won't stop other blood clots from forming.</p><p>Graduated compression stockings can reduce the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> (ongoing) swelling that a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clot in the leg may cause.</p><p>Graduated compression stockings are worn on the legs from the arch of the foot to just above or below the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">knee</a>. These stockings are tight at the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024901" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ankle</a> and become looser as they go up the leg. This causes gentle compression (pressure) up the leg. The pressure keeps <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> from pooling and clotting.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-prevention"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-prevention_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Can Pulmonary Embolism Be Prevented?</h2><p>Preventing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022020" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary embolism</a> (PE) begins with preventing <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-dvt/">deep vein thrombosis</a> (DVT). Knowing whether you're at risk for DVT and taking steps to lower your risk are important.</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Exercise</a> your lower leg <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscles</a> if you're sitting for a long time while traveling.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Get out of bed and move around as soon as you're able after having <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> or being ill. The sooner you move around, the better your chance is of avoiding a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clot.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Take medicines to prevent clots after some types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> (as your doctor prescribes).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Follow up with your doctor.</div></li></ul><p>If you've already had DVT or PE, you can take more steps to prevent new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots from forming. Visit your doctor for regular checkups. Also, use compression stockings to prevent <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> (ongoing) swelling in your legs from DVT (as your doctor advises).</p><p>Contact your doctor right away if you have any signs or symptoms of DVT or PE.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-livingwith"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-livingwith_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Living With Pulmonary Embolism</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022020" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pulmonary embolism</a> (PE) usually is treated in a hospital. After leaving the hospital, you may need to take medicine at home for 6 months or longer. It's important to:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Take all medicines as prescribed, and have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022070" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood tests</a> done as your doctor advises.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Talk with your doctor before taking <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>-thinning medicines with any other medicines, including over-the-counter products. Over-the-counter <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000168" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aspirin</a>, for example, can thin your blood. Taking two medicines that thin your blood may increase your risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Ask your doctor about your diet. Foods that contain <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024016" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin K</a> can affect how well <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0012678" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">warfarin</a> (Coumadin®) works. Vitamin K is found in green leafy vegetables and some oils, such as canola and soybean oils. It's best to eat a well-balanced, healthy diet.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Discuss with your doctor what amount of alcohol is safe for you to drink if you're taking medicine.</div></li></ul><p>Medicines used to treat PE can thin your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> too much. This can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> in the digestive system or the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>. If you have signs or symptoms of bleeding in the digestive system or the brain, get <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> at once.</p><p>Signs and symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> in the digestive system include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Bright red <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024776" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vomit</a> or vomit that looks like coffee grounds</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Bright red <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022950" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stool</a> or black, tarry stools</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Pain in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022602" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abdomen</a></div></li></ul><p>Signs and symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Severe pain in your head</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Sudden changes in your vision</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Sudden loss of movement in your legs or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arms</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Memory loss or confusion</div></li></ul><p>Excessive <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> from a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029705" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fall</a> or injury also may mean that your PE medicines have thinned your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> too much. Excessive bleeding is bleeding that won't stop after you apply pressure to a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022139" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">wound</a> for 10 minutes. If you have excessive bleeding from a fall or injury, get <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> at once.</p><p>Once you've had PE (with or without <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-dvt/">deep vein thrombosis</a> (DVT)), you're at higher risk of having the condition again. During <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> and after, continue to take steps to prevent DVT.</p><p>Check your legs for any signs or symptoms of DVT, such as swollen areas, pain or tenderness, increased warmth in swollen or painful areas, or red or discolored <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>.</p><p>If you think that you have DVT or are having symptoms of PE, contact your doctor right away.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-trials"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-trials_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Clinical Trials</h2><p>The National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute (NHLBI) is strongly committed to supporting research aimed at preventing and treating heart, lung, and blood diseases and conditions and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorders</a>.</p><p>NHLBI-supported research has led to many advances in medical knowledge and care. Often, these advances depend on the willingness of volunteers to take part in <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-clinicaltrials/">clinical trials</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Clinical trials</a> test new ways to prevent, diagnose, or treat various diseases and conditions. For example, new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for a disease or condition (such as medicines, medical devices, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgeries</a>, or procedures) are tested in volunteers who have the illness. Testing shows whether a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> is safe and effective in humans before it is made available for widespread use.</p><p>By taking part in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, you can gain access to new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> before they're widely available. You also will have the support of a team of health care providers, who will likely monitor your health closely. Even if you don't directly benefit from the results of a clinical trial, the information gathered can help others and add to scientific knowledge.</p><p>If you volunteer for a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, the research will be explained to you in detail. You'll learn about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> and tests you may receive, and the benefits and risks they may pose. You'll also be given a chance to ask questions about the research. This process is called informed consent.</p><p>If you agree to take part in the trial, you'll be asked to sign an informed consent form. This form is not a contract. You have the right to withdraw from a study at any time, for any reason. Also, you have the right to learn about new risks or findings that emerge during the trial.</p><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> related to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022020" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary embolism</a>, talk with your doctor. You also can visit the following Web sites to learn more about clinical research and to search for clinical trials:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>http://clinicalresearch.nih.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.clinicaltrials.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.researchmatch.org</div></li></ul><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> for children, visit the NHLBI's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/childrenandclinicalstudies/index.php" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Children and Clinical Studies</a> Web page.</p></div><div style="display: none; width: 200px; top: -100px; left: -100px;" aria-live="assertive" aria-hidden="true" class="ui-helper-reset ui-ncbipopper-wrapper ui-ncbilinksmenu"><ul id="ui-ncbiinpagenav-6"><li><a href="#_nhlbi-pe-sec1-d1e37_">What Is Pulmonary Embolism?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-names_">Other Names for Pulmonary Embolism</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-causes_">What Causes Pulmonary Embolism?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-atrisk_">Who Is at Risk for Pulmonary Embolism?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-signs_">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Pulmonary Embolism?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-diagnosis_">How Is Pulmonary Embolism Diagnosed?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-treatment_">How Is Pulmonary Embolism Treated?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-prevention_">How Can Pulmonary Embolism Be Prevented?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-livingwith_">Living With Pulmonary Embolism</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-trials_">Clinical Trials</a></li></ul></div></div></div> |
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Pulmonary Hypertension |
<div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-pah-sec1-d1e37_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Is Pulmonary Hypertension?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pulmonary hypertension</a> (PULL-mun-ary HI-per-TEN-shun), or PH, is increased pressure in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022019" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary arteries</a>. These arteries carry <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> from your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> to pick up <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>.</p><p>PH causes symptoms such as shortness of breath during routine activity (for example, climbing two flights of stairs), <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tiredness</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain, and a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022345" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">racing heartbeat</a>. As the condition worsens, its symptoms may limit all physical activity.</p><div id="nhlbi-pah-sec2-d1e46"><h3>Overview</h3><p>To understand PH, it helps to understand how your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> work. Your heart has two sides, separated by an inner wall called the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022259" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">septum</a>.</p><p>Each side of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> has an upper and lower <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chamber</a>. The lower right chamber of your heart, the right <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricle</a> (VEN-trih-kul), pumps <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022019" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary arteries</a>. The blood then travels to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, where it picks up <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>.</p><p>The upper left <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chamber</a> of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, the left atrium (AY-tree-um), receives the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> from your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. The blood is then pumped into the lower left chamber of your heart, the left <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricle</a>. From the left ventricle, the blood is pumped to the rest of your body through an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a> called the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022262" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aorta</a>.</p><p>For more information about the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hhw/">How the Heart Works</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hlw/">How the Lungs Work</a> articles.</p><p>PH begins with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022625" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inflammation</a> and changes in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> that line your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022019" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary arteries</a>. Other factors also can affect the pulmonary arteries and cause PH. For example, the condition may develop if:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The walls of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> tighten.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The walls of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> are stiff at birth or become stiff from an overgrowth of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> clots form in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>.</div></li></ul><p>These changes make it hard for your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> to push <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> through your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022019" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary arteries</a> and into your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. As a result, the pressure in your arteries rises. Also, because your heart is working harder than normal, your right <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricle</a> becomes strained and weak.</p><p>Your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> may become so weak that it can't pump enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. This causes <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart failure</a> is the most common cause of death in people who have PH.</p><p>PH is divided into five groups based on its causes and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> options. In all groups, the average pressure in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022019" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary arteries</a> is 25 mmHg or higher. The pressure in normal pulmonary arteries is 8–20 mmHg at rest. (The mmHg is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030527" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">millimeters of mercury</a>—the units used to measure <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a>.)</p><p>Other diseases or conditions, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung diseases</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots, usually cause PH. Some people inherit the condition (that is, their parents pass the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a> for PH on to them). In some cases, the cause isn't known.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pah-sec2-d1e99"><h3>Outlook</h3><p>PH has no cure. However, research for new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> is ongoing. The earlier PH is treated, the easier it is to control.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatments</a> include medicines, procedures, and other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapies</a>. These treatments can relieve PH symptoms and slow the progress of the disease. Lifestyle changes also can help control symptoms.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-types"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-types_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Types of Pulmonary Hypertension</h2><p>The World Health Organization divides <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary hypertension</a> (PH) into five groups. These groups are organized based on the cause of the condition and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> options.</p><p>In all groups, the average pressure in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022019" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary arteries</a> is 25 mmHg or higher. The pressure in normal pulmonary arteries is 8–20 mmHg at rest.</p><p>(Note that group 1 is called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022202" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary</a> arterial <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypertension</a> (PAH) and groups 2 through 5 are called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary hypertension</a>. However, together all groups are called pulmonary hypertension.)</p><div id="nhlbi-pah-sec2-d3e37"><h3>Group 1 Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension</h3><p>Group 1 PAH includes:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>PAH that has no known cause.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>PAH that's inherited (passed from parents to children through <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a>).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>PAH that's caused by drugs or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030685" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">toxins</a>, such as street drugs and certain diet medicines.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>PAH that's caused by conditions such as: <ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030005" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Connective tissue diseases</a>. (Connective tissue helps support all parts of your body, including your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eyes</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>.)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>HIV <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Liver</a> disease.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-chd/">Congenital heart disease</a>. This is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease that's present at birth.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-sca/">Sickle cell disease</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Schistosomiasis (SKIS-toe-so-MI-ah-sis). This is an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> caused by a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022591" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">parasite</a>. Schistosomiasis is one of the most common causes of PAH in many parts of the world.</div></li></ul> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>PAH that's caused by conditions that affect the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a> and small <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-pah-sec2-d3e88"><h3>Group 2 Pulmonary Hypertension</h3><p>Group 2 includes PH with left <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease. Conditions that affect the left side of the heart, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hvd/">mitral valve disease</a> or long-term <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">high blood pressure</a>, can cause left heart disease and PH. Left heart disease is likely the most common cause of PH.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pah-sec2-d3e100"><h3>Group 3 Pulmonary Hypertension</h3><p>Group 3 includes PH associated with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung diseases</a>, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-copd/">COPD</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022631" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic obstructive pulmonary disease</a>) and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022941" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">interstitial</a> (IN-ter-STISH-al) lung diseases. Interstitial lung diseases cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028156" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">scarring</a> of the lung <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a>.</p><p>Group 3 also includes PH associated with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a>-related breathing disorders, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-sleepapnea/">sleep apnea</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pah-sec2-d3e116"><h3>Group 4 Pulmonary Hypertension</h3><p>Group 4 includes PH caused by <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030009" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood clotting</a> disorders.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pah-sec2-d3e122"><h3>Group 5 Pulmonary Hypertension</h3><p>Group 5 includes PH caused by various other diseases or conditions. Examples include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> disorders, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-poly/">polycythemia vera</a> (POL-e-si-THE-me-ah VAY-rah or VE-rah) and essential <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-thrm/">thrombocythemia</a> (THROM-bo-si-THE-me-ah).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Systemic disorders, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-sarc/">sarcoidosis</a> (sar-koy-DO-sis) and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-vas/">vasculitis</a> (vas-kyu-LI-tis). Systemic disorders involve many of the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023079" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Metabolic disorders</a>, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029359" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thyroid disease</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027951" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">glycogen storage disease</a>. (In glycogen storage disease, the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> don't use a form of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022906" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">glucose</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023305" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sugar</a>) properly.)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Other conditions, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024119" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tumors</a> that press on the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022019" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary arteries</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028181" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidney disease</a>.</div></li></ul></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-names"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-names_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Other Names for Pulmonary Hypertension</h2><p>Group 1 <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022202" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary</a> arterial <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypertension</a> (PAH) that occurs without a known cause often is called primary PAH or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022069" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">idiopathic</a> (id-ee-o-PATH-ick) PAH.</p><p>Group 1 PAH that occurs with a known cause often is called associated PAH. For example, PAH that occurs in a person who has <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024964" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">scleroderma</a> might be called "PAH occurring in association with scleroderma," or simply "scleroderma-associated PAH."</p><p>Groups 2–5 <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary hypertension</a> (PH) sometimes are called secondary PH.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes Pulmonary Hypertension?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pulmonary hypertension</a> (PH) begins with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022625" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inflammation</a> and changes in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> that line your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022019" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary arteries</a>. Other factors also can affect the pulmonary arteries and cause PH. For example, the condition may develop if:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The walls of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> tighten.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The walls of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> are stiff at birth or become stiff from an overgrowth of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> clots form in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>.</div></li></ul><p>These changes make it hard for your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> to push <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> through your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022019" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary arteries</a> and into your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. Thus, the pressure in the arteries rises, causing PH.</p><p>Many factors can contribute to the process that leads to the different types of PH.</p><p>Group 1 <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022202" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary</a> arterial <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypertension</a> (PAH) may have no known cause, or the condition may be inherited. ("Inherited" means the condition is passed from parents to children through <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a>.)</p><p>Some diseases and conditions also can cause group 1 PAH. Examples include HIV <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-chd/">congenital heart disease</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-sca/">sickle cell disease</a>. Also, the use of street drugs (such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0009701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cocaine</a>) and certain diet medicines can lead to PAH.</p><p>Many diseases and conditions can cause groups 2 through 5 PH (often called secondary PH), including:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hvd/">Mitral valve disease</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Lung diseases</a>, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-copd/">COPD</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022631" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic obstructive pulmonary disease</a>)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-sleepapnea/">Sleep apnea</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-sarc/">Sarcoidosis</a> </div></li></ul><p>For more information about the types of PH and the diseases, conditions, and factors that can cause them, go to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062983/#nhlbisec-types">"Types of Pulmonary Hypertension."</a> </p></div><div id="nhlbisec-atrisk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-atrisk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is at Risk for Pulmonary Hypertension?</h2><p>The exact number of people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary hypertension</a> (PH) isn't known.</p><p>Group 1 <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022202" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary</a> arterial <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypertension</a> (PAH) without a known cause is rare. Experts think that there are about 15 cases per 1 million adults. (Similar estimates have not been made for the other PH groups.) Group 1 PAH affects women more often than men. People who have group 1 PAH tend to be <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-obe/">overweight</a>.</p><p>PH that occurs with another disease or condition is more common.</p><p>PH usually develops between the ages of 20 and 60, but it can occur at any age. People who are at increased risk for PH include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Those who have a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family history</a> of the condition.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Those who have certain diseases or conditions, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung diseases</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver</a> disease, HIV <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022019" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary arteries</a>. (For more information about the diseases, conditions, and factors that cause PH, go to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062983/#nhlbisec-types">"Types of Pulmonary Hypertension."</a>)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Those who use street drugs (such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0009701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cocaine</a>) or certain diet medicines.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Those who live at high altitudes.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Pulmonary Hypertension?</h2><p>Signs and symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary hypertension</a> (PH) may include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Shortness of breath during routine activity, such as climbing two flights of stairs</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Tiredness</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Chest</a> pain</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022345" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">racing heartbeat</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Pain on the upper right side of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022602" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abdomen</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024897" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Decreased appetite</a></div></li></ul><p>As PH worsens, you may find it hard to do any physical activities. At this point, other signs and symptoms may include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Feeling light-headed, especially during physical activity</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029695" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Fainting</a> at times</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Swelling in your legs and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024901" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ankles</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A bluish color on your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024368" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lips</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a></div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Pulmonary Hypertension Diagnosed?</h2><p>Your doctor will diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary hypertension</a> (PH) based on your medical and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family histories</a>, a physical exam, and the results from tests and procedures.</p><p>PH can develop slowly. In fact, you may have it for years and not know it. This is because the condition has no early signs or symptoms.</p><p>When symptoms do occur, they're often like those of other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and lung conditions, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-asthma/">asthma</a>. This makes PH hard to diagnose.</p><div id="nhlbi-pah-sec2-d8e40"><h3>Medical and Family Histories</h3><p>Your doctor may ask about your signs and symptoms and how and when they began. He or she also may ask whether you have other medical conditions that can cause PH.</p><p>Your doctor will want to know whether you have any family members who have or have had PH. People who have a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family history</a> of PH are at higher risk for the condition.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pah-sec2-d8e50"><h3>Physical Exam</h3><p>During the physical exam, your doctor will listen to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> with a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023209" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stethoscope</a>. He or she also will check your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024901" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ankles</a> and legs for swelling and your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024368" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lips</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> for a bluish color. These are signs of PH.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pah-sec2-d8e56"><h3>Diagnostic Tests and Procedures</h3><p>Your doctor may recommend tests and procedures to confirm a diagnosis of PH and to look for its underlying cause. Your doctor also will use test results to find out the severity of your PH.</p><div id="nhlbi-pah-sec3-d8e63"><h4>Tests and Procedures To Confirm a Diagnosis</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029837" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Echocardiography</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-echo/">Echocardiography</a> (EK-o-kar-de-OG-ra-fee), or echo, uses sound waves to create a moving picture of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. This test can estimate the pressure in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022019" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary arteries</a>. Echo also can show the size and thickness of your right <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricle</a> and how well it's working.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Chest</a> x ray. A <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cxray/">chest x ray</a> takes pictures of the structures in your chest, such as your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>. This test can show whether your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022019" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary arteries</a> and right <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricle</a> are enlarged.</p><p>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022019" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary arteries</a> and right <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricle</a> may get larger if the right ventricle has to work hard to pump <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> through the pulmonary arteries.</p><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> x ray also may show signs of an underlying <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung disease</a> that's causing or contributing to PH.</p><p>EKG (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029879" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">electrocardiogram</a>). An <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ekg/">EKG</a> is a simple, painless test that records the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical activity. This test also shows whether your heart's rhythm is steady or irregular. An EKG may show whether your right <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricle</a> is enlarged or strained.</p><p>Right <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> catheterization. This procedure measures the pressure in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022019" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary arteries</a>. It also shows how well your heart is pumping <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to the rest of your body. <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cath/">Right heart catheterization</a> (KATH-e-ter-ih-ZA-shun) can find any leaks between the left and right side of the heart.</p><p>During this procedure, a thin, flexible tube called a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022169" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">catheter</a> is put into a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028097" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">groin</a> (upper thigh) or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027054" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neck</a>. The tube is threaded into the right side of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and into the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022019" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary arteries</a>. Through the tube, your doctor can do tests and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> on your heart.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pah-sec3-d8e108"><h4>Tests To Look for the Underlying Cause of Pulmonary Hypertension</h4><p>PH has many causes, so many tests may need to be done to find its underlying cause.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Chest</a> CT scan. A chest computed tomography (to-MOG-ra-fee) scan, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cct/">chest CT scan</a>, creates pictures of the structures inside your chest, such as your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>. These pictures can show signs of PH or a condition that may be causing PH.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Chest</a> MRI. Chest magnetic resonance imaging, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cmri/">chest MRI</a>, shows how your right <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricle</a> is working. The test also shows <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. Chest MRI also can help detect signs of PH or an underlying condition causing PH.</p><p>Lung function tests. <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-lft/">Lung function tests</a> measure how much air you can breathe in and out, how fast you can breathe air out, and how well your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> deliver <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. These tests can help detect a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung disease</a> that may be causing PH.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023524" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Polysomnogram</a> (PSG). This test records <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> activity, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eye</a> movements, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024325" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart rate</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> while you <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a>. A PSG also measures the level of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> in your blood. A low oxygen level during sleep is common in PH, and it can make the condition worse.</p><p>A PSG usually is done while you stay overnight at a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> center. For more information about this test, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-slpst/">Sleep Studies</a> article.</p><p>Lung ventilation/perfusion (VQ) scan. A lung VQ scan measures air and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. This test can help detect blood clots in your lung's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022070" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood tests</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bdt/">Blood tests</a> are used to rule out other diseases, such as HIV, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver</a> disease, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022033" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">autoimmune diseases</a> (such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024678" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rheumatoid arthritis</a>).</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pah-sec3-d8e163"><h4>Finding Out the Severity of Pulmonary Hypertension</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Exercise</a> testing is used to find out the severity of PH. This testing consists of either a 6-minute walk test or a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030031" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiopulmonary</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029875" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">exercise test</a>.</p><p>A 6-minute walk test measures the distance you can quickly walk in 6 minutes. A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030031" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiopulmonary</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029875" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">exercise test</a> measures how well your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> work while you exercise on a treadmill or bicycle.</p><p>During <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">exercise</a> testing, your doctor will rate your activity level. Your level is linked to the severity of your PH. The rating system ranges from class 1 to class 4.</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Class 1 has no limits. You can do regular physical activities, such as walking or climbing stairs. These activities don't cause PH symptoms, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tiredness</a>, shortness of breath, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Class 2 has slight or mild limits. You're comfortable while resting, but regular physical activity causes PH symptoms.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Class 3 has marked or noticeable limits. You're comfortable while resting. However, walking even one or two blocks or climbing one flight of stairs can cause PH symptoms.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Class 4 has severe limits. You're not able to do any physical activity without discomfort. You also may have PH symptoms while at rest.</div></li></ul><p>Over time, you may need more <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029875" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">exercise tests</a> to find out how well your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> are working. Each time testing is done, your doctor will compare your activity level with the previous one.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Pulmonary Hypertension Treated?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pulmonary hypertension</a> (PH) has no cure. However, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> may help relieve symptoms and slow the progress of the disease.</p><p>PH is treated with medicines, procedures, and other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapies</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatment</a> will depend on what type of PH you have and its severity. (For more information, go to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062983/#nhlbisec-types">"Types of Pulmonary Hypertension."</a>)</p><div id="nhlbi-pah-sec2-d9e37"><h3>Group 1 Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension</h3><p>Group 1 <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022202" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary</a> arterial <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypertension</a> (PAH) includes PH that's inherited, that has no known cause, or that's caused by certain drugs or conditions. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatments</a> for group 1 PAH include medicines and medical procedures.</p><div id="nhlbi-pah-sec3-d9e44"><h4>Medicines</h4><p>Your doctor may prescribe medicines to relax the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> and reduce excess <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cell</a> growth in the blood vessels. As the blood vessels relax, more blood can flow through them.</p><p>Your doctor may prescribe medicines that are taken by <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a>, inhaled, or injected.</p><p>Examples of medicines for group 1 PAH include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Phosphodiesterase-5 <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025473" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inhibitors</a>, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0001641" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sildenafil</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Prostanoids, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0010130" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">epoprostenol</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Endothelin <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024275" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">receptor</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025464" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antagonists</a>, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0009316" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bosentan</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0008911" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ambrisentan</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025449" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Calcium channel blockers</a>, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000580" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diltiazem</a></div></li></ul><p>Your doctor may prescribe one or more of these medicines. To find out which of these medicines works best, you'll likely have an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acute</a> vasoreactivity test. This test shows how the pressure in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022019" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary arteries</a> reacts to certain medicines. The test is done during <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cath/">right heart catheterization</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pah-sec3-d9e78"><h4>Medical and Surgical Procedures</h4><p>If you have group 1 PAH, your doctor may recommend one or more of the following procedures.</p><p>Atrial septostomy (sep-TOS-toe-me). For this procedure, a thin, flexible tube called a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022169" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">catheter</a> is put into a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a> in your leg and threaded to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. The tube is then put through the wall that separates your right and left <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022263" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atria</a> (the upper <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a> of your heart). This wall is called the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022259" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">septum</a>.</p><p>A tiny balloon on the tip of the tube is inflated. This creates an opening between the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022263" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atria</a>. This procedure relieves the pressure in the right atria and increases <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow. Atrial septostomy is rarely done in the United States.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028188" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Lung transplant</a>. A <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-lungtxp/">lung transplant</a> is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> to replace a person's diseased lung with a healthy lung from a deceased donor. This procedure may be used for people who have severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung disease</a> that's causing PAH.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>–<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028188" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung transplant</a>. A heart–lung transplant is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> in which both the heart and lung are replaced with healthy <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> from a deceased donor.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-pah-sec2-d9e106"><h3>Group 2 Pulmonary Hypertension</h3><p>Conditions that affect the left side of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hvd/">mitral valve disease</a>, can cause group 2 PH. Treating the underlying condition will help treat PH. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatments</a> may include lifestyle changes, medicines, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pah-sec2-d9e115"><h3>Group 3 Pulmonary Hypertension</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Lung diseases</a>, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-copd/">COPD</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022631" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic obstructive pulmonary disease</a>) and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022941" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">interstitial</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung disease</a>, can cause group 3 PH. Certain <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorders</a>, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-sleepapnea/">sleep apnea</a>, also can cause group 3 PH.</p><p>If you have this type of PH, you may need <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-oxt/">oxygen therapy</a>. This <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> raises the level of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. You'll likely get the oxygen through soft, plastic prongs that fit into your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025667" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nose</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029682" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Oxygen therapy</a> can be done at home or in a hospital.</p><p>Your doctor also may recommend other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> if you have an underlying <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung disease</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pah-sec2-d9e137"><h3>Group 4 Pulmonary Hypertension</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> clots in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030009" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood clotting</a> disorders can cause group 4 PH. If you have this type of PH, your doctor will likely prescribe blood-thinning medicines. These medicines prevent clots from forming or getting larger.</p><p>Sometimes doctors use <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> to remove <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028156" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">scarring</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022019" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary arteries</a> due to old <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pah-sec2-d9e146"><h3>Group 5 Pulmonary Hypertension</h3><p>Various diseases and conditions, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029359" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thyroid disease</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-sarc/">sarcoidosis</a>, can cause group 5 PH. An object, such as a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024119" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tumor</a>, pressing on the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022019" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary arteries</a> also can cause group 5 PH.</p><p>Group 5 PH is treated by treating its cause.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pah-sec2-d9e159"><h3>All Types of Pulmonary Hypertension</h3><p>Several <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> may be used for all types of PH. These treatments include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025451" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Diuretics</a>, also called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025451" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">water pills</a>. These medicines help reduce fluid buildup in your body, including swelling in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024901" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ankles</a> and feet.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a>-thinning medicines. These medicines help prevent blood clots from forming or getting larger.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000575" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Digoxin</a>. This medicine helps the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> beat stronger and pump more <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. Digoxin sometimes is used to control the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024325" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart rate</a> if abnormal heart rhythms, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-af/">atrial fibrillation</a> or atrial flutter, occur.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029682" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Oxygen therapy</a>. This <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> raises the level of oxygen in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Physical activity. Regular activity may help improve your ability to be active. Talk with your doctor about a physical activity plan that's safe for you.</div></li></ul><p>Research is ongoing for better PH <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a>. These treatments offer hope for the future.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-livingwith"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-livingwith_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Living With Pulmonary Hypertension</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pulmonary hypertension</a> (PH) has no cure. However, you can work with your doctor to manage your symptoms and slow the progress of the disease.</p><div id="nhlbi-pah-sec2-d10e31"><h3>Ongoing Care</h3><p>Follow your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> plan as your doctor advises. Call your doctor if your PH symptoms worsen or change. The earlier symptoms are addressed, the easier it is to treat them.</p><p>Some symptoms, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain, may require emergency <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>. Ask your doctor when you should call him or her or seek emergency care.</p><p>Also, talk with your doctor before taking any over-the-counter medicines. Some medicines can make your PH worse or interfere with the medicines you're taking for PH. Ask your doctor whether you should get a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pnu/">pneumonia</a> vaccine and a yearly <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025769" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">flu</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022222" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">shot</a>.</p><p>You may have a complex schedule for taking medicines. Call your doctor or nurse if you're having problems with this schedule. Knowing the names of your medicines and how they work is helpful. Keep a list of your medicines with you. Don't stop or change medicines unless you talk with your doctor first.</p><p>Pay careful attention to your weight. You may want to keep a daily record of your weight. You should weigh yourself at the same time each day. If you notice a rapid weight gain (2 or more pounds in 1 day or 5 or more pounds in 1 week), call your doctor. This may be a sign that your PH is worsening.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pregnancy</a> is risky for women who have PH. Consider using birth control if there is a chance you may become pregnant. Ask your doctor which birth control methods are safe for you.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pah-sec2-d10e56"><h3>Lifestyle Changes</h3><p>Making lifestyle changes can help you manage your symptoms. These changes will depend on the type of PH you have. Talk with your doctor about which lifestyle changes can help you.</p><div id="nhlbi-pah-sec3-d10e63"><h4>Quit Smoking</h4><p>If you smoke, quit. Smoking makes PH symptoms worse. Ask your doctor about programs and products that can help you quit. Also, avoid exposure to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029761" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">secondhand smoke</a>.</p><p>For more information about how to quit smoking, go |
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Raynaud's |
<div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-raynaud-sec1-d1e35_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Is Raynaud's?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Raynaud</a>'s is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029769" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rare disorder</a> that affects the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>. Arteries are <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> that carry blood from your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> to different parts of your body.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Raynaud</a>'s sometimes is called a disease, syndrome, or phenomenon. The disorder is marked by brief episodes of vasospasm (VA-so-spazm), which is a narrowing of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>.</p><p>Vasospasm of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> reduces <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023112" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fingers</a> and toes. In people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Raynaud</a>'s, the disorder usually affects the fingers. In about 40 percent of people who have Raynaud's, it affects the toes. Rarely, the disorder affects the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025667" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nose</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024836" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ears</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024043" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nipples</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024368" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lips</a>.</p><div id="nhlbi-raynaud-sec2-d1e47"><h3>Overview</h3><p>There are two main types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Raynaud</a>’s—primary and secondary.</p><p>In primary <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Raynaud</a>’s (also called Raynaud’s disease), the cause isn't known. Primary Raynaud's is more common and tends to be less severe than secondary Raynaud's.</p><p>Secondary <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Raynaud</a>’s is caused by an underlying disease, condition, or other factor. This type of Raynaud's is often called Raynaud's phenomenon.</p><p>If you have primary or secondary <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Raynaud</a>'s, cold temperatures or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a> can trigger "Raynaud's attacks." During an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024324" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">attack</a>, little or no <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flows to affected body parts.</p><p>As a result, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> may turn white and then blue for a short time. As <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow returns, the affected areas may turn red and throb, tingle, burn, or feel numb.</p><p>In both types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Raynaud</a>'s, even mild or brief changes in temperature can cause Raynaud's attacks. For example, taking something out of the freezer or being exposed to temperatures below 60 degrees Fahrenheit can cause your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023112" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fingers</a> to turn blue.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figd1e73" co-legend-rid="figlgndd1e73"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063014/figure/d1e73/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figd1e73" rid-ob="figobd1e73"><img class="small-thumb" src="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063014/bin/raynauds.gif" src-large="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063014/bin/raynauds.jpg" alt="Raynaud's."></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndd1e73"><h4 id="d1e73"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063014/figure/d1e73/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd1e73">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Raynaud's. Figure A shows arteries in the fingers (digital arteries) with normal blood flow. The inset image shows a cross-section of a digital artery. Figure B shows fingertips that have turned white due to blocked blood flow. Figure C shows narrowed <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063014/figure/d1e73/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd1e73">(more...)</a></p></div></div><p>Most people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Raynaud</a>'s have no long-term <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> damage or disability. However, people who have severe Raynaud's can develop <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> sores or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029651" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gangrene</a> from prolonged or repeated Raynaud's attacks. "Gangrene" refers to the death or decay of body <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissues</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-raynaud-sec2-d1e82"><h3>Outlook</h3><p>About 5 percent of the U.S. population has <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Raynaud</a>'s. For most people who have primary Raynaud's, the disorder is more of a bother than a serious illness. They usually can manage the condition with minor lifestyle changes.</p><p>Secondary <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Raynaud</a>'s may be harder to manage. However, several <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> are available to help prevent or relieve symptoms. With secondary Raynaud's, it's important to treat the underlying disease or condition that's causing it.</p><p>Researchers continue to look for better ways to diagnose and treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Raynaud</a>'s.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes Raynaud's?</h2><p>There are two main types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Raynaud</a>’s—primary and secondary.</p><p>In primary <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Raynaud</a>’s (also called Raynaud’s disease), the cause isn't known. Primary Raynaud's is more common and tends to be less severe than secondary Raynaud's. </p><p>Secondary <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Raynaud</a>’s is caused by an underlying disease, condition, or other factor. This type of Raynaud's is often called Raynaud's phenomenon.</p><div id="nhlbi-raynaud-sec2-d3e37"><h3>Causes of Secondary Raynaud's</h3><p>Many things can cause secondary <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Raynaud</a>'s. Examples include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Diseases and conditions that directly damage the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> or damage the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022678" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nerves</a> that control the arteries in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hands</a> and feet</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Repetitive actions that damage the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022678" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nerves</a> that control the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hands</a> and feet</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Injuries to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hands</a> and feet</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Exposure to certain chemicals</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Medicines that narrow the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> or affect <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a></div></li></ul><div id="nhlbi-raynaud-sec3-d3e62"><h4>Diseases and Conditions</h4><p>Secondary <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Raynaud</a>'s is linked to diseases and conditions that directly damage the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>. The disorder also is linked to diseases and conditions that damage the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022678" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nerves</a> that control the arteries in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hands</a> and feet.</p><p>For example, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Raynaud</a>’s occurs in most people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024964" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">scleroderma</a> (skler-o-DER-ma). It also is a common problem for people with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024510" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lupus</a>.</p><p>Other examples of diseases and conditions that can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Raynaud</a>'s include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Rheumatoid (RU-ma-toyd) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024677" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arthritis</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-atherosclerosis/">Atherosclerosis</a> (ath-er-o-skler-O-sis)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> disorders such as cryoglobulinemia (KRI-o-GLOB-yu-li-NE-me-ah) and polycythemia (POL-e-si-THE-me-ah)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Sjögren's (SHOW-gren's) syndrome, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025847" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">dermatomyositis</a> (DER-ma-to-mi-o-SI-tis), and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029565" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">polymyositis</a> (POL-e-mi-o-SI-tis)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-vas/#nhlbisec-types">Buerger's disease</a> </div></li></ul><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022083" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Thyroid</a> problems and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pah/">pulmonary hypertension</a> also may cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Raynaud</a>'s.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-raynaud-sec3-d3e102"><h4>Repetitive Actions</h4><p>Repetitive actions that damage the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> or the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022678" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nerves</a> that control the arteries in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hands</a> and feet may lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Raynaud</a>'s.</p><p>Typing, playing the piano, or doing other similar movements repeatedly over long <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023146" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">periods</a> may lead to secondary <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Raynaud</a>'s. Using vibrating tools, such as jackhammers and drills, also may raise your risk of developing Raynaud's.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-raynaud-sec3-d3e111"><h4>Hand or Foot Injuries</h4><p>Injuries to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hands</a> or feet from accidents, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029381" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">frostbite</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>, or other causes can lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Raynaud</a>'s.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-raynaud-sec3-d3e118"><h4>Chemicals</h4><p>Exposure to certain workplace chemicals can cause a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024964" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">scleroderma</a>-like illness that's linked to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Raynaud</a>'s. An example of this type of chemical is vinyl chloride, which is used in the plastics industry.</p><p>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029762" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nicotine</a> in cigarettes also can raise your risk of developing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Raynaud</a>'s.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-raynaud-sec3-d3e127"><h4>Medicines</h4><p>Certain medicines can cause secondary <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Raynaud</a>'s, including:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024778" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Migraine headache</a> medicines that contain ergotamine. This substance causes the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> to narrow.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Certain <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancer</a> medicines, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0009637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cisplatin</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0012637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vinblastine</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Some over-the-counter cold and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">allergy</a> medicines and diet aids. Some of these medicines can narrow your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Beta blockers</a>. These medicines slow your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024325" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart rate</a> and lower your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Birth control pills. These medicines can affect <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow.</div></li></ul></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-atrisk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-atrisk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is at Risk for Raynaud's?</h2><p>The risk factors for primary <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Raynaud</a>'s (Raynaud's disease) and secondary Raynaud's (Raynaud's phenomenon) are different.</p><p>The risk factors for primary <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Raynaud</a>'s include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Gender. Women are more likely to have primary <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Raynaud</a>'s than men.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Age. Primary <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Raynaud</a>'s usually develops before the age of 30.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Family history</a>. Primary <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Raynaud</a>'s may occur in members of the same family.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Living in a cold climate. Cold temperatures can trigger <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Raynaud</a>'s attacks.</div></li></ul><p>The risk factors for secondary <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Raynaud</a>'s include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Age. Secondary <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Raynaud</a>'s usually develops after the age of 30.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Certain diseases and conditions. For example, diseases that directly damage the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> or damage the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022678" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nerves</a> that control the arteries in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hands</a> and feet may cause secondary <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Raynaud</a>'s. (For more information, go to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063014/#nhlbisec-causes">"What Causes Raynaud's?"</a>)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Injuries to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hands</a> or feet.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Exposure to certain workplace chemicals, such as vinyl chloride (used in the plastics industry).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Repetitive actions with the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hands</a>, such as typing or using vibrating tools.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Certain medicines, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024778" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">migraine</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancer</a>, cold/<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">allergy</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> medicines.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Smoking.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Living in a cold climate.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Raynaud's?</h2><p>People who have primary <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Raynaud</a>'s (Raynaud's disease) or secondary Raynaud's (Raynaud's phenomenon) can have attacks in response to cold temperatures or emotional <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Raynaud</a>'s attacks usually affect the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023112" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fingers</a> and toes. Rarely, the attacks affect the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025667" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nose</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024836" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ears</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024043" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nipples</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024368" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lips</a>.</p><p>During a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Raynaud</a>'s <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024324" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">attack</a>, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> become very narrow for a brief period. As a result, little or no <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flows to affected body parts. This may cause these areas to:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Turn pale or white and then blue</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Feel numb, cold, or painful</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Turn red, throb, tingle, burn, or feel numb as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow returns to the affected areas</div></li></ul><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Raynaud</a>'s attacks can last less than a minute or as long as several hours. Attacks can occur daily or weekly.</p><p>Attacks often begin in one finger or toe and move to other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023112" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fingers</a> or toes. Sometimes only one or two fingers or toes are affected. Different areas may be affected at different times.</p><p>Severe secondary <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Raynaud</a>'s can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> sores or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029651" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gangrene</a>. "Gangrene" refers to the death or decay of body <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissues</a>. Fortunately, severe Raynaud's is rare.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Raynaud's Diagnosed?</h2><p>Your doctor will diagnose primary <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Raynaud</a>'s (Raynaud's disease) or secondary Raynaud's (Raynaud's phenomenon) based on your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029840" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">medical history</a>, a physical exam, and test results.</p><div id="nhlbi-raynaud-sec2-d6e31"><h3>Specialists Involved</h3><p>Primary care doctors and internists often diagnose and treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Raynaud</a>'s.</p><p>If you have the disorder, you also may see a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024683" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rheumatologist</a>. This is a doctor who specializes in treating disorders of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022450" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">joints</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022807" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bones</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscles</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024683" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Rheumatologists</a> diagnose and treat many of the diseases that are linked to secondary <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Raynaud</a>'s, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024964" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">scleroderma</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024510" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lupus</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-raynaud-sec2-d6e44"><h3>Medical History</h3><p>Your doctor may ask about your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063014/#nhlbisec-atrisk">risk factors</a> for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Raynaud</a>'s. He or she also may ask about your signs and symptoms when you're exposed to cold temperatures or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a>.</p><p>For example, your doctor may ask whether your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023112" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fingers</a> or toes:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Feel numb or painful when they're exposed to cold temperatures</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Turn white or blue, or both, when they're exposed to cold temperatures</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-raynaud-sec2-d6e65"><h3>Physical Exam</h3><p>Your doctor will look at your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023112" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fingers</a> and toes to check the health of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> and nails and to check <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow to these areas.</p><p>Your doctor also may do a more complete physical exam to check for signs of diseases and conditions that are linked to secondary <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Raynaud</a>'s.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-raynaud-sec2-d6e75"><h3>Diagnostic Tests and Procedures</h3><p>Your doctor may recommend the following tests to check for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Raynaud</a>'s and related conditions.</p><div id="nhlbi-raynaud-sec3-d6e81"><h4>Cold Stimulation Test</h4><p>A cold stimulation test can be used to trigger <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Raynaud</a>'s symptoms. For this test, a small device that measures temperature is taped to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023112" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fingers</a>. Your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hands</a> are then exposed to cold—they're usually briefly put into ice water.</p><p>Your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hands</a> are then removed from the cold, and the device measures how quickly your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023112" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fingers</a> return to their normal temperature. If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Raynaud</a>'s, it may take more than 20 minutes for your fingers to return to their normal temperature.</p><p>Because results of this type of test are not always consistent, your doctor may do other tests to check for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Raynaud</a>’s.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-raynaud-sec3-d6e94"><h4>Nailfold Capillaroscopy</h4><p>You may have a test called nailfold capillaroscopy (KAP-ih-lar-OS-ko-pe). For this test, your doctor puts a drop of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023011" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oil</a> at the base of your fingernail. He or she then looks at your fingernail under a microscope.</p><p>If your doctor sees abnormal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>, it may mean you have a disease linked to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Raynaud</a>'s, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024964" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">scleroderma</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-raynaud-sec3-d6e103"><h4>Other Tests</h4><p>Your doctor may order <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022070" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood tests</a> to look for conditions that are linked to secondary <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Raynaud</a>'s. Examples include antinuclear <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antibody</a> (ANA), <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">erythrocyte</a> sedimentation rate (ESR or "sed rate"), and C-reactive <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> (CRP) blood tests.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Raynaud's Treated?</h2><p>Primary <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Raynaud</a>'s (Raynaud's disease) and secondary Raynaud's (Raynaud's phenomenon) have no cure. However, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> can reduce the number and severity of Raynaud's attacks. Treatments include lifestyle changes, medicines, and, rarely, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>.</p><p>Most people who have primary <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Raynaud</a>'s can manage the condition with lifestyle changes. People who have secondary Raynaud's may need medicines in addition to lifestyle changes. Rarely, they may need <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022222" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">shots</a>.</p><p>If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Raynaud</a>'s and develop sores on your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023112" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fingers</a>, toes, or other parts of your body, see your doctor right away. Timely <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> can help prevent permanent damage to these areas.</p><div id="nhlbi-raynaud-sec2-d7e37"><h3>Lifestyle Changes</h3><p>Lifestyle changes can help you avoid things that may trigger a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Raynaud</a>'s <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024324" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">attack</a>. Examples of such triggers include cold temperatures, emotional <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a>, workplace or recreational factors, and contact with certain chemicals or medicines.</p><div id="nhlbi-raynaud-sec3-d7e44"><h4>Protect Yourself From Cold Temperatures</h4><p>To protect yourself from cold temperatures:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Wear a hat, mittens (rather than gloves), scarf, coat with snug cuffs, and warm socks and shoes during cold weather. Layer your clothing for extra warmth.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Put <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hand</a> and foot warmers in your mittens, boots, socks, or pockets. Some warmers are small heat packs, and others are battery-operated. These warmers often are available at sporting goods stores.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Turn down air conditioning or dress warmly while in an air-conditioned space.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Warm up your car before driving in cold weather.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Wear gloves or mittens when taking food out of the refrigerator or freezer (if cold temperatures severely affect you).</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-raynaud-sec3-d7e68"><h4>Avoid Other Triggers</h4><p>Try to avoid things that make you upset or stressed. Learn ways to handle <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a> that you can't avoid. Physical activity helps some people cope with stress. Other people listen to music or focus on something calm or peaceful to reduce stress. Some people learn <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022367" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">yoga</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022369" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tai chi</a>, or meditation.</p><p>Try to avoid workplace and recreational triggers. For example, limit the use of vibrating tools, such as drills. Wear proper protective gear if you work with industrial chemicals. Also, try to limit repetitive <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hand</a> actions, such as typing or playing the piano.</p><p>Some medicines can trigger <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Raynaud</a>'s attacks. Examples include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024778" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Migraine headache</a> medicines that contain ergotamine. This substance causes your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> to narrow.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Certain <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancer</a> medicines, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0009637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cisplatin</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0012637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vinblastine</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Over-the-counter cold or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">allergy</a> medicines or diet aids. Some of these medicines can narrow your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Beta blockers</a>. These medicines slow your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024325" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart rate</a> and lower your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Birth control pills. These medicines can affect <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow.</div></li></ul><p>Talk with your doctor about whether your medicines are safe for you.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-raynaud-sec3-d7e107"><h4>Other Lifestyle Changes</h4><p>Other lifestyle changes also can help you avoid <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Raynaud</a>'s attacks. For example, include physical activity as part of your healthy lifestyle. Physical activity can increase your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow and help keep you warm.</p><p>Limit your use of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000290" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">caffeine</a> and alcohol. These substances can trigger <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Raynaud</a>'s attacks. If you <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">smoke</a>, quit. Smoking makes Raynaud's worse. Ask your doctor about programs and products that can help you quit. Also, try to avoid <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029761" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">secondhand smoke</a>.</p><p>You also can take steps to help stop <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Raynaud</a>'s attacks when they occur. For example:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Move to a warmer spot, such as indoors, during cold weather.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Warm your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hands</a> or feet. Place your hands under your armpits. Soak your feet or hands in warm water.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Wiggle or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027057" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">massage</a> your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023112" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fingers</a> and toes.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Move your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arms</a> in circles or shake your arms or feet.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Get out of stressful situations and try relaxation techniques.</div></li></ul><p>If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Raynaud</a>'s, be sure to take care of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hands</a> and feet. Protect them from cuts, bruises, and other injuries. For example, wear properly fitted shoes and don't walk barefoot. Use lotion to prevent your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> from drying and cracking. Also, avoid tight wristbands and rings.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-raynaud-sec2-d7e144"><h3>Medicines and Surgery</h3><p>If lifestyle changes don't control <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Raynaud</a>'s, you may need medicines or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>. Medicines are used to improve <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023112" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fingers</a> and toes.</p><p>Examples of medicines used to treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Raynaud</a>'s include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025449" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">calcium channel blockers</a>, alpha blockers, prescription <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> creams, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025472" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ACE inhibitors</a> (used less often).</p><p>Rarely, people who have severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Raynaud</a>'s may develop <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> sores or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029651" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gangrene</a>. "Gangrene" refers to the death or decay of body <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissues</a>. If this happens, antibiotics or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> to cut out the damaged <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> may be needed. In very serious cases, the affected toe or finger may need to be removed.</p><p>Another <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> for severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Raynaud</a>'s is to block the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022678" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nerves</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hands</a> or feet that control the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>. This can help prevent Raynaud's attacks. This treatment is done using <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022222" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">shots</a>.</p><p>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> often relieves symptoms, but sometimes for only a few years. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022222" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Shots</a> may need to be repeated if symptoms persist or come back.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-livingwith"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-livingwith_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Living With Raynaud's</h2><p>Primary <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Raynaud</a>'s (Raynaud's disease) and secondary Raynaud's (Raynaud's phenomenon) can be lifelong conditions. However, you can take steps to help control Raynaud's. Lifestyle changes and ongoing care can help you manage the disorder.</p><p>Most people who have primary <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Raynaud</a>'s can manage the disorder with lifestyle changes. People who have secondary Raynaud's may need medicines in addition to lifestyle changes. Rarely, they may need <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022222" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">shots</a>.</p><div id="nhlbi-raynaud-sec2-d8e34"><h3>Lifestyle Changes</h3><p>You can take steps to avoid things that trigger <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Raynaud</a>'s attacks. If you have Raynaud's:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Protect yourself from cold temperatures.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Try to avoid emotional <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a> and learn ways to cope with stress that you can't avoid.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Avoid certain medicines, substances, and activities that can trigger <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Raynaud</a>'s attacks. (For more information, go to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063014/#nhlbisec-causes">"What Causes Raynaud's?"</a>)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Include physical activity as part of your healthy lifestyle and limit your use of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000290" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">caffeine</a> and alcohol. If you <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">smoke</a>, quit. Also, try to avoid <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029761" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">secondhand smoke</a>.</div></li></ul><p>You also can take steps to stop a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Raynaud</a>'s <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024324" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">attack</a> once it starts. Warm up your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hands</a>, feet, or other affected areas right away. For example, place your hands under your armpits, run warm water over your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023112" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fingers</a> and toes, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027057" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">massage</a> your hands and feet.</p><p>If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Raynaud</a>'s, be sure to take care of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hands</a> and feet. Protect them from cuts, bruises, and other injuries. For example, wear properly fitted shoes and don't walk barefoot. Use lotion to prevent your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> from drying and cracking. Also, avoid tight wristbands and rings.</p><p>For more information about lifestyle changes, go to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063014/#nhlbisec-treatment">"How Is Raynaud's Treated?"</a> </p></div><div id="nhlbi-raynaud-sec2-d8e73"><h3>Ongoing Care</h3><p>If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Raynaud</a>'s, it's important to get ongoing care. Talk with your doctor about how often to schedule followup visits. Take all medicines as your doctor prescribes.</p><p>See your doctor right away if your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Raynaud</a>'s symptoms get worse or if you develop sores on your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023112" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fingers</a>, toes, or other parts of your body. Timely <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> can help prevent permanent damage to these areas.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-trials"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-trials_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Clinical Trials</h2><p>The National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute (NHLBI) is strongly committed to supporting research aimed at preventing and treating heart, lung, and blood diseases and conditions and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorders</a>.</p><p>NHLBI-supported research has led to many advances in medical knowledge and care. Often, these advances depend on the willingness of volunteers to take part in <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-clinicaltrials/">clinical trials</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Clinical trials</a> test new ways to prevent, diagnose, or treat various diseases and conditions. For example, new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for a disease or condition (such as medicines, medical devices, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgeries</a>, or procedures) are tested in volunteers who have the illness. Testing shows whether a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> is safe and effective in humans before it is made available for widespread use.</p><p>By taking part in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, you can gain access to new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> before they're widely available. You also will have the support of a team of health care providers, who will likely monitor your health closely. Even if you don't directly benefit from the results of a clinical trial, the information gathered can help others and add to scientific knowledge.</p><p>If you volunteer for a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, the research will be explained to you in detail. You'll learn about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> and tests you may receive, and the benefits and risks they may pose. You'll also be given a chance to ask questions about the research. This process is called informed consent.</p><p>If you agree to take part in the trial, you'll be asked to sign an informed consent form. This form is not a contract. You have the right to withdraw from a study at any time, for any reason. Also, you have the right to learn about new risks or findings that emerge during the trial.</p><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> related to primary or secondary <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Raynaud</a>'s, talk with your doctor. You also can visit the following Web sites to learn more about clinical research and to search for clinical trials:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>http://clinicalresearch.nih.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.clinicaltrials.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-clinicaltrials/">www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.researchmatch.org</div></li></ul><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> for children, visit the NHLBI's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/childrenandclinicalstudies/index.php" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Children and Clinical Studies</a> Web page.</p></div><div style="display: none; width: 200px; top: -100px; left: -100px;" aria-live="assertive" aria-hidden="true" class="ui-helper-reset ui-ncbipopper-wrapper ui-ncbilinksmenu"><ul id="ui-ncbiinpagenav-6"><li><a href="#_nhlbi-raynaud-sec1-d1e35_">What Is Raynaud's?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-causes_">What Causes Raynaud's?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-atrisk_">Who Is at Risk for Raynaud's?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-signs_">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Raynaud's?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-diagnosis_">How Is Raynaud's Diagnosed?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-treatment_">How Is Raynaud's Treated?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-livingwith_">Living With Raynaud's</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-trials_">Clinical Trials</a></li></ul></div></div></div> |
June 11, 2014. |
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2018-02-02 04:25:06 |
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2018-02-02 05:24:21 |
Respiratory Distress Syndrome |
<div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-rds-sec1-d1e37_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Is Respiratory Distress Syndrome?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022898" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Respiratory distress syndrome</a> (RDS) is a breathing disorder that affects newborns. RDS rarely occurs in full-term infants. The disorder is more common in premature infants born about 6 weeks or more before their due dates.</p><p>RDS is more common in premature infants because their <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> aren't able to make enough surfactant (sur-FAK-tant). Surfactant is a liquid that coats the inside of the lungs. It helps keep them open so that infants can breathe in air once they're born.</p><p>Without enough surfactant, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> collapse and the infant has to work hard to breathe. He or she might not be able to breathe in enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> to support the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a>. The lack of oxygen can damage the baby's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> and other organs if proper <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> isn't given.</p><p>Most babies who develop RDS show signs of breathing problems and a lack of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> at birth or within the first few hours that follow.</p><div id="nhlbi-rds-sec2-d1e53"><h3>Overview</h3><p>RDS is a common <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung disorder</a> in premature infants. In fact, nearly all infants born before 28 weeks of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a> develop RDS.</p><p>RDS might be an early phase of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bpd/">bronchopulmonary dysplasia</a> (brong-ko-PUL-mo-nar-e dis-PLA-ze-ah), or BPD. This is another breathing disorder that affects premature babies.</p><p>RDS usually develops in the first 24 hours after birth. If premature infants still have breathing problems by the time they reach their original due dates, they may be diagnosed with BPD. Some of the life-saving <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> used for RDS may cause BPD.</p><p>Some infants who have RDS recover and never get BPD. Infants who do get BPD have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> that are less developed or more damaged than the infants who recover.</p><p>Infants who develop BPD usually have fewer healthy air <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022396" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sacs</a> and tiny <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> in their <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. Both the air sacs and the tiny blood vessels that support them are needed to breathe well.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-rds-sec2-d1e75"><h3>Outlook</h3><p>Due to improved <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> and medical advances, most infants who have RDS survive. However, these babies may need extra medical care after going home.</p><p>Some babies have complications from RDS or its <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a>. Serious complications include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> (ongoing) breathing problems, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-asthma/">asthma</a> and BPD; blindness; and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> damage.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-names"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-names_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Other Names for Respiratory Distress Syndrome</h2><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Hyaline membrane disease</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022898" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Infant <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022898" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">respiratory distress syndrome</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Surfactant deficiency</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes Respiratory Distress Syndrome?</h2><p>The main cause of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022898" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">respiratory distress syndrome</a> (RDS) is a lack of surfactant in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. Surfactant is a liquid that coats the inside of the lungs.</p><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028116" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fetus</a>'s <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> start making surfactant during the third <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023078" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">trimester</a> of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a> (weeks 26 through labor and delivery). The substance coats the insides of the air <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022396" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sacs</a> in the lungs. This helps keep the lungs open so breathing can occur after birth.</p><p>Without enough surfactant, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> will likely collapse when the infant exhales (breathes out). The infant then has to work harder to breathe. He or she might not be able to get enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> to support the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a>.</p><p>Some full-term infants develop RDS because they have faulty <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a> that affect how their bodies make surfactant.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-atrisk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-atrisk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is at Risk for Respiratory Distress Syndrome?</h2><p>Certain factors may increase the risk that your infant will have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022898" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">respiratory distress syndrome</a> (RDS). These factors include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Premature delivery. The earlier your baby is born, the greater his or her risk for RDS. Most cases of RDS occur in babies born before 28 weeks of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Stress</a> during your baby's delivery, especially if you lose a lot of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Infection</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Your having <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>.</div></li></ul><p>Your baby also is at greater risk for RDS if you require an emergency cesarean delivery (C-section) before your baby is full term. You may need an emergency C-section because of a condition, such as a detached <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030321" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">placenta</a>, that puts you or your infant at risk.</p><p>Planned C-sections that occur before a baby's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> have fully matured also can increase the risk of RDS. Your doctor can do tests before delivery that show whether it's likely that your baby's lungs are fully developed. These tests assess the age of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028116" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fetus</a> or lung maturity.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Respiratory Distress Syndrome?</h2><p>Signs and symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022898" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">respiratory distress syndrome</a> (RDS) usually occur at birth or within the first few hours that follow. They include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Rapid, shallow breathing</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Sharp pulling in of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> below and between the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029862" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ribs</a> with each breath</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Grunting sounds</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Flaring of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030531" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nostrils</a></div></li></ul><p>The infant also may have pauses in breathing that last for a few seconds. This condition is called apnea (AP-ne-ah).</p><div id="nhlbi-rds-sec2-d6e49"><h3>Respiratory Distress Syndrome Complications</h3><p>Depending on the severity of an infant's RDS, he or she may develop other medical problems.</p><div id="nhlbi-rds-sec3-d6e56"><h4>Lung Complications</h4><p>Lung complications may include a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022353" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">collapsed lung</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-atl/">atelectasis</a>), leakage of air from the lung into the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029751" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest cavity</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pleurisy/">pneumothorax</a>), and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> in the lung (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemorrhage</a>).</p><p>Some of the life-saving <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> used for RDS may cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bpd/">bronchopulmonary dysplasia</a>, another breathing disorder.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-rds-sec3-d6e74"><h4>Blood and Blood Vessel Complications</h4><p>Infants who have RDS may develop <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027083" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sepsis</a>, an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> of the bloodstream. This infection can be life threatening.</p><p>Lack of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> may prevent a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028116" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fetal</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a> called the ductus arteriosus from closing after birth as it should. This condition is called <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pda/">patent ductus arteriosus</a>, or PDA.</p><p>The ductus arteriosus connects a lung <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a> to a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> artery. If it remains open, it can strain the heart and increase <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> in the lung <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-rds-sec3-d6e90"><h4>Other Complications</h4><p>Complications of RDS also may include blindness and other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eye</a> problems and a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029887" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bowel disease</a> called necrotizing enterocolitis (EN-ter-o-ko-LI-tis). Infants who have severe RDS can develop <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidney failure</a>.</p><p>Some infants who have RDS develop <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>. This bleeding can delay mental development. It also can cause mental retardation or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029723" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cerebral palsy</a>.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Respiratory Distress Syndrome Diagnosed?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022898" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Respiratory distress syndrome</a> (RDS) is common in premature infants. Thus, doctors usually recognize and begin treating the disorder as soon as babies are born.</p><p>Doctors also do several tests to rule out other conditions that could be causing an infant's breathing problems. The tests also can confirm that the doctors have diagnosed the condition correctly.</p><p>The tests include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cxray/">Chest x ray</a>. A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> x ray creates a picture of the structures inside the chest, such as the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. This test can show whether your infant has signs of RDS. A chest x ray also can detect problems, such as a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022353" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">collapsed lung</a>, that may require urgent <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bdt/">Blood tests</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022070" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood tests</a> are used to see whether an infant has enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> in his or her blood. Blood tests also can help find out whether an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> is causing the infant's breathing problems.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-echo/">Echocardiography</a> (echo). This test uses sound waves to create a moving picture of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. Echo is used to rule out heart defects as the cause of an infant's breathing problems.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Respiratory Distress Syndrome Treated?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatment</a> for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022898" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">respiratory distress syndrome</a> (RDS) usually begins as soon as an infant is born, sometimes in the delivery room.</p><p>Most infants who show signs of RDS are quickly moved to a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). There they receive around-the-clock <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> from health care professionals who specialize in treating premature infants.</p><p>The most important <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for RDS are:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Surfactant replacement <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Breathing support from a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-vent/">ventilator</a> or nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) machine. These machines help premature infants breathe better.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-oxt/">Oxygen therapy</a>.</div></li></ul><div id="nhlbi-rds-sec2-d8e55"><h3>Surfactant Replacement Therapy</h3><p>Surfactant is a liquid that coats the inside of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. It helps keep them open so that an infant can breathe in air once he or she is born.</p><p>Babies who have RDS are given surfactant until their <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> are able to start making the substance on their own. Surfactant usually is given through a breathing tube. The tube allows the surfactant to go directly into the baby's lungs.</p><p>Once the surfactant is given, the breathing tube is connected to a ventilator, or the baby may get breathing support from NCPAP.</p><p>Surfactant often is given right after birth in the delivery room to try to prevent or treat RDS. It also may be given several times in the days that follow, until the baby is able to breathe better.</p><p>Some women are given medicines called corticosteroids during <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a>. These medicines can speed up surfactant production and lung development in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028116" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fetus</a>. Even if you had these medicines, your infant may still need surfactant replacement <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a> after birth.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-rds-sec2-d8e74"><h3>Breathing Support</h3><p>Infants who have RDS often need breathing support until their <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> start making enough surfactant. Until recently, a mechanical ventilator usually was used. The ventilator was connected to a breathing tube that ran through the infant's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025667" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nose</a> into the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022078" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">windpipe</a>.</p><p>Today, more and more infants are receiving breathing support from NCPAP. NCPAP gently pushes air into the baby's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> through prongs placed in the infant's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030531" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nostrils</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-rds-sec2-d8e83"><h3>Oxygen Therapy</h3><p>Infants who have breathing problems may get <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029682" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen therapy</a>. Oxygen is given through a ventilator or NCPAP machine, or through a tube in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025667" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nose</a>. This <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> ensures that the infants' <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> get enough oxygen to work well.</p><p>For more information, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-oxt/">Oxygen Therapy</a> article.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-rds-sec2-d8e96"><h3>Other Treatments</h3><p>Other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for RDS include medicines, supportive <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> for <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pda/">patent ductus arteriosus</a> (PDA). PDA is a condition that affects some premature infants.</p><div id="nhlbi-rds-sec3-d8e105"><h4>Medicines</h4><p>Doctors often give antibiotics to infants who have RDS to control infections (if the doctors suspect that an infant has an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>).</p></div><div id="nhlbi-rds-sec3-d8e111"><h4>Supportive Therapy</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatment</a> in the NICU helps limit <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a> on babies and meet their basic needs of warmth, nutrition, and protection. Such treatment may include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Using a radiant warmer or incubator to keep infants warm and reduce the risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Ongoing monitoring of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024325" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart rate</a>, breathing, and temperature through sensors taped to the babies' bodies.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Using sensors on <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023112" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fingers</a> or toes to check the amount of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> in the infants' <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Giving fluids and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023354" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nutrients</a> through needles or tubes inserted into the infants' <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a>. This helps prevent <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030687" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">malnutrition</a> and promotes growth. Nutrition is critical to the growth and development of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. Later, babies may be given <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021901" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">breast</a> milk or infant formula through feeding tubes that are passed through their <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025667" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">noses</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouths</a> and into their <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024473" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">throats</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Checking fluid intake to make sure that fluid doesn't build up in the babies' <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-rds-sec3-d8e136"><h4>Treatment for Patent Ductus Arteriosus</h4><p>PDA is a possible complication of RDS. In this condition, a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028116" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fetal</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a> called the ductus arteriosus doesn't close after birth as it should.</p><p>The ductus arteriosus connects a lung <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a> to a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> artery. If it remains open, it can strain the heart and increase <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> in the lung <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>.</p><p>PDA is treated with medicines, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022169" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">catheter</a> procedures, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>. For more information, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pda/">Patent Ductus Arteriosus</a> article.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-prevention"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-prevention_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Can Respiratory Distress Syndrome Be Prevented?</h2><p>Taking steps to ensure a healthy <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a> might prevent your infant from being born before his or her <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> have fully developed. These steps include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Seeing your doctor regularly during your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Following a healthy diet</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Avoiding <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029755" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tobacco</a> smoke, alcohol, and illegal drugs</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Managing any medical conditions you have</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Preventing infections</div></li></ul><p>If you're having a planned cesarean delivery (C-section), your doctor can do tests before delivery to show whether it's likely that your baby's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> are fully developed. These tests assess the age of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028116" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fetus</a> or lung maturity.</p><p>Your doctor may give you <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022222" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">injections</a> of a corticosteroid medicine if he or she thinks you may give birth too early. This medicine can speed up surfactant production and development of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidneys</a> in your baby.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatment</a> with corticosteroids can reduce your baby's risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022898" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">respiratory distress syndrome</a> (RDS). If the baby does develop RDS, it will probably be fairly mild.</p><p>Corticosteroid <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> also can reduce the chances that your baby will have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-livingwith"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-livingwith_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Living With Respiratory Distress Syndrome</h2><p>Caring for a premature infant can be challenging. You may experience:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Emotional distress, including feelings of guilt, anger, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024768" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">depression</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024918" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Anxiety</a> about your baby's future.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A feeling of a lack of control over the situation.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Financial <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Problems relating to your baby while he or she is in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Fatigue</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tiredness</a>).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Frustration that you can't breastfeed your infant right away. (You can pump and store your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021901" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">breast</a> milk for later use.)</div></li></ul><div id="nhlbi-rds-sec2-d10e56"><h3>Take Steps to Manage Your Situation</h3><p>You can take steps to help yourself during this difficult time. For example, take care of your health so that you have enough energy to deal with the situation.</p><p>Learn as much as you can about what goes on in the NICU. You can help your baby during his or her stay there and begin to bond with the baby before he or she comes home.</p><p>Learn as much as you can about your infant's condition and what's involved in daily care. This will allow you to ask questions and feel more confident about your ability to care for your baby at home.</p><p>Seek out support from family, friends, and hospital staff. Ask the case manager or social worker at the hospital about what you'll need after your baby leaves the hospital. The doctors and nurses can assist with questions about your infant's care. Also, you may want to ask whether your community has a support group for parents of premature infants.</p><p>Parents are encouraged to visit their baby in the NICU as much as possible. Spend time talking to your baby and holding and touching him or her (when allowed).</p></div><div id="nhlbi-rds-sec2-d10e75"><h3>Ongoing Care for Your Infant</h3><p>Your baby may need special care after leaving the NICU, including:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Special <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024976" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hearing</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eye</a> exams</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Speech or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030138" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">physical therapy</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Specialty care for other medical problems caused by premature birth</div></li></ul><p>Talk to your child's doctor about ongoing care for your infant and any other medical concerns you have.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-trials"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-trials_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Clinical Trials</h2><p>The National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute (NHLBI) is strongly committed to supporting research aimed at preventing and treating heart, lung, and blood diseases and conditions and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorders</a>.</p><p>NHLBI-supported research has led to many advances in medical knowledge and care. However, many questions remain about various diseases and conditions, including <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022898" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">respiratory distress syndrome</a> (RDS).</p><p>The NHLBI continues to support research aimed at learning more about RDS. For example, NHLBI-supported research includes studies that explore:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Whether corticosteroid <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> given to pregnant women 12–24 hours before delivery can decrease late preterm infants' need for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> support. (Late preterm infants are babies born between 34 and 36 weeks of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a>.)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Whether late doses of surfactant in patients receiving <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0011425" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nitric oxide</a> can help prevent <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bpd/">bronchopulmonary dysplasia</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The role that <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a> play in surfactant deficiency and new ways to treat this problem in newborns.</div></li></ul><p>Much of this research depends on the willingness of volunteers to take part in <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-clinicaltrials/">clinical trials</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Clinical trials</a> test new ways to prevent, diagnose, or treat various diseases and conditions.</p><p>For example, new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for a disease or condition (such as medicines, medical devices, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgeries</a>, or procedures) are tested in volunteers who have the illness. Testing shows whether a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> is safe and effective in humans before it is made available for widespread use.</p><p>By taking part in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, your child may gain access to new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> before they're widely available. Your child also will have the support of a team of health care providers, who will likely monitor his or her health closely. Even if your child doesn't directly benefit from the results of a clinical trial, the information gathered can help others and add to scientific knowledge.</p><p>Children (aged 18 and younger) get special protection as research subjects. Almost always, parents must give legal consent for their child to take part in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>.</p><p>When researchers think that a trial's potential risks are greater than minimal, both parents must give permission for their child to enroll. Also, children aged 7 and older often must agree (assent) to take part in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a>.</p><p>If you agree to have your child take part in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, you'll be asked to sign an informed consent form. This form is not a contract. You have the right to withdraw your child from a study at any time, for any reason. Also, you have the right to learn about new risks or findings that emerge during the trial.</p><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> related to RDS, talk with your doctor. For more information about clinical trials for children, visit the NHLBI's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/childrenandclinicalstudies/index.php" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Children and Clinical Studies</a> Web page.</p><p>You also can visit the following Web sites to learn more about clinical research and to search for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a>:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>http://clinicalresearch.nih.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.clinicaltrials.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.researchmatch.org</div></li></ul></div><div style="display: none; width: 200px; top: -100px; left: -100px;" aria-live="assertive" aria-hidden="true" class="ui-helper-reset ui-ncbipopper-wrapper ui-ncbilinksmenu"><ul id="ui-ncbiinpagenav-6"><li><a href="#_nhlbi-rds-sec1-d1e37_">What Is Respiratory Distress Syndrome?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-names_">Other Names for Respiratory Distress Syndrome</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-causes_">What Causes Respiratory Distress Syndrome?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-atrisk_">Who Is at Risk for Respiratory Distress Syndrome?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-signs_">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Respiratory Distress Syndrome?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-diagnosis_">How Is Respiratory Distress Syndrome Diagnosed?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-treatment_">How Is Respiratory Distress Syndrome Treated?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-prevention_">How Can Respiratory Distress Syndrome Be Prevented?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-livingwith_">Living With Respiratory Distress Syndrome</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-trials_">Clinical Trials</a></li></ul></div></div></div> |
June 11, 2014. |
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2018-02-02 05:24:39 |
Respiratory Failure |
<div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-rf-sec1-d1e36_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Is Respiratory Failure?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022181" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Respiratory</a> (RES-pih-rah-tor-e) failure is a condition in which not enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> passes from your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> into your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. Your body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a>, such as your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>, need oxygen-rich blood to work well.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022885" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Respiratory failure</a> also can occur if your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> can't properly remove <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022309" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carbon dioxide</a> (a waste gas) from your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. Too much carbon dioxide in your blood can harm your body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a>.</p><p>Both of these problems—a low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> level and a high <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022309" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carbon dioxide</a> level in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>—can occur at the same time.</p><p>Diseases and conditions that affect your breathing can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022885" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">respiratory failure</a>. Examples include <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-copd/">COPD</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022631" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic obstructive pulmonary disease</a>) and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030151" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spinal cord injuries</a>. COPD prevents enough air from flowing in and out of the airways. Spinal cord injuries can damage the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022678" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nerves</a> that control breathing.</p><div id="nhlbi-rf-sec2-d1e55"><h3>Overview</h3><p>To understand <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022885" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">respiratory failure</a>, it helps to understand <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hlw/">how the lungs work</a>. When you breathe, air passes through your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025667" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nose</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a> into your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022078" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">windpipe</a>. The air then travels to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>' air <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022396" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sacs</a>. These sacs are called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022134" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">alveoli</a> (al-VEE-uhl-<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eye</a>).</p><p>Small <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022018" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">capillaries</a> run through the walls of the air <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022396" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sacs</a>. When air reaches the air sacs, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> in the air passes through the air <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022396" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sac</a> walls into the blood in the capillaries. At the same time, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022309" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carbon dioxide</a> moves from the capillaries into the air sacs. This process is called gas exchange.</p><p>In <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022885" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">respiratory failure</a>, gas exchange is impaired.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022885" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Respiratory failure</a> can be <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acute</a> (short term) or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> (ongoing). Acute respiratory failure can develop quickly and may require emergency <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>. Chronic respiratory failure develops more slowly and lasts longer.</p><p>Signs and symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022885" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">respiratory failure</a> may include shortness of breath, rapid breathing, and air hunger (feeling like you can't breathe in enough air). In severe cases, signs and symptoms may include a bluish color on your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024368" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lips</a>, and fingernails; confusion; and sleepiness.</p><p>One of the main goals of treating <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022885" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">respiratory failure</a> is to get <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> and other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> and remove <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022309" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carbon dioxide</a> from your body. Another goal is to treat the underlying cause of the condition.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Acute</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022885" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">respiratory failure</a> usually is treated in an intensive care unit. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Chronic</a> respiratory failure can be treated at home or at a long-term care center.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-rf-sec2-d1e83"><h3>Outlook</h3><p>The outlook for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022885" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">respiratory failure</a> depends on the severity of its underlying cause, how quickly <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> begins, and your overall health.</p><p>People who have severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung diseases</a> may need long-term or ongoing breathing support, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-oxt/">oxygen therapy</a> or the help of a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-vent/">ventilator</a> (VEN-til-a-tor). A ventilator is a machine that supports breathing. It blows air—or air with increased amounts of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>—into your airways and then your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-names"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-names_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Other Names for Respiratory Failure</h2><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>When <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022885" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">respiratory failure</a> causes a low level of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>, it's called hypoxemic (HI-pok-SE-mik) respiratory failure.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>When <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022885" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">respiratory failure</a> causes a high level of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022309" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carbon dioxide</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>, it's called hypercapnic (HI-per-KAP-nik) respiratory failure.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes Respiratory Failure?</h2><p>Diseases and conditions that impair breathing can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022885" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">respiratory failure</a>. These disorders may affect the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscles</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022678" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nerves</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022807" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bones</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissues</a> that support breathing, or they may affect the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> directly.</p><p>When breathing is impaired, your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> can't easily move <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> into your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> and remove <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022309" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carbon dioxide</a> from your blood (gas exchange). This can cause a low oxygen level or high carbon dioxide level, or both, in your blood.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022885" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Respiratory failure</a> can occur as a result of:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Conditions that affect the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022678" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nerves</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscles</a> that control breathing. Examples include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024967" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscular dystrophy</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029689" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">amyotrophic lateral sclerosis</a> (ALS), <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030151" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spinal cord injuries</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stroke/">stroke</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Damage to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissues</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029862" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ribs</a> around the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. An injury to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> can cause this damage.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Problems with the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024395" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spine</a>, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">scoliosis</a> (a curve in the spine). This condition can affect the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022807" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bones</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscles</a> used for breathing.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Drug or alcohol overdose. An overdose affects the area of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> that controls breathing. During an overdose, breathing becomes slow and shallow.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Lung diseases</a> and conditions, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-copd/">COPD</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022631" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic obstructive pulmonary disease</a>), <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pnu/">pneumonia</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ards/">ARDS</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acute respiratory distress syndrome</a>), <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pe/">pulmonary embolism</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cf/">cystic fibrosis</a>. These diseases and conditions can affect the flow of air and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> into and out of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. ARDS and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumonia</a> affect gas exchange in the air <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022396" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sacs</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Acute</a> lung injuries. For example, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022221" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inhaling</a> harmful fumes or smoke can injure your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>.</div></li></ul><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figd4e81" co-legend-rid="figlgndd4e81"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062967/figure/d4e81/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figd4e81" rid-ob="figobd4e81"><img class="small-thumb" src="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062967/bin/respiratory_failure.gif" src-large="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062967/bin/respiratory_failure.jpg" alt="Normal Lungs and Conditions Causing Respiratory Failure."></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndd4e81"><h4 id="d4e81"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062967/figure/d4e81/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd4e81">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Normal Lungs and Conditions Causing Respiratory Failure. Figure A shows the location of the lungs, airways, diaphragm, rib cage, pulmonary arteries, brain, and spinal cord in the body. Figure B shows the major conditions that cause respiratory failure. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062967/figure/d4e81/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd4e81">(more...)</a></p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-atrisk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-atrisk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is at Risk for Respiratory Failure?</h2><p>People who have diseases or conditions that affect the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscles</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022678" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nerves</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022807" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bones</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissues</a> that support breathing are at risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022885" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">respiratory failure</a>. People who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung diseases</a> or conditions also are at risk for respiratory failure. For more information, go to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062967/#nhlbisec-causes">"What Causes Respiratory Failure?"</a> </p></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Respiratory Failure?</h2><p>The signs and symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022885" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">respiratory failure</a> depend on its underlying cause and the levels of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022309" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carbon dioxide</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>.</p><p>A low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> level in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> can cause shortness of breath and air hunger (feeling like you can't breathe in enough air). If the level of oxygen is very low, it also can cause a bluish color on the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024368" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lips</a>, and fingernails. A high <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022309" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carbon dioxide</a> level can cause rapid breathing and confusion.</p><p>Some people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022885" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">respiratory failure</a> may become very sleepy or lose consciousness. They also may develop <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-arr/">arrhythmias</a> (ah-RITH-me-ahs), or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">irregular heartbeats</a>. These symptoms can occur if the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> are not getting enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Respiratory Failure Diagnosed?</h2><p>Your doctor will diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022885" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">respiratory failure</a> based on your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029840" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">medical history</a>, a physical exam, and test results. Once respiratory failure is diagnosed, your doctor will look for its underlying cause.</p><div id="nhlbi-rf-sec2-d7e31"><h3>Medical History</h3><p>Your doctor will ask whether you might have or have recently had diseases or conditions that could lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022885" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">respiratory failure</a>. </p><p>Examples include disorders that affect the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscles</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022678" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nerves</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022807" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bones</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissues</a> that support breathing. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Lung diseases</a> and conditions also can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022885" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">respiratory failure</a>.</p><p>For more information, go to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062967/#nhlbisec-causes">"What Causes Respiratory Failure?"</a> </p></div><div id="nhlbi-rf-sec2-d7e46"><h3>Physical Exam</h3><p>During the physical exam, your doctor will look for signs of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022885" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">respiratory failure</a> and its underlying cause.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022885" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Respiratory failure</a> can cause shortness of breath, rapid breathing, and air hunger (feeling like you can't breathe in enough air). Using a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023209" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stethoscope</a>, your doctor can listen to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> for abnormal sounds, such as crackling.</p><p>Your doctor also may listen to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> for signs of an <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-arr/">arrhythmia</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">irregular heartbeat</a>). An <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmia</a> can occur if your heart doesn't get enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>.</p><p>Your doctor might look for a bluish color on your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024368" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lips</a>, and fingernails. A bluish color means your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> has a low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> level.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022885" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Respiratory failure</a> also can cause extreme sleepiness and confusion, so your doctor might check how alert you are.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-rf-sec2-d7e68"><h3>Diagnostic Tests</h3><p>To check the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022309" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carbon dioxide</a> levels in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>, you may have: </p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024325" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pulse</a> oximetry. For this test, a small sensor is attached to your finger or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024836" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ear</a>. The sensor uses light to estimate how much <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> is in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Arterial <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> gas test. This test measures the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022309" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carbon dioxide</a> levels in your blood. A blood sample is taken from an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a>, usually in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023104" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">wrist</a>. The sample is then sent to a laboratory, where its oxygen and carbon dioxide levels are measured.</div></li></ul><p>A low level of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> or a high level of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022309" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carbon dioxide</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> (or both) is a possible sign of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022885" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">respiratory failure</a>.</p><p>Your doctor may recommend other tests, such as a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cxray/">chest x ray</a>, to help find the underlying cause of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022885" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">respiratory failure</a>. A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> x ray is a painless test that takes pictures of the structures inside your chest, such as your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>.</p><p>If your doctor thinks that you have an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmia</a> as a result of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022885" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">respiratory failure</a>, he or she may recommend an <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ekg/">EKG</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029879" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">electrocardiogram</a>). An EKG is a simple, painless test that detects and records the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical activity.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Respiratory Failure Treated?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatment</a> for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022885" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">respiratory failure</a> depends on whether the condition is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acute</a> (short-term) or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> (ongoing) and its severity. Treatment also depends on the condition's underlying cause.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Acute</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022885" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">respiratory failure</a> can be a medical emergency. It often is treated in an intensive care unit at a hospital. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Chronic</a> respiratory failure often can be treated at home. If chronic respiratory failure is severe, your doctor may recommend <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> in a long-term care center.</p><p>One of the main goals of treating <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022885" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">respiratory failure</a> is to get <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> and other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> and remove <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022309" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carbon dioxide</a> from your body. Another goal is to treat the underlying cause of the condition.</p><div id="nhlbi-rf-sec2-d8e37"><h3>Oxygen Therapy and Ventilator Support</h3><p>If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022885" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">respiratory failure</a>, you may receive <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-oxt/">oxygen therapy</a>. Extra <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> is given through a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029684" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nasal cannula</a> (two small plastic tubes, or prongs, that are placed in both <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030531" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nostrils</a>) or through a mask that <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fits</a> over your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025667" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nose</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a>.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figd8e50" co-legend-rid="figlgndd8e50"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062967/figure/d8e50/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figd8e50" rid-ob="figobd8e50"><img class="small-thumb" src="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062967/bin/oxygen_therapy.gif" src-large="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062967/bin/oxygen_therapy.jpg" alt="Oxygen Therapy."></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndd8e50"><h4 id="d8e50"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062967/figure/d8e50/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd8e50">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Oxygen Therapy. The image shows how a nasal cannula and portable oxygen container are attached to a patient. </p></div></div><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Oxygen</a> also can be given through a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-trach/">tracheostomy</a> (TRA-ke-OS-to-me). This is a surgically made hole that goes through the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">front</a> of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027054" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neck</a> and into your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022078" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">windpipe</a>. A breathing tube, also called a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022255" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tracheostomy</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022256" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">trach tube</a>, is placed in the hole to help you breathe.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figd8e66" co-legend-rid="figlgndd8e66"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062967/figure/d8e66/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figd8e66" rid-ob="figobd8e66"><img class="small-thumb" src="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062967/bin/tracheostomy.gif" src-large="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062967/bin/tracheostomy.jpg" alt="Oxygen Therapy Tracheostomy."></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndd8e66"><h4 id="d8e66"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062967/figure/d8e66/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd8e66">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Oxygen Therapy Tracheostomy. Figure A shows a side view of the neck and the correct placement of a tracheostomy tube in the trachea, or windpipe. Figure B shows an external view of a patient who has a tracheostomy. </p></div></div><p>If the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> level in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> doesn't increase, or if you're still having trouble breathing, your doctor may recommend a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-vent/">ventilator</a>. A ventilator is a machine that supports breathing. It blows air—or air with increased amounts of oxygen—into your airways and then your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figd8e81" co-legend-rid="figlgndd8e81"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062967/figure/d8e81/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figd8e81" rid-ob="figobd8e81"><img class="small-thumb" src="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062967/bin/ventilators.gif" src-large="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062967/bin/ventilators.jpg" alt="Oxygen Therapy Tracheostomy Ventilator."></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndd8e81"><h4 id="d8e81"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062967/figure/d8e81/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd8e81">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Oxygen Therapy Tracheostomy Ventilator. The illustration shows a standard setup for a ventilator in a hospital room. The ventilator pushes warm, moist air (or air with increased oxygen) to the patient. Exhaled air flows away from the patient. </p></div></div><p>Your doctor will adjust the ventilator as needed. This will help your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> get the right amount of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>. It also can prevent the machine's pressure from injuring your lungs. You'll use the ventilator until you can breathe on your own.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-rf-sec2-d8e91"><h3>Other Treatments To Help You Breathe</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022884" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Noninvasive</a> positive pressure ventilation (NPPV) and a rocking bed are two methods that can help you breathe better while you <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a>. These methods are very useful for people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022885" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">respiratory failure</a>.</p><p>NPPV is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> that uses mild air pressure to keep your airways open while you <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a>. You wear a mask or other device that <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fits</a> over your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025667" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nose</a> or your nose and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a>. A tube connects the mask to a machine, which blows air into the tube.</p><p>CPAP (continuous positive airway pressure) is one type of NPPV. For more information, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cpap/">CPAP</a> article. Although the article focuses on CPAP <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> for <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-sleepapnea/">sleep apnea</a>, it explains how CPAP works.</p><p>A rocking bed consists of a mattress on a motorized platform. The mattress gently rocks back and forth. When your head rocks down, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022602" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abdomen</a> and your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022135" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diaphragm</a> (the main <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscle</a> used for breathing) slide up, helping you exhale. When your head rocks up, the organs in your abdomen and your diaphragm slide down, helping you inhale.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-rf-sec2-d8e113"><h3>Fluids</h3><p>You may be given fluids to improve <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow throughout your body and to provide nutrition. Your doctor will make sure you get the right amount of fluids.</p><p>Too much fluid can fill the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> and make it hard for you to get the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> you need. Not enough fluid can limit the flow of oxygen-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a>.</p><p>Fluids usually are given through an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022191" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">intravenous</a> (IV) line inserted in one of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-rf-sec2-d8e125"><h3>Medicines</h3><p>Your doctor may prescribe medicines to relieve discomfort.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-rf-sec2-d8e132"><h3>Treatments for the Underlying Cause of Respiratory Failure</h3><p>Once your doctor figures out what's causing your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022885" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">respiratory failure</a>, he or she will plan how to treat that disease or condition. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatments</a> may include medicines, procedures, and other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapies</a>.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-livingwith"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-livingwith_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Living With Respiratory Failure</h2><p>One of the main goals of treating <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022885" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">respiratory failure</a> is to treat the underlying cause of the condition. However, sometimes it's hard to cure or control the underlying cause. Thus, respiratory failure may last for weeks or even years. This is called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> respiratory failure.</p><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-oxt/">Oxygen therapy</a> and other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> can help you breathe easier. However, your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022309" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carbon dioxide</a> levels still may not be normal. Thus, you may have one or more of the following symptoms:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Shortness of breath</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Rapid breathing</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Tiredness</a> and confusion</div></li></ul><p>These symptoms may go away within a few weeks or last longer. Talk with your doctor about how to deal with these symptoms, and read the tips below.</p><div id="nhlbi-rf-sec2-d9e52"><h3>Ongoing Care</h3><p>If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022885" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">respiratory failure</a>, see your doctor for ongoing medical care. Your doctor may refer you to <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pulreh/">pulmonary rehabilitation</a> (rehab).</p><p>Rehab can involve <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">exercise</a> training, education, and counseling. Your rehab team might include doctors, nurses, and other specialists. They'll work with you to create a program that meets your needs.</p><p>If you smoke, quit. Talk to your doctor about programs and products that can help you quit smoking. Also, try to avoid <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029761" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">secondhand smoke</a>.</p><p>If you have trouble quitting smoking on your own, consider joining a support group. Many hospitals, workplaces, and community groups offer classes to help people quit smoking.</p><p>If you're on <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029682" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen therapy</a>, don't smoke. Oxygen isn't explosive, but it can worsen a fire. In the presence of oxygen, a small fire can quickly get out of control. Also, the cylinder that compressed oxygen gas comes in can explode when exposed to heat.</p><p>For more information about how to quit smoking, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">Smoking and Your Heart</a> article. Although this resource focuses on <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> health, it includes basic information about how to quit smoking.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-rf-sec2-d9e80"><h3>Emotional Issues and Support</h3><p>Living with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022885" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">respiratory failure</a> may cause fear, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024918" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anxiety</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024768" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">depression</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a>. Talk about how you feel with your health care team. Talking to a professional counselor also can help. If you're very <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024768" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">depressed</a>, your doctor may recommend medicines or other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> that can improve your quality of life.</p><p>Joining a patient support group may help you adjust to living with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022885" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">respiratory failure</a>. You can see how other people who have the same symptoms have coped with them. Talk to your doctor about local support groups or check with an area medical center.</p><p>Support from family and friends also can help relieve <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024918" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anxiety</a>. Let your loved ones know how you feel and what they can do to help you.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-rf-sec2-d9e92"><h3>Prepare for Emergencies</h3><p>If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022885" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">respiratory failure</a>, knowing when and where to seek help for your symptoms is important. You should seek emergency care if you have severe symptoms, such as trouble catching your breath or talking.</p><p>Call your doctor if you notice that your symptoms are worsening or if you have new signs and symptoms. Your doctor may change or adjust your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> to relieve and treat symptoms.</p><p>Keep phone numbers handy for your doctor, hospital, and someone who can take you for medical care. You also should have on <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hand</a> directions to the doctor's office and hospital and a list of all the medicines you're taking.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-trials"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-trials_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Clinical Trials</h2><p>The National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute (NHLBI) is strongly committed to supporting research aimed at preventing and treating heart, lung, and blood diseases and conditions and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorders</a>.</p><p>NHLBI-supported research has led to many advances in medical knowledge and care. Often, these advances depend on the willingness of volunteers to take part in <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-clinicaltrials/">clinical trials</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Clinical trials</a> test new ways to prevent, diagnose, or treat various diseases and conditions. For example, new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for a disease or condition (such as medicines, medical devices, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgeries</a>, or procedures) are tested in volunteers who have the illness. Testing shows whether a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> is safe and effective in humans before it is made available for widespread use.</p><p>By taking part in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, you can gain access to new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> before they're widely available. You also will have the support of a team of health care providers, who will likely monitor your health closely. Even if you don't directly benefit from the results of a clinical trial, the information gathered can help others and add to scientific knowledge.</p><p>If you volunteer for a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, the research will be explained to you in detail. You'll learn about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> and tests you may receive, and the benefits and risks they may pose. You'll also be given a chance to ask questions about the research. This process is called informed consent.</p><p>If you agree to take part in the trial, you'll be asked to sign an informed consent form. This form is not a contract. You have the right to withdraw from a study at any time, for any reason. Also, you have the right to learn about new risks or findings that emerge during the trial.</p><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> related to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022885" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">respiratory failure</a>, talk with your doctor. You also can visit the following Web sites to learn more about clinical research and to search for clinical trials:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>http://clinicalresearch.nih.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.clinicaltrials.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.researchmatch.org</div></li></ul><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> for children, visit the NHLBI's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/childrenandclinicalstudies/index.php" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Children and Clinical Studies</a> Web page.</p></div><div style="display: none; width: 200px; top: -100px; left: -100px;" aria-live="assertive" aria-hidden="true" class="ui-helper-reset ui-ncbipopper-wrapper ui-ncbilinksmenu"><ul id="ui-ncbiinpagenav-6"><li><a href="#_nhlbi-rf-sec1-d1e36_">What Is Respiratory Failure?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-names_">Other Names for Respiratory Failure</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-causes_">What Causes Respiratory Failure?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-atrisk_">Who Is at Risk for Respiratory Failure?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-signs_">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Respiratory Failure?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-diagnosis_">How Is Respiratory Failure Diagnosed?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-treatment_">How Is Respiratory Failure Treated?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-livingwith_">Living With Respiratory Failure</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-trials_">Clinical Trials</a></li></ul></div></div></div> |
June 11, 2014. |
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2018-02-02 05:24:59 |
Restless Legs Syndrome |
<div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-rls-sec1-d1e35_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Is Restless Legs Syndrome?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023635" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Restless legs syndrome</a> (RLS) is a disorder that causes a strong urge to move your legs. This urge to move often occurs with strange and unpleasant feelings in your legs. Moving your legs relieves the urge and the unpleasant feelings.</p><p>People who have RLS describe the unpleasant feelings as creeping, crawling, pulling, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025767" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">itching</a>, tingling, burning, aching, or electric shocks. Sometimes, these feelings also occur in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arms</a>.</p><p>The urge to move and unpleasant feelings happen when you're resting and inactive. Thus, they tend to be worse in the evening and at night.</p><div id="nhlbi-rls-sec2-d1e47"><h3>Overview</h3><p>RLS can make it hard to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029705" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fall</a> asleep and stay asleep. It may make you feel tired and sleepy during the day. This can make it hard to learn, work, and do other daily activities. Not getting enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> also can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024768" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">depression</a>, mood swings, or other health problems.</p><p>RLS can range from mild to severe based on:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The strength of your symptoms and how often they occur</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>How easily moving around relieves your symptoms</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>How much your symptoms disturb your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a></div></li></ul><p>One type of RLS usually starts early in life (before 45 years of age) and tends to run in families. It may even start in childhood. Once this type of RLS starts, it usually lasts for the rest of your life. Over time, symptoms slowly get worse and occur more often. If you have a mild case, you may have long <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023146" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">periods</a> with no symptoms.</p><p>Another type of RLS usually starts later in life (after 45 years of age). It generally doesn't run in families. This type of RLS tends to have a more abrupt onset. The symptoms usually don't get worse over time.</p><p>Some diseases, conditions, and medicines may trigger RLS. For example, the disorder has been linked to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidney failure</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024544" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Parkinson</a>'s disease, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024678" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rheumatoid arthritis</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> deficiency. When a disease, condition, or medicine causes RLS, the symptoms usually start suddenly.</p><p>Medical conditions or medicines often cause or worsen the type of RLS that starts later in life.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-rls-sec2-d1e82"><h3>Outlook</h3><p>RLS symptoms often get worse over time. However, some people's symptoms go away for weeks to months.</p><p>If a medical condition or medicine triggers RLS, the disorder may go away if the trigger is relieved or stopped. For example, RLS that occurs due to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a> tends to go away after giving birth. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028187" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Kidney transplants</a> (but not <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022165" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">dialysis</a>) relieve RLS linked to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidney failure</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatments</a> for RLS include lifestyle changes and medicines. Some simple lifestyle changes often help relieve mild cases of RLS. Medicines often can relieve or prevent the symptoms of more severe RLS.</p><p>Research is ongoing to better understand the causes of RLS and to find better <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a>.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes Restless Legs Syndrome?</h2><div id="nhlbi-rls-sec2-d3e28"><h3>Faulty Use of Iron or Lack of Iron</h3><p>Research suggests that the main cause of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023635" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">restless legs syndrome</a> (RLS) is a faulty use of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> or a lack of iron in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>. The brain uses iron to make the chemical <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024928" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">dopamine</a> (DO-pah-meen) and to control other brain activities. Dopamine works in the parts of the brain that control movement.</p><p>Many conditions can affect how much <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> is in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> or how it's used. These conditions include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidney failure</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024544" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Parkinson</a>'s disease, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024678" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rheumatoid arthritis</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a>, and iron deficiency. All of these conditions increase your risk of RLS.</p><p>People whose family members have RLS also are more likely to develop the disorder. This suggests that genetics may contribute to the faulty use of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> or lack of iron in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> that triggers RLS.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-rls-sec2-d3e41"><h3>Nerve Damage</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022678" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Nerve</a> damage in the legs or feet and sometimes in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arms</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hands</a> may cause or worsen RLS. Several conditions can cause this type of nerve damage, including <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-rls-sec2-d3e47"><h3>Medicines and Substances</h3><p>Certain medicines may trigger RLS. These include some:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Antinausea medicines (used to treat upset <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a>)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Antidepressants (used to treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024768" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">depression</a>)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Antipsychotics (used to treat certain mental health disorders)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Cold and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">allergy</a> medicines that contain <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030662" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antihistamines</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025449" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Calcium channel blockers</a> (used to treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> problems and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">high blood pressure</a>)</div></li></ul><p>RLS symptoms usually get better or may even go away if the medicine is stopped.</p><p>Certain substances, such as alcohol and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029755" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tobacco</a>, also can trigger or worsen RLS symptoms. Symptoms may get better or go away if the substances are stopped.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-atrisk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-atrisk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is at Risk for Restless Legs Syndrome?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023635" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Restless legs syndrome</a> (RLS) affects about 5–15 percent of Americans. Many people who have RLS have family members with the disorder.</p><p>RLS can affect people of any racial or ethnic group, but the disorder is more common in people of Northern European descent. RLS affects both genders, but women are more likely to have it than men.</p><p>The number of cases of RLS rises with age. Many people who have RLS are diagnosed in middle age. People who develop RLS early in life tend to have a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family history</a> of the disorder.</p><p>People who have certain diseases or conditions or who take certain medicines are more likely to develop RLS. (For more information, go to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063031/#nhlbisec-causes">"What Causes Restless Legs Syndrome?"</a>)</p><p>For example, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a> is a risk factor for RLS. It usually occurs during the last 3 months of pregnancy. The disorder usually improves or goes away after giving birth. Some women may continue to have symptoms after giving birth. Other women may develop RLS again later in life.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Restless Legs Syndrome?</h2><p>The four key signs of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023635" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">restless legs syndrome</a> (RLS) are:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A strong urge to move your legs. This urge often, but not always, occurs with unpleasant feelings in your legs. When the disorder is severe, you also may have the urge to move your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arms</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Symptoms that start or get worse when you're inactive. The urge to move increases when you're sitting still or lying down and resting.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Relief from moving. Movement, especially walking, helps relieve the unpleasant feelings.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Symptoms that start or get worse in the evening or at night.</div></li></ul><p>You must have all four of these signs to be diagnosed with RLS.</p><div id="nhlbi-rls-sec2-d5e49"><h3>The Urge To Move</h3><p>RLS gets its name from the urge to move the legs when sitting or lying down. This movement relieves the unpleasant feelings that RLS sometimes causes. Typical movements are:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Pacing and walking</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Jiggling the legs</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Stretching and flexing</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Tossing and turning</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Rubbing the legs</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-rls-sec2-d5e74"><h3>Unpleasant Feelings</h3><p>People who have RLS describe the unpleasant feelings in their <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">limbs</a> as creeping, crawling, pulling, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025767" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">itching</a>, tingling, burning, aching, or electric shocks. Severe RLS may cause painful feelings. However, the pain usually is more of an ache than a sharp, stabbing pain.</p><p>Children may describe RLS symptoms differently than adults. In children, the condition may occur with hyperactivity. However, it's not fully known how the disorders are related.</p><p>The unpleasant feelings from RLS often occur in the lower legs (calves). But the feelings can occur at any place in the legs or feet. They also can occur in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arms</a>.</p><p>The feelings seem to come from deep within the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">limbs</a>, rather than from the surface. You usually will have the feelings in both legs. However, the feelings can occur in one leg, move from one leg to the other, or affect one leg more than the other.</p><p>People who have mild symptoms may notice them only when they're still or awake for a long time, such as on a long airplane trip or while watching TV. If they <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029705" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fall</a> asleep quickly, they may not have symptoms when lying down at night.</p><p>The unpleasant feelings from RLS aren't the same as the leg <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cramps</a> many people get at night. Leg cramps often are limited to certain <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscle</a> groups in the leg, which you can feel tightening. Leg cramps cause more severe pain and require stretching the affected muscle for relief.</p><p>Sometimes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024677" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arthritis</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pad/">peripheral arterial disease</a> (P.A.D.) can cause pain or discomfort in the legs. Moving the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">limbs</a> usually worsens the discomfort instead of relieving it.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-rls-sec2-d5e102"><h3>Periodic Limb Movement in Sleep</h3><p>Many people who have RLS also have a condition called periodic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">limb</a> movement in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> (PLMS). PLMS causes your legs or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arms</a> to twitch or jerk about every 10 to 60 seconds during sleep. These movements cause you to wake up often and get less sleep.</p><p>PLMS usually affects the legs, but it also can affect the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arms</a>. Not everyone who has PLMS also has RLS.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-rls-sec2-d5e115"><h3>Related Sleep Problems</h3><p>RLS can make it hard to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029705" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fall</a> or stay asleep. If RLS disturbs your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a>, you may feel very tired during the day.</p><p>Lack of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> may make it hard for you to concentrate at school or work. Not enough sleep also can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024768" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">depression</a>, mood swings, and other health problems such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">high blood pressure</a>.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Restless Legs Syndrome Diagnosed?</h2><p>Your doctor will diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023635" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">restless legs syndrome</a> (RLS) based on your signs and symptoms, your medical and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family histories</a>, a physical exam, and test results.</p><p>Your doctor will use this information to rule out other conditions that have symptoms similar to those of RLS.</p><div id="nhlbi-rls-sec2-d6e34"><h3>Specialists Involved</h3><p>Your primary care doctor usually can diagnose and treat RLS. However, he or she also may suggest that you see a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> specialist or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022774" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neurologist</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-rls-sec2-d6e41"><h3>Signs and Symptoms</h3><p>You must have the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063031/#nhlbisec-signs">four key signs</a> of RLS to be diagnosed with the disorder.</p><p>Your doctor will want to know how your symptoms are affecting your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> and how alert you are during the day.</p><p>To help your doctor, you may want to keep a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> diary. Use the diary to keep a daily record of how easy it is to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029705" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fall</a> and stay asleep, how much sleep you get at night, and how alert you feel during the day.</p><p>For a sample <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> diary, go to the National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/sleep/healthy_sleep.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">"Your Guide to Healthy Sleep."</a> </p></div><div id="nhlbi-rls-sec2-d6e61"><h3>Medical and Family Histories</h3><p>Your doctor may ask whether you have any of the diseases or conditions that can trigger RLS. These include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidney failure</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024544" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Parkinson</a>'s disease, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024678" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rheumatoid arthritis</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> deficiency.</p><p>Your doctor also may want to know what medicines you take. Some medicines can trigger or worsen RLS.</p><p>The most common type of RLS tends to run in families. Thus, your doctor may ask whether any of your relatives have RLS.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-rls-sec2-d6e74"><h3>Physical Exam</h3><p>Your doctor will do a physical exam to check for underlying conditions that may trigger RLS. He or she also will check for other conditions that have symptoms similar to those of RLS.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-rls-sec2-d6e80"><h3>Diagnostic Tests</h3><p>Currently, no test can diagnose RLS. Still, your doctor may recommend <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bdt/">blood tests</a> to measure your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> levels. He or she also may suggest <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscle</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022678" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nerve</a> tests. These tests can show whether you have a condition that can worsen RLS or that has symptoms similar to those of RLS.</p><p>Rarely, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-slpst/">sleep studies</a> are used to help diagnose RLS. A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023524" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep study</a> measures how much and how well you sleep. Although RLS can cause a lack of sleep, this sign isn't specific enough to diagnose the condition.</p><p>Researchers continue to study new ways to diagnose RLS.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-rls-sec2-d6e99"><h3>Drug Therapy Trial</h3><p>If your doctor thinks you have RLS, he or she may prescribe certain medicines to relieve your symptoms. These medicines, which are used to treat people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024544" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Parkinson</a>'s disease, also can relieve RLS symptoms. If the medicines relieve your symptoms, your doctor can confirm that you have RLS.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Restless Legs Syndrome Treated?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023635" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Restless legs syndrome</a> (RLS) has no cure. If a condition or medicine triggers RLS, it may go away or get better if the trigger is relieved or stopped.</p><p>RLS can be treated. The goals of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> are to:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Prevent or relieve symptoms</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Increase the amount of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> you're getting and improve the quality of your sleep</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Treat or correct any underlying condition that may trigger or worsen RLS</div></li></ul><p>Mild cases of RLS often are treated with lifestyle changes and sometimes with periodic use of medicines. More severe RLS usually is treated with daily medicines.</p><div id="nhlbi-rls-sec2-d7e50"><h3>Lifestyle Changes</h3><p>Lifestyle changes can prevent or relieve the symptoms of RLS. For mild RLS, lifestyle changes may be the only <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> needed.</p><div id="nhlbi-rls-sec3-d7e56"><h4>Preventing Symptoms</h4><p>Many common substances, such as alcohol and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029755" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tobacco</a>, can trigger RLS symptoms. Avoiding these substances can limit or prevent symptoms.</p><p>Some prescription and over-the-counter medicines can cause or worsen RLS symptoms. Tell your doctor about all of the medicines you're taking. He or she can tell you whether you should stop or change certain medicines.</p><p>Adopting good <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> habits can help you <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029705" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fall</a> asleep and stay asleep—a problem for many people who have RLS. Good sleep habits include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Keeping the area where you <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> cool, quiet, comfortable, and as dark as possible.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Making your bedroom <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a>-friendly. Remove things that can interfere with sleep, such as a TV, computer, or phone.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Going to bed and waking up at the same time every day. Some people who have RLS find it helpful to go to bed later in the evening and get up later in the morning.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Avoiding staying in bed awake for long <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023146" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">periods</a> in the evening or during the night.</div></li></ul><p>Doing a challenging activity before bedtime, such as solving a crossword puzzle, may ease your RLS symptoms. This distraction may make it easier for you to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029705" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fall</a> asleep. Focusing on your breathing and using other relaxation techniques also may help you fall asleep.</p><p>Regular, moderate physical activity also can help limit or prevent RLS symptoms. Often, people who have RLS find that if they increase their activity during the day, they have fewer symptoms.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-rls-sec3-d7e90"><h4>Relieving Symptoms</h4><p>Certain activities can relieve RLS symptoms. These include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Walking or stretching</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Taking a hot or cold bath</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Massaging the affected <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">limb</a>(s)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Using heat or ice packs on the affected <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">limb</a>(s)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Doing mentally challenging tasks</div></li></ul><p>Choose an aisle seat at the movies or on airplanes and trains so you can move around, if necessary.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-rls-sec2-d7e118"><h3>Medicines</h3><p>You may need medicines to treat RLS if lifestyle changes can't control symptoms. Many medicines can relieve or prevent RLS symptoms.</p><p>No single medicine works for all people who have RLS. It may take several changes in medicines and dosages to find the best approach. Sometimes, a medicine will work for a while and then stop working.</p><p>Some of the medicines used to treat RLS also are used to treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024544" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Parkinson</a>'s disease. These medicines make <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024928" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">dopamine</a> or mimic it in the parts of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> that control movement. (Dopamine is a chemical that helps you move properly.)</p><p>If medicines for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024544" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Parkinson</a>'s disease don't prevent or relieve your symptoms, your doctor may prescribe other medicines. You may have to take more than one medicine to treat your RLS.</p><p>Always talk with your doctor before taking any medicines. He or she can tell you the side effects of each RLS medicine. Side effects may include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024775" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nausea</a> (feeling sick to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a>), <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">headache</a>, and daytime sleepiness.</p><p>In some cases, RLS medicines may worsen problems with excessive gambling, shopping, or sexual activity. Sometimes, continued use of RLS medicines may make your RLS symptoms worse.</p><p>Contact your doctor if you have any of these problems. He or she can adjust your medicines to prevent these side effects.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-livingwith"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-livingwith_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Living With Restless Legs Syndrome</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023635" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Restless legs syndrome</a> (RLS) often is a lifelong condition. Symptoms may come and go often or go away for long <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023146" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">periods</a>. Symptoms often get worse over time.</p><p>If a condition or medicine triggers RLS, the disorder may go away if the trigger is relieved or stopped. For example, RLS that occurs due to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a> tends to go away after giving birth.</p><p>Although RLS has no cure, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> can relieve or prevent RLS symptoms. Mild cases of RLS often are treated with lifestyle changes and sometimes with periodic use of medicines. More severe RLS usually is treated with daily medicines. (For more information, go to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063031/#nhlbisec-treatment">"How Is Restless Legs Syndrome Treated?"</a>)</p><div id="nhlbi-rls-sec2-d8e40"><h3>Ongoing Medical Care</h3><p>If you have RLS, see your doctor regularly so he or she can watch for changes in your symptoms. This will show whether your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> is working and whether it will continue to work over time.</p><p>Call your doctor if you notice your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> is no longer working or if you have new symptoms.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-rls-sec2-d8e50"><h3>Other Considerations</h3><p>Try to plan long car trips and other long <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023146" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">periods</a> of inactivity at the times of day when your symptoms are least severe. Give yourself time to stretch or take walking breaks.</p><p>Choose an aisle seat at the movies or on airplanes and trains so you can move around if needed.</p><p>Consider finding a work setting where you can stand or walk around.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-rls-sec2-d8e63"><h3>Emotional Issues and Support</h3><p>Living with RLS may cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024918" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anxiety</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a>. It's important to talk about how you feel with your health care team.</p><p>Joining a patient support group may help you adjust to living with RLS. You can see how other people who have the same symptoms have coped with them. Talk with your doctor about local support groups or check with an area medical center.</p><p>Support from family and friends also can help relieve <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024918" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anxiety</a>. Let your loved ones know how you feel and what they can do to help you.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-trials"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-trials_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Clinical Trials</h2><p>The National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute (NHLBI) is strongly committed to supporting research aimed at preventing and treating heart, lung, and blood diseases and conditions and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorders</a>.</p><p>NHLBI-supported research has led to many advances in medical knowledge and care. Often, these advances depend on the willingness of volunteers to take part in <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-clinicaltrials/">clinical trials</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Clinical trials</a> test new ways to prevent, diagnose, or treat various diseases and conditions. For example, new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for a disease or condition (such as medicines, medical devices, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgeries</a>, or procedures) are tested in volunteers who have the illness. Testing shows whether a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> is safe and effective in humans before it is made available for widespread use.</p><p>By taking part in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, you can gain access to new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> before they're widely available. You also will have the support of a team of health care providers, who will likely monitor your health closely. Even if you don't directly benefit from the results of a clinical trial, the information gathered can help others and add to scientific knowledge.</p><p>If you volunteer for a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, the research will be explained to you in detail. You'll learn about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> and tests you may receive, and the benefits and risks they may pose. You'll also be given a chance to ask questions about the research. This process is called informed consent.</p><p>If you agree to take part in the trial, you'll be asked to sign an informed consent form. This form is not a contract. You have the right to withdraw from a study at any time, for any reason. Also, you have the right to learn about new risks or findings that emerge during the trial.</p><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> related to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023635" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">restless legs syndrome</a>, talk with your doctor. You also can visit the following Web sites to learn more about clinical research and to search for clinical trials:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>http://clinicalresearch.nih.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.clinicaltrials.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.researchmatch.org</div></li></ul><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> for children, visit the NHLBI's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/childrenandclinicalstudies/index.php" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Children and Clinical Studies</a> Web page.</p></div><div style="display: none; width: 200px; top: -100px; left: -100px;" aria-live="assertive" aria-hidden="true" class="ui-helper-reset ui-ncbipopper-wrapper ui-ncbilinksmenu"><ul id="ui-ncbiinpagenav-6"><li><a href="#_nhlbi-rls-sec1-d1e35_">What Is Restless Legs Syndrome?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-causes_">What Causes Restless Legs Syndrome?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-atrisk_">Who Is at Risk for Restless Legs Syndrome?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-signs_">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Restless Legs Syndrome?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-diagnosis_">How Is Restless Legs Syndrome Diagnosed?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-treatment_">How Is Restless Legs Syndrome Treated?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-livingwith_">Living With Restless Legs Syndrome</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-trials_">Clinical Trials</a></li></ul></div></div></div> |
June 11, 2014. |
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2018-02-02 05:25:20 |
Rh Incompatibility |
<div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-rh-sec1-d1e37_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Is Rh Incompatibility?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021988" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Rh incompatibility</a> is a condition that occurs during <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a> if a woman has Rh-negative <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> and her baby has Rh-positive blood.</p><p>"Rh-negative" and "Rh-positive" refer to whether your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> has <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021989" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Rh factor</a>. Rh factor is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> on <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>. If you have Rh factor, you're Rh-positive. If you don't have it, you're Rh-negative. Rh factor is inherited (passed from parents to children through the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a>). Most people are Rh-positive.</p><p>Whether you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021989" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Rh factor</a> doesn't affect your general health. However, it can cause problems during <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a>.</p><div id="nhlbi-rh-sec2-d1e52"><h3>Overview</h3><p>When you're pregnant, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> from your baby can cross into your bloodstream, especially during delivery. If you're Rh-negative and your baby is Rh-positive, your body will react to the baby's blood as a foreign substance.</p><p>Your body will create <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antibodies</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022051" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">proteins</a>) against the baby's Rh-positive <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. These antibodies usually don't cause problems during a first <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a>. This is because the baby often is born before many of the antibodies develop.</p><p>However, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antibodies</a> stay in your body once they have formed. Thus, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021988" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Rh incompatibility</a> is more likely to cause problems in second or later <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancies</a> (if the baby is Rh-positive).</p><p>The Rh <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antibodies</a> can cross the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030321" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">placenta</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024324" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">attack</a> the baby's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>. This can lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ha/">hemolytic anemia</a> (HEE-moh-lit-ick uh-NEE-me-uh) in the baby.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022026" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Hemolytic anemia</a> is a condition in which <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> are destroyed faster than the body can replace them. Red blood cells carry <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> to all parts of the body.</p><p>Without enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>, your baby won't get enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>. This can lead to serious problems. Severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022026" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemolytic anemia</a> may even be fatal to the child.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-rh-sec2-d1e78"><h3>Outlook</h3><p>With prompt and proper prenatal care and screening, you can prevent the problems of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021988" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Rh incompatibility</a>. Screening tests allow your doctor to find out early in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a> whether you're at risk for the condition.</p><p>If you're at risk, your doctor will carefully check on you and your baby throughout your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a> and prescribe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> as needed.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022222" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Injections</a> of a medicine called Rh <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000931" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune globulin</a> can keep your body from making Rh <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antibodies</a>. This medicine helps prevent the problems of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021988" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Rh incompatibility</a>. If you're Rh-negative, you'll need this medicine every time you have a baby with Rh-positive <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>.</p><p>Other events also can expose you to Rh-positive <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>, which could affect a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a>. Examples include a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030691" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">miscarriage</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bt/">blood transfusion</a>. If you're treated with Rh <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000931" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune globulin</a> right after these events, you may be able to avoid <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021988" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Rh incompatibility</a> during your next pregnancy.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-names"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-names_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Other Names for Rh Incompatibility</h2><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Rh disease</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Rh-induced hemolytic disease of the newborn</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes Rh Incompatibility?</h2><p>A difference in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> type between a pregnant woman and her baby causes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021988" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Rh incompatibility</a>. The condition occurs if a woman is Rh-negative and her baby is Rh-positive.</p><p>When you're pregnant, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> from your baby can cross into your bloodstream, especially during delivery. If you're Rh-negative and your baby is Rh-positive, your body will react to the baby's blood as a foreign substance.</p><p>Your body will create <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antibodies</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022051" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">proteins</a>) against the baby's Rh-positive <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. These antibodies can cross the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030321" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">placenta</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024324" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">attack</a> the baby's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>. This can lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ha/">hemolytic anemia</a> in the baby.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021988" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Rh incompatibility</a> usually doesn't cause problems during a first <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a>. The baby often is born before many of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antibodies</a> develop.</p><p>However, once you've formed Rh <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antibodies</a>, they remain in your body. Thus, the condition is more likely to cause problems in second or later <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancies</a> (if the baby is Rh-positive).</p><p>With each <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a>, your body continues to make Rh <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antibodies</a>. As a result, each Rh-positive baby you conceive becomes more at risk for serious problems, such as severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022026" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemolytic anemia</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-atrisk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-atrisk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is at Risk for Rh Incompatibility?</h2><p>An Rh-negative woman who conceives a child with an Rh-positive man is at risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021988" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Rh incompatibility</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021989" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Rh factor</a> is inherited (passed from parents to children through the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a>). If you're Rh-negative and the father of your baby is Rh-positive, the baby has a 50 percent or more chance of having Rh-positive <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>.</p><p>Simple <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bdt/">blood tests</a> can show whether you and the father of your baby are Rh-positive or Rh-negative.</p><p>If you're Rh-negative, your risk of problems from <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021988" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Rh incompatibility</a> is higher if you were exposed to Rh-positive <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> before the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a>. This may have happened during:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>An earlier <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a> (usually during delivery). You also may have been exposed to Rh-positive <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> if you had <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> or abdominal trauma (for example, from a car accident) during the pregnancy.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>An <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ectopic pregnancy</a>, a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030691" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">miscarriage</a>, or an induced abortion. (An ectopic pregnancy is a pregnancy that starts outside of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022603" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">uterus</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022603" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">womb</a>.)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A mismatched <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bt/">blood transfusion</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bmsct/">blood and marrow stem cell transplant</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>An <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022222" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">injection</a> or puncture with a needle or other object containing Rh-positive <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>.</div></li></ul><p>Certain tests also can expose you to Rh-positive <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. Examples include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030510" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">amniocentesis</a> (AM-ne-o-sen-TE-sis) and chorionic villus (ko-re-ON-ik VIL-us) sampling (CVS).</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030510" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Amniocentesis</a> is a test that you may have during <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a>. Your doctor uses a needle to remove a small amount of fluid from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022396" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sac</a> around your baby. The fluid is then tested for various reasons.</p><p>CVS also may be done during <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a>. For this test, your doctor threads a thin tube through the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022600" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vagina</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021895" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cervix</a> to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030321" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">placenta</a>. He or she removes a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> sample from the placenta using gentle suction. The tissue sample is tested for various reasons.</p><p>Unless you were treated with the medicine that prevents Rh <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antibodies</a> (Rh <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000931" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune globulin</a>) after each of these events, you're at risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021988" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Rh incompatibility</a> during current and future <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancies</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Rh Incompatibility?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021988" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Rh incompatibility</a> doesn't cause signs or symptoms in a pregnant woman. In a baby, the condition can lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ha/">hemolytic anemia</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022026" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Hemolytic anemia</a> is a condition in which <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> are destroyed faster than the body can replace them.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Red blood cells</a> contain <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a> (HEE-muh-glow-bin), an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> that carries <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> to the body. Without enough red blood cells and hemoglobin, the baby won't get enough oxygen.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022026" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Hemolytic anemia</a> can cause mild to severe signs and symptoms in a newborn, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022140" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">jaundice</a> and a buildup of fluid.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022140" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Jaundice</a> is a yellowish color of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> and whites of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eyes</a>. When <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> die, they release <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a> into the blood. The hemoglobin is broken down into a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023355" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">compound</a> called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022188" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bilirubin</a>. This compound gives the skin and eyes a yellowish color. High levels of bilirubin can lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> damage in the baby.</p><p>The buildup of fluid is a result of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a>. Without enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a>-carrying <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>, the baby's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> has to work harder to move <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich blood through the body. This <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a> can lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart failure</a> can cause fluid to build up in many parts of the body. When this occurs in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028116" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fetus</a> or newborn, the condition is called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022960" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hydrops</a> fetalis (HI-drops fe-TAL-is).</p><p>Severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022026" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemolytic anemia</a> can be fatal to a newborn at the time of birth or shortly after.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Rh Incompatibility Diagnosed?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021988" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Rh incompatibility</a> is diagnosed with <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bdt/">blood tests</a>. To find out whether a baby is developing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022026" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemolytic anemia</a> and how serious it is, doctors may use more advanced tests, such as ultrasound.</p><div id="nhlbi-rh-sec2-d7e34"><h3>Specialists Involved</h3><p>An obstetrician will screen for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021988" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Rh incompatibility</a>. This is a doctor who specializes in treating pregnant women. The obstetrician also will monitor the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a> and the baby for problems related to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022026" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemolytic anemia</a>. He or she also will oversee <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> to prevent problems with future <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancies</a>.</p><p>A pediatrician or hematologist treats newborns who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022026" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemolytic anemia</a> and related problems. A pediatrician is a doctor who specializes in treating children. A hematologist is a doctor who specializes in treating people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> diseases and disorders.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-rh-sec2-d7e44"><h3>Diagnostic Tests</h3><p>If you're pregnant, your doctor will order a simple <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022070" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood test</a> at your first prenatal visit to learn whether you're Rh-positive or Rh-negative.</p><p>If you're Rh-negative, you also may have another <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022070" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood test</a> called an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antibody</a> screen. This test shows whether you have Rh <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antibodies</a> in your blood. If you do, it means that you were exposed to Rh-positive blood before and you're at risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021988" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Rh incompatibility</a>.</p><p>If you're Rh-negative and you don't have Rh <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antibodies</a>, your baby's father also will be tested to find out his Rh type. If he's Rh-negative too, the baby has no chance of having Rh-positive <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. Thus, there's no risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021988" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Rh incompatibility</a>.</p><p>However, if the baby's father is Rh-positive, the baby has a 50 percent or more chance of having Rh-positive <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. As a result, you're at high risk of developing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021988" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Rh incompatibility</a>.</p><p>If your baby's father is Rh-positive, or if it's not possible to find out his Rh status, your doctor may do a test called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030510" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">amniocentesis</a>.</p><p>For this test, your doctor inserts a hollow needle through your abdominal wall into your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022603" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">uterus</a>. He or she removes a small amount of fluid from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022396" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sac</a> around the baby. The fluid is tested to learn whether the baby is Rh-positive. (Rarely, an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030510" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">amniocentesis</a> can expose you to Rh-positive <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>).</p><p>Your doctor also may use this test to measure <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022188" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bilirubin</a> levels in your baby. Bilirubin builds up as a result of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> dying too quickly. The higher the level of bilirubin is, the greater the chance that the baby has <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022026" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemolytic anemia</a>.</p><p>If <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021988" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Rh incompatibility</a> is known or suspected, you'll be tested for Rh <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antibodies</a> one or more times during your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a>. This test often is done at least once at your sixth or seventh month of pregnancy.</p><p>The results from this test also can suggest how severe the baby's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022026" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemolytic anemia</a> has become. Higher levels of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antibodies</a> suggest more severe hemolytic anemia.</p><p>To check your baby for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022026" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemolytic anemia</a>, your doctor also may use a test called Doppler ultrasound. He or she will use this test to measure how fast <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> is flowing through an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a> in the baby's head.</p><p>Doppler ultrasound uses sound waves to measure how fast <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> is moving. The faster the blood flow is, the greater the risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022026" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemolytic anemia</a>. This is because the anemia will cause the baby's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> to pump more blood.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Rh Incompatibility Treated?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021988" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Rh incompatibility</a> is treated with a medicine called Rh <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000931" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune globulin</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatment</a> for a baby who has <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ha/">hemolytic anemia</a> will vary based on the severity of the condition.</p><div id="nhlbi-rh-sec2-d8e34"><h3>Goals of Treatment</h3><p>The goals of treating <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021988" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Rh incompatibility</a> are to ensure that your baby is healthy and to lower your risk for the condition in future <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancies</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-rh-sec2-d8e40"><h3>Treatment for Rh Incompatibility</h3><p>If <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021988" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Rh incompatibility</a> is diagnosed during your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a>, you'll receive Rh <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000931" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune globulin</a> in your seventh month of pregnancy and again within 72 hours of delivery.</p><p>You also may receive Rh <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000931" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune globulin</a> if the risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> transfer between you and the baby is high (for example, if you've had a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030691" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">miscarriage</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ectopic pregnancy</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> during pregnancy).</p><p>Rh <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000931" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune globulin</a> contains Rh <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antibodies</a> that attach to the Rh-positive <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> in your blood. When this happens, your body doesn't react to the baby's Rh-positive cells as a foreign substance. As a result, your body doesn't make Rh antibodies. Rh immune globulin must be given at the correct times to work properly.</p><p>Once you have formed Rh <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antibodies</a>, the medicine will no longer help. That's why a woman who has Rh-negative <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> must be treated with the medicine with each <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a> or any other event that allows her blood to mix with Rh-positive blood.</p><p>Rh <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000931" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune globulin</a> is injected into the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscle</a> of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arm</a> or buttock. Side effects may include soreness at the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022222" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">injection</a> site and a slight <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fever</a>. The medicine also may be injected into a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-rh-sec2-d8e59"><h3>Treatment for Hemolytic Anemia</h3><p>Several options are available for treating <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022026" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemolytic anemia</a> in a baby. In mild cases, no <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> may be needed. If treatment is needed, the baby may be given a medicine called erythropoietin and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> supplements. These <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> can prompt the body to make <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>.</p><p>If the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022026" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemolytic anemia</a> is severe, the baby may get a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bt/">blood transfusion</a> through the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030322" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">umbilical cord</a>. If the hemolytic anemia is severe and the baby is almost full-term, your doctor may induce labor early. This allows the baby's doctor to begin <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> right away.</p><p>A newborn who has severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a> may be treated with a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> exchange <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029754" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">transfusion</a>. The procedure involves slowly removing the newborn's blood and replacing it with fresh blood or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0014603" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plasma</a> from a donor.</p><p>Newborns also may be treated with special lights to reduce the amount of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022188" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bilirubin</a> in their <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. These babies may have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022140" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">jaundice</a> (a yellowish color of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> and whites of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eyes</a>). High levels of bilirubin cause jaundice.</p><p>Reducing the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>'s <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022188" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bilirubin</a> level is important because high levels of this <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023355" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">compound</a> can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> damage. High levels of bilirubin often are seen in babies who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022026" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemolytic anemia</a>. This is because the compound forms when <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> break down.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-prevention"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-prevention_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Can Rh Incompatibility Be Prevented?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021988" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Rh incompatibility</a> can be prevented with Rh <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000931" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune globulin</a>, as long as the medicine is given at the correct times. Once you have formed Rh <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antibodies</a>, the medicine will no longer help.</p><p>Thus, a woman who has Rh-negative <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> must be treated with Rh <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000931" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune globulin</a> during and after each <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a> or after any other event that allows her blood to mix with Rh-positive blood.</p><p>Early prenatal care also can help prevent some of the problems linked to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021988" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Rh incompatibility</a>. For example, your doctor can find out early whether you're at risk for the condition.</p><p>If you're at risk, your doctor can closely monitor your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a>. He or she will watch for signs of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ha/">hemolytic anemia</a> in your baby and provided <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> as needed.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-livingwith"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-livingwith_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Living With Rh Incompatibility</h2><p>If you have Rh-negative <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022222" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">injections</a> of Rh <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000931" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune globulin</a> can reduce your risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021988" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Rh incompatibility</a> in future <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancies</a>. It's important to get this medicine every time you give birth to an Rh-positive baby or come in contact with Rh-positive blood.</p><p>If you're Rh-negative, your risk of problems from <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021988" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Rh incompatibility</a> is higher if you were exposed to Rh-positive <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> before your current <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a>. This may have happened during:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>An earlier <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a> (usually during delivery). You also may have been exposed to Rh-positive <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> if you had <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> or abdominal trauma (for example, from a car accident) during the pregnancy.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>An <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ectopic pregnancy</a>, a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030691" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">miscarriage</a>, or an induced abortion. (An ectopic pregnancy is a pregnancy that starts outside of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022603" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">uterus</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022603" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">womb</a>.)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A mismatched <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bt/">blood transfusion</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bmsct/">blood and marrow stem cell transplant</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>An <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022222" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">injection</a> or puncture with a needle or other object containing Rh-positive <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>.</div></li></ul><p>You also can be exposed to Rh-positive <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> during certain tests, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030510" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">amniocentesis</a> and chorionic villus sampling. (For more information, go to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063020/#nhlbisec-atrisk">"Who Is At Risk for Rh Incompatibility?"</a>)</p><p>Unless you were treated with Rh <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000931" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune globulin</a> after each of these events, you're at risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021988" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Rh incompatibility</a> during current and future <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancies</a>.</p><p>Let your doctor know about your risk early in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a>. This allows him or her to carefully monitor your pregnancy and promptly treat any problems that arise.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-trials"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-trials_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Clinical Trials</h2><p>The National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute (NHLBI) is strongly committed to supporting research aimed at preventing and treating heart, lung, and blood diseases and conditions and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorders</a>.</p><p>NHLBI-supported research has led to many advances in medical knowledge and care. Often, these advances depend on the willingness of volunteers to take part in <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-clinicaltrials/">clinical trials</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Clinical trials</a> test new ways to prevent, diagnose, or treat various diseases and conditions. For example, new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for a disease or condition (such as medicines, medical devices, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgeries</a>, or procedures) are tested in volunteers who have the illness. Testing shows whether a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> is safe and effective in humans before it is made available for widespread use.</p><p>By taking part in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, you can gain access to new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> before they're widely available. You also will have the support of a team of health care providers, who will likely monitor your health closely. Even if you don't directly benefit from the results of a clinical trial, the information gathered can help others and add to scientific knowledge.</p><p>If you volunteer for a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, the research will be explained to you in detail. You'll learn about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> and tests you may receive, and the benefits and risks they may pose. You'll also be given a chance to ask questions about the research. This process is called informed consent.</p><p>If you agree to take part in the trial, you'll be asked to sign an informed consent form. This form is not a contract. You have the right to withdraw from a study at any time, for any reason. Also, you have the right to learn about new risks or findings that emerge during the trial.</p><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a>, talk with your doctor. You also can visit the following Web sites to learn more about clinical research and to search for clinical trials:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>http://clinicalresearch.nih.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.clinicaltrials.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.researchmatch.org</div></li></ul><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> for children, visit the NHLBI's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/childrenandclinicalstudies/index.php" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Children and Clinical Studies</a> Web page.</p></div><div style="display: none; width: 200px; top: -100px; left: -100px;" aria-live="assertive" aria-hidden="true" class="ui-helper-reset ui-ncbipopper-wrapper ui-ncbilinksmenu"><ul id="ui-ncbiinpagenav-6"><li><a href="#_nhlbi-rh-sec1-d1e37_">What Is Rh Incompatibility?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-names_">Other Names for Rh Incompatibility</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-causes_">What Causes Rh Incompatibility?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-atrisk_">Who Is at Risk for Rh Incompatibility?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-signs_">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Rh Incompatibility?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-diagnosis_">How Is Rh Incompatibility Diagnosed?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-treatment_">How Is Rh Incompatibility Treated?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-prevention_">How Can Rh Incompatibility Be Prevented?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-livingwith_">Living With Rh Incompatibility</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-trials_">Clinical Trials</a></li></ul></div></div></div> |
June 11, 2014. |
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2018-02-02 04:25:06 |
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<L1> diseases_conditions
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2018-02-02 05:25:39 |
Sarcoidosis |
<div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-sarc-sec1-d1e36_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Is Sarcoidosis?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sarcoidosis</a> (sar-koy-DO-sis) is a disease of unknown cause that leads to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022625" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inflammation</a>. This disease affects your body’s <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a>.</p><p>Normally, your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025680" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune system</a> defends your body against foreign or harmful substances. For example, it sends special <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> to protect <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> that are in danger.</p><p>These <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> release chemicals that recruit other cells to isolate and destroy the harmful substance. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022625" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Inflammation</a> occurs during this process. Once the harmful substance is gone, the cells and the inflammation go away.</p><p>In people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sarcoidosis</a>, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022625" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inflammation</a> doesn't go away. Instead, some of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025680" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune system</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> cluster to form lumps called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022970" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">granulomas</a> (gran-yu-LO-mas) in various <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> in your body.</p><div id="nhlbi-sarc-sec2-d1e52"><h3>Overview</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sarcoidosis</a> can affect any <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organ</a> in your body. However, it's more likely to affect some <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> than others. The disease usually starts in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>, and/or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022179" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymph nodes</a> (especially the lymph nodes in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a>).</p><p>Also, the disease often affects the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eyes</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver</a>. Although less common, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sarcoidosis</a> can affect the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>, leading to serious complications.</p><p>If many <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022970" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">granulomas</a> form in an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organ</a>, they can affect how the organ works. This can cause signs and symptoms. Signs and symptoms vary depending on which <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> are affected. Many people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sarcoidosis</a> have no signs or symptoms or mild ones.</p><p>Lofgren's syndrome is a classic set of signs and symptoms that is typical in some people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sarcoidosis</a>. Lofgren's syndrome may cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fever</a>, enlarged <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022179" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymph nodes</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024677" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arthritis</a> (usually in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024901" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ankles</a>), and/or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024827" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">erythema</a> nodosum (er-ih-THE-ma no-DO-sum).</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024827" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Erythema</a> nodosum is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024692" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rash</a> of red or reddish-purple bumps on your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024901" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ankles</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024552" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">shins</a>. The rash may be warm and tender to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023108" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">touch</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatment</a> for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sarcoidosis</a> varies depending on which <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> are affected. Your doctor may prescribe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022342" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">topical</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> and/or medicines to treat the disease. Not everyone who has sarcoidosis needs treatment.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-sarc-sec2-d1e74"><h3>Outlook</h3><p>The outlook for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sarcoidosis</a> varies. Many people recover from the disease with few or no long-term problems.</p><p>More than half of the people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sarcoidosis</a> have remission within 3 years of diagnosis. “Remission” means the disease isn't active, but it can return.</p><p>Two-thirds of people who have the disease have remission within 10 years of diagnosis. People who have Lofgren's syndrome usually have remission. Relapse (return of the disease) 1 or more years after remission occurs in less than 5 percent of patients.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sarcoidosis</a> leads to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organ</a> damage in about one-third of the people diagnosed with the disease. Damage may occur over many years and involve more than one organ. Rarely, sarcoidosis can be fatal. Death usually is the result of problems with the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>.</p><p>Poor outcomes are more likely in people who have advanced disease and show little improvement from <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>.</p><p>Certain people are at higher risk for poor outcomes from <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> (long-term) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sarcoidosis</a>. This includes people who have lung <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028156" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">scarring</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> complications, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024510" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lupus</a> pernio (LU-<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024835" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pus</a> PUR-ne-o). Lupus pernio is a serious <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> condition that sarcoidosis may cause.</p><p>Research is ongoing for new and better <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sarcoidosis</a>.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes Sarcoidosis?</h2><p>The cause of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sarcoidosis</a> isn't known. More than one factor may play a role in causing the disease.</p><p>Some researchers think that <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sarcoidosis</a> develops if your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025680" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune system</a> responds to a trigger, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bacteria</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022086" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">viruses</a>, dust, or chemicals.</p><p>Normally, your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025680" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune system</a> defends your body against foreign or harmful substances. For example, it sends special <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> to protect <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> that are in danger.</p><p>These <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> release chemicals that recruit other cells to isolate and destroy the harmful substance. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022625" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Inflammation</a> occurs during this process. Once the harmful substance is gone, the cells and the inflammation go away.</p><p>In people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sarcoidosis</a>, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022625" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inflammation</a> doesn't go away. Instead, some of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025680" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune system</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> cluster to form lumps called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022970" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">granulomas</a> in various <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> in your body.</p><p>Genetics also may play a role in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sarcoidosis</a>. Researchers believe that sarcoidosis occurs if:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>You have a certain <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a> that raise your risk for the disease</div></li></ul><p>—And—</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>You're exposed to something that triggers your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025680" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune system</a></div></li></ul><p>Triggers may vary depending on your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022031" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic</a> makeup. Certain <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a> may influence which <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> are affected and the severity of your symptoms.</p><p>Researchers continue to try to pinpoint the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a> that are linked to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sarcoidosis</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-atrisk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-atrisk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is at Risk for Sarcoidosis?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sarcoidosis</a> affects people of all ages and races. However, it's more common among African Americans and Northern Europeans. In the United States, the disease affects African Americans somewhat more often and more severely than Whites.</p><p>Studies have shown that <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sarcoidosis</a> tends to vary amongst ethnic groups. For example, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eye</a> problems related to the disease are more common in Japanese people.</p><p>Lofgren's syndrome, a type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sarcoidosis</a>, is more common in people of European descent. Lofgren's syndrome may involve <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fever</a>, enlarged <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022179" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymph nodes</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024677" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arthritis</a> (usually in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024901" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ankles</a>), and/or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024827" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">erythema</a> nodosum. Erythema nodosum is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024692" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rash</a> of red or reddish-purple bumps on your ankles and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024552" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">shins</a>. The rash may be warm and tender to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023108" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">touch</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sarcoidosis</a> is somewhat more common in women than in men. The disease usually develops between the ages of 20 and 50. People who have a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family history</a> of sarcoidosis also are at higher risk for the disease.</p><p>Researchers have looked for a link between <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sarcoidosis</a> and exposure to workplace and environmental factors. However, no clear link has been found.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Sarcoidosis?</h2><p>Many people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sarcoidosis</a> have no signs or symptoms or mild ones. Often, the disease is found when a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cxray/">chest x ray</a> is done for another reason (for example, to diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pnu/">pneumonia</a>).</p><p>The signs and symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sarcoidosis</a> vary depending on which <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> are affected. Signs and symptoms also may vary depending on your gender, age, and ethnic background. (For more information, go to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063003/#nhlbisec-atrisk">"Who Is at Risk for Sarcoidosis?"</a>)</p><div id="nhlbi-sarc-sec2-d5e43"><h3>Common Signs and Symptoms</h3><p>In both adults and children, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sarcoidosis</a> most often affects the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. If <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022970" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">granulomas</a> (inflamed lumps) form in your lungs, you may wheeze, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cough/">cough</a>, feel short of breath, or have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain. Or, you may have no symptoms at all.</p><p>Some people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sarcoidosis</a> feel very tired, uneasy, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024768" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">depressed</a>. Night sweats and weight loss are common symptoms of the disease.</p><p>Common signs and symptoms in children are <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fatigue</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tiredness</a>), <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024897" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">loss of appetite</a>, weight loss, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022807" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022450" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">joint</a> pain, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-anemia/">anemia</a>.</p><p>Children who are younger than 4 years old may have a distinct form of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sarcoidosis</a>. It may cause enlarged <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022179" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymph nodes</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> (which can be seen on chest x-ray pictures), <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022308" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lesions</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eye</a> swelling or redness.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-sarc-sec2-d5e65"><h3>Other Signs and Symptoms</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sarcoidosis</a> may affect your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022179" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymph nodes</a>. The disease can cause enlarged lymph nodes that feel tender. Sarcoidosis usually affects the lymph nodes in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027054" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neck</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a>. However, the disease also may affect the lymph nodes under your chin, in your armpits, or in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028097" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">groin</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sarcoidosis</a> can cause lumps, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022806" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ulcers</a> (sores), or areas of discolored <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>. These areas may <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025767" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">itch</a>, but they don't hurt. These signs tend to appear on your back, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arms</a>, legs, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">scalp</a>. Sometimes they appear near your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025667" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nose</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eyes</a>. These signs usually last a long time.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sarcoidosis</a> may cause a more serious <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> condition called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024510" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lupus</a> pernio. Disfiguring skin sores may affect your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025667" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nose</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024564" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nasal passages</a>, cheeks, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024836" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ears</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022376" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eyelids</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023112" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fingers</a>. These sores tend to be ongoing. They can return after <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> is over.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sarcoidosis</a> also can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eye</a> problems. If you have sarcoidosis, having an annual eye exam is important. If you have changes in your vision and can't see as clearly or can't see color, call 9–1–1 or have someone drive you to the emergency room.</p><p>You should call your doctor if you have any new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eye</a> symptoms, such as burning, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025767" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">itching</a>, tearing, pain, or sensitivity to light.</p><p>Signs and symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sarcoidosis</a> also may include an enlarged <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022189" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spleen</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024480" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">salivary glands</a>.</p><p>Although less common, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sarcoidosis</a> can affect the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>. This can cause many symptoms, such as abnormal heartbeats, shortness of breath, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">headaches</a>, and vision problems. If sarcoidosis affects the heart or brain, serious complications can occur.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-sarc-sec2-d5e90"><h3>Lofgren's Syndrome</h3><p>Lofgren's syndrome is a classic set of signs and symptoms that occur in some people when they first have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sarcoidosis</a>. Signs and symptoms may include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Fever</a>. This symptom only occurs in some people.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Enlarged <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022179" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymph nodes</a> (which can be seen on a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> x ray).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024677" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Arthritis</a>, usually in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024901" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ankles</a>. This symptom is more common in men than women.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024827" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Erythema</a> nodosum. This is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024692" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rash</a> of red or reddish-purple bumps on your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024901" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ankles</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024552" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">shins</a>. The rash may be warm and tender to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023108" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">touch</a>. This symptom is more common in women than men.</div></li></ul><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figd5e115" co-legend-rid="figlgndd5e115"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063003/figure/d5e115/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figd5e115" rid-ob="figobd5e115"><img class="small-thumb" src="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063003/bin/sarcoidosis.gif" src-large="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063003/bin/sarcoidosis.jpg" alt="Sarcoidosis Signs and Symptoms."></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndd5e115"><h4 id="d5e115"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063003/figure/d5e115/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd5e115">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Sarcoidosis Signs and Symptoms. The illustration shows the major signs and symptoms of sarcoidosis and the organs involved. </p></div></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Sarcoidosis Diagnosed?</h2><p>Your doctor will diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sarcoidosis</a> based on your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029840" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">medical history</a>, a physical exam, and test results. He or she will look for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022970" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">granulomas</a> (inflamed lumps) in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a>. Your doctor also will try to rule out other possible causes of your symptoms.</p><div id="nhlbi-sarc-sec2-d6e31"><h3>Medical History</h3><p>Your doctor may ask you detailed questions about your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029840" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">medical history</a>. For example, he or she may ask whether you:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Have a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family history</a> of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sarcoidosis</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Have had any jobs that may have raised your risk for the disease.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Have ever been exposed to inhaled beryllium metal. (This type of metal is used to make aircrafts and weapons.)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Have had contact with organic dust from birds or hay.</div></li></ul><p>Exposure to beryllium metal and organic dust can cause inflamed lumps in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> that look like the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022970" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">granulomas</a> from <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sarcoidosis</a>. However, these lumps are signs of other conditions.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-sarc-sec2-d6e56"><h3>Physical Exam</h3><p>Your doctor will check you for signs and symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sarcoidosis</a>. Signs and symptoms may include red bumps on your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>; swollen <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022179" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymph nodes</a>; an enlarged <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022189" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spleen</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024480" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">salivary glands</a>; or redness in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eyes</a>. Your doctor also will check for other causes of your symptoms.</p><p>Your doctor may listen to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. Abnormal breathing or heartbeat sounds could be a sign that <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sarcoidosis</a> is affecting your lungs or heart.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-sarc-sec2-d6e65"><h3>Diagnostic Tests</h3><p>You may have tests to confirm a diagnosis and to find out how <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sarcoidosis</a> is affecting you. Tests include a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cxray/">chest x ray</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-lft/">lung function tests</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022958" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">biopsy</a>, and other tests to assess <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organ</a> damage.</p><div id="nhlbi-sarc-sec3-d6e78"><h4>Chest X Ray</h4><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> x ray is a painless test that creates pictures of the structures inside your chest, such as your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. The test may show <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022970" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">granulomas</a> or enlarged <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022179" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymph nodes</a> in your chest. About 95 percent of people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sarcoidosis</a> have abnormal chest x rays.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-sarc-sec3-d6e84"><h4>Lung Function Tests</h4><p>Lung function tests measure how much air you can breathe in and out, how fast you can breathe air out, and how well your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> deliver <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. These tests can show whether <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sarcoidosis</a> is affecting your lungs.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-sarc-sec3-d6e90"><h4>Biopsy</h4><p>Your doctor may do a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022958" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">biopsy</a> to confirm a diagnosis or rule out other causes of your symptoms. A biopsy involves taking a small sample of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> from one of your affected <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a>.</p><p>Usually, doctors try to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022958" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">biopsy</a> the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> that are easiest to access. Examples include the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>, tear <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022072" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">glands</a>, or the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022179" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymph nodes</a> that are just under the skin.</p><p>If this isn't possible, your doctor may use a positron emission tomography (PET) scan to pinpoint areas for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022958" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">biopsy</a>. For this test, a small amount of radioactive substance is injected into a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a>, usually in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arm</a>.</p><p>The substance, which releases energy, travels through the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> and collects in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissues</a>. Special cameras detect the energy and convert it into three-dimensional (3D) pictures.</p><p>If lung function tests or a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> x ray shows signs of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sarcoidosis</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, your doctor may do a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022276" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bronchoscopy</a> (bron-KOS-ko-pee) to get a small sample of lung <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a>.</p><p>During this procedure, a thin, flexible tube is passed through your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025667" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nose</a> (or sometimes your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a>), down your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024473" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">throat</a>, and into the airways to reach your lung <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a>. (For more information, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bron/">Bronchoscopy</a> article.)</p></div><div id="nhlbi-sarc-sec3-d6e115"><h4>Other Tests To Assess Organ Damage</h4><p>You also may have other tests to assess <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organ</a> damage and find out whether you need <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>. For example, your doctor may recommend <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bdt/">blood tests</a> and/or an <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ekg/">EKG</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029879" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">electrocardiogram</a>).</p><p>If you’re diagnosed with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sarcoidosis</a>, you should see an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023018" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ophthalmologist</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eye</a> specialist), even if you don’t have eye symptoms. In sarcoidosis, eye damage can occur without symptoms.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Sarcoidosis Treated?</h2><p>Not everyone who has <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sarcoidosis</a> needs <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>. Sometimes the disease goes away on its own. Whether you need treatment and what type of treatment you need depend on your signs and symptoms, which <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> are affected, and whether those organs are working well.</p><p>If the disease affects certain <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a>—such as your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eyes</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>—you'll need <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> even if you don't have any symptoms.</p><p>In either case, whether you have symptoms or not, you should see your doctor for ongoing care. He or she will want to check to make sure that the disease isn't damaging your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a>. For example, you may need routine <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-lft/">lung function tests</a> to make sure that your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> are working well.</p><p>If the disease isn't worsening, your doctor may watch you closely to see whether the disease goes away on its own. If the disease does start to get worse, your doctor can prescribe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>.</p><p>The goals of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Relieving symptoms</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Improving <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organ</a> function</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Controlling <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022625" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inflammation</a> and reducing the size of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022970" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">granulomas</a> (inflamed lumps)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Preventing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022202" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022940" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fibrosis</a> (lung <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028156" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">scarring</a>) if your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> are affected</div></li></ul><p>Your doctor may prescribe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022342" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">topical</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> and/or medicines to treat the disease.</p><div id="nhlbi-sarc-sec2-d7e65"><h3>Medicines</h3><div id="nhlbi-sarc-sec3-d7e68"><h4>Prednisone</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0011828" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Prednisone</a>, a type of steroid, is the main <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sarcoidosis</a>. This medicine reduces <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022625" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inflammation</a>. In most people, prednisone relieves symptoms within a couple of months.</p><p>Although most people need to take <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0011828" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">prednisone</a> for 12 months or longer, your doctor may lower the dose within a few months after you start the medicine.</p><p>Long-term use of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0011828" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">prednisone</a>, especially at high doses, can cause serious side effects. Work with your doctor to decide whether the benefits of this medicine outweigh the risks. If your doctor prescribes this <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>, he or she will find the lowest dose that controls your disease.</p><p>When you stop taking <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0011828" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">prednisone</a>, you should cut back slowly (as your doctor advises). This will help prevent <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024324" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">flareups</a> of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sarcoidosis</a>. Cutting back slowly also allows your body to adjust to not having the medicine.</p><p>If a relapse or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024324" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">flareup</a> occurs after you stop taking <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0011828" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">prednisone</a>, you may need a second round of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>. If you remain stable for more than 1 year after stopping this treatment, the risk of relapse is low.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-sarc-sec3-d7e87"><h4>Other Medicines</h4><p>Other medicines, besides <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0011828" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">prednisone</a>, also are used to treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sarcoidosis</a>. Examples include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0010621" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Hydroxychloroquine</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0009570" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chloroquine</a> (known as antimalarial medicines). These medicines work best for treating <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sarcoidosis</a> that affects the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>. Your doctor also may prescribe an antimalarial if you have a high level of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022775" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">calcium</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> due to sarcoidosis.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Medicines that suppress the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025680" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune system</a>, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0001158" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">methotrexate</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">azathioprine</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0010881" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">leflunomide</a>. These medicines work best for treating <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sarcoidosis</a> that affects your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eyes</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022450" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">joints</a>.</div></li></ul><p>Your doctor may prescribe these medicines if your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sarcoidosis</a> worsens while you're taking <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0011828" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">prednisone</a> or if you can't handle prednisone's side effects.</p><p>If you have Lofgren's syndrome with pain or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fever</a>, your doctor may prescribe nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000915" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ibuprofen</a>.</p><p>If you're wheezing and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cough/">coughing</a>, you may need inhaled medicine to help open your airways. You take inhaled medicine using an inhaler. This device allows the medicine to go straight to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>.</p><p>Anti-<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024119" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tumor</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022144" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">necrosis</a> factor drugs, originally developed to treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024677" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arthritis</a>, are being studied to treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sarcoidosis</a>.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-sarc-sec2-d7e118"><h3>Ongoing Research</h3><p>Researchers continue to look for new and better <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sarcoidosis</a>. They're currently studying treatments aimed at the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025680" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune system</a>. Researchers also are studying antibiotics as a possible <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> for sarcoidosis that affects the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>.</p><p>For more information about ongoing research, go to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063003/#nhlbisec-trials">“Clinical Trials”</a> section of this article.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-livingwith"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-livingwith_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Living With Sarcoidosis</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sarcoidosis</a> has no cure, but you can take steps to manage the disease. Get ongoing care and follow a healthy lifestyle. Talk with your doctor if you’re pregnant or planning a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a>.</p><div id="nhlbi-sarc-sec2-d8e31"><h3>Ongoing Care</h3><p>Ongoing care is important, even if you don't take medicine for your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sarcoidosis</a>. New symptoms can occur at any time. Also, the disease can slowly worsen without your noticing.</p><p>How often you need to see your doctor will depend on the severity of your symptoms, which <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> are affected, which <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> you're using, and whether you have any side effects from <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>. Even if you don’t have symptoms, you should see your doctor for ongoing care.</p><p>Your doctor may recommend routine tests, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-lft/">lung function tests</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eye</a> exams. He or she will want to check to make sure that the disease isn’t damaging your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a>.</p><p>Discuss with your doctor how often you need to have followup visits. You may have some followup visits with your primary care doctor and others with one or more specialists.</p><p>Make sure to take all of your medicines as your doctor prescribes.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-sarc-sec2-d8e53"><h3>Lifestyle Changes</h3><p>Making lifestyle changes can help you manage your health. For example, follow a healthy diet and be as physically active as you can. A healthy diet includes a variety of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains.</p><p>It also includes lean meats, poultry, fish, beans, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fat</a>-free or low-fat milk or milk products. A healthy diet is low in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018272" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">saturated fat</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022582" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">trans fat</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cholesterol</a>, sodium (salt), and added <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023305" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sugar</a>.</p><p>For more information about following a healthy diet, go to the National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute's (NHLBI’s) <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/obesity/lose_wt/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Aim for a Healthy Weight</a> Web site, <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/other/your_guide/healthyheart.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri"> "Your Guide to a Healthy Heart,"</a> and <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/hbp/dash/index.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">"Your Guide to Lowering Your Blood Pressure With DASH."</a> All of these resources include general information about healthy eating.</p><p>If you smoke, quit. Talk with your doctor about programs and products that can help you quit. Also, try to avoid other lung irritants, such as dust, chemicals, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029761" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">secondhand smoke</a>.</p><p>If you have trouble quitting smoking on your own, consider joining a support group. Many hospitals, workplaces, and community groups offer classes to help people quit smoking.</p><p>For more information about how to quit smoking, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">Smoking and Your Heart</a> article and the NHLBI’s <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/other/your_guide/healthyheart.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri"> “Your Guide to a Healthy Heart”</a> booklet. Although these resources focus on heart health, both include general information about how to quit smoking.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-sarc-sec2-d8e93"><h3>Emotional Issues</h3><p>Living with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sarcoidosis</a> may cause fear, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024918" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anxiety</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024768" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">depression</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a>. Talk about how you feel with your health care team. Talking to a professional counselor also can help. If you’re very <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024768" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">depressed</a>, your doctor may recommend medicines or other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> that can improve your quality of life.</p><p>Joining a patient support group may help you adjust to living with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sarcoidosis</a>. You can see how other people who have the same symptoms have coped with them. Talk with your doctor about local support groups or check with an area medical center.</p><p>Support from family and friends also can help relieve <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024918" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anxiety</a>. Let your loved ones know how you feel and what they can do to help you.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-sarc-sec2-d8e106"><h3>Pregnancy</h3><p>Many women who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sarcoidosis</a> give birth to healthy babies. Women who have severe sarcoidosis, especially if they’re older, may have trouble becoming pregnant. Sometimes sarcoidosis may get worse after the baby is delivered.</p><p>If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sarcoidosis</a> and are pregnant or planning a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a>, talk with your doctor about the risks involved. Also, if you become pregnant, it’s important to get good prenatal care and regular sarcoidosis checkups during and after pregnancy.</p><p>Some <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sarcoidosis</a> medicines are considered safe to use during <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a>; others are not recommended.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-trials"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-trials_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Clinical Trials</h2><p>The National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute (NHLBI) is strongly committed to supporting research aimed at preventing and treating heart, lung, and blood diseases and conditions and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorders</a>.</p><p>NHLBI-supported research has led to many advances in medical knowledge and care. For example, this research has uncovered some of the causes of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung diseases</a>, as well as ways to prevent or treat these diseases.</p><p>The NHLBI continues to support research aimed at learning more about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=bod |
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Sickle Cell Anemia |
<div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-sca-sec1-d1e38_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Is Sickle Cell Anemia?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022028" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sickle cell anemia</a> (uh-NEE-me-uh) is the most common form of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022028" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sickle cell disease</a> (SCD). SCD is a serious disorder in which the body makes sickle-shaped <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>. “Sickle-shaped” means that the red blood cells are shaped like a crescent.</p><p>Normal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> are <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024402" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">disc</a>-shaped and look like doughnuts without holes in the center. They move easily through your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>. Red blood cells contain an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a> (HEE-muh-glow-bin). This protein carries <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> to the rest of the body.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022027" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sickle cells</a> contain abnormal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a> called sickle hemoglobin or hemoglobin S. Sickle hemoglobin causes the cells to develop a sickle, or crescent, shape.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022027" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sickle cells</a> are stiff and sticky. They tend to block <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">limbs</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a>. Blocked blood flow can cause pain and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organ</a> damage. It can also raise the risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figd1e57" co-legend-rid="figlgndd1e57"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063048/figure/d1e57/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figd1e57" rid-ob="figobd1e57"><img class="small-thumb" src="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063048/bin/sickle_cell_01.gif" src-large="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063048/bin/sickle_cell_01.jpg" alt="Normal Red Blood Cells and Sickle Cells."></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndd1e57"><h4 id="d1e57"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063048/figure/d1e57/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd1e57">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Normal Red Blood Cells and Sickle Cells. Figure A shows normal red blood cells flowing freely in a blood vessel. The inset image shows a cross-section of a normal red blood cell with normal hemoglobin. Figure B shows abnormal, sickled red blood cells <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063048/figure/d1e57/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd1e57">(more...)</a></p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-sca-sec2-d1e63"><h3>Overview</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022028" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sickle cell anemia</a> is one type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-anemia/">anemia</a>. Anemia is a condition in which your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> has a lower than normal number of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>. This condition also can occur if your red blood cells don't contain enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Red blood cells</a> are made in the spongy marrow inside the larger <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022807" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bones</a> of the body. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Bone marrow</a> is always making new red blood cells to replace old ones. Normal red blood cells live about 120 days in the bloodstream and then die. They carry <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> and remove <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022309" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carbon dioxide</a> (a waste product) from your body.</p><p>In <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022028" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sickle cell anemia</a>, the abnormal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022027" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sickle cells</a> usually die after only about 10 to 20 days. The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> can't make new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> fast enough to replace the dying ones.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022028" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sickle cell anemia</a> is an inherited, lifelong disease. People who have the disease are born with it. They inherit two <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a> for sickle <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a>—one from each parent.</p><p>People who inherit a sickle <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a> from one parent and a normal gene from the other parent have a condition called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022027" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sickle cell</a> trait.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022027" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sickle cell</a> trait is different than <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022028" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sickle cell anemia</a>. People who have sickle cell trait don't have the disease. Like people who have sickle cell anemia, people who have sickle cell trait can pass the sickle <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a> to their children.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-sca-sec2-d1e88"><h3>Outlook</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022028" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sickle cell anemia</a> has no widely available cure. However, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> to improve the anemia and lower complications can help with the symptoms and complications of the disease in both children and adults. <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bmsct/">Blood and marrow stem cell transplants</a> may offer a cure for a small number of people.</p><p>Over the past 100 years, doctors have learned a great deal about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022028" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sickle cell anemia</a>. They know its causes, how it affects the body, and how to treat many of its complications.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022028" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sickle cell anemia</a> varies from person to person. Some people who have the disease have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> (long-term) pain or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fatigue</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tiredness</a>). However, with proper care and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>, many people who have the disease can have improved quality of life and reasonable health much of the time.</p><p>Because of improved <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> and care, people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022028" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sickle cell anemia</a> are now living into their forties or fifties, or longer.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-names"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-names_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Other Names for Sickle Cell Anemia</h2><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>HbS disease</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022028" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Hemoglobin S disease</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Hemoglobin</a> SS disease</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022028" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sickle cell disease</a> (a broad term that includes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022028" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sickle cell anemia</a>)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022027" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sickle cell</a> disorders (a broad group of conditions that includes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022028" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sickle cell anemia</a>)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Sickling disorder due to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a> S</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes Sickle Cell Anemia?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022028" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sickle cell anemia</a> is an inherited disease. People who have the disease inherit two <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a> for sickle <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a>—one from each parent.</p><p>Sickle <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a> causes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> to develop a sickle, or crescent, shape. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022027" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sickle cells</a> are stiff and sticky. They tend to block blood flow in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">limbs</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a>. Blocked blood flow can cause pain and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organ</a> damage. It can also raise the risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>.</p><div id="nhlbi-sca-sec2-d4e34"><h3>Sickle Cell Trait</h3><p>People who inherit a sickle <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a> from one parent and a normal gene from the other parent have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022027" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sickle cell</a> trait. Their bodies make both sickle hemoglobin and normal hemoglobin.</p><p>People who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022027" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sickle cell</a> trait usually have few, if any, symptoms and lead normal lives. However, some people may have medical complications.</p><p>People who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022027" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sickle cell</a> trait can pass the sickle <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a> to their children. The following image shows an example of an inheritance pattern for sickle cell trait.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figd4e50" co-legend-rid="figlgndd4e50"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063048/figure/d4e50/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figd4e50" rid-ob="figobd4e50"><img class="small-thumb" src="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063048/bin/sickle-cell-trait-pattern_11-30-11.gif" src-large="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063048/bin/sickle-cell-trait-pattern_11-30-11.jpg" alt="Example of an Inheritance Pattern for Sickle Cell Trait."></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndd4e50"><h4 id="d4e50"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063048/figure/d4e50/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd4e50">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Example of an Inheritance Pattern for Sickle Cell Trait. The image shows how sickle hemoglobin genes are inherited. A person inherits two hemoglobin genes—one from each parent. A normal gene will make normal hemoglobin (A). A sickle hemoglobin <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063048/figure/d4e50/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd4e50">(more...)</a></p></div></div><p>When both parents have a normal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a> and an abnormal gene, each child has a 25 percent chance of inheriting two normal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a>; a 50 percent chance of inheriting one normal gene and one abnormal gene; and a 25 percent chance of inheriting two abnormal genes.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-atrisk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-atrisk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is at Risk for Sickle Cell Anemia?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022028" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sickle cell anemia</a> is most common in people whose families come from Africa, South or Central America (especially Panama), Caribbean islands, Mediterranean countries (such as Turkey, Greece, and Italy), India, and Saudi Arabia.</p><p>In the United States, it's estimated that <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022028" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sickle cell anemia</a> affects 70,000–100,000 people, mainly African Americans. The disease occurs in about 1 out of every 500 African American births. Sickle cell anemia also affects Hispanic Americans. The disease occurs in more than 1 out of every 36,000 Hispanic American births.</p><p>More than 2 million Americans have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022027" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sickle cell</a> trait. The condition occurs in about 1 in 12 African Americans.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Sickle Cell Anemia?</h2><p>The signs and symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022028" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sickle cell anemia</a> vary. Some people have mild symptoms. Others have very severe symptoms and often are hospitalized for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022028" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sickle cell anemia</a> is present at birth, but many infants don't show any signs until after 4 months of age.</p><p>The most common signs and symptoms are linked to <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-anemia/">anemia</a> and pain. Other signs and symptoms are linked to the disease's complications.</p><div id="nhlbi-sca-sec2-d6e40"><h3>Signs and Symptoms Related to Anemia</h3><p>The most common symptom of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a> is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fatigue</a> (feeling tired or weak). Other signs and symptoms of anemia include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Shortness of breath</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029722" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Dizziness</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Headaches</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Coldness in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hands</a> and feet</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Paler than normal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022772" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucous membranes</a> (the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> that lines your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025667" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nose</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a>, and other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> and body <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023279" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cavities</a>)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022140" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Jaundice</a> (a yellowish color of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> or whites of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eyes</a>)</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-sca-sec2-d6e69"><h3>Signs and Symptoms Related to Pain</h3><p>Sudden pain throughout the body is a common symptom of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022028" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sickle cell anemia</a>. This pain is called a sickle cell crisis. Sickle cell crises often affect the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022807" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bones</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022602" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abdomen</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022450" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">joints</a>.</p><p>These crises occur when sickled <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> block blood flow to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">limbs</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a>. This can cause pain and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organ</a> damage.</p><p>The pain from <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022028" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sickle cell anemia</a> can be <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acute</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a>, but acute pain is more common. Acute pain is sudden and can range from mild to very severe. The pain usually lasts from hours to as long as a week or more.</p><p>Many people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022028" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sickle cell anemia</a> also have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> pain, especially in their <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022807" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bones</a>. Chronic pain often lasts for weeks or months and can be hard to bear and mentally draining. Chronic pain may limit your daily activities.</p><p>Almost all people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022028" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sickle cell anemia</a> have painful crises at some point in their lives. Some have these crises less than once a year. Others may have crises once a month or more. Repeated crises can damage the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022807" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bones</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidneys</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eyes</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver</a>. This type of damage happens more often in adults than in children.</p><p>Many factors can play a role in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022027" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sickle cell</a> crises. Often, more than one factor is involved and the exact cause isn't known.</p><p>You can control some factors. For example, the risk of a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022027" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sickle cell</a> crisis increases if you're dehydrated (your body doesn't have enough fluids). Drinking plenty of fluids can lower the risk of a painful crisis.</p><p>You can't control other factors, such as infections.</p><p>Painful crises are the leading cause of emergency room visits and hospital stays for people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022028" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sickle cell anemia</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-sca-sec2-d6e101"><h3>Complications of Sickle Cell Anemia</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022027" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sickle cell</a> crises can affect many parts of the body and cause many complications.</p><div id="nhlbi-sca-sec3-d6e107"><h4>Hand-Foot Syndrome</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022027" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sickle cells</a> can block the small <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hands</a> and feet in children (usually those younger than 4 years of age). This condition is called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hand</a>-foot syndrome. It can lead to pain, swelling, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fever</a>.</p><p>Swelling often occurs on the back of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hands</a> and feet and moves into the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023112" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fingers</a> and toes. One or both hands and/or feet might be affected at the same time.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-sca-sec3-d6e116"><h4>Splenic Crisis</h4><p>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022189" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spleen</a> is an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organ</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022602" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abdomen</a>. Normally, it filters out abnormal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> and helps fight infections. Sometimes the spleen may trap red blood cells that should be in the bloodstream. This causes the spleen to grow large and leads to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>.</p><p>If the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022189" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spleen</a> traps too many <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>, you may need <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bt/">blood transfusions</a> until your body can make more cells and recover.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-sca-sec3-d6e129"><h4>Infections</h4><p>Both children and adults who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022028" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sickle cell anemia</a> may get infections easily and have a hard time fighting them. This is because sickle cell anemia can damage the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022189" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spleen</a>, an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organ</a> that helps fight infections.</p><p>Infants and young children who have damaged <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022189" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spleens</a> are more likely to get serious infections that can kill them within hours or days. Bloodstream infections are the most common cause of death in young children who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022028" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sickle cell anemia</a>.</p><p>Medicines and vaccines can help prevent severe illness and death. For example, vaccines are available for infections such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024781" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">meningitis</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025769" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">influenza</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027053" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hepatitis</a>.</p><p>Getting <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> right away for high fevers (which can be a sign of a severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>) also helps prevent death in infants and children who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022028" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sickle cell anemia</a>.</p><p>It's also important to get <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> right away for a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a>, problems breathing, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022807" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone</a> pain, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">headaches</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-sca-sec3-d6e148"><h4>Acute Chest Syndrome</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Acute</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> syndrome is a life-threatening condition linked to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022028" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sickle cell anemia</a>. This syndrome is similar to <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pnu/">pneumonia</a>. An <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022027" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sickle cells</a> trapped in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> can cause acute chest syndrome.</p><p>People who have this condition often have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain, shortness of breath, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fever</a>. They also often have low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> levels and abnormal <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cxray/">chest x ray</a> results.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-sca-sec3-d6e163"><h4>Pulmonary Hypertension</h4><p>Damage to the small <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> makes it hard for the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> to pump blood through the lungs. This causes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> in the lungs to rise.</p><p>Increased <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> is called <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pah/">pulmonary hypertension</a> (PH). Shortness of breath and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fatigue</a> are the main symptoms of PH.</p><p> </p><p>Delayed Growth and Puberty in Children</p><p> </p><p>Children who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022028" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sickle cell anemia</a> often grow more slowly than other children. They may reach puberty later. A shortage of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> causes the slow growth rate. Adults who have sickle cell anemia often are slender or smaller in size than other adults.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-sca-sec3-d6e190"><h4>Stroke</h4><p>Two forms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stroke/">stroke</a> can occur in people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022028" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sickle cell anemia</a>. One form occurs if a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> is damaged and blocked. This type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a> occurs more often in children than adults. The other form of stroke occurs if a blood vessel in the brain bursts.</p><p>Either type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a> can cause learning problems and lasting <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> damage, long-term disability, paralysis (an inability to move), or death.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-sca-sec3-d6e202"><h4>Eye Problems</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022027" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sickle cells</a> also can affect the small <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> that deliver <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich blood to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eyes</a>. Sickle cells can block these vessels or cause them to break open and bleed. This can damage the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022385" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">retinas</a>—thin layers of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> at the back of the eyes. The retinas take the images you see and send them to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>.</p><p>This damage can cause serious problems, including blindness.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-sca-sec3-d6e212"><h4>Priapism</h4><p>Males who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022028" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sickle cell anemia</a> may have painful, unwanted erections. This condition is called priapism (PRI-a-pizm). It happens because the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022027" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sickle cells</a> block <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow out of an erect <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024426" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">penis</a>. Over time, priapism can damage the penis and lead to impotence.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-sca-sec3-d6e218"><h4>Gallstones</h4><p>When <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> die, they release their <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a>. The body breaks down this <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> into a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023355" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">compound</a> called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022188" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bilirubin</a>. Too much bilirubin in the body can cause stones to form in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015632" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gallbladder</a>, called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018967" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gallstones</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018967" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Gallstones</a> may cause steady pain that lasts for 30 minutes or more in the upper right side of the belly, under the right <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022435" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">shoulder</a>, or between the shoulder blades. The pain may happen after eating fatty meals.</p><p>People who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018967" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gallstones</a> may have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024775" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nausea</a> (feeling sick to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a>), <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024776" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vomiting</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fever</a>, sweating, chills, clay-colored stools, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022140" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">jaundice</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-sca-sec3-d6e231"><h4>Ulcers on the Legs</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022027" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sickle cell</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022806" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ulcers</a> (sores) usually begin as small, raised, crusted sores on the lower third of the leg. Leg sores may occur more often in males than in females. These sores usually develop in people who are aged 10 years or older.</p><p>The cause of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022027" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sickle cell</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022806" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ulcers</a> isn't clear. The number of ulcers can vary from one to many. Some heal quickly, but others persist for years or come back after healing.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-sca-sec3-d6e240"><h4>Multiple Organ Failure</h4><p>Multiple <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organ</a> failure is rare, but serious. It happens if you have a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022027" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sickle cell</a> crisis that causes two out of three major <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidneys</a>) to fail. Often, multiple organ failure occurs during an unusually severe pain crisis.</p><p>Symptoms of this complication are <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fever</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022345" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rapid heartbeat</a>, problems breathing, and changes in mental status (such as sudden <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tiredness</a> or confusion).</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Sickle Cell Anemia Diagnosed?</h2><p>A simple <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022070" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood test</a>, done at any time during a person's lifespan, can detect whether he or she has sickle <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a>. However, early diagnosis is very important.</p><p>In the United States, all States mandate testing for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022028" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sickle cell anemia</a> as part of their newborn screening programs. The test uses <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> from the same blood samples used for other routine newborn screening tests. The test can show whether a newborn infant has sickle <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a>.</p><p>Test results are sent to the doctor who ordered the test and to the baby's primary care doctor. It's important to give the correct contact information to the hospital. This allows the baby's doctor to get the test results as quickly as possible.</p><p>Health providers from a newborn screening followup program may contact you directly to make sure you're aware of the test results.</p><p>If the test shows some sickle <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a>, a second <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022070" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood test</a> is done to confirm the diagnosis. The second test should be done as soon as possible and within the first few months of life.</p><p>The primary care doctor may send you to a hematologist for a second <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022070" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood test</a>. A hematologist is a doctor who specializes in blood diseases and disorders. This doctor also can provide <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022028" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sickle cell disease</a> if needed.</p><p>Doctors also can diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022028" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sickle cell disease</a> before birth. This is done using a sample of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030323" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">amniotic fluid</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> taken from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030321" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">placenta</a>. (Amniotic fluid is the fluid in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022396" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sac</a> surrounding a growing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028118" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">embryo</a>. The placenta is the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organ</a> that attaches the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030322" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">umbilical cord</a> to the mother's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022603" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">womb</a>.)</p><p>Testing before birth can be done as early as 10 weeks into the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a>. This testing looks for the sickle <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a>, rather than the abnormal hemoglobin that the gene makes.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Sickle Cell Anemia Treated?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022028" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sickle cell anemia</a> has no widely available cure. However, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> can help relieve symptoms and treat complications. The goals of treating sickle cell anemia are to relieve pain; prevent infections, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organ</a> damage, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stroke/">strokes</a>; and control complications (if they occur).</p><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bmsct/">Blood and marrow stem cell transplants</a> may offer a cure for a small number of people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022028" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sickle cell anemia</a>. Researchers continue to look for new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for the disease.</p><p>Infants who have been diagnosed with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022028" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sickle cell anemia</a> through newborn screening are treated with antibiotics to prevent infections and receive needed vaccinations. Their parents are educated about the disease and how to manage it. These initial <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> steps have greatly improved the outcome for children who have sickle cell anemia.</p><div id="nhlbi-sca-sec2-d8e42"><h3>Specialists Involved</h3><p>People who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022028" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sickle cell anemia</a> need regular medical care. Some doctors and clinics specialize in treating people who have the disease. Hematologists specialize in treating adults and children who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> diseases or disorders.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-sca-sec2-d8e49"><h3>Treating Pain</h3><div id="nhlbi-sca-sec3-d8e52"><h4>Medicines and Fluids</h4><p>Mild pain often is treated at home with over-the-counter pain medicines, heating pads, rest, and plenty of fluids. More severe pain may need to be treated in a day clinic, emergency room, or hospital.</p><p>The usual <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acute</a> (rapid-onset) pain are fluids, medicines, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-oxt/">oxygen therapy</a> (if the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> level is low). Fluids help prevent dehydration, a condition in which your body doesn't have enough fluids. Fluids are given either by <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a> or through a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a>. Your doctor may prescribe antibiotics if you have an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatment</a> for mild-to-moderate pain usually begins with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acetaminophen</a> (Tylenol®) or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000915" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ibuprofen</a>.</p><p>If pain continues or becomes severe, stronger medicines called opioids might be needed. Talk with your doctor about the possible benefits and risks of taking strong pain medicine, especially if the medicine will be used for a long period.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-sca-sec3-d8e74"><h4>Hydroxyurea</h4><p>Severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022028" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sickle cell anemia</a> can be treated with a medicine called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0010627" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hydroxyurea</a> (hi-DROK-se-yu-RE-ah). This medicine prompts your body to make <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028116" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fetal</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a>. Fetal hemoglobin, or hemoglobin F, is the type of hemoglobin that newborns have.</p><p>In people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022028" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sickle cell anemia</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028116" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fetal</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a> helps prevent <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> from sickling and improves anemia.</p><p>Taken daily by <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0010627" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hydroxyurea</a> reduces how often painful <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022027" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sickle cell</a> crises and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acute</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> syndrome occur. Many people taking hydroxyurea also need fewer <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bt/">blood transfusions</a> and have fewer hospital visits.</p><p>Doctors are studying the long-term effects of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0010627" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hydroxyurea</a> on people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022028" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sickle cell anemia</a>. Studies in very young children have shown that hydroxyurea can be given safely and that it improves anemia and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a> F levels while reducing complications of sickle cell anemia. Long-term followup studies of adults treated with hydroxyurea suggest that those treated with the drug survive longer than those not treated with the drug.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0010627" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Hydroxyurea</a> can reduce the number of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022046" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">white blood cells</a> in your blood, which can raise your risk for infections.</p><p>People who take <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0010627" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hydroxyurea</a> must have careful medical followup, including <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bdt/">blood tests</a>. The dose of this medicine might need to be adjusted to reduce the risk of side effects.</p><p>A doctor who has knowledge about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0010627" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hydroxyurea</a> can tell you about the risks and benefits of taking this medicine.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-sca-sec2-d8e105"><h3>Preventing Complications</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029754" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood transfusions</a> are commonly used to treat worsening <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-anemia/">anemia</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022027" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sickle cell</a> complications. A sudden worsening of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a> due to an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> or enlarged <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022189" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spleen</a> is a common reason for a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029754" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood transfusion</a>.</p><p>Some, but not all, people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022028" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sickle cell anemia</a> need regular <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029754" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood transfusions</a> to prevent life-threatening problems, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022189" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spleen</a> problems, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acute</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> syndrome.</p><p>Having routine <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029754" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood transfusions</a> can cause side effects. Examples include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">allergic reactions</a> and a dangerous buildup of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> in the body (which must be treated). In general, the blood supply is fairly safe from infections such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027053" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hepatitis</a> and HIV.</p><p>For more information, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bt/">Blood Transfusion</a> article.</p><div id="nhlbi-sca-sec3-d8e127"><h4>Infections</h4><p>Infections can be a major complication of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022028" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sickle cell anemia</a> throughout life, but especially during childhood. Often, infections can be prevented or treated.</p><p>To prevent infections in babies and young children, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Daily doses of antibiotics. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatment</a> may begin as early as 2 months of age and continue until the child is at least 5 years old.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>All routine vaccinations (including a yearly <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025769" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">flu</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022222" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">shot</a>), plus the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0014177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumococcal vaccine</a>.</div></li></ul><p>If your child has <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022028" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sickle cell anemia</a> and shows early signs of an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>, such as a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fever</a>, you should seek <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> right away.</p><p>Adults who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022028" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sickle cell anemia</a> also should have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025769" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">flu</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022222" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">shots</a> every year and get vaccinated against <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pnu/">pneumonia</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-sca-sec3-d8e155"><h4>Eye Damage</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022028" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sickle cell anemia</a> can damage the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eyes</a> and the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022385" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">retinas</a>. The retinas are the thin layers of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> at the back of the eyes. Regular checkups with an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eye</a> doctor who specializes in diseases of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022385" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">retina</a> can help detect eye damage.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-sca-sec3-d8e161"><h4>Strokes</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Stroke</a> prevention and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> are now possible for children who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022028" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sickle cell anemia</a>. Starting at age 2, children who have sickle cell anemia should have routine <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029835" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ultrasound scans</a> of the head. This is called transcranial Doppler (TCD) ultrasound. These scans are used to check the speed of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>.</p><p>TCD scans allow doctors to find out which children are at high risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a>. Doctors can treat these children with routine <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029754" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood transfusions</a> to reduce the risk of stroke.</p><p>A doctor who has knowledge about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029754" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood transfusions</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022028" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sickle cell disease</a> can tell you about the benefits and risks of this <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-sca-sec2- |
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2018-02-02 04:25:06 |
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2018-02-02 05:26:10 |
Sleep Apnea |
<div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-sleepapnea-sec1-d1e37_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Is Sleep Apnea?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sleep</a> apnea (AP-ne-ah) is a common disorder in which you have one or more pauses in breathing or shallow breaths while you sleep.</p><p>Breathing pauses can last from a few seconds to minutes. They may occur 30 times or more an hour. Typically, normal breathing then starts again, sometimes with a loud snort or choking sound.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sleep</a> apnea usually is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> (ongoing) condition that disrupts your sleep. When your breathing pauses or becomes shallow, you’ll often move out of deep sleep and into light sleep.</p><p>As a result, the quality of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> is poor, which makes you tired during the day. Sleep apnea is a leading cause of excessive daytime sleepiness.</p><div id="nhlbi-sleepapnea-sec2-d1e53"><h3>Overview</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sleep</a> apnea often goes undiagnosed. Doctors usually can't detect the condition during routine office visits. Also, no <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022070" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood test</a> can help diagnose the condition.</p><p>Most people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> apnea don't know they have it because it only occurs during sleep. A family member or bed partner might be the first to notice signs of sleep apnea.</p><p>The most common type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> apnea is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024431" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">obstructive sleep apnea</a>. In this condition, the airway collapses or becomes blocked during sleep. This causes shallow breathing or breathing pauses.</p><p>When you try to breathe, any air that squeezes past the blockage can cause loud snoring. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024431" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Obstructive sleep apnea</a> is more common in people who are <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-obe/">overweight</a>, but it can affect anyone. For example, small children who have enlarged <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tonsil</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissues</a> in their <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024473" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">throats</a> may have obstructive sleep apnea.</p><p>The animation below shows how <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024431" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">obstructive sleep apnea</a> occurs. Click the "start" button to play the animation. Written and spoken explanations are provided with each frame. Use the buttons in the lower right corner to pause, restart, or replay the animation, or use the scroll bar below the buttons to move through the frames.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figsleepapnea" co-legend-rid="figlgndsleepapnea"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063018/figure/sleep_apnea/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img" rid-ob="figobsleepapnea"><img class="small-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/bookshelf/static/media-icon.gif" alt="Figure Icon"></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndsleepapnea"><h4 id="sleep_apnea"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063018/figure/sleep_apnea/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobsleepapnea">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">The animation shows how the airway can collapse and block air flow to the lungs, causing sleep apnea. </p></div></div><p>Central <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> apnea is a less common type of sleep apnea. This disorder occurs if the area of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> that controls your breathing doesn't send the correct signals to your breathing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscles</a>. As a result, you'll make no effort to breathe for brief <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023146" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">periods</a>.</p><p>Central <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> apnea can affect anyone. However, it's more common in people who have certain medical conditions or use certain medicines.</p><p>Central <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> apnea can occur with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024431" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">obstructive sleep apnea</a> or alone. Snoring typically doesn't happen with central sleep apnea.</p><p>This article mainly focuses on <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024431" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">obstructive sleep apnea</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-sleepapnea-sec2-d1e98"><h3>Outlook</h3><p>Untreated <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> apnea can:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Increase the risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">high blood pressure</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stroke/">stroke</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-obe/">obesity</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Increase the risk of, or worsen, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Make <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-arr/">arrhythmias</a> (ah-RITH-me-ahs), or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">irregular heartbeats</a>, more likely</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Increase the chance of having work-related or driving accidents</div></li></ul><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sleep</a> apnea is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> condition that requires long-term management. Lifestyle changes, mouthpieces, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>, and breathing devices can successfully treat sleep apnea in many people.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-names"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-names_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Other Names for Sleep Apnea</h2><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Central <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> apnea</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024431" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Obstructive sleep apnea</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sleep</a>-disordered breathing</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes Sleep Apnea?</h2><p>When you're awake, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024473" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">throat</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscles</a> help keep your airway stiff and open so air can flow into your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. When you <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a>, these muscles relax, which narrows your throat.</p><p>Normally, this narrowing doesn’t prevent air from flowing into and out of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. But if you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> apnea, your airway can become partially or fully blocked because:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024473" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">throat</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscles</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022322" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tongue</a> relax more than normal.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022322" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tongue</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tonsils</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> masses in the back of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a>) are large compared with the opening into your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022078" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">windpipe</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>You're <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-obe/">overweight</a>. The extra soft <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fat</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> can thicken the wall of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022078" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">windpipe</a>. This narrows the inside of the windpipe, which makes it harder to keep open.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The shape of your head and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027054" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neck</a> (bony structure) may cause a smaller airway size in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024473" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">throat</a> area.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The aging process limits your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> signals' ability to keep your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024473" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">throat</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscles</a> stiff during <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a>. Thus, your airway is more likely to narrow or collapse.</div></li></ul><p>Not enough air flows into your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> if your airway is partially or fully blocked during <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a>. As a result, loud snoring and a drop in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> level can occur.</p><p>If the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> drops to a dangerous level, it triggers your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> to disturb your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a>. This helps tighten the upper airway <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscles</a> and open your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022078" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">windpipe</a>. Normal breathing then starts again, often with a loud snort or choking sound.</p><p>Frequent drops in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> level and reduced <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> quality can trigger the release of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hormones</a>. These hormones raise your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024325" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart rate</a> and increase your risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">high blood pressure</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stroke/">stroke</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-arr/">arrhythmias</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">irregular heartbeats</a>). The hormones also can raise your risk for, or worsen, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a>.</p><p>Untreated <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> apnea also can lead to changes in how your body uses energy. These changes increase your risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-obe/">obesity</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-atrisk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-atrisk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is at Risk for Sleep Apnea?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024431" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Obstructive sleep apnea</a> is a common condition. About half of the people who have this condition are <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-obe/">overweight</a>.</p><p>Men are more likely than women to have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> apnea. Although the condition can occur at any age, the risk increases as you get older. A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family history</a> of sleep apnea also increases your risk for the condition.</p><p>People who have small airways in their <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025667" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">noses</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024473" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">throats</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouths</a> are more likely to have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> apnea. Small airways might be due to the shape of these structures or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">allergies</a> or other conditions that cause congestion.</p><p>Small children might have enlarged <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tonsil</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissues</a> in their <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024473" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">throats</a>. Enlarged tonsil tissues raise a child’s risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> apnea. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030700" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Overweight</a> children also might be at increased risk for sleep apnea.</p><p>About half of the people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> apnea also have <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">high blood pressure</a>. Sleep apnea also is linked to smoking, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ms/">metabolic syndrome</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>, and risk factors for <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stroke/">stroke</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a>.</p><p>Race and ethnicity might play a role in the risk of developing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> apnea. However, more research is needed.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Sleep Apnea?</h2><div id="nhlbi-sleepapnea-sec2-d6e28"><h3>Major Signs and Symptoms</h3><p>One of the most common signs of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024431" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">obstructive sleep apnea</a> is loud and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> (ongoing) snoring. Pauses may occur in the snoring. Choking or gasping may follow the pauses.</p><p>The snoring usually is loudest when you <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> on your back; it might be less noisy when you turn on your side. You might not snore every night. Over time, however, the snoring can happen more often and get louder.</p><p>You're asleep when the snoring or gasping happens. You likely won't know that you're having problems breathing or be able to judge how severe the problem is. A family member or bed partner often will notice these problems before you do.</p><p>Not everyone who snores has <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> apnea.</p><p>Another common sign of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> apnea is fighting sleepiness during the day, at work, or while driving. You may find yourself rapidly <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029705" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">falling</a> asleep during the quiet moments of the day when you're not active. Even if you don't have daytime sleepiness, talk with your doctor if you have problems breathing during sleep.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-sleepapnea-sec2-d6e47"><h3>Other Signs and Symptoms</h3><p>Others signs and symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> apnea include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Morning <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">headaches</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Memory or learning problems and not being able to concentrate</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Feeling irritable, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024768" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">depressed</a>, or having mood swings or personality changes</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Waking up frequently to urinate</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025315" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Dry mouth</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025780" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sore throat</a> when you wake up</div></li></ul><p>In children, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> apnea can cause hyperactivity, poor school performance, and angry or hostile behavior. Children who have sleep apnea also may breathe through their <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouths</a> instead of their <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025667" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">noses</a> during the day.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Sleep Apnea Diagnosed?</h2><p>Doctors diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> apnea based on medical and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family histories</a>, a physical exam, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023524" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep study</a> results. Your primary care doctor may evaluate your symptoms first. He or she will then decide whether you need to see a sleep specialist.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sleep</a> specialists are doctors who diagnose and treat people who have sleep problems. Examples of such doctors include lung and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022678" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nerve</a> specialists and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024836" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ear</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025667" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nose</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024473" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">throat</a> specialists. Other types of doctors also can be sleep specialists.</p><div id="nhlbi-sleepapnea-sec2-d7e34"><h3>Medical and Family Histories</h3><p>If you think you have a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> problem, consider keeping a sleep diary for 1 to 2 weeks. Bring the diary with you to your next medical appointment.</p><p>Write down when you go to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a>, wake up, and take naps. Also write down how much you sleep each night, how alert and rested you feel in the morning, and how sleepy you feel at various times during the day. This information can help your doctor figure out whether you have a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorder</a>.</p><p>You can find a sample <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> diary in the National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/sleep/healthy_sleep.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">"Your Guide to Healthy Sleep."</a> </p><p>At your appointment, your doctor will ask you questions about how you <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> and how you function during the day.</p><p>Your doctor also will want to know how loudly and often you snore or make gasping or choking sounds during <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a>. Often you're not aware of such symptoms and must ask a family member or bed partner to report them.</p><p>Let your doctor know if anyone in your family has been diagnosed with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> apnea or has had symptoms of the disorder.</p><p>Many people aren't aware of their symptoms and aren't diagnosed.</p><p>If you're a parent of a child who may have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> apnea, tell your child's doctor about your child's signs and symptoms.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-sleepapnea-sec2-d7e65"><h3>Physical Exam</h3><p>Your doctor will check your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025667" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nose</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024473" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">throat</a> for extra or large <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissues</a>. Children who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> apnea might have enlarged <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tonsils</a>. Doctors may need only a physical exam and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029840" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">medical history</a> to diagnose sleep apnea in children.</p><p>Adults who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> apnea may have an enlarged <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024371" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">uvula</a> (U-vu-luh) or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">soft palate</a>. The uvula is the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> that hangs from the middle of the back of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a>. The soft palate is the roof of your mouth in the back of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024473" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">throat</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-sleepapnea-sec2-d7e74"><h3>Sleep Studies</h3><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-slpst/">Sleep studies</a> are tests that measure how well you <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> and how your body responds to sleep problems. These tests can help your doctor find out whether you have a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorder</a> and how severe it is. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023524" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sleep studies</a> are the most accurate tests for diagnosing sleep apnea.</p><p>There are different kinds of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023524" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep studies</a>. If your doctor thinks you have sleep apnea, he or she may recommend a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023524" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">polysomnogram</a> (poly-SOM-no-gram; also called a PSG) or a home-based portable monitor.</p><div id="nhlbi-sleepapnea-sec3-d7e86"><h4>Polysomnogram</h4><p>A PSG is the most common <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023524" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep study</a> for diagnosing sleep apnea. This study records <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> activity, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eye</a> movements, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024325" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart rate</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a>.</p><p>A PSG also records the amount of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>, air movement through your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025667" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nose</a> while you breathe, snoring, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> movements. The chest movements show whether you're making an effort to breathe.</p><p>PSGs often are done at <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> centers or sleep labs. The test is painless. You'll go to sleep as usual, except you'll have sensors attached to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">scalp</a>, face, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">limbs</a>, and a finger. The staff at the sleep center will use the sensors to check on you throughout the night.</p><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> specialist will review the results of your PSG to see whether you have sleep apnea and how severe it is. He or she will use the results to plan your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>.</p><p>Your doctor also may use a PSG to find the best setting for you on a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cpap/">CPAP</a> (continuous positive airway pressure) machine. CPAP is the most common <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> apnea. A CPAP machine uses mild air pressure to keep your airway open while you sleep.</p><p>If your doctor thinks that you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> apnea, he or she may schedule a split-night <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023524" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep study</a>. During the first half of the night, your sleep will be checked without a CPAP machine. This will show whether you have sleep apnea and how severe it is.</p><p>If the PSG shows that you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> apnea, you’ll use a CPAP machine during the second half of the split-night study. The staff at the sleep center will adjust the flow of air from the CPAP machine to find the setting that works best for you.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-sleepapnea-sec3-d7e114"><h4>Home-Based Portable Monitor</h4><p>Your doctor may recommend a home-based <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> test with a portable monitor. The portable monitor will record some of the same information as a PSG. For example, it may record:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The amount of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Air movement through your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025667" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nose</a> while you breathe</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024325" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart rate</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Chest</a> movements that show whether you're making an effort to breathe</div></li></ul><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> specialist may use the results from a home-based sleep test to help diagnose sleep apnea. He or she also may use the results to decide whether you need a full PSG study in a sleep center.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Sleep Apnea Treated?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sleep</a> apnea is treated with lifestyle changes, mouthpieces, breathing devices, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>. Medicines typically aren't used to treat the condition.</p><p>The goals of treating <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> apnea are to:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Restore regular breathing during <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Relieve symptoms such as loud snoring and daytime sleepiness</div></li></ul><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatment</a> may improve other medical problems linked to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> apnea, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">high blood pressure</a>. Treatment also can reduce your risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stroke/">stroke</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>.</p><p>If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> apnea, talk with your doctor or sleep specialist about the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> options that will work best for you.</p><p>Lifestyle changes and/or mouthpieces may relieve mild <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> apnea. People who have moderate or severe sleep apnea may need breathing devices or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>.</p><p>If you continue to have daytime sleepiness despite <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>, your doctor may ask whether you're getting enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a>. (Adults should get at least 7 to 8 hours of sleep; children and teens need more. For more information, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-sdd/">Sleep Deprivation and Deficiency</a> article.)</p><p>If <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> and enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> don't relieve your daytime sleepiness, your doctor will consider other treatment options.</p><div id="nhlbi-sleepapnea-sec2-d8e71"><h3>Lifestyle Changes</h3><p>If you have mild <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> apnea, some changes in daily activities or habits might be all the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> you need.</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Avoid alcohol and medicines that make you sleepy. They make it harder for your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024473" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">throat</a> to stay open while you <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Lose weight if you're <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-obe/">overweight or obese</a>. Even a little weight loss can improve your symptoms.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sleep</a> on your side instead of your back to help keep your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024473" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">throat</a> open. You can sleep with special pillows or shirts that prevent you from sleeping on your back.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Keep your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024564" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nasal passages</a> open at night with nasal sprays or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">allergy</a> medicines, if needed. Talk with your doctor about whether these <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> might help you.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>If you smoke, quit. Talk with your doctor about programs and products that can help you quit smoking.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-sleepapnea-sec2-d8e99"><h3>Mouthpieces</h3><p>A mouthpiece, sometimes called an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025395" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oral</a> appliance, may help some people who have mild <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> apnea. Your doctor also may recommend a mouthpiece if you snore loudly but don't have sleep apnea.</p><p>A dentist or orthodontist can make a custom-fit plastic mouthpiece for treating <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> apnea. (An orthodontist specializes in correcting <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023261" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">teeth</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030529" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">jaw</a> problems.) The mouthpiece will adjust your lower jaw and your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022322" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tongue</a> to help keep your airways open while you sleep.</p><p>If you use a mouthpiece, tell your doctor if you have discomfort or pain while using the device. You may need periodic office visits so your doctor can adjust your mouthpiece to fit better.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-sleepapnea-sec2-d8e111"><h3>Breathing Devices</h3><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cpap/">CPAP</a> (continuous positive airway pressure) is the most common <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> for moderate to severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> apnea in adults. A CPAP machine uses a mask that <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fits</a> over your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025667" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nose</a>, or just over your nose.</p><p>The machine gently blows air into your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024473" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">throat</a>. The pressure from the air helps keep your airway open while you <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a>.</p><p>Treating <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> apnea may help you stop snoring. But not snoring doesn't mean that you no longer have sleep apnea or can stop using CPAP. Your sleep apnea will return if you stop using your CPAP machine or don’t use it correctly.</p><p>Usually, a technician will come to your home to bring the CPAP equipment. The technician will set up the CPAP machine and adjust it based on your doctor's prescription. After the initial setup, you may need to have the CPAP adjusted from time to time for the best results.</p><p>CPAP <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> may cause side effects in some people. These side effects include a dry or stuffy <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025667" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nose</a>, irritated <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> on your face, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025315" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">dry mouth</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">headaches</a>. If your CPAP isn't adjusted properly, you may get <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028108" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bloating</a> and discomfort while wearing the mask.</p><p>If you're having trouble with CPAP side effects, work with your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> specialist, his or her nursing staff, and the CPAP technician. Together, you can take steps to reduce the side effects.</p><p>For example, the CPAP settings or size/fit of the mask might need to be adjusted. Adding moisture to the air as it flows through the mask or using nasal spray can help relieve a dry, stuffy, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">runny nose</a>.</p><p>There are many types of CPAP machines and masks. Tell your doctor if you're not happy with the type you're using. He or she may suggest switching to a different type that might work better for you.</p><p>People who have severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> apnea symptoms generally feel much better once they begin <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> with CPAP.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-sleepapnea-sec2-d8e145"><h3>Surgery</h3><p>Some people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> apnea might benefit from <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>. The type of surgery and how well it works depend on the cause of the sleep apnea.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Surgery</a> is done to widen breathing passages. It usually involves shrinking, stiffening, or removing excess <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024473" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">throat</a> or resetting the lower <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030529" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">jaw</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Surgery</a> to shrink or stiffen excess <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> is done in a doctor's office or a hospital. Shrinking tissue may involve small <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022222" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">shots</a> or other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> to the tissue. You may need a series of treatments to shrink the excess tissue. To stiffen excess tissue, the doctor makes a small cut in the tissue and inserts a piece of stiff plastic.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Surgery</a> to remove excess <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> is done in a hospital. You're given medicine to help you <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> during the surgery. After surgery, you may have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024473" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">throat</a> pain that lasts for 1 to 2 weeks.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Surgery</a> to remove the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tonsils</a>, if they're blocking the airway, might be helpful for some children. Your child's doctor may suggest waiting some time to see whether these <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissues</a> shrink on their own. This is common as small children grow.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-livingwith"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-livingwith_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Living With Sleep Apnea</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sleep</a> apnea can be very serious. However, following an effective <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> plan often can improve your quality of life quite a bit.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatment</a> can improve your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> and relieve daytime sleepiness. Treatment also might lower your risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">high blood pressure</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease, and other health problems linked to sleep apnea.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatment</a> may improve your overall health and happiness as well as your quality of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> (and possibly your family's quality of sleep).</p><div id="nhlbi-sleepapnea-sec2-d9e40"><h3>Ongoing Health Care Needs</h3><p>Follow up with your doctor regularly to make sure your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> is working. Tell him or her if the treatment is causing bothersome side effects.</p><p>Ongoing care is important if you're getting <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cpap/">CPAP</a> (continuous positive airway pressure) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>. It may take a while before you adjust to using CPAP.</p><p>If you aren't comfortable with your CPAP device, or if it doesn't seem to be working, let your doctor know. You may need to switch to a different device or mask. Or, you may need <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> to relieve CPAP side effects.</p><p>Try not to <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-obe/">gain weight</a>. Weight gain can worsen <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> apnea and require adjustments to your CPAP device. In contrast, weight loss may relieve your sleep apnea.</p><p>Until your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> apnea is properly treated, know the dangers of driving or operating heavy machinery while sleepy.</p><p>If you're having any type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> that requires medicine to put you to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a>, let your surgeon and doctors know you have sleep apnea. They might have to take extra steps to make sure your airway stays open during the surgery.</p><p>If you're using a mouthpiece to treat your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> apnea, you may need to have routine checkups with your dentist.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-sleepapnea-sec2-d9e72"><h3>How Can Family Members Help?</h3><p>Often, people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> apnea don't know they have it. They're not aware that their breathing stops and starts many times while they're sleeping. Family members or bed partners usually are the first to notice signs of sleep apnea.</p><p>Family members can do many things to help a loved one who has <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> apnea.</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Let the person know if he or she snores loudly during <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> or has breathing stops and starts.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Encourage the person to get medical help.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Help the person follow the doctor's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> plan, including CPAP treatment.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Provide emotional support.</div></li></ul></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-trials"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-trials_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Clinical Trials</h2><p>The National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute (NHLBI) is strongly committed to supporting research aimed at preventing and treating heart, lung, and blood diseases and conditions and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorders</a>.</p><p>NHLBI-supported research has led to many advances in medical knowledge and care. For example, this research has uncovered some of the causes of various <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorders</a> and ways to diagnose and treat them.</p><p>The NHLBI continues to support research to learn more about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorders</a>. For example, the NHLBI’s Sleep <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a> Health Study showed that moderate to severe sleep apnea is associated with an increased risk of <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/stroke/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">stroke</a> and death in middle-aged adults, especially men. Current NHLBI studies are exploring:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>How <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-obe/">obesity</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> apnea affect <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022625" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inflammation</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Whether <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cpap/">CPAP</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> affects how the body uses <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022906" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">glucose</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023305" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sugar</a>)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>New behavioral programs and methods to help patients adhere to CPAP <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a></div></li></ul><p>In November 2011, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) released its <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/prof/sleep/sleep_splan.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">"2011 NIH Sleep Disorders Research Plan."</a> The plan expands upon previous and current research programs and identifies new research opportunities.</p><p>The NHLBI's National Center on <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sleep Disorders</a> Research coordinates this research across the NIH and other Federal agencies. The research focuses on sleep and the body's natural 24-hour cycle, the role of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a> and the environment on sleep health, and ways to improve the prevention, diagnosis, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> of sleep disorders.</p><p>Much of this research depends on the willingness of volunteers to take part in <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-clinicaltrials/">clinical trials</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Clinical trials</a> test new ways to prevent, diagnose, or treat various diseases, conditions, and health problems.</p><p>For example, new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for a disease or condition (such as medicines, medical devices, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgeries</a>, or procedures) are tested in volunteers who have the illness. Testing shows whether a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> is safe and effective in humans before it is made available for widespread use.</p><p>By taking part in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, you may gain access to new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> before they're widely available. You also will have the support of a team of health care providers, who will likely monitor your health closely. Even if you don't directly benefit from the results of a clinical trial, the information gathered can help others and add to scientific knowledge.</p><p>If you volunteer for a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, the research will be explained to you in detail. You'll learn about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> and tests you may receive, and the benefits and risks they may pose. You'll also be given a chance to ask questions about the research. This process is called informed consent.</p><p>If you agree to take part in the trial, you'll be asked to sign an informed consent form. This form is not a contract. You have the right to withdraw from a study at any time, for any reason. Also, you have the right to learn about new risks or findings that emerge during the trial.</p><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> related to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> apnea, talk with your doctor. You also can visit the following Web sites to learn more about clinical research and to search for clinical trials:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>http://clinicalresearch.nih.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.clinicaltrials.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.researchmatch.org</div></li></ul><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> for children, visit the NHLBI's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/childrenandclinicalstudies/index.php" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Children and Clinical Studies</a> Web page.</p></div><div style="display: none; width: 200px; top: -100px; left: -100px;" aria-live="assertive" aria-hidden="true" class="ui-helper-reset ui-ncbipopper-wrapper ui-ncbilinksmenu"><ul id="ui-ncbiinpagenav-6"><li><a href="#_nhlbi-sleepapnea-sec1-d1e37_">What Is Sleep Apnea?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-names_">Other Names for Sleep Apnea</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-causes_">What Causes Sleep Apnea?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-atrisk_">Who Is at Risk for Sleep Apnea?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-signs_">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Sleep Apnea?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-diagnosis_">How Is Sleep Apnea Diagnosed?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-treatment_">How Is Sleep Apnea Treated?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-livingwith_">Living With Sleep Apnea</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-trials_">Clinical Trials</a></li></ul></div></div></div> |
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2018-02-02 05:26:30 |
Sleep Deprivation and Deficiency |
<div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-sdd-sec1-d1e36_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are Sleep Deprivation and Deficiency?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023521" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sleep deprivation</a> (DEP-rih-VA-shun) is a condition that occurs if you don't get enough sleep. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023521" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sleep deficiency</a> is a broader concept. It occurs if you have one or more of the following:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>You don't get enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023521" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep deprivation</a>)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>You <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> at the wrong time of day (that is, you're out of sync with your body's natural clock)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>You don't <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> well or get all of the different types of sleep that your body needs</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>You have a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorder</a> that prevents you from getting enough sleep or causes poor quality sleep</div></li></ul><p>This article focuses on <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023521" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep deficiency</a>, unless otherwise noted.</p><p>Sleeping is a basic human need, like eating, drinking, and breathing. Like these other needs, sleeping is a vital part of the foundation for good health and well-being throughout your lifetime.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023521" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sleep deficiency</a> can lead to physical and mental health problems, injuries, loss of productivity, and even a greater risk of death.</p><div id="nhlbi-sdd-sec2-d1e67"><h3>Overview</h3><p>To understand <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023521" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep deficiency</a>, it helps to understand how sleep works and why it's important. The two basic types of sleep are rapid <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eye</a> movement (REM) and non-REM.</p><p>Non-<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023519" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">REM sleep</a> includes what is commonly known as deep sleep or slow wave sleep. Dreaming typically occurs during REM sleep. Generally, non-REM and REM sleep occur in a regular pattern of 3–5 cycles each night.</p><p>Your ability to function and feel well while you're awake depends on whether you're getting enough total <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> and enough of each type of sleep. It also depends on whether you're sleeping at a time when your body is prepared and ready to sleep.</p><p>You have an internal "body clock" that controls when you're awake and when your body is ready for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a>. This clock typically follows a 24-hour repeating rhythm (called the circadian rhythm). The rhythm affects every <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cell</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organ</a> in your body and how they work. (For more information, go to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063010/#nhlbisec-whatmakes">"What Makes You Sleep?"</a>)</p><p>If you aren't getting enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a>, are sleeping at the wrong times, or have poor quality sleep, you'll likely feel very tired during the day. You may not feel refreshed and alert when you wake up.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023521" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sleep deficiency</a> can interfere with work, school, driving, and social functioning. You might have trouble learning, focusing, and reacting. Also, you might find it hard to judge other people's emotions and reactions. Sleep deficiency also can make you feel frustrated, cranky, or worried in social situations.</p><p>The signs and symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023521" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep deficiency</a> may differ between children and adults. Children who are sleep deficient might be overly active and have problems paying attention. They also might misbehave, and their school performance can suffer.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-sdd-sec2-d1e95"><h3>Outlook</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023521" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sleep deficiency</a> is a common public health problem in the United States. People in all age groups report not getting enough sleep.</p><p>As part of a health survey for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, about 7–19 percent of adults in the United States reported not getting enough rest or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> every day. </p><p>Nearly 40 percent of adults report <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029705" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">falling</a> asleep during the day without meaning to at least once a month. Also, an estimated 50 to 70 million Americans have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> (ongoing) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorders</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023521" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sleep deficiency</a> is linked to many <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> health problems, including <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">heart disease</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028181" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidney disease</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">high blood pressure</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stroke/">stroke</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-obe/">obesity</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024768" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">depression</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023521" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sleep deficiency</a> also is associated with an increased risk of injury in adults, teens, and children. For example, driver sleepiness (not related to alcohol) is responsible for serious car crash injuries and death. In the elderly, sleep deficiency might be linked to an increased risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029705" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">falls</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028122" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">broken bones</a>.</p><p>In addition, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023521" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep deficiency</a> has played a role in human errors linked to tragic accidents, such as nuclear reactor meltdowns, grounding of large ships, and aviation accidents.</p><p>A common myth is that people can learn to get by on little <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> with no negative effects. However, research shows that getting enough quality sleep at the right times is vital for mental health, physical health, quality of life, and safety.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-whatmakes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-whatmakes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Makes You Sleep?</h2><p>Many factors play a role in preparing your body to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029705" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fall</a> asleep and wake up. You have an internal "body clock" that controls when you're awake and when your body is ready for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a>.</p><p>The body clock typically has a 24-hour repeating rhythm (called the circadian rhythm). Two processes interact to control this rhythm. The first is a pressure to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> that builds with every hour that you're awake. This drive for sleep reaches a peak in the evening, when most people <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029705" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fall</a> asleep.</p><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023355" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">compound</a> called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0008834" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">adenosine</a> (ah-DEN-o-seen) seems to be one factor linked to this drive for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a>. While you're awake, the level of adenosine in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> continues to rise. The increasing level of this compound signals a shift toward sleep. While you sleep, your body breaks down adenosine.</p><p>A second process involves your internal body clock. This clock is in sync with certain cues in the environment. Light, darkness, and other cues help determine when you feel awake and when you feel drowsy.</p><p>For example, light signals received through your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eyes</a> tell a special area in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> that it is daytime. This area of your brain helps align your body clock with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023146" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">periods</a> of the day and night.</p><p>Your body releases chemicals in a daily rhythm, which your body clock controls. When it gets dark, your body releases a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hormone</a> called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0011068" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">melatonin</a> (mel-ah-TONE-in). Melatonin signals your body that it's time to prepare for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a>, and it helps you feel drowsy.</p><p>The amount of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0011068" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">melatonin</a> in your bloodstream peaks as the evening wears on. Researchers believe this peak is an important part of preparing your body for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a>.</p><p>Exposure to bright artificial light in the late evening can disrupt this process, making it hard to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029705" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fall</a> asleep. Examples of bright artificial light include the light from a TV screen, computer screen, or a very bright alarm clock.</p><p>As the sun rises, your body releases cortisol (KOR-tih-sol). This <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hormone</a> naturally prepares your body to wake up.</p><p>The rhythm and timing of the body clock change with age. Teens <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029705" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fall</a> asleep later at night than younger children and adults. One reason for this is because <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0011068" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">melatonin</a> is released and peaks later in the 24-hour cycle for teens. As a result, it's natural for many teens to prefer later bedtimes at night and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> later in the morning than adults. </p><p>People also need more <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> early in life, when they're growing and developing. For example, newborns may sleep more than 16 hours a day, and preschool-aged children need to take naps.</p><p>Young children tend to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> more in the early evening. Teens tend to sleep more in the morning. Also, older adults tend to go to bed earlier and wake up earlier. </p><p>The patterns and types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> also change as people mature. For example, newborn infants spend more time in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023519" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">REM sleep</a>. The amount of slow-wave sleep (a stage of non-REM sleep) peaks in early childhood and then drops sharply after puberty. It continues to decline as people age.</p><p>For more information about what makes you <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a>, go to the National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/sleep/healthy_sleep.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">"Your Guide to Healthy Sleep."</a> </p></div><div id="nhlbisec-why"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-why_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Why Is Sleep Important?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sleep</a> plays a vital role in good health and well-being throughout your life. Getting enough quality sleep at the right times can help protect your mental health, physical health, quality of life, and safety.</p><p>The way you feel while you're awake depends in part on what happens while you're sleeping. During <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a>, your body is working to support healthy <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> function and maintain your physical health. In children and teens, sleep also helps support growth and development.</p><p>The damage from <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023521" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep deficiency</a> can occur in an instant (such as a car crash), or it can harm you over time. For example, ongoing sleep deficiency can raise your risk for some <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> health problems. It also can affect how well you think, react, work, learn, and get along with others.</p><div id="nhlbi-sdd-sec2-d4e37"><h3>Healthy Brain Function and Emotional Well-Being</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sleep</a> helps your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> work properly. While you're sleeping, your brain is preparing for the next day. It's forming new pathways to help you learn and remember information.</p><p>Studies show that a good night's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> improves learning. Whether you're learning math, how to play the piano, how to perfect your golf swing, or how to drive a car, sleep helps enhance your learning and problem-solving skills. Sleep also helps you pay attention, make decisions, and be creative.</p><p>Studies also show that <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023521" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep deficiency</a> alters activity in some parts of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>. If you're sleep deficient, you may have trouble making decisions, solving problems, controlling your emotions and behavior, and coping with change. Sleep deficiency also has been linked to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024768" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">depression</a>, suicide, and risk-taking behavior.</p><p>Children and teens who are <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> deficient may have problems getting along with others. They may feel angry and impulsive, have mood swings, feel sad or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024768" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">depressed</a>, or lack motivation. They also may have problems paying attention, and they may get lower grades and feel stressed.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-sdd-sec2-d4e53"><h3>Physical Health</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sleep</a> plays an important role in your physical health. For example, sleep is involved in healing and repair of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>. Ongoing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023521" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep deficiency</a> is linked to an increased risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">heart disease</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028181" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidney disease</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">high blood pressure</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stroke/">stroke</a>. </p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023521" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sleep deficiency</a> also increases the risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-obe/">obesity</a>. For example, one study of teenagers showed that with each hour of sleep lost, the odds of becoming obese went up. Sleep deficiency increases the risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">obesity</a> in other age groups as well.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sleep</a> helps maintain a healthy <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024854" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">balance</a> of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hormones</a> that make you feel hungry (ghrelin) or full (leptin). When you don't get enough sleep, your level of ghrelin goes up and your level of leptin goes down. This makes you feel hungrier than when you're well-rested.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sleep</a> also affects how your body reacts to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024496" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">insulin</a>, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hormone</a> that controls your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024697" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood glucose</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023305" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sugar</a>) level. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023521" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sleep deficiency</a> results in a higher than normal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024697" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood sugar</a> level, which may increase your risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sleep</a> also supports healthy growth and development. Deep sleep triggers the body to release the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hormone</a> that promotes normal growth in children and teens. This hormone also boosts <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscle</a> mass and helps repair <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissues</a> in children, teens, and adults. Sleep also plays a role in puberty and fertility.</p><p>Your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025680" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune system</a> relies on <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> to stay healthy. This system defends your body against foreign or harmful substances. Ongoing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023521" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep deficiency</a> can change the way in which your immune system responds. For example, if you're sleep deficient, you may have trouble fighting common infections.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-sdd-sec2-d4e87"><h3>Daytime Performance and Safety</h3><p>Getting enough quality <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> at the right times helps you function well throughout the day. People who are sleep deficient are less productive at work and school. They take longer to finish tasks, have a slower reaction time, and make more mistakes.</p><p>After several nights of losing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a>—even a loss of just 1–2 hours per night—your ability to function suffers as if you haven't slept at all for a day or two.</p><p>Lack of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> also may lead to microsleep. Microsleep refers to brief moments of sleep that occur when you're normally awake.</p><p>You can't control microsleep, and you might not be aware of it. For example, have you ever driven somewhere and then not remembered part of the trip? If so, you may have experienced microsleep.</p><p>Even if you're not driving, microsleep can affect how you function. If you're listening to a lecture, for example, you might miss some of the information or feel like you don't understand the point. In reality, though, you may have slept through part of the lecture and not been aware of it.</p><p>Some people aren't aware of the risks of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023521" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep deficiency</a>. In fact, they may not even realize that they're sleep deficient. Even with limited or poor-quality sleep, they may still think that they can function well.</p><p>For example, drowsy drivers may feel capable of driving. Yet, studies show that <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023521" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep deficiency</a> harms your driving ability as much as, or more than, being drunk. It's estimated that driver sleepiness is a factor in about 100,000 car accidents each year, resulting in about 1,500 deaths.</p><p>Drivers aren't the only ones affected by <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023521" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep deficiency</a>. It can affect people in all lines of work, including health care workers, pilots, students, lawyers, mechanics, and assembly line workers.</p><p>As a result, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023521" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep deficiency</a> is not only harmful on a personal level, but it also can cause large-scale damage. For example, sleep deficiency has played a role in human errors linked to tragic accidents, such as nuclear reactor meltdowns, grounding of large ships, and aviation accidents.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-howmuch"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-howmuch_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Much Sleep Is Enough?</h2><p>The amount of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> you need each day will change over the course of your life. Although sleep needs vary from person to person, the chart below shows general recommendations for different age groups.</p><div id="d5e31" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063010/table/d5e31/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__d5e31_lrgtbl__"><table cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><th id="hd_b_d5e31_1_1_1_1" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">Age</th><th id="hd_b_d5e31_1_1_1_2" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">Recommended Amount of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sleep</a></th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_b_d5e31_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Newborns</td><td headers="hd_b_d5e31_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">16–18 hours a day</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_b_d5e31_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Preschool-aged children</td><td headers="hd_b_d5e31_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">11–12 hours a day</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_b_d5e31_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">School-aged children</td><td headers="hd_b_d5e31_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">At least 10 hours a day</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_b_d5e31_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Teens</td><td headers="hd_b_d5e31_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">9–10 hours a day</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_b_d5e31_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adults (including the elderly)</td><td headers="hd_b_d5e31_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">7–8 hours a day</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><p>If you routinely lose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> or choose to sleep less than needed, the sleep loss adds up. The total sleep lost is called your sleep debt. For example, if you lose 2 hours of sleep each night, you'll have a sleep debt of 14 hours after a week.</p><p>Some people nap as a way to deal with sleepiness. Naps may provide a short-term boost in alertness and performance. However, napping doesn't provide all of the other benefits of night-time <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a>. Thus, you can't really make up for lost sleep.</p><p>Some people <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> more on their days off than on work days. They also may go to bed later and get up later on days off.</p><p>Sleeping more on days off might be a sign that you aren't getting enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a>. Although extra sleep on days off might help you feel better, it can upset your body's sleep–wake rhythm.</p><p>Bad <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> habits and long-term sleep loss will affect your health. If you're worried about whether you're getting enough sleep, try using a sleep diary for a couple of weeks. </p><p>Write down how much you <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> each night, how alert and rested you feel in the morning, and how sleepy you feel during the day. Show the results to your doctor and talk about how you can improve your sleep. You can find a sample sleep diary in the National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/sleep/healthy_sleep.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">"Your Guide to Healthy Sleep."</a> </p><p>Sleeping when your body is ready to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> also is very important. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023521" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sleep deficiency</a> can affect people even when they sleep the total number of hours recommended for their age group.</p><p>For example, people whose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> is out of sync with their body clocks (such as shift workers) or routinely interrupted (such as caregivers or emergency responders) might need to pay special attention to their sleep needs. </p><p>If your job or daily routine limits your ability to get enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> or sleep at the right times, talk with your doctor. You also should talk with your doctor if you sleep more than 8 hours a night, but don't feel well rested. You may have a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorder</a> or other health problem. </p></div><div id="nhlbisec-atrisk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-atrisk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is at Risk for Sleep Deprivation and Deficiency?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023521" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sleep deficiency</a>, which includes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023521" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep deprivation</a>, affects people of all ages, races, and ethnicities. Certain groups of people may be more likely to be sleep deficient. Examples include people who:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Have limited time available for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a>, such as caregivers or people working long hours or more than one job</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Have schedules that conflict with their internal body clocks, such as shift workers, first responders, teens who have early school schedules, or people who must travel for work</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Make lifestyle choices that prevent them from getting enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a>, such as taking medicine to stay awake, abusing alcohol or drugs, or not leaving enough time for sleep</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Have undiagnosed or untreated medical problems, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024918" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anxiety</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorders</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Have medical conditions or take medicines that interfere with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a></div></li></ul><p>Certain medical conditions have been linked to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorders</a>. These conditions include <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">heart disease</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-obe/">obesity</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">high blood pressure</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stroke/">stroke</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024787" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">transient ischemic attack</a> (mini-<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a>), <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024768" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">depression</a>, and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).</p><p>If you have or have had one of these conditions, ask your doctor whether you might benefit from a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023524" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep study</a>.</p><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023524" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep study</a> allows your doctor to measure how much and how well you sleep. It also helps show whether you have sleep problems and how severe they are. For more information, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-slpst/">Sleep Studies</a> article.</p><p>If you have a child who is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030700" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">overweight</a>, talk with the doctor about your child's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> habits.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Problem Sleepiness?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023521" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sleep deficiency</a> can cause you to feel very tired during the day. You may not feel refreshed and alert when you wake up. Sleep deficiency also can interfere with work, school, driving, and social functioning.</p><p>How sleepy you feel during the day can help you figure out whether you're having symptoms of problem sleepiness. You might be <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> deficient if you often feel like you could doze off while:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Sitting and reading or watching TV</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Sitting still in a public place, such as a movie theater, meeting, or classroom</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Riding in a car for an hour without stopping</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Sitting and talking to someone</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Sitting quietly after lunch</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Sitting in traffic for a few minutes</div></li></ul><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023521" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sleep deficiency</a> can cause problems with learning, focusing, and reacting. You may have trouble making decisions, solving problems, remembering things, controlling your emotions and behavior, and coping with change. You may take longer to finish tasks, have a slower reaction time, and make more mistakes.</p><p>The signs and symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023521" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep deficiency</a> may differ between children and adults. Children who are sleep deficient might be overly active and have problems paying attention. They also might misbehave, and their school performance can suffer.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sleep</a>-deficient children may feel angry and impulsive, have mood swings, feel sad or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024768" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">depressed</a>, or lack motivation.</p><p>You may not notice how <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023521" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep deficiency</a> affects your daily routine. A common myth is that people can learn to get by on little sleep with no negative effects. However, research shows that getting enough quality sleep at the right times is vital for mental health, physical health, quality of life, and safety.</p><p>To find out whether you're <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> deficient, try keeping a sleep diary for a couple of weeks. Write down how much you sleep each night, how alert and rested you feel in the morning, and how sleepy you feel during the day.</p><p>Compare the amount of time you <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> each day with the average amount of sleep recommended for your age group, as shown in the chart in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063010/#nhlbisec-howmuch">"How Much Sleep Is Enough?"</a> If you often feel very sleepy, and efforts to increase your sleep don't help, talk with your doctor.</p><p>You can find a sample <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> diary in the National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/sleep/healthy_sleep.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">"Your Guide to Healthy Sleep."</a> </p></div><div id="nhlbisec-strategies"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-strategies_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Strategies for Getting Enough Sleep</h2><p>You can take steps to improve your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> habits. First, make sure that you allow yourself enough time to sleep. With enough sleep each night, you may find that you're happier and more productive during the day.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sleep</a> often is the first thing that busy people squeeze out of their schedules. Making time to sleep will help you protect your health and well-being now and in the future.</p><p>To improve your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> habits, it also may help to:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Go to bed and wake up at the same time every day. For children, have a set bedtime and a bedtime routine. Don't use the child's bedroom for timeouts or punishment.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Try to keep the same <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> schedule on weeknights and weekends. Limit the difference to no more than about an hour. Staying up late and sleeping in late on weekends can disrupt your body clock's sleep–wake rhythm.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Use the hour before bed for quiet time. Avoid strenuous <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">exercise</a> and bright artificial light, such as from a TV or computer screen. The light may signal the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> that it's time to be awake.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Avoid heavy and/or large meals within a couple hours of bedtime. (Having a light snack is okay.) Also, avoid alcoholic drinks before bed.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Avoid <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029762" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nicotine</a> (for example, cigarettes) and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000290" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">caffeine</a> (including caffeinated soda, coffee, tea, and chocolate). Nicotine and caffeine are stimulants, and both substances can interfere with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a>. The effects of caffeine can last as long as 8 hours. So, a cup of coffee in the late afternoon can make it hard for you to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029705" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fall</a> asleep at night.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Spend time outside every day (when possible) and be physically active.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Keep your bedroom quiet, cool, and dark (a dim night light is fine, if needed).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Take a hot bath or use relaxation techniques before bed.</div></li></ul><p>Napping during the day may provide a boost in alertness and performance. However, if you have trouble <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029705" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">falling</a> asleep at night, limit naps or take them earlier in the afternoon. Adults should nap for no more than 20 minutes.</p><p>Napping in preschool-aged children is normal and promotes healthy growth and development.</p><p>For more information about healthy <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> habits, go to the National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/sleep/healthy_sleep.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">"Your Guide to Healthy Sleep."</a> </p><div id="nhlbi-sdd-sec2-d8e77"><h3>Strategies for Special Groups</h3><p>Some people have schedules that conflict with their internal body clocks. For example, shift workers and teens who have early school schedules may have trouble getting enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a>. This can affect how they feel mentally, physically, and emotionally.</p><p>If you're a shift worker, you may find it helpful to:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Take naps and increase the amount of time available for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Keep the lights bright at work</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Limit shift changes so your body clock can adjust</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Limit <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000290" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">caffeine</a> use to the first part of your shift</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Remove sound and light distractions in your bedroom during daytime <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> (for example, use light-blocking curtains)</div></li></ul><p>If you're still not able to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029705" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fall</a> asleep during the day or have problems adapting to a shift-work schedule, talk with your doctor about other options to help you <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a>.</p><p>When possible, employers and schools might find it helpful to consider options to address issues related to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023521" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep deficiency</a>.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-howto"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-howto_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How To Discuss Sleep With Your Doctor</h2><p>Doctors might not detect <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> problems during routine office visits because patients are awake. Thus, you should let your doctor know if you think you might have a sleep problem.</p><p>For example, talk with your doctor if you often feel sleepy during the day, don't wake up feeling refreshed and alert, or are having trouble adapting to shift work.</p><p>To get a better sense of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> problem, your doctor will ask you about your sleep habits. Before you see the doctor, think about how to describe your problems, including:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>How often you have trouble sleeping and how long you've had the problem</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>When you go to bed and get up on workdays and days off</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>How long it takes you to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029705" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fall</a> asleep, how often you wake up at night, and how long it takes you to fall back asleep</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Whether you snore loudly and often or wake up gasping or feeling out of breath</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>How refreshed you feel when you wake up, and how tired you feel during the day</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>How often you doze off or have trouble staying awake during routine tasks, especially driving</div></li></ul><p>Your doctor also may ask questions about your personal routine and habits. For example, he or she may ask about your work and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">exercise</a> routines. Your doctor also may ask whether you use <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000290" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">caffeine</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029755" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tobacco</a>, alcohol, or any medicines (including over-the-counter medicines).</p><p>To help your doctor, consider keeping a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> diary for a couple of weeks. Write down when you go to sleep, wake up, and take naps. (For example, you might note: Went to bed at 10 a.m.; woke up at 3 a.m. and couldn't <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029705" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fall</a> back asleep; napped after work for 2 hours.)</p><p>Also write down how much you <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> each night, how alert and rested you feel in the morning, as well as how sleepy you feel at various times during the day. Share the information in your sleep diary with your doctor. You can find a sample sleep diary in the National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/sleep/healthy_sleep.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">"Your Guide to Healthy Sleep."</a> </p><p>Doctors can diagnose some <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorders</a> by asking questions about sleep schedules and habits and by getting information from sleep partners or parents. To diagnose other sleep disorders, doctors also use the results from <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023524" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep studies</a> and other medical tests.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023524" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sleep studies</a> allow your doctor to measure how much and how well you sleep. They also help show whether you have sleep problems and how severe they are. For more information, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-slpst/">Sleep Studies</a> article.</p><p>Your doctor will do a physical exam to rule out other medical problems that might interfere with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a>. You may need <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bdt/">blood tests</a> to check for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022083" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thyroid</a> problems or other conditions that can cause sleep problems.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-trials"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-trials_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Clinical Trials</h2><p>The National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute (NHLBI) is strongly committed to supporting research aimed at preventing and treating heart, lung, and blood diseases and conditions and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorders</a>.</p><p>NHLBI-supported research has led to many advances in medical knowledge and care. For example, this research has uncovered some of the causes of various <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorders</a> and ways to diagnose and treat these disorders.</p><p>The NHLBI continues to support research aimed at learning more about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorders</a>. For example, the NHLBI currently supports studies that explore:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>How well light and nonlight <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapies</a> regulate <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> cycles and improve sleep quality.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The biological factors that determine how much <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> people need.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Ways to improve <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> habits and reduce the risk of poor sleep in children from minority or disadvantaged populations.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>How reduced amounts of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> affect <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024496" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">insulin</a> in the body. (Insulin is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hormone</a> that helps move <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024697" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood sugar</a> into <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a>, where it's used for energy.)</div></li></ul><p>In November of 2011, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) released its <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/prof/sleep/sleep_splan.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">"2011 NIH Sleep Disorders Research Plan."</a> The plan expands upon previous and current research programs and identifies new research opportunities.</p><p>The NHLBI's National Center on <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sleep Disorders</a> Research will coordinate this research across the NIH and other Federal agencies. The research will focus on sleep and the body's natural 24-hour cycle, the role of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a> and the environment on sleep health, and ways to improve the prevention, diagnosis, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> of sleep disorders.</p><p>Much of this research depends on the willingness of volunteers to take part in <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-clinicaltrials/">clinical trials</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Clinical trials</a> test new ways to prevent, diagnose, or treat various diseases, conditions, and health problems.</p><p>For example, new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for a disease or condition (such as medicines, medical devices, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgeries</a>, or procedures) are tested in volunteers who have the illness. Testing shows whether a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> is safe and effective in humans before it is made available for widespread use.</p><p>By taking part in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, you may gain access to new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> before they're widely available. You also will have the support of a team of health care providers, who will likely monitor your health closely. Even if you don't directly benefit from the results of a clinical trial, the information gathered can help others and add to scientific knowledge.</p><p>If you volunteer for a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, the research will be explained to you in detail. You'll learn about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> and tests you may receive, and the benefits and risks they may pose. You'll also be given a chance to ask questions about the research. This process is called informed consent.</p><p>If you agree to take part in the trial, you'll be asked to sign an informed consent form. This form is not a contract. You have the right to withdraw from a study at any time, for any reason. Also, you have the right to learn about new risks or findings that emerge during the trial.</p><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> related to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023521" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep deficiency</a>, talk with your doctor. You also can visit the following Web sites to learn more about clinical research and to search for clinical trials:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>http://clinicalresearch.nih.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.clinicaltrials.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.researchmatch.org</div></li></ul><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> for children, visit the NHLBI's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/childrenandclinicalstudies/index.php" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Children and Clinical Studies</a> Web page.</p></div><div style="display: none; width: 200px; top: -100px; left: -100px;" aria-live="assertive" aria-hidden="true" class="ui-helper-reset ui-ncbipopper-wrapper ui-ncbilinksmenu"><ul id="ui-ncbiinpagenav-6"><li><a href="#_nhlbi-sdd-sec1-d1e36_">What Are Sleep Deprivation and Deficiency?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-whatmakes_">What Makes You Sleep?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-why_">Why Is Sleep Important?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-howmuch_">How Much Sleep Is Enough?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-atrisk_">Who Is at Risk for Sleep Deprivation and Deficiency?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-signs_">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Problem Sleepiness?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-strategies_">Strategies for Getting Enough Sleep</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-howto_">How To Discuss Sleep With Your Doctor</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-trials_">Clinical Trials</a></li></ul></div></div></div> |
June 11, 2014. |
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2018-02-02 04:25:06 |
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<L1> diseases_conditions
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2018-02-02 05:26:50 |
Stroke |
<div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-stroke-sec1-d1e38_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Is a Stroke?</h2><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a> occurs if the flow of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to a portion of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> is blocked. Without oxygen, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024269" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain cells</a> start to die after a few minutes. Sudden <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> in the brain also can cause a stroke if it damages brain cells.</p><p>If <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024269" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain cells</a> die or are damaged because of a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a>, symptoms occur in the parts of the body that these brain cells control. Examples of stroke symptoms include sudden weakness; paralysis or numbness of the face, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arms</a>, or legs (paralysis is an inability to move); trouble speaking or understanding speech; and trouble seeing.</p><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a> is a serious medical condition that requires emergency care. A stroke can cause lasting <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> damage, long-term disability, or even death.</p><p>If you think you or someone else is having a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a>, call 9–1–1 right away. Do not drive to the hospital or let someone else drive you. Call an ambulance so that medical personnel can begin life-saving <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> on the way to the emergency room. During a stroke, every minute counts.</p><div id="nhlbi-stroke-sec2-d1e54"><h3>Overview</h3><p>The two main types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a> are ischemic (is-KE-mik) and hemorrhagic (hem-ah-RAJ-ik). Ischemic is the more common type of stroke.</p><p>An ischemic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a> occurs if an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a> that supplies <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> becomes blocked. Blood clots often cause the blockages that lead to ischemic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">strokes</a>.</p><p>A hemorrhagic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a> occurs if an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> leaks <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ruptures</a> (breaks open). The pressure from the leaked blood damages <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024269" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain cells</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">High blood pressure</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-arm/">aneurysms</a> (AN-u-risms) are examples of conditions that can cause hemorrhagic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">strokes</a>. (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024794" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Aneurysms</a> are balloon-like bulges in an artery that can stretch and burst.)</p><p>Another condition that’s similar to a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a> is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024787" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">transient ischemic attack</a>, also called a TIA or “mini-stroke.” A TIA occurs if <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow to a portion of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> is blocked only for a short time. Thus, damage to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024269" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain cells</a> isn’t permanent (lasting).</p><p>Like ischemic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">strokes</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024787" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">TIAs</a> often are caused by <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots. Although TIAs are not full-blown strokes, they greatly increase the risk of having a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a>. If you have a TIA, it’s important for your doctor to find the cause so you can take steps to prevent a stroke.</p><p>Both <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">strokes</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024787" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">TIAs</a> require emergency care.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-stroke-sec2-d1e82"><h3>Outlook</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Stroke</a> is a leading cause of death in the United States. Many factors can raise your risk of having a stroke. Talk with your doctor about how you can control these risk factors and help prevent a stroke.</p><p>If you have a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a>, prompt <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> can reduce damage to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> and help you avoid lasting disabilities. Prompt treatment also may help prevent another stroke.</p><p>Researchers continue to study the causes and risk factors for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a>. They’re also finding new and better <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> and new ways to help the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> repair itself after a stroke.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-types"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-types_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Types of Stroke</h2><div id="nhlbi-stroke-sec2-d3e28"><h3>Ischemic Stroke</h3><p>An ischemic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a> occurs if an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a> that supplies <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> becomes blocked. Blood clots often cause the blockages that lead to ischemic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">strokes</a>.</p><p>The two types of ischemic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a> are thrombotic (throm-BOT-ik) and embolic (em-BOL-ik). In a thrombotic stroke, a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clot (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023092" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thrombus</a>) forms in an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a> that supplies blood to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>.</p><p>In an embolic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a>, a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clot or other substance (such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a>, a fatty material) travels through the bloodstream to an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>. (A blood clot or piece of plaque that travels through the bloodstream is called an embolus.)</p><p>With both types of ischemic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a>, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clot or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> blocks the flow of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich blood to a portion of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figd3e47" co-legend-rid="figlgndd3e47"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063013/figure/d3e47/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figd3e47" rid-ob="figobd3e47"><img class="small-thumb" src="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063013/bin/stroke_ischemic.gif" src-large="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063013/bin/stroke_ischemic.jpg" alt="Ischemic Stroke."></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndd3e47"><h4 id="d3e47"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063013/figure/d3e47/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd3e47">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Ischemic Stroke. The illustration shows how an ischemic stroke can occur in the brain. If a blood clot breaks away from plaque buildup in a carotid (neck) artery, it can travel to and lodge in an artery in the brain. The clot can block blood flow to part <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063013/figure/d3e47/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd3e47">(more...)</a></p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbi-stroke-sec2-d3e53"><h3>Hemorrhagic Stroke</h3><p>A hemorrhagic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a> occurs if an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> leaks <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ruptures</a> (breaks open). The pressure from the leaked blood damages <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024269" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain cells</a>.</p><p>The two types of hemorrhagic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a> are intracerebral (in-trah-SER-e-bral) and subarachnoid (sub-ah-RAK-noyd). In an intracerebral <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemorrhage</a>, a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a> inside the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> leaks blood or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ruptures</a>.</p><p>In a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028089" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">subarachnoid hemorrhage</a>, a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a> on the surface of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> leaks blood or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ruptures</a>. When this happens, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> occurs between the inner and middle layers of the membranes that cover the brain.</p><p>In both types of hemorrhagic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a>, the leaked <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> causes swelling of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> and increased pressure in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022787" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skull</a>. The swelling and pressure damage <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissues</a> in the brain.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figd3e72" co-legend-rid="figlgndd3e72"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063013/figure/d3e72/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figd3e72" rid-ob="figobd3e72"><img class="small-thumb" src="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063013/bin/stroke_hemorrhagic.gif" src-large="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063013/bin/stroke_hemorrhagic.jpg" alt="Ischemic Stroke Hemorrhagic Stroke."></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndd3e72"><h4 id="d3e72"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063013/figure/d3e72/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd3e72">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Ischemic Stroke Hemorrhagic Stroke. The illustration shows how a hemorrhagic stroke can occur in the brain. An aneurysm in a cerebral artery breaks open, which causes bleeding in the brain. The pressure of the blood causes brain tissue death. </p></div></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-names"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-names_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Other Names for a Stroke</h2><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Brain attack</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Cerebrovascular accident</a> (CVA)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Hemorrhagic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a> (includes intracerebral <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemorrhage</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028089" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">subarachnoid hemorrhage</a>)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Ischemic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a> (includes thrombotic stroke and embolic stroke)</div></li></ul><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024787" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">transient ischemic attack</a> sometimes is called a TIA or mini-<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a>. A TIA has the same symptoms as a stroke, and it increases your risk of having a stroke.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes a Stroke?</h2><div id="nhlbi-stroke-sec2-d5e28"><h3>Ischemic Stroke and Transient Ischemic Attack</h3><p>An ischemic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024787" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">transient ischemic attack</a> (TIA) occurs if an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a> that supplies <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> becomes blocked. Many medical conditions can increase the risk of ischemic stroke or TIA.</p><p>For example, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-atherosclerosis/">atherosclerosis</a> (ath-er-o-skler-O-sis) is a disease in which a fatty substance called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> builds up on the inner walls of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>. Plaque hardens and narrows the arteries, which limits the flow of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissues</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> (such as the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>).</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Plaque</a> in an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a> can crack or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rupture</a> (break open). <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a> (PLATE-lets), which are <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024402" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">disc</a>-shaped <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cell</a> fragments, stick to the site of the plaque injury and clump together to form blood clots. These clots can partly or fully block an artery.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Plaque</a> can build up in any <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a> in the body, including <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027054" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neck</a>. The two main arteries on each side of the neck are called the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022295" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carotid</a> (ka-ROT-id) arteries. These arteries supply <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to the brain, face, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">scalp</a>, and neck.</p><p>When <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> builds up in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022295" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carotid arteries</a>, the condition is called <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-catd/">carotid artery disease</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023187" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Carotid artery disease</a> causes many of the ischemic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">strokes</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024787" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">TIAs</a> that occur in the United States.</p><p>An embolic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a> (a type of ischemic stroke) or TIA also can occur if a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clot or piece of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> breaks away from the wall of an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a>. The clot or plaque can travel through the bloodstream and get stuck in one of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>’s <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>. This stops blood flow through the artery and damages <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024269" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain cells</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a> conditions and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> disorders also can cause blood clots that can lead to a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a> or TIA. For example, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-af/">atrial fibrillation</a> (A-tre-al fi-bri-LA-shun), or AF, is a common cause of embolic stroke.</p><p>In AF, the upper <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a> of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> contract in a very fast and irregular way. As a result, some <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> pools in the heart. The pooling increases the risk of blood clots forming in the heart chambers.</p><p>An ischemic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a> or TIA also can occur because of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022308" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lesions</a> caused by <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023229" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atherosclerosis</a>. These lesions may form in the small <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>, and they can block <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow to the brain.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-stroke-sec2-d5e69"><h3>Hemorrhagic Stroke</h3><p>Sudden <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> can cause a hemorrhagic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a>. The bleeding causes swelling of the brain and increased pressure in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022787" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skull</a>. The swelling and pressure damage <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024269" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain cells</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissues</a>.</p><p>Examples of conditions that can cause a hemorrhagic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a> include <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">high blood pressure</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-arm/">aneurysms</a>, and arteriovenous (ar-TEER-e-o-VE-nus) malformations (AVMs).</p><p>"<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood pressure</a>" is the force of blood pushing against the walls of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> as the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> pumps blood. If blood pressure rises and stays high over time, it can damage the body in many ways.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024794" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Aneurysms</a> are balloon-like bulges in an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a> that can stretch and burst. AVMs are tangles of faulty <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a> that can <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rupture</a> within the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">High blood pressure</a> can increase the risk of hemorrhagic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a> in people who have aneurysms or AVMs.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-atrisk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-atrisk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is at Risk for a Stroke?</h2><p>Certain traits, conditions, and habits can raise your risk of having a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024787" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">transient ischemic attack</a> (TIA). These traits, conditions, and habits are known as risk factors.</p><p>The more risk factors you have, the more likely you are to have a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a>. You can treat or control some risk factors, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood pressure</a> and smoking. Other risk factors, such as age and gender, you can’t control.</p><p>The major risk factors for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a> include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">High blood pressure</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">High blood pressure</a> is the main risk factor for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a>. Blood pressure is considered high if it stays at or above 140/90 mmHg over time. If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028183" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic kidney disease</a>, high blood pressure is defined as 130/80 mmHg or higher. (The mmHg is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030527" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">millimeters of mercury</a>—the units used to measure blood pressure.)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">Smoking</a>. Smoking can damage <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> and raise <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a>. Smoking also may reduce the amount of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> that reaches your body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissues</a>. Exposure to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029761" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">secondhand smoke</a> also can damage the blood vessels.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Diabetes</a>. Diabetes is a disease in which the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024697" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood sugar</a> level is high because the body doesn't make enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024496" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">insulin</a> or doesn't use its insulin properly. Insulin is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hormone</a> that helps move blood sugar into <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> where it’s used for energy.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a> diseases. <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">Coronary heart disease</a> (also called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021983" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary artery disease</a>), <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cm/">cardiomyopathy</a> (KAR-de-o-mi-OP-a-the), <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-af/">atrial fibrillation</a> can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots that can lead to a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Brain</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-arm/">aneurysms</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029563" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteriovenous malformations</a> (AVMs). <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024794" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Aneurysms</a> are balloon-like bulges in an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a> that can stretch and burst. AVMs are tangles of faulty <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a> that can <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rupture</a> (break open) within the brain. AVMs may be present at birth, but often aren’t diagnosed until they rupture.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Age and gender. Your risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a> increases as you get older. At younger ages, men are more likely than women to have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">strokes</a>. However, women are more likely to die from strokes. Women who take birth control pills also are at slightly higher risk of stroke.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Race and ethnicity. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Strokes</a> occur more often in African American, Alaska Native, and American Indian adults than in Caucasian, Hispanic, or Asian American adults.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Personal or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family history</a> of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a> or TIA. If you’ve had a stroke, you’re at higher risk for another one. Your risk of having a repeat stroke is the highest right after a stroke. A TIA also increases your risk of having a stroke, as does having a family history of stroke.</div></li></ul><p>Other risk factors for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a>, many of which of you can control, include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Alcohol and illegal drug use, including <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0009701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cocaine</a>, amphetamines, and other drugs</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Unhealthy <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbc/">cholesterol levels</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Lack of physical activity</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Unhealthy diet</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-obe/">Obesity</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Stress</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024768" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">depression</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Certain medical conditions, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-sca/">sickle cell anemia</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-vas/">vasculitis</a> (vas-kyu-LI-tis; <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022625" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inflammation</a> of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>), and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> disorders</div></li></ul><p>Following a healthy lifestyle can lower the risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a>. Some people also may need to take medicines to lower their risk.</p><p>Sometimes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">strokes</a> can occur in people who don’t have any known risk factors.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of a Stroke?</h2><p>The signs and symptoms of a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a> often develop quickly. However, they can develop over hours or even days.</p><p>The type of symptoms depends on the type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a> and the area of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> that’s affected. How long symptoms last and how severe they are vary among different people.</p><p>Signs and symptoms of a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a> may include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Sudden weakness</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Paralysis (an inability to move) or numbness of the face, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arms</a>, or legs, especially on one side of the body</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Confusion</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Trouble speaking or understanding speech</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Trouble seeing in one or both <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eyes</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Problems breathing</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029722" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Dizziness</a>, trouble walking, loss of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024854" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">balance</a> or coordination, and unexplained <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029705" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">falls</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Loss of consciousness</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Sudden and severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">headache</a></div></li></ul><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024787" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">transient ischemic attack</a> (TIA) has the same signs and symptoms as a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a>. However, TIA symptoms usually last less than 1–2 hours (although they may last up to 24 hours). A TIA may occur only once in a person’s lifetime or more often.</p><p>At first, it may not be possible to tell whether someone is having a TIA or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a>. All stroke-like symptoms require medical care.</p><p>If you think you or someone else is having a TIA or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a>, call 9–1–1 right away. Do not drive to the hospital or let someone else drive you. Call an ambulance so that medical personnel can begin life-saving <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> on the way to the emergency room. During a stroke, every minute counts.</p><div id="nhlbi-stroke-sec2-d7e78"><h3>Stroke Complications</h3><p>After you’ve had a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a>, you may develop other complications, such as:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> clots and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscle</a> weakness. Being immobile (unable to move around) for a long time can raise your risk of developing blood clots in the deep <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a> of the legs. Being immobile also can lead to muscle weakness and decreased muscle flexibility.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Problems <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027073" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">swallowing</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pnu/">pneumonia</a>. If a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a> affects the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscles</a> used for swallowing, you may have a hard time eating or drinking. You also may be at risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022221" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inhaling</a> food or drink into your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. If this happens, you may develop <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumonia</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Loss of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021898" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bladder</a> control. Some <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">strokes</a> affect the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscles</a> used to urinate. You may need a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030017" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">urinary catheter</a> (a tube placed into the bladder) until you can urinate on your own. Use of these <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022169" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">catheters</a> can lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024568" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">urinary tract infections</a>. Loss of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022229" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bowel</a> control or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024803" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">constipation</a> also may occur after a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a>.</div></li></ul></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is a Stroke Diagnosed?</h2><p>Your doctor will diagnose a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a> based on your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063013/#nhlbisec-signs">signs and symptoms</a>, your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029840" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">medical history</a>, a physical exam, and test results.</p><p>Your doctor will want to find out the type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a> you’ve had, its cause, the part of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> that's affected, and whether you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> in the brain.</p><p>If your doctor thinks you’ve had a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024787" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">transient ischemic attack</a> (TIA), he or she will look for its cause to help prevent a future <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a>.</p><div id="nhlbi-stroke-sec2-d8e40"><h3>Medical History and Physical Exam</h3><p>Your doctor will ask you or a family member about your risk factors for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a>. Examples of risk factors include <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">high blood pressure</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">smoking</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease, and a personal or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family history</a> of stroke. Your doctor also will ask about your signs and symptoms and when they began.</p><p>During the physical exam, your doctor will check your mental alertness and your coordination and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024854" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">balance</a>. He or she will check for numbness or weakness in your face, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arms</a>, and legs; confusion; and trouble speaking and seeing clearly.</p><p>Your doctor will look for signs of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-catd/">carotid artery disease</a>, a common cause of ischemic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a>. He or she will listen to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022295" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carotid arteries</a> with a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023209" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stethoscope</a>. A whooshing sound called a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023206" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bruit</a> (broo-E) may suggest changed or reduced <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow due to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> buildup in the carotid arteries.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-stroke-sec2-d8e62"><h3>Diagnostic Tests and Procedures</h3><p>Your doctor may recommend one or more of the following tests to diagnose a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a> or TIA.</p><div id="nhlbi-stroke-sec3-d8e68"><h4>Brain Computed Tomography</h4><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> computed tomography (to-MOG-rah-fee) scan, or brain CT scan, is a painless test that uses x rays to take clear, detailed pictures of your brain. This test often is done right after a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a> is suspected.</p><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> CT scan can show <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> in the brain or damage to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024269" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain cells</a> from a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a>. The test also can show other brain conditions that may be causing your symptoms.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-stroke-sec3-d8e78"><h4>Magnetic Resonance Imaging</h4><p>Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) uses magnets and radio waves to create pictures of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> and structures in your body. This test can detect changes in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> and damage to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024269" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain cells</a> from a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a>.</p><p>An MRI may be used instead of, or in addition to, a CT scan to diagnose a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-stroke-sec3-d8e87"><h4>Computed Tomography Arteriogram and Magnetic Resonance Arteriogram</h4><p>A CT arteriogram (CTA) and magnetic resonance arteriogram (MRA) can show the large <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>. These tests may give your doctor more information about the site of a blood clot and the flow of blood through your brain.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-stroke-sec3-d8e94"><h4>Carotid Ultrasound</h4><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cu/">Carotid ultrasound</a> is a painless and harmless test that uses sound waves to create pictures of the insides of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022295" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carotid arteries</a>. These arteries supply <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029834" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Carotid ultrasound</a> shows whether <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> has narrowed or blocked your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022295" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carotid arteries</a>.</p><p>Your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029834" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carotid ultrasound</a> test may include a Doppler ultrasound. Doppler ultrasound is a special test that shows the speed and direction of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> moving through your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-stroke-sec3-d8e108"><h4>Carotid Angiography</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022295" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Carotid</a> angiography (an-jee-OG-ra-fee) is a test that uses dye and special x rays to show the insides of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022295" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carotid arteries</a>.</p><p>For this test, a small tube called a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022169" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">catheter</a> is put into an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a>, usually in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028097" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">groin</a> (upper thigh). The tube is then moved up into one of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022295" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carotid arteries</a>.</p><p>Your doctor will inject a substance (called contrast dye) into the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022295" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carotid artery</a>. The dye helps make the artery visible on x-ray pictures.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-stroke-sec2-d8e121"><h3>Heart Tests</h3><div id="nhlbi-stroke-sec3-d8e124"><h4>EKG (Electrocardiogram)</h4><p>An <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ekg/">EKG</a> is a simple, painless test that records the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical activity. The test shows how fast the heart is beating and its rhythm (steady or irregular). An EKG also records the strength and timing of electrical signals as they pass through each part of the heart.</p><p>An EKG can help detect <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> problems that may have led to a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a>. For example, the test can help diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-af/">atrial fibrillation</a> or a previous <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-stroke-sec3-d8e143"><h4>Echocardiography</h4><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-echo/">Echocardiography</a> (EK-o-kar-de-OG-ra-fee), or echo, is a painless test that uses sound waves to create pictures of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>.</p><p>The test gives information about the size and shape of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and how well your heart's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a> and valves are working.</p><p>Echo can detect possible <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots inside the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and problems with the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022262" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aorta</a>. The aorta is the main <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a> that carries <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich blood from your heart to all parts of your body.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-stroke-sec2-d8e157"><h3>Blood Tests</h3><p>Your doctor also may use <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bdt/">blood tests</a> to help diagnose a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a>.</p><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024697" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood glucose</a> test measures the amount of glucose (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023305" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sugar</a>) in your blood. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024699" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Low blood glucose</a> levels may cause symptoms similar to those of a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a>.</p><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> count measures the number of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. Blood platelets are <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cell</a> fragments that help your blood clot. Abnormal platelet levels may be a sign of a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> disorder (not enough clotting) or a thrombotic disorder (too much clotting).</p><p>Your doctor also may recommend <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022070" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood tests</a> to measure how long it takes for your blood to clot. Two tests that may be used are called PT and PTT tests. These tests show whether your blood is clotting normally.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is a Stroke Treated?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatment</a> for a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a> depends on whether it is ischemic or hemorrhagic. Treatment for a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024787" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">transient ischemic attack</a> (TIA) depends on its cause, how much time has passed since symptoms began, and whether you have other medical conditions.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Strokes</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024787" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">TIAs</a> are medical emergencies. If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a> symptoms, call 9–1–1 right away. Do not drive to the hospital or let someone else drive you. Call an ambulance so that medical personnel can begin life-saving <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> on the way to the emergency room. During a stroke, every minute counts.</p><p>Once you receive initial <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>, your doctor will try to treat your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a> risk factors and prevent complications.</p><div id="nhlbi-stroke-sec2-d9e40"><h3>Treating Ischemic Stroke and Transient Ischemic Attack</h3><p>An ischemic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a> or TIA occurs if an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a> that supplies <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>- |
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Sudden Cardiac Arrest |
<div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-scda-sec1-d1e35_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Is Sudden Cardiac Arrest?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sudden cardiac arrest</a> (SCA) is a condition in which the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> suddenly and unexpectedly stops beating. If this happens, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> stops flowing to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> and other vital <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a>.</p><p>SCA usually causes death if it's not treated within minutes.</p><div id="nhlbi-scda-sec2-d1e44"><h3>Overview</h3><p>To understand SCA, it helps to understand <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hhw/">how the heart works</a>. The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> has an electrical system that controls the rate and rhythm of the heartbeat. Problems with the heart's electrical system can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">irregular heartbeats</a> called <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-arr/">arrhythmias</a> (ah-RITH-me-ahs).</p><p>There are many types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmias</a>. During an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmia</a>, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> can beat too fast, too slow, or with an irregular rhythm. Some arrhythmias can cause the heart to stop pumping <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to the body—these arrhythmias cause SCA.</p><p>SCA is not the same as a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a>. A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a> occurs if <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow to part of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a> is blocked. During a heart attack, the heart usually doesn't suddenly stop beating. SCA, however, may happen after or during recovery from a heart attack.</p><p>People who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease are at higher risk for SCA. However, SCA can happen in people who appear healthy and have no known heart disease or other risk factors for SCA.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-scda-sec2-d1e69"><h3>Outlook</h3><p>Most people who have SCA die from it—often within minutes. Rapid <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> of SCA with a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029744" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">defibrillator</a> can be lifesaving. A defibrillator is a device that sends an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030147" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">electric shock</a> to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> to try to restore its normal rhythm.</p><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-aed/">Automated external defibrillators</a> (AEDs) can be used by bystanders to save the lives of people who are having SCA. These portable devices often are found in public places, such as shopping malls, golf courses, businesses, airports, airplanes, casinos, convention centers, hotels, sports venues, and schools.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes Sudden Cardiac Arrest?</h2><p>Ventricular fibrillation (v-fib) causes most <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sudden cardiac arrests</a> (SCAs). V-fib is a type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-arr/">arrhythmia</a>.</p><p>During v-fib, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a> (the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s lower <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a>) don't beat normally. Instead, they quiver very rapidly and irregularly. When this happens, the heart pumps little or no <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to the body. V-fib is fatal if not treated within a few minutes.</p><p>Other problems with the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical system also can cause SCA. For example, SCA can occur if the rate of the heart's electrical signals becomes very slow and stops. SCA also can occur if the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a> doesn't respond to the heart's electrical signals.</p><p>Certain diseases and conditions can cause the electrical problems that lead to SCA. Examples include <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">coronary heart disease</a> (CHD), also called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021983" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary artery disease</a>; severe physical <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a>; certain inherited disorders; and structural changes in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>.</p><p>Several research studies are under way to try to find the exact causes of SCA and how to prevent them.</p><div id="nhlbi-scda-sec2-d3e50"><h3>Coronary Heart Disease</h3><p>CHD is a disease in which a waxy substance called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> (plak) builds up in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a>. These arteries supply <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Plaque</a> narrows the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> and reduces <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a>. Eventually, an area of plaque can <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rupture</a> (break open). This may cause a blood clot to form on the plaque's surface.</p><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clot can partly or fully block the flow of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich blood to the portion of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a> fed by the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a>. This causes a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a>.</p><p>During a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>, some <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> die and are replaced with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028156" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">scar</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a>. The scar tissue damages the heart's electrical system. As a result, electrical signals may spread abnormally throughout the heart. These changes to the heart increase the risk of dangerous <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmias</a> and SCA.</p><p>CHD seems to cause most cases of SCA in adults. Many of these adults, however, have no signs or symptoms of CHD before having SCA.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-scda-sec2-d3e72"><h3>Physical Stress</h3><p>Certain types of physical <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a> can cause your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical system to fail. Examples include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Intense physical activity. The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hormone</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024359" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">adrenaline</a> is released during intense physical activity. This hormone can trigger SCA in people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> problems.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Very low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> levels of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025487" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">potassium</a> or magnesium. These <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023353" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">minerals</a> play an important role in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical signaling.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Major <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> loss.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Severe lack of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-scda-sec2-d3e93"><h3>Inherited Disorders</h3><p>A tendency to have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmias</a> runs in some families. This tendency is inherited, which means it's passed from parents to children through the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a>. Members of these families may be at higher risk for SCA.</p><p>An example of an inherited disorder that makes you more likely to have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmias</a> is <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-qt/">long QT syndrome</a> (LQTS). LQTS is a disorder of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical activity. Problems with tiny pores on the surface of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> cause the disorder. LQTS can cause sudden, uncontrollable, dangerous heart rhythms.</p><p>People who inherit structural <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> problems also may be at higher risk for SCA. These types of problems often are the cause of SCA in children.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-scda-sec2-d3e109"><h3>Structural Changes in the Heart</h3><p>Changes in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s normal size or structure may affect its electrical system. Examples of such changes include an enlarged heart due to <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">high blood pressure</a> or advanced heart disease. Heart infections also may cause structural changes in the heart.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-atrisk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-atrisk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is at Risk for Sudden Cardiac Arrest?</h2><p>The risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sudden cardiac arrest</a> (SCA) increases with age. The risk also is higher if you have underlying <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease. Men are two to three times more likely to have SCA than women.</p><p>SCA rarely occurs in children unless they have inherited problems that make them likely to have SCA. Only a very small number of children have SCA each year.</p><div id="nhlbi-scda-sec2-d4e34"><h3>Major Risk Factors</h3><p>The major risk factor for SCA is <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">coronary heart disease</a> (CHD). Most people who have SCA have some degree of CHD. However, these people may not know that they have CHD until SCA occurs.</p><p>Their CHD is "silent"—that is, it has no signs or symptoms. Because of this, doctors and nurses have not detected it. Many SCAs happen in people who have silent CHD and no known <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease prior to SCA.</p><p>Many people who have SCA also have silent, or undiagnosed, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attacks</a> before SCA happens. These people have no clear signs of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>, and they don't even realize that they've had one. The chances of having SCA are higher during the first 6 months after a heart attack.</p><p>For more information about CHD risk factors, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hd/">Coronary Heart Disease Risk Factors</a> article.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-scda-sec2-d4e59"><h3>Other Risk Factors</h3><p>Other risk factors for SCA include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A personal or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family history</a> of SCA or inherited disorders that make you prone to <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-arr/">arrhythmias</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A personal history of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmias</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart attack</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">Heart failure</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Drug or alcohol abuse</div></li></ul></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Sudden Cardiac Arrest?</h2><p>Usually, the first sign of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sudden cardiac arrest</a> (SCA) is loss of consciousness (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029695" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fainting</a>). At the same time, no heartbeat (or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024325" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulse</a>) can be felt.</p><p>Some people may have a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022345" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">racing heartbeat</a> or feel dizzy or light-headed just before they <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029695" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">faint</a>. Within an hour before SCA, some people have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain, shortness of breath, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024775" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nausea</a> (feeling sick to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a>), or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024776" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vomiting</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Sudden Cardiac Arrest Diagnosed?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sudden cardiac arrest</a> (SCA) happens without warning and requires emergency <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>. Doctors rarely diagnose SCA with medical tests as it's happening. Instead, SCA often is diagnosed after it happens. Doctors do this by ruling out other causes of a person's sudden collapse.</p><div id="nhlbi-scda-sec2-d6e31"><h3>Specialists Involved</h3><p>If you're at high risk for SCA, your doctor may refer you to a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015644" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiologist</a>. This is a doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> diseases and conditions. Your cardiologist will work with you to decide whether you need <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> to prevent SCA.</p><p>Some <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015644" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiologists</a> specialize in problems with the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical system. These specialists are called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023205" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiac</a> electrophysiologists.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-scda-sec2-d6e41"><h3>Diagnostic Tests and Procedures</h3><p>Doctors use several tests to help detect the factors that put people at risk for SCA.</p><div id="nhlbi-scda-sec3-d6e47"><h4>EKG (Electrocardiogram)</h4><p>An <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ekg/">EKG</a> is a simple, painless test that detects and records the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical activity. The test shows how fast the heart is beating and its rhythm (steady or irregular). An EKG also records the strength and timing of electrical signals as they pass through each part of the heart.</p><p>An EKG can show evidence of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> damage due to <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">coronary heart disease</a> (CHD). The test also can show signs of a previous or current <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-scda-sec3-d6e65"><h4>Echocardiography</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029837" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Echocardiography</a>, or echo, is a painless test that uses sound waves to create pictures of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. The test shows the size and shape of your heart and how well your heart <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a> and valves are working.</p><p>Echo also can identify areas of poor <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, areas of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a> that aren't contracting normally, and previous injury to the heart muscle caused by poor blood flow.</p><p>There are several types of echo, including <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a> echo. This test is done both before and after a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stress/">cardiac stress test</a>. During this test, you <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">exercise</a> (or are given medicine if you're unable to exercise) to make your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> work hard and beat fast.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Stress</a> echo shows whether you have decreased <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> (a sign of CHD).</p></div><div id="nhlbi-scda-sec3-d6e84"><h4>MUGA Test or Cardiac MRI</h4><p>A MUGA (multiple gated acquisition) test shows how well your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> is pumping <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. For this test, a small amount of radioactive substance is injected into a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a> and travels to your heart.</p><p>The substance releases energy, which special cameras outside of your body can detect. The cameras use the energy to create pictures of many parts of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>.</p><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-mri/">Cardiac MRI</a> (magnetic resonance imaging) is a safe procedure that uses radio waves and magnets to create detailed pictures of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. The test creates still and moving pictures of your heart and major <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>.</p><p>Doctors use <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023205" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiac</a> MRI to get pictures of the beating <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and to look at the structure and function of the heart.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-scda-sec3-d6e102"><h4>Cardiac Catheterization</h4><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cath/">Cardiac catheterization</a> is a procedure used to diagnose and treat certain <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> conditions. A long, thin, flexible tube called a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022169" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">catheter</a> is put into a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arm</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028097" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">groin</a> (upper thigh), or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027054" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neck</a> and threaded to your heart. Through the catheter, your doctor can do diagnostic tests and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> on your heart.</p><p>Sometimes dye is put into the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022169" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">catheter</a>. The dye will flow through your bloodstream to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. The dye makes your coronary (heart) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> visible on x-ray pictures. The dye can show whether <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> has narrowed or blocked any of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-scda-sec3-d6e114"><h4>Electrophysiology Study</h4><p>For an electrophysiology study, doctors use <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023205" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiac</a> catheterization to record how your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical system responds to certain medicines and electrical stimulation. This helps your doctor find where the heart's electrical system is damaged.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-scda-sec3-d6e120"><h4>Blood Tests</h4><p>Your doctor may recommend <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bdt/">blood tests</a> to check the levels of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025487" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">potassium</a>, magnesium, and other chemicals in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. These chemicals play an important role in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical signaling.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Sudden Cardiac Arrest Treated?</h2><div id="nhlbi-scda-sec2-d7e28"><h3>Emergency Treatment</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sudden cardiac arrest</a> (SCA) is an emergency. A person having SCA needs to be treated with a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029744" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">defibrillator</a> right away. This device sends an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030147" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">electric shock</a> to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. The electric shock can restore a normal rhythm to a heart that's stopped beating.</p><p>To work well, defibrillation must be done within minutes of SCA. With every minute that passes, the chances of surviving SCA drop rapidly.</p><p>Police, emergency medical technicians, and other first responders usually are trained and equipped to use a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029744" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">defibrillator</a>. Call 9–1–1 right away if someone has signs or symptoms of SCA. The sooner you call for help, the sooner lifesaving <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> can begin.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-scda-sec2-d7e41"><h3>Automated External Defibrillators</h3><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-aed/">Automated external defibrillators</a> (AEDs) are special <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029744" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">defibrillators</a> that untrained bystanders can use. These portable devices often are found in public places, such as shopping malls, golf courses, businesses, airports, airplanes, casinos, convention centers, hotels, sports venues, and schools.</p><p>AEDs are programmed to give an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030147" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">electric shock</a> if they detect a dangerous <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-arr/">arrhythmia</a>, such as ventricular fibrillation. This prevents giving a shock to someone who may have fainted but isn't having SCA.</p><p>You should give <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030032" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiopulmonary resuscitation</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030032" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">CPR</a>) to a person having SCA until defibrillation can be done.</p><p>People who are at risk for SCA may want to consider having an AED at home. Currently, one AED, the Phillips HeartStart Home <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029744" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Defibrillator</a>, is sold over-the-counter for home use.</p><p>A 2008 study by the National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute and the National Institutes of Health found that AEDs in the home are safe and effective. However, the benefits of home-use AEDs are still debated.</p><p>Some people feel that placing these devices in homes will save many lives because many SCAs occur at home.</p><p>Others note that no evidence supports the idea that home-use AEDs save more lives. These people fear that people who have AEDs in their homes will delay calling for help during an emergency. They're also concerned that people who have home-use AEDs will not properly maintain the devices or forget where they are.</p><p>When considering a home-use AED, talk with your doctor. He or she can help you decide whether having an AED in your home will benefit you.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-scda-sec2-d7e77"><h3>Treatment in a Hospital</h3><p>If you survive SCA, you'll likely be admitted to a hospital for ongoing care and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>. In the hospital, your medical team will closely watch your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. They may give you medicines to try to reduce the risk of another SCA.</p><p>While in the hospital, your medical team will try to find out what caused your SCA. If you're diagnosed with <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">coronary heart disease</a>, you may have <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-angioplasty/">angioplasty</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cabg/">coronary artery bypass grafting</a>. These procedures help restore <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow through narrowed or blocked <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a>.</p><p>Often, people who have SCA get a device called an <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-icd/">implantable cardioverter defibrillator</a> (ICD). This small device is surgically placed under the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022602" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abdomen</a>. An ICD uses electric pulses or shocks to help control dangerous <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmias</a>. (For more information, go to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062999/#nhlbisec-prevention">"How Can Death Due to Sudden Cardiac Arrest Be Prevented?"</a>)</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-prevention"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-prevention_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Can Death Due to Sudden Cardiac Arrest Be Prevented?</h2><p>Ways to prevent death due to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sudden cardiac arrest</a> (SCA) differ depending on whether:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>You've already had SCA</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>You've never had SCA but are at high risk for the condition</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>You've never had SCA and have no known risk factors for the condition</div></li></ul><div id="nhlbi-scda-sec2-d8e43"><h3>For People Who Have Survived Sudden Cardiac Arrest</h3><p>If you've already had SCA, you're at high risk of having it again. Research shows that an <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-icd/">implantable cardioverter defibrillator</a> (ICD) reduces the chances of dying from a second SCA.</p><p>An ICD is surgically placed under the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022602" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abdomen</a>. The device has wires with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">electrodes</a> on the ends that connect to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a>. The ICD monitors your heartbeat.</p><p>If the ICD detects a dangerous <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> rhythm, it gives an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030147" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">electric shock</a> to restore the heart's normal rhythm. Your doctor may give you medicine to limit <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">irregular heartbeats</a> that can trigger the ICD.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figd8e62" co-legend-rid="figlgndd8e62"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062999/figure/d8e62/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figd8e62" rid-ob="figobd8e62"><img class="small-thumb" src="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062999/bin/scd_icd.gif" src-large="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062999/bin/scd_icd.jpg" alt="Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator."></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndd8e62"><h4 id="d8e62"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062999/figure/d8e62/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd8e62">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator. The illustration shows the location of an implantable cardioverter defibrillator in the upper chest. The electrodes are inserted into the heart through a vein. </p></div></div><p>An ICD isn't the same as a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pace/">pacemaker</a>. The devices are similar, but they have some differences. Pacemakers give off low-energy electrical pulses. They're often used to treat less dangerous <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> rhythms, such as those that occur in the upper <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a> of the heart. Most new ICDs work as both pacemakers and ICDs.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-scda-sec2-d8e75"><h3>For People at High Risk for a First Sudden Cardiac Arrest</h3><p>If you have severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/#nhlbisec-names">coronary heart disease</a> (CHD), you're at increased risk for SCA. This is especially true if you've recently had a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a>.</p><p>Your doctor may prescribe a type of medicine called a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">beta blocker</a> to help lower your risk for SCA. Other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for CHD, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-angioplasty/">angioplasty</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cabg/">coronary artery bypass grafting</a>, also may lower your risk for SCA.</p><p>Your doctor also may recommend an ICD if you're at high risk for SCA.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-scda-sec2-d8e99"><h3>For People Who Have No Known Risk Factors for Sudden Cardiac Arrest</h3><p>CHD seems to be the cause of most SCAs in adults. CHD also is a major risk factor for <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-angina/">angina</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain or discomfort) and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>, and it contributes to other heart problems.</p><p>Following a healthy lifestyle can help you lower your risk for CHD, SCA, and other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> problems.</p><div id="nhlbi-scda-sec3-d8e112"><h4>Healthy Diet and Physical Activity</h4><p>A healthy diet is an important part of a healthy lifestyle. Choose a variety of fruits, vegetables, and grains; half of your grains should come from whole-grain products.</p><p>Choose foods that are low in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018272" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">saturated fat</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022582" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">trans fat</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cholesterol</a>. Healthy choices include lean meats, poultry without <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>, fish, beans, and fat-free or low-fat milk and milk products.</p><p>Choose and prepare foods with little sodium (salt). Too much salt can raise your risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">high blood pressure</a>. Studies show that following the <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-dash/">Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension</a> (DASH) eating plan can lower <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a>.</p><p>Choose foods and beverages that are low in added <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023305" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sugar</a>. If you drink alcoholic beverages, do so in moderation.</p><p>Aim for a healthy weight by staying within your daily calorie needs. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024854" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Balance</a> the calories you take in with the calories you use for physical activity. Be as physically active as you can.</p><p>Some people should get medical advice before starting or increasing physical activity. For example, talk with your doctor if you have a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> (ongoing) health problem, are on medicine, or have symptoms such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain, shortness of breath, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029722" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">dizziness</a>. Your doctor can suggest types and amounts of physical activity that are safe for you.</p><p>For more information about following a healthy diet, go to the National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute's (NHLBI's) <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/obesity/lose_wt/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Aim for a Healthy Weight</a> Web site, <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/other/your_guide/healthyheart.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri"> "Your Guide to a Healthy Heart,"</a> and <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/hbp/dash/index.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">"Your Guide to Lowering Your Blood Pressure With DASH."</a> All of these resources provide general information about healthy eating.</p><p>For more information about physical activity, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-phys/">Physical Activity and Your Heart</a> article and the NHLBI's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/obesity/phy_active.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri"> "Your Guide to Physical Activity and Your Heart."</a> </p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-scda-sec2-d8e163"><h3>Other Lifestyle Changes</h3><p>Other lifestyle changes also can help lower your risk for SCA. Examples include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Quitting <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">smoking</a>. Talk to your doctor about programs and products that can help you quit. Also, try to avoid <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029761" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">secondhand smoke</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Losing weight if you're <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-obe/">overweight or obese</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Treating other health problems, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood pressure</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbc/">high blood cholesterol</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>.</div></li></ul></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-trials"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-trials_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Clinical Trials</h2><p>The National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute (NHLBI) is strongly committed to supporting research aimed at preventing and treating heart, lung, and blood diseases and conditions and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorders</a>.</p><p>NHLBI-supported research has led to many advances in medical knowledge and care. Often, these advances depend on the willingness of volunteers to take part in <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-clinicaltrials/">clinical trials</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Clinical trials</a> test new ways to prevent, diagnose, or treat various diseases and conditions. For example, new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for a disease or condition (such as medicines, medical devices, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgeries</a>, or procedures) are tested in volunteers who have the illness. Testing shows whether a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> is safe and effective in humans before it is made available for widespread use.</p><p>By taking part in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, you can gain access to new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> before they're widely available. You also will have the support of a team of health care providers, who will likely monitor your health closely. Even if you don't directly benefit from the results of a clinical trial, the information gathered can help others and add to scientific knowledge.</p><p>If you volunteer for a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, the research will be explained to you in detail. You'll learn about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> and tests you may receive, and the benefits and risks they may pose. You'll also be given a chance to ask questions about the research. This process is called informed consent.</p><p>If you agree to take part in the trial, you'll be asked to sign an informed consent form. This form is not a contract. You have the right to withdraw from a study at any time, for any reason. Also, you have the right to learn about new risks or findings that emerge during the trial.</p><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> related to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sudden cardiac arrest</a>, talk with your doctor. You also can visit the following Web sites to learn more about clinical research and to search for clinical trials:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>http://clinicalresearch.nih.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.clinicaltrials.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.researchmatch.org</div></li></ul><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> for children, visit the NHLBI's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/childrenandclinicalstudies/index.php" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Children and Clinical Studies</a> Web page.</p></div><div style="display: none; width: 200px; top: -100px; left: -100px;" aria-live="assertive" aria-hidden="true" class="ui-helper-reset ui-ncbipopper-wrapper ui-ncbilinksmenu"><ul id="ui-ncbiinpagenav-6"><li><a href="#_nhlbi-scda-sec1-d1e35_">What Is Sudden Cardiac Arrest?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-causes_">What Causes Sudden Cardiac Arrest?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-atrisk_">Who Is at Risk for Sudden Cardiac Arrest?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-signs_">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Sudden Cardiac Arrest?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-diagnosis_">How Is Sudden Cardiac Arrest Diagnosed?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-treatment_">How Is Sudden Cardiac Arrest Treated?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-prevention_">How Can Death Due to Sudden Cardiac Arrest Be Prevented?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-trials_">Clinical Trials</a></li></ul></div></div></div> |
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Tetralogy of Fallot |
<div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-tof-sec1-d1e35_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Is Tetralogy of Fallot?</h2><p>Tetralogy (teh-TRAL-o-je) of Fallot (fah-LO) is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-chd/">congenital heart defect</a>. This is a problem with the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s structure that's present at birth. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023239" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Congenital heart defects</a> change the normal flow of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> through the heart.</p><p>Tetralogy of Fallot is a rare, complex <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> defect. It occurs in about 5 out of every 10,000 babies. The defect affects boys and girls equally.</p><p>To understand tetralogy of Fallot, it helps to know how a healthy <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> works. The Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hhw/">How the Heart Works</a> article describes the structure and function of a healthy heart. The article also has animations that show how your heart pumps <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> and how your heart's electrical system works.</p><div id="nhlbi-tof-sec2-d1e53"><h3>Overview</h3><p>Tetralogy of Fallot involves four <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> defects:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A large <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-holes/">ventricular septal defect</a> (VSD)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022202" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pulmonary</a> (PULL-mun-ary) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028125" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stenosis</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Right ventricular <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypertrophy</a> (hi-PER-tro-fe)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>An overriding <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022262" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aorta</a></div></li></ul><div id="nhlbi-tof-sec3-d1e78"><h4>Ventricular Septal Defect</h4><p>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> has an inner wall that separates the two <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a> on its left side from the two chambers on its right side. This wall is called a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022259" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">septum</a>. The septum prevents <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> from mixing between the two sides of the heart.</p><p>A VSD is a hole in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022259" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">septum</a> between the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s two lower <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a>, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a>. The hole allows <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> from the left <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricle</a> to mix with oxygen-poor blood from the right ventricle.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-tof-sec3-d1e87"><h4>Pulmonary Stenosis</h4><p>This defect involves narrowing of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022269" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary valve</a> and the passage from the right <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricle</a> to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022019" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary artery</a>.</p><p>Normally, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-poor <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> from the right <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricle</a> flows through the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022269" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary valve</a> and into the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022019" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary artery</a>. From there, the blood travels to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> to pick up oxygen.</p><p>In <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022202" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028125" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stenosis</a>, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022269" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary valve</a> cannot fully open. Thus, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> has to work harder to pump <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> through the valve. As a result, not enough blood reaches the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-tof-sec3-d1e100"><h4>Right Ventricular Hypertrophy</h4><p>With this defect, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscle</a> of the right <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricle</a> is thicker than usual. This occurs because the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> has to work harder than normal to move <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> through the narrowed <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022269" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary valve</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-tof-sec3-d1e106"><h4>Overriding Aorta</h4><p>This defect occurs in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022262" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aorta</a>, the main <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a> that carries <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> to the body. In a healthy heart, the aorta is attached to the left <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricle</a>. This allows only oxygen-rich blood to flow to the body.</p><p>In tetralogy of Fallot, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022262" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aorta</a> is located between the left and right <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a>, directly over the VSD. As a result, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-poor <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> from the right <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricle</a> flows directly into the aorta instead of into the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022019" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary artery</a>.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-tof-sec2-d1e116"><h3>Outlook</h3><p>With tetralogy of Fallot, not enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> is able to reach the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> to get <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>, and oxygen-poor blood flows to the body.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figd1e125" co-legend-rid="figlgndd1e125"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062976/figure/d1e125/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figd1e125" rid-ob="figobd1e125"><img class="small-thumb" src="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062976/bin/tetralogy_fallot.gif" src-large="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062976/bin/tetralogy_fallot.jpg" alt="Cross-Section of a Normal Heart and a Heart With Tetralogy of Fallot."></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndd1e125"><h4 id="d1e125"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062976/figure/d1e125/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd1e125">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Cross-Section of a Normal Heart and a Heart With Tetralogy of Fallot. Figure A shows the structure and blood flow inside a normal heart. Figure B shows a heart with the four defects of tetralogy of Fallot. </p></div></div><p>Babies and children who have tetralogy of Fallot have episodes of cyanosis (si-ah-NO-sis). Cyanosis is a bluish tint to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024368" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lips</a>, and fingernails. It occurs because the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> level in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> leaving the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> is below normal.</p><p>Tetralogy of Fallot is repaired with open-<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>, either soon after birth or later in infancy. The timing of the surgery will depend on how narrow the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022019" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary artery</a> is.</p><p>Over the past few decades, the diagnosis and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> of tetralogy of Fallot have greatly improved. Most children who have this <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> defect survive to adulthood. However, they'll need lifelong medical care from specialists to help them stay as healthy as possible.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-names"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-names_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Other Names for Tetralogy of Fallot</h2><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Fallot's tetralogy</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes Tetralogy of Fallot?</h2><p>Doctors often don't know what causes tetralogy of Fallot and other <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-chd/">congenital heart defects</a>.</p><p>Some conditions or factors that occur during <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a> may raise your risk of having a child who has tetralogy of Fallot. These conditions and factors include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029650" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">German measles</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029650" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rubella</a>) and some other viral illnesses</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Poor nutrition</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Alcohol use</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Age (being older than 40)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Diabetes</a></div></li></ul><p>Heredity may play a role in causing tetralogy of Fallot. An adult who has tetralogy of Fallot may be more likely than other people to have a baby with the condition.</p><p>Children who have certain <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022031" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic</a> disorders, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024723" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Down syndrome</a> and DiGeorge syndrome, often have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023239" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">congenital heart defects</a>, including tetralogy of Fallot.</p><p>Researchers continue to search for the causes of tetralogy of Fallot and other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023239" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">congenital heart defects</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Tetralogy of Fallot?</h2><p>Cyanosis is an important sign of tetralogy of Fallot. Cyanosis is a bluish tint to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024368" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lips</a>, and fingernails. Low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> levels in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> cause cyanosis.</p><p>Babies who have unrepaired tetralogy of Fallot sometimes have "tet spells." These spells happen in response to an activity like crying or having a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022950" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bowel movement</a>.</p><p>A tet spell occurs when the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> level in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> suddenly drops. This causes the baby to become very blue. The baby also may:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Have a hard time breathing</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Become very tired and limp</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Not respond to a parent's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025668" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">voice</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023108" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">touch</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Become very fussy</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029695" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pass out</a></div></li></ul><p>In years past, when tetralogy of Fallot wasn't treated in infancy, children would get very tired during <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">exercise</a> and could <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029695" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">faint</a>. Now, doctors repair tetralogy of Fallot in infancy to prevent these symptoms.</p><p>Another common sign of tetralogy of Fallot is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartmurmur/">heart murmur</a>. A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023248" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart murmur</a> is an extra or unusual sound that doctors might hear while listening to the heart.</p><p>The sound occurs because the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> defect causes abnormal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow through the heart. However, not all <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023248" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart murmurs</a> are signs of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-chd/">congenital heart defects</a>. Many healthy children have heart murmurs.</p><p>Babies who have tetralogy of Fallot may tire easily while feeding. Thus, they may not gain weight or grow as quickly as children who have healthy hearts. Also, normal growth depends on a normal workload for the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and normal flow of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to all parts of the body.</p><p>Children who have tetralogy of Fallot also may have clubbing. Clubbing is the widening or rounding of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022807" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone</a> around the tips of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023112" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fingers</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Tetralogy of Fallot Diagnosed?</h2><p>Doctors diagnose tetralogy of Fallot based on a baby's signs and symptoms, a physical exam, and the results from tests and procedures.</p><p>Signs and symptoms of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> defect usually occur during the first weeks of life. Your infant's doctor may notice signs or symptoms during a routine checkup. Some parents also notice cyanosis or poor feeding and bring the baby to the doctor. (Cyanosis is a bluish tint to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024368" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lips</a>, and fingernails.)</p><div id="nhlbi-tof-sec2-d6e34"><h3>Specialists Involved</h3><p>If your child has tetralogy of Fallot, a pediatric <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015644" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiologist</a> and pediatric <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023205" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiac</a> surgeon may be involved in his or her care.</p><p>A pediatric <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015644" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiologist</a> is a doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> problems in children. Pediatric <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023205" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiac</a> surgeons repair children's heart defects using <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-tof-sec2-d6e44"><h3>Physical Exam</h3><p>During a physical exam, the doctor may:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Listen to your baby's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> with a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023209" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stethoscope</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Look for signs of a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> defect, such as a bluish tint to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024368" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lips</a>, or fingernails and rapid breathing.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Look at your baby's general appearance. Some children who have tetralogy of Fallot also have DiGeorge syndrome. This syndrome causes characteristic facial traits, such as wide-set <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eyes</a>.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-tof-sec2-d6e65"><h3>Diagnostic Tests and Procedures</h3><p>Your child's doctor may recommend several tests to diagnose tetralogy of Fallot. These tests can provide information about the four <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> defects that occur in tetralogy of Fallot and how serious they are.</p><div id="nhlbi-tof-sec3-d6e72"><h4>Echocardiography</h4><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-echo/">Echocardiography</a> (echo) is a painless test that uses sound waves to create a moving picture of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. During the test, the sound waves (called ultrasound) bounce off the structures of the heart. A computer converts the sound waves into pictures on a screen.</p><p>Echo allows the doctor to clearly see any problem with the way the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> is formed or the way it's working.</p><p>Echo is an important test for diagnosing tetralogy of Fallot because it shows the four <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> defects and how the heart is responding to them. This test helps the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015644" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiologist</a> decide when to repair the defects and what type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> to use.</p><p>Echo also is used to check a child's condition over time, after the defects have been repaired.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-tof-sec3-d6e89"><h4>EKG (Electrocardiogram)</h4><p>An <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ekg/">EKG</a> is a simple, painless test that records the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical activity. The test shows how fast the heart is beating and its rhythm (steady or irregular). An EKG also records the strength and timing of electrical signals as they pass through the heart.</p><p>This test can help the doctor find out whether your child's right <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricle</a> is enlarged (ventricular <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypertrophy</a>).</p></div><div id="nhlbi-tof-sec3-d6e102"><h4>Chest X Ray</h4><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cxray/">chest x ray</a> is a painless test that creates pictures of the structures in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a>, such as the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. This test can show whether the heart is enlarged or whether the lungs have extra <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow or extra fluid, a sign of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-tof-sec3-d6e114"><h4>Pulse Oximetry</h4><p>For this test, a small sensor is attached to a finger or toe (like an adhesive bandage). The sensor gives an estimate of how much <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> is in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-tof-sec3-d6e121"><h4>Cardiac Catheterization</h4><p>During <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cath/">cardiac catheterization</a> (KATH-eh-ter-ih-ZA-shun), a thin, flexible tube called a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022169" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">catheter</a> is put into a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arm</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028097" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">groin</a> (upper thigh), or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027054" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neck</a>. The tube is threaded to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>.</p><p>Special dye is injected through the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022169" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">catheter</a> into a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a> or one of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a>. The dye allows the doctor to see the flow of blood through the heart and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> on an x-ray image.</p><p>The doctor also can use <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023205" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiac</a> catheterization to measure the pressure and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> level inside the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>. This can help the doctor figure out whether blood is mixing between the two sides of the heart.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Tetralogy of Fallot Treated?</h2><p>Tetralogy of Fallot is repaired with open-<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>, either soon after birth or later in infancy. The goal of surgery is to repair the four defects of tetralogy of Fallot so the heart can work as normally as possible. Repairing the defects can greatly improve a child's health and quality of life.</p><p>The pediatric <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015644" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiologist</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023205" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiac</a> surgeon will decide the best time to do the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>. They will base their decision on your baby's health and weight and the severity of the defects and symptoms.</p><p>Some teenagers or adults who had tetralogy of Fallot repaired in childhood need additional <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> to correct <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> problems that develop over time. For more information, go to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062976/#nhlbisec-livingwith">"Living With Tetralogy of Fallot."</a> </p><div id="nhlbi-tof-sec2-d7e39"><h3>Types of Surgery</h3><div id="nhlbi-tof-sec3-d7e43"><h4>Complete Intracardiac Repair</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Surgery</a> to repair tetralogy of Fallot improves <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. Surgery also ensures that <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich and oxygen-poor blood flow to the right places.</p><p>The surgeon will:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Widen the narrowed <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022202" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>. The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022269" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary valve</a> is widened or replaced. Also, the passage from the right <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricle</a> to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022019" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary artery</a> is enlarged. These procedures improve blood flow to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. This allows the blood to get enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> to meet the body's needs.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Repair the <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-holes/">ventricular septal defect</a> (VSD). A patch is used to cover the hole in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022259" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">septum</a>. This patch stops <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich and oxygen-poor <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> from mixing between the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a>.</div></li></ul><p>Fixing these two defects resolves problems caused by the other two defects. When the right <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricle</a> no longer has to work so hard to pump <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, it will return to a normal thickness. Fixing the VSD means that only <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich blood will flow out of the left ventricle into the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022262" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aorta</a>.</p><p>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022138" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">incision</a> (cut) that the surgeon makes to reach the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> usually heals in about 6 weeks. The surgeon or a hospital staff member will explain when it's okay to give your baby a bath, pick him or her up under the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arms</a>, and take your baby for regular <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022222" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">shots</a> (immunizations).</p></div><div id="nhlbi-tof-sec3-d7e71"><h4>Temporary or Palliative Surgery</h4><p>It was common in the past to do temporary <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> during infancy for tetralogy of Fallot. This surgery improved <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. A complete repair of the four defects was done later in childhood.</p><p>Now, tetralogy of Fallot usually is fully repaired in infancy. However, some babies are too weak or too small to have the full repair. They must have temporary <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> first. This surgery improves <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> levels in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. The surgery also gives the baby time to grow and get strong enough for the full repair.</p><p>For temporary <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>, the surgeon places a tube between a large <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a> branching off the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022262" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aorta</a> and the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022019" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary artery</a>. The tube is called a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029696" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">shunt</a>. One end of the shunt is sewn to the artery branching off the aorta. The other end is sewn to the pulmonary artery.</p><p>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029696" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">shunt</a> creates an additional pathway for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to travel to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> to get <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>. The surgeon removes the shunt when the baby's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> defects are fixed during the full repair.</p><p>After temporary <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>, your baby may need medicines to keep the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029696" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">shunt</a> open while waiting for the full repair. These medicines are stopped after the surgeon removes the shunt.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-livingwith"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-livingwith_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Living With Tetralogy of Fallot</h2><p>The outlook for a child born with tetralogy of Fallot is much better today than in the past. Advances in testing and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> mean that most children who have this <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-chd/">congenital heart defect</a> survive to adulthood. However, they need long-term care from specialists to stay as healthy as possible.</p><div id="nhlbi-tof-sec2-d8e34"><h3>Caring for Your Child at Home</h3><div id="nhlbi-tof-sec3-d8e37"><h4>Feeding and Nutrition</h4><p>Babies who have tetralogy of Fallot can tire while nursing or feeding. Small, frequent meals may be easier for your baby to handle.</p><p>Your child also may need extra nutrition. A supplement or an extra feeding can give the baby more calories, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023352" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamins</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>. Your child's doctors will work with you to decide whether your baby needs extra nutrition.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-tof-sec3-d8e47"><h4>Tet Spells</h4><p>"Tet spells" can occur in babies whose tetralogy of Fallot hasn't yet been repaired. Lowering your baby's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024918" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anxiety</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a> can help prevent tet spells and save the baby's energy. For example, slowly picking up your baby and speaking in a soothing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025668" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">voice</a> can avoid startling him or her, which may prevent or reduce crying.</p><p>Ask your doctor how you can manage your child's tet spells. Your doctor may suggest that you:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Bring the child's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">knees</a> up tight against his or her <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> (this is called the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">knee</a>–chest position) or have your child squat down. This will increase <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Try to calm your child.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Call 9–1–1 if the symptoms don't improve right away.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-tof-sec3-d8e68"><h4>Activity Restrictions</h4><p>If your child was born with tetralogy of Fallot, he or she may have some physical activity limits. The limits vary with each child. Ask your child's doctor whether:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Your child needs to restrict activity or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">exercise</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Your child can play in organized sports, especially contact sports</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>You need a note for your child's school or coaches about limiting your child's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">exercise</a></div></li></ul></div></div><div id="nhlbi-tof-sec2-d8e87"><h3>Ongoing Medical Care</h3><p>Children who have tetralogy of Fallot should have ongoing medical care. This includes making sure your child:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Sees a pediatric <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015644" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiologist</a> for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> checkups as directed</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Sees a pediatrician or family health care provider for routine exams</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Takes medicines as prescribed</div></li></ul><p>Children who have severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> defects, like tetralogy of Fallot, may be at slightly increased risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-endo/">infective endocarditis</a> (IE). IE is a serious <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> of the inner lining of the heart <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a> and valves.</p><p>Your child's doctor or dentist may give your child antibiotics before some medical or dental procedures (such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> or dental cleanings) that can allow <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bacteria</a> into the bloodstream. Your child's doctor will tell you whether your child needs to take antibiotics before such procedures.</p><p>To reduce the risk of IE, gently brush your young child's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023261" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">teeth</a> every day as soon as they begin to come in. As your child gets older, make sure he or she brushes every day and sees a dentist regularly. Talk with your child's doctor and dentist about how to keep your child's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a> and teeth healthy.</p><p>Consider having your child wear a medical ID bracelet or necklace. This alerts anyone caring for your child that the child has a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> defect.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-tof-sec2-d8e121"><h3>Special Needs for Teenagers and Adults</h3><p>As children who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> defects grow up and become teens, they should learn how their hearts differ from normal hearts. They also should know what kind of defects they have, how they were treated, and what type of care is still needed. They should be able to recognize signs and symptoms and know how to respond.</p><p>Work with your child's health care providers to compile a packet of medical records and information that covers all aspects of your child's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> defect, including:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Diagnosis</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Procedures or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgeries</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Prescribed medicines</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Recommendations about medical followup and how to prevent complications</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Health insurance</div></li></ul><p>Review your current health insurance plan so you understand your coverage. Keeping your health insurance current is important. If you plan to change jobs, find out whether your new health insurance will cover care for your child's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023239" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">congenital heart defect</a>.</p><div id="nhlbi-tof-sec3-d8e152"><h4>Transition of Care</h4><p>The move from pediatric care to adult care is an important step in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>. Talk with your teen's health care team about creating a plan to help your teen transition to adult care. Start planning as soon as your teen is able and willing to fully take part in this process.</p><p>Following a transition plan has many benefits. It will help your teen:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Get used to talking with health care providers</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Learn about the adult health care system</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Understand the importance of having health insurance and learn what his or her insurance covers</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Take responsibility for his or her medical care</div></li></ul><p>A transition plan also can help your teen think about other important issues, such as future education and employment, birth control and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a> planning, and making healthy choices about nutrition, physical activity, and other lifestyle habits.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-tof-sec3-d8e180"><h4>Additional Surgery and Other Complications</h4><p>Some teenagers or young adults need additional <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>. For example, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022269" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary valve</a> can narrow again over time, reducing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow. A surgeon may need to widen or replace the valve. The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015644" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiologist</a> will discuss with you and your teenager the need for any additional <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgeries</a>.</p><p>Over time, people who have had <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> to repair tetralogy of Fallot also may face other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> problems.</p><p>Leaking <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valves</a>. The heart has four valves that open and close with each heartbeat. These valves ensure that <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flows only in one direction.</p><p>If a valve doesn't seal tightly, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> can leak back into the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chamber</a> it came from. This is called backflow or regurgitation (re-GUR-jih-TA-shun), and it can lead to symptoms and complications.</p><p>The most frequent problem that occurs after tetralogy of Fallot repair is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022202" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary</a> backflow, or leaking from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022269" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary valve</a>. Backflow from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022270" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tricuspid valve</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022267" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aortic valve</a> also can occur.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Surgery</a> is used to repair or replace the leaking valve. In some cases, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022169" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">catheter</a>-based procedures may be used to replace leaking valves.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Arrhythmias</a>. Arrhythmias (ah-RITH-me-ahs) are another complication that may occur. Arrhythmias are problems with the rate or rhythm of the heartbeat.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Arrhythmias</a> associated with tetralogy of Fallot include ventricular <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022345" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tachycardia</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-af/">atrial fibrillation</a>, and atrial flutter. For more information, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-arr/">Arrhythmia</a> article.</p><p>Doctors use medicines to control these <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmias</a>. They also may recommend medical procedures or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> to treat arrhythmias.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022019" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pulmonary artery</a> branch <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028125" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stenosis</a>. Over time, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022269" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary valve</a> can narrow again. This will reduce <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, making the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> work harder than it should. Several surgical techniques can be used to fix this problem.</p><p>Right <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028091" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricular aneurysms</a>. The patch used to fix a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-holes/">ventricular septal defect</a> (VSD) can cause areas of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricle</a> to weaken. These areas, called <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-arm/">aneurysms</a> (AN-u-risms), can bulge or "balloon" out. Aneurysms make it hard for the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> to work as well as it should. Aneurysms are repaired with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>.</p><p>Residual <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023508" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricular septal defects</a>. Some VSDs still leak, even after they've been repaired. VSDs are repaired again if they're large or are causing problems with the function of the right <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricle</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021983" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Coronary heart disease</a>. As people who have repaired tetralogy of Fallot approach middle age, they can develop <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">coronary heart disease</a> (CHD). (Adults who don't have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023239" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">congenital heart defects</a> also can develop CHD.)</p><p>CHD is a condition in which a waxy substance called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> (plak) builds up in the coronary (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>. CHD can lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain, shortness of breath, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a>.</p><p>For people who have repaired tetralogy of Fallot, preventing CHD is important. The procedures used to treat CHD, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cabg/">coronary artery bypass grafting</a>, can cause problems for these people.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-tof-sec3-d8e263"><h4>Other Considerations</h4><p>Many women with repaired tetralogy of Fallot who become pregnant are able to have successful, full-term <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancies</a>. Others may have difficult pregnancies.</p><p>Women with tetralogy of Fallot who want to become pregnant (or who are pregnant) should talk with their doctors about:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Health risks during <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Medicines they can take during <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Any new or worsening symptoms</div></li></ul><p>If possible, these women should consult specialists who take care of pregnant women who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> conditions, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023239" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">congenital heart defects</a>.</p><p>Adults who were born with tetralogy of Fallot should consider job changes carefully, because health benefits may change. Some health plans have waiting <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023146" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">periods</a> or clauses to exclude some types of coverage. Before making any job changes, find out whether the change will affect your health insurance.</p><p>Several laws protect the employment rights of people who have health conditions, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023239" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">congenital heart defects</a>. The Americans with Disabilities Act and the Work Incentives Improvement Act try to ensure fairness in hiring for all people, including those who have health conditions.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-trials"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-trials_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Clinical Trials</h2><p>The National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute (NHLBI) is strongly committed to supporting research aimed at preventing and treating heart, lung, and blood diseases and conditions and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorders</a>.</p><p>NHLBI-supported research has led to many advances in medical knowledge and care. For example, this research has uncovered some of the causes of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> diseases and conditions, as well as ways to prevent or treat them.</p><p>Many more questions remain about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> diseases and conditions, including tetralogy of Fallot. The NHLBI continues to support research aimed at learning more about tetralogy of Fallot and other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023239" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">congenital heart defects</a>. For example, the NHLBI currently sponsors two research groups that study congenital heart disease.</p><p>The Pediatric <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a> Network conducts clinical research to improve outcomes and quality of life for children who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023376" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">congenital</a> heart disease and other pediatric heart diseases.</p><p>The Pediatric <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023205" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Cardiac</a> Genomic Consortium (part of the NHLBI's Bench to Bassinet Program) conducts clinical research to find the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022031" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic</a> causes of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023376" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">congenital</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease. This group's research also aims to pinpoint the genetic factors that affect clinical outcomes in people who have congenital heart disease.</p><p>Much of this research depends on the willingness of volunteers to take part in <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-clinicaltrials/">clinical trials</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Clinical trials</a> test new ways to prevent, diagnose, or treat various diseases and conditions.</p><p>For example, new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for a disease or condition (such as medicines, medical devices, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgeries</a>, or procedures) are tested in volunteers who have the illness. Testing shows whether a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> is safe and effective in humans before it is made available for widespread use.</p><p>By taking part in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, your child can gain access to new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> before they're widely available. Your child also will have the support of a team of health care providers, who will likely monitor his or her health closely. Even if your child doesn't directly benefit from the results of a clinical trial, the information gathered can help others and add to scientific knowledge.</p><p>Children (aged 18 and younger) get special protection as research subjects. Almost always, parents must give legal consent for their child to take part in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>.</p><p>When researchers think that a trial's potential risks are greater than minimal, both parents must give permission for their child to enroll. Also, children aged 7 and older often must agree (assent) to take part in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a>.</p><p>If you agree to have your child |
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Thalassemias |
<div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-thalassemia-sec1-d1e37_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are Thalassemias?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Thalassemias</a> (thal-a-SE-me-ahs) are inherited <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> disorders. "Inherited" means that the disorder is passed from parents to children through <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a>. </p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Thalassemias</a> cause the body to make fewer healthy <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> and less <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a> (HEE-muh-glow-bin) than normal. Hemoglobin is an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> in red blood cells. It carries <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> to all parts of the body. Hemoglobin also carries <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022309" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carbon dioxide</a> (a waste gas) from the body to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, where it's exhaled.</p><p>People who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thalassemias</a> can have mild or severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-anemia/">anemia</a> (uh-NEE-me-uh). <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Anemia</a> is caused by a lower than normal number of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> or not enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a> in the red blood cells.</p><div id="nhlbi-thalassemia-sec2-d1e52"><h3>Overview</h3><p>Normal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a>, also called hemoglobin A, has four <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> chains—two alpha globin and two beta globin. The two major types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thalassemia</a>, alpha and beta, are named after defects in these protein chains.</p><p>Four <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a> (two from each parent) are needed to make enough alpha globin <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> chains. Alpha <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thalassemia</a> trait occurs if one or two of the four genes are missing. If more than two genes are missing, moderate to severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a> occurs.</p><p>The most severe form of alpha <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thalassemia</a> is called alpha thalassemia major or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022960" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hydrops</a> fetalis. Babies who have this disorder usually die before or shortly after birth.</p><p>Two <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a> (one from each parent) are needed to make enough beta globin <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> chains. Beta <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thalassemia</a> occurs if one or both genes are altered.</p><p>The severity of beta <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thalassemia</a> depends on how much one or both <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a> are affected. If both genes are affected, the result is moderate to severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>. The severe form of beta thalassemia is known as thalassemia major or Cooley's anemia.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Thalassemias</a> affect males and females. The disorders occur most often among people of Italian, Greek, Middle Eastern, Southern Asian, and African descent. Severe forms usually are diagnosed in early childhood and are lifelong conditions.</p><p>Doctors diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thalassemias</a> using <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bdt/">blood tests</a>. The disorders are treated with <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bt/">blood transfusions</a>, medicines, and other procedures.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-thalassemia-sec2-d1e84"><h3>Outlook</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatments</a> for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thalassemias</a> have improved over the years. People who have moderate or severe thalassemias are now living longer and have better quality of life.</p><p>However, complications from <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thalassemias</a> and their <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> are frequent. People who have moderate or severe thalassemias must closely follow their <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> plans. They need to take care of themselves to remain as healthy as possible.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-names"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-names_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Other Names for Thalassemias</h2><p>The various types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thalassemia</a> have specific names related to the severity of the disorder. (For more information about the types of thalassemia, go to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062947/#nhlbisec-causes">"What Causes Thalassemias?"</a>)</p><div id="nhlbi-thalassemia-sec2-d3e34"><h3>Alpha Thalassemias</h3><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Alpha <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thalassemia</a> silent carrier</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Alpha <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thalassemia</a> minor, also called alpha thalassemia trait</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Hemoglobin</a> H disease</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Alpha <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thalassemia</a> major, also called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022960" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hydrops</a> fetalis</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-thalassemia-sec2-d3e52"><h3>Beta Thalassemias</h3><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Beta <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thalassemia</a> minor, also called beta thalassemia trait</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Beta <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thalassemia</a> intermedia</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Beta <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thalassemia</a> major, also called Cooley's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a> or beta-zero (ß0) thalassemia</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Beta-plus (ß+) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thalassemia</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Mediterranean <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a></div></li></ul></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes Thalassemias?</h2><p>Your body makes three types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a>: <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022046" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">white blood cells</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a> (PLATE-lets). Red blood cells contain <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a>, an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> that carries <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> from your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> to all parts of your body. Hemoglobin also carries <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022309" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carbon dioxide</a> (a waste gas) from your body to your lungs, where it's exhaled.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Hemoglobin</a> has two kinds of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> chains: alpha globin and beta globin. If your body doesn't make enough of these protein chains or they're abnormal, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> won't form correctly or carry enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>. Your body won't work well if your red blood cells don't make enough healthy hemoglobin.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Genes</a> control how the body makes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> chains. When these genes are missing or altered, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thalassemias</a> occur.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Thalassemias</a> are inherited disorders—that is, they're passed from parents to children through <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a>. People who inherit faulty <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a> genes from one parent but normal genes from the other are called carriers. Carriers often have no signs of illness other than mild <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/anemia/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">anemia</a>. However, they can pass the faulty genes on to their children.</p><p>People who have moderate to severe forms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thalassemia</a> have inherited faulty <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a> from both parents.</p><div id="nhlbi-thalassemia-sec2-d4e47"><h3>Alpha Thalassemias</h3><p>You need four <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a> (two from each parent) to make enough alpha globin <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> chains. If one or more of the genes is missing, you'll have alpha <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thalassemia</a> trait or disease. This means that your body doesn't make enough alpha globin protein.</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>If you're only missing one <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a>, you're a "silent" carrier. This means you won't have any signs of illness.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>If you're missing two <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a>, you have alpha <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thalassemia</a> trait (also called alpha thalassemia minor). You may have mild <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>If you're missing three <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a>, you likely have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a> H disease (which a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bdt/">blood test</a> can detect). This form of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thalassemia</a> causes moderate to severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>.</div></li></ul><p>Very rarely, a baby is missing all four <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a>. This condition is called alpha <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thalassemia</a> major or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022960" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hydrops</a> fetalis. Babies who have hydrops fetalis usually die before or shortly after birth.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figd4e75" co-legend-rid="figlgndd4e75"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062947/figure/d4e75/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figd4e75" rid-ob="figobd4e75"><img class="small-thumb" src="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062947/bin/thalassemia_alpha.gif" src-large="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062947/bin/thalassemia_alpha.jpg" alt="Example of an Inheritance Pattern for Alpha Thalassemia."></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndd4e75"><h4 id="d4e75"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062947/figure/d4e75/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd4e75">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Example of an Inheritance Pattern for Alpha Thalassemia. The picture shows one example of how alpha thalassemia is inherited. The alpha globin genes are located on chromosome 16. A child inherits four alpha globin genes (two from each parent). In this <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062947/figure/d4e75/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd4e75">(more...)</a></p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbi-thalassemia-sec2-d4e84"><h3>Beta Thalassemias</h3><p>You need two <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a> (one from each parent) to make enough beta globin <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> chains. If one or both of these genes are altered, you'll have beta <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thalassemia</a>. This means that your body won’t make enough beta globin protein.</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>If you have one altered <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a>, you're a carrier. This condition is called beta <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thalassemia</a> trait or beta thalassemia minor. It causes mild <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>If both <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a> are altered, you'll have beta <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thalassemia</a> intermedia or beta thalassemia major (also called Cooley's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>). The intermedia form of the disorder causes moderate anemia. The major form causes severe anemia.</div></li></ul><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figd4e103" co-legend-rid="figlgndd4e103"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062947/figure/d4e103/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figd4e103" rid-ob="figobd4e103"><img class="small-thumb" src="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062947/bin/thalassemia_beta.gif" src-large="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062947/bin/thalassemia_beta.jpg" alt="Example of an Inheritance Pattern for Alpha Thalassemia Example of an Inheritance Pattern for Beta Thalassemia."></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndd4e103"><h4 id="d4e103"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062947/figure/d4e103/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd4e103">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Example of an Inheritance Pattern for Alpha Thalassemia Example of an Inheritance Pattern for Beta Thalassemia. The picture shows one example of how beta thalassemia is inherited. The beta globin gene is located on chromosome 11. A child inherits two <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062947/figure/d4e103/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd4e103">(more...)</a></p></div></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-atrisk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-atrisk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is at Risk for Thalassemias?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Family history</a> and ancestry are the two risk factors for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thalassemias</a>.</p><div id="nhlbi-thalassemia-sec2-d5e31"><h3>Family History</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Thalassemias</a> are inherited—that is, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a> for the disorders are passed from parents to their children. If your parents have missing or altered <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a>-making genes, you may have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thalassemia</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-thalassemia-sec2-d5e37"><h3>Ancestry</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Thalassemias</a> occur most often among people of Italian, Greek, Middle Eastern, Southern Asian, and African descent.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Thalassemias?</h2><p>A lack of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> in the bloodstream causes the signs and symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thalassemias</a>. The lack of oxygen occurs because the body doesn't make enough healthy <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a>. The severity of symptoms depends on the severity of the disorder.</p><div id="nhlbi-thalassemia-sec2-d6e31"><h3>No Symptoms</h3><p>Alpha <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thalassemia</a> silent carriers generally have no signs or symptoms of the disorder. The lack of alpha globin <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> is so minor that the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a> works normally.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-thalassemia-sec2-d6e37"><h3>Mild Anemia</h3><p>People who have alpha or beta <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thalassemia</a> trait can have mild <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-anemia/">anemia</a>. However, many people who have these types of thalassemia have no signs or symptoms.</p><p>Mild <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a> can make you feel tired. Mild anemia caused by alpha <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thalassemia</a> trait might be mistaken for <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ida/">iron-deficiency anemia</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-thalassemia-sec2-d6e53"><h3>Mild to Moderate Anemia and Other Signs and Symptoms</h3><p>People who have beta <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thalassemia</a> intermedia have mild to moderate <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>. They also may have other health problems, such as:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Slowed growth and delayed puberty. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Anemia</a> can slow down a child's growth and development.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022807" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Bone</a> problems. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Thalassemia</a> may cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> to expand. Bone marrow is the spongy substance inside <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022807" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bones</a> that makes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a>. When bone marrow expands, the bones become wider than normal. They may become brittle and break easily.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>An enlarged <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022189" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spleen</a>. The spleen is an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organ</a> that helps your body fight <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> and remove unwanted material. When a person has <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thalassemia</a>, the spleen has to work very hard. As a result, the spleen becomes larger than normal. This makes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a> worse. If the spleen becomes too large, it must be removed.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-thalassemia-sec2-d6e71"><h3>Severe Anemia and Other Signs and Symptoms</h3><p>People who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a> H disease or beta <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thalassemia</a> major (also called Cooley's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>) have severe thalassemia. Signs and symptoms usually occur within the first 2 years of life. They may include severe anemia and other health problems, such as:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A pale and listless appearance</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Poor appetite</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Dark <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022162" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">urine</a> (a sign that <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> are breaking down)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Slowed growth and delayed puberty</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022140" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Jaundice</a> (a yellowish color of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> or whites of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eyes</a>)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>An enlarged <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022189" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spleen</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022807" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Bone</a> problems (especially with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022807" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bones</a> in the face)</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-thalassemia-sec2-d6e103"><h3>Complications of Thalassemias</h3><p>Better <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> now allow people who have moderate and severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thalassemias</a> to live much longer. As a result, these people must cope with complications of these disorders that occur over time.</p><div id="nhlbi-thalassemia-sec3-d6e109"><h4>Heart and Liver Diseases</h4><p>Regular <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bt/">blood transfusions</a> are a standard <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thalassemias</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029754" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Transfusions</a> can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> to build up in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> (iron overload). This can damage <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissues</a>, especially the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a> disease caused by <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> overload is the main cause of death in people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thalassemias</a>. Heart disease includes <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-arr/">arrhythmias</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">irregular heartbeats</a>), and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-thalassemia-sec3-d6e131"><h4>Infection</h4><p>Among people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thalassemias</a>, infections are a key cause of illness and the second most common cause of death. People who have had their <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022189" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spleens</a> removed are at even higher risk because they no longer have this <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>-fighting <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organ</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-thalassemia-sec3-d6e137"><h4>Osteoporosis</h4><p>Many people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thalassemias</a> have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022807" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone</a> problems, including <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024680" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">osteoporosis</a> (OS-te-o-po-RO-sis). This is a condition in which <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022807" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bones</a> are weak and brittle and break easily.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Are Thalassemias Diagnosed?</h2><p>Doctors diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thalassemias</a> using <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bdt/">blood tests</a>, including a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">complete blood count</a> (CBC) and special <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a> tests.</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A CBC measures the amount of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a> and the different kinds of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a>, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>, in a sample of blood. People who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thalassemias</a> have fewer healthy red blood cells and less hemoglobin than normal in their blood. People who have alpha or beta <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thalassemia</a> trait may have red blood cells that are smaller than normal.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Hemoglobin</a> tests measure the types of hemoglobin in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> sample. People who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thalassemias</a> have problems with the alpha or beta globin <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> chains of hemoglobin.</div></li></ul><p>Moderate and severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thalassemias</a> usually are diagnosed in early childhood. This is because signs and symptoms, including severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-anemia/">anemia</a>, often occur within the first 2 years of life.</p><p>People who have milder forms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thalassemia</a> might be diagnosed after a routine <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022070" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood test</a> shows they have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>. Doctors might suspect thalassemia if a person has anemia and is a member of an ethnic group that's at increased risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thalassemias</a>. (For more information, go to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062947/#nhlbisec-atrisk">"Who Is at Risk for Thalassemias?"</a>)</p><p>Doctors also test the amount of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to find out whether the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a> is due to iron deficiency or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thalassemia</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ida/">Iron-deficiency anemia</a> occurs if the body doesn't have enough iron to make <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a>. The anemia in thalassemia occurs because of a problem with either the alpha globin or beta globin chains of hemoglobin, not because of a lack of iron.</p><p>Because <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thalassemias</a> are passed from parents to children through <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a>, family <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022031" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic</a> studies also can help diagnose the disorder. These studies involve taking a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family medical history</a> and doing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022070" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood tests</a> on family members. The tests will show whether any family members have missing or altered <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a> genes.</p><p>If you know of family members who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thalassemias</a> and you're thinking of having children, consider talking with your doctor and a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025312" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic counselor</a>. They can help determine your risk for passing the disorder to your children.</p><p>If you're expecting a baby and you and your partner are <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thalassemia</a> carriers, you may want to consider prenatal testing.</p><p>Prenatal testing involves taking a sample of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030323" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">amniotic fluid</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030321" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">placenta</a>. (Amniotic fluid is the fluid in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022396" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sac</a> surrounding a growing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028118" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">embryo</a>. The placenta is the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organ</a> that attaches the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030322" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">umbilical cord</a> to the mother's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022603" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">womb</a>.) Tests done on the fluid or tissue can show whether your baby has <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thalassemia</a> and how severe it might be.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Are Thalassemias Treated?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatments</a> for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thalassemias</a> depend on the type and severity of the disorder. People who are carriers or who have alpha or beta <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thalassemia</a> trait have mild or no symptoms. They’ll likely need little or no <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>.</p><p>Doctors use three standard <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for moderate and severe forms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thalassemia</a>. These treatments include <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bt/">blood transfusions</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> chelation (ke-LAY-shun) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022009" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">folic acid</a> supplements. Other treatments have been developed or are being tested, but they're used much less often.</p><div id="nhlbi-thalassemia-sec2-d8e37"><h3>Standard Treatments</h3><div id="nhlbi-thalassemia-sec3-d8e40"><h4>Blood Transfusions</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029754" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Transfusions</a> of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> are the main <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> for people who have moderate or severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thalassemias</a>. This treatment gives you healthy red blood cells with normal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a>.</p><p>During a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029754" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood transfusion</a>, a needle is used to insert an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022191" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">intravenous</a> (IV) line into one of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>. Through this line, you receive healthy blood. The procedure usually takes 1 to 4 hours.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Red blood cells</a> live only for about 120 days. So, you may need repeated <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029754" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">transfusions</a> to maintain a healthy supply of red blood cells.</p><p>If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a> H disease or beta <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thalassemia</a> intermedia, you may need <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029754" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood transfusions</a> on occasion. For example, you may have transfusions when you have an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> or other illness, or when your <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-anemia/">anemia</a> is severe enough to cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tiredness</a>.</p><p>If you have beta <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thalassemia</a> major (Cooley's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>), you’ll likely need regular <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029754" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood transfusions</a> (often every 2 to 4 weeks). These transfusions will help you maintain normal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cell</a> levels.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029754" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood transfusions</a> allow you to feel better, enjoy normal activities, and live into adulthood. This <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> is lifesaving, but it's expensive and carries a risk of transmitting infections and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022086" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">viruses</a> (for example, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027053" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hepatitis</a>). However, the risk is very low in the United States because of careful blood screening.</p><p>For more information, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bt/">Blood Transfusion</a> article.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-thalassemia-sec3-d8e72"><h4>Iron Chelation Therapy</h4><p>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a> in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> is an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a>. Thus, regular <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029754" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood transfusions</a> can lead to a buildup of iron in the blood. This condition is called iron overload. It damages the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, and other parts of the body.</p><p>To prevent this damage, doctors use <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> chelation <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a> to remove excess iron from the body. Two medicines are used for iron chelation therapy.</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0009841" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Deferoxamine</a> is a liquid medicine that's given slowly under the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>, usually with a small portable pump used overnight. This <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a> takes time and can be mildly painful. Side effects include problems with vision and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024976" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hearing</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0009836" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Deferasirox</a> is a pill taken once daily. Side effects include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">headache</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024775" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nausea</a> (feeling sick to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a>), <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024776" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vomiting</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024806" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diarrhea</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022450" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">joint</a> pain, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tiredness</a>.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-thalassemia-sec3-d8e90"><h4>Folic Acid Supplements</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022009" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Folic acid</a> is a B <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023352" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin</a> that helps build healthy <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>. Your doctor may recommend folic acid supplements in addition to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029754" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood transfusions</a> and/or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> chelation <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a>.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-thalassemia-sec2-d8e97"><h3>Other Treatments</h3><p>Other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thalassemias</a> have been developed or are being tested, but they're used much less often.</p><div id="nhlbi-thalassemia-sec3-d8e103"><h4>Blood and Marrow Stem Cell Transplant</h4><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> and marrow <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022023" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stem cell</a> transplant replaces faulty <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022023" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stem cells</a> with healthy ones from another person (a donor). Stem cells are the cells inside <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> that make <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> and other types of blood cells.</p><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022023" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stem cell</a> transplant is the only <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> that can cure <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thalassemia</a>. But only a small number of people who have severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thalassemias</a> are able to find a good donor match and have the risky procedure.</p><p>For more information, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bmsct/">Blood and Marrow Stem Cell Transplant</a> article.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-thalassemia-sec3-d8e119"><h4>Possible Future Treatments</h4><p>Researchers are working to find new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thalassemias</a>. For example, it might be possible someday to insert a normal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a> into <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022023" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stem cells</a> in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a>. This will allow people who have thalassemias to make their own healthy <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> and hemoglobin.</p><p>Researchers also are studying ways to trigger a person's ability to make <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028116" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fetal</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a> after birth. This type of hemoglobin is found in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028116" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fetuses</a> and newborns. After birth, the body switches to making adult hemoglobin. Making more fetal hemoglobin might make up for the lack of healthy adult hemoglobin.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-thalassemia-sec2-d8e128"><h3>Treating Complications</h3><p>Better <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> now allow people who have moderate and severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thalassemias</a> to live longer. As a result, these people must cope with complications that occur over time.</p><p>An important part of managing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thalassemias</a> is treating complications. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatment</a> might be needed for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver</a> diseases, infections, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024680" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">osteoporosis</a>, and other health problems.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-prevention"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-prevention_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Can Thalassemias Be Prevented?</h2><p>You can’t prevent <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thalassemias</a> because they’re inherited (passed from parents to children through <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a>). However, prenatal tests can detect these <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> disorders before birth.</p><p>Family <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022031" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic</a> studies may help find out whether people have missing or altered <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a> that cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thalassemias</a>. (For more information, go to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062947/#nhlbisec-diagnosis">"How Are Thalassemias Diagnosed?"</a>)</p><p>If you know of family members who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thalassemias</a> and you're thinking of having children, consider talking with your doctor and a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025312" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic counselor</a>. They can help determine your risk for passing the disorder to your children.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-livingwith"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-livingwith_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Living With Thalassemias</h2><p>Survival and quality of life have improved for people who have moderate or severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thalassemias</a>. This is because:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>More people are able to get <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bt/">blood transfusions</a> now.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> screening has reduced the number of infections from <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029754" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood transfusions</a>. Also, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for other kinds of infections have improved.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Iron</a> chelation <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> are available that are easier for some people to take.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Some people have been cured through <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bmsct/">blood and marrow stem cell transplants</a>.</div></li></ul><p>Living with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thalassemia</a> can be challenging, but several approaches can help you cope.</p><div id="nhlbi-thalassemia-sec2-d10e55"><h3>Follow Your Treatment Plan</h3><p>Following the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> plan your doctor gives you is important. For example, get <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029754" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood transfusions</a> as your doctor recommends, and take your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> chelation medicine as prescribed.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Iron</a> chelation <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> can take time and be mildly painful. However, don't stop taking your medicine. The leading cause of death among people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thalassemias</a> is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease caused by iron overload. Iron buildup can damage your heart, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver</a>, and other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a>.</p><p>Several chelation <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> are now available, including <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022222" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">injections</a> and pills. Your doctor will talk with you about which <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> is best for you.</p><p>Take <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022009" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">folic acid</a> supplements if your doctor prescribes them. Folic acid is a B <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023352" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin</a> that helps build healthy <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>. Also, talk with your doctor about whether you need other vitamin or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023353" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mineral</a> supplements, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023352" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamins</a> A, C, or D |
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2018-02-02 05:27:46 |
Thrombocythemia and Thrombocytosis |
<div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-thrm-sec1-d1e37_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are Thrombocythemia and Thrombocytosis?</h2><p>Thrombocythemia (THROM-bo-si-THE-me-ah) and thrombocytosis (THROM-bo-si-TO-sis) are conditions in which your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> has a higher than normal number of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a> (PLATE-lets).</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Platelets</a> are <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cell</a> fragments. They're made in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> along with other kinds of blood <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Platelets</a> travel through your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> and stick together (clot). Clotting helps stop any <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> that may occur if a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a> is damaged. Platelets also are called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thrombocytes</a> (THROM-bo-sites) because a blood clot also is called a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023092" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thrombus</a>.</p><p>A normal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> count ranges from 150,000 to 450,000 <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a> per microliter of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>.</p><div id="nhlbi-thrm-sec2-d1e53"><h3>Overview</h3><p>The term "thrombocythemia" is preferred when the cause of a high <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> count isn't known. The condition sometimes is called primary or essential thrombocythemia.</p><p>This condition occurs if faulty <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> make too many <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a>. Bone marrow is the sponge-like <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> inside the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022807" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bones</a>. It contains <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022023" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stem cells</a> that develop into <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022046" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">white blood cells</a>, and platelets. What causes the bone marrow to make too many platelets often isn't known.</p><p>With primary thrombocythemia, a high <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> count may occur alone or with other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cell</a> disorders. This condition isn't common.</p><p>When another disease or condition causes a high <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> count, the term "thrombocytosis" is preferred. This condition often is called secondary or reactive thrombocytosis. Secondary thrombocytosis is more common than primary thrombocythemia.</p><p>Often, a high <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> count doesn't cause signs or symptoms. Rarely, serious or life-threatening symptoms can develop, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>. These symptoms are more likely to occur in people who have primary thrombocythemia.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-thrm-sec2-d1e72"><h3>Outlook</h3><p>People who have primary thrombocythemia with no signs or symptoms don't need <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>, as long as the condition remains stable.</p><p>Other people who have this condition may need medicines or procedures to treat it. Most people who have primary thrombocythemia will live a normal lifespan.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatment</a> and outlook for secondary thrombocytosis depend on its underlying cause.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-names"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-names_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Other Names for Thrombocythemia and Thrombocytosis</h2><p>Primary thrombocythemia also is called:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Essential thrombocythemia. This term is used when a high <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> count occurs alone (that is, without other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cell</a> disorders).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022069" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Idiopathic</a> (id-ee-o-PATH-ick) thrombocythemia.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Primary or essential thrombocytosis (these are less favored terms).</div></li></ul><p>Thrombocytosis also is known as:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Secondary or reactive thrombocytosis.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Secondary thrombocythemia (this is a less favored term).</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes Thrombocythemia and Thrombocytosis?</h2><div id="nhlbi-thrm-sec2-d4e28"><h3>Primary Thrombocythemia</h3><p>In this condition, faulty <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022023" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stem cells</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> make too many <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a>. What causes this to happen usually isn't known. When this process occurs without other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cell</a> disorders, it's called essential thrombocythemia.</p><p>A rare form of thrombocythemia is inherited. ("Inherited" means the condition is passed from parents to children through the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a>.) In some cases, a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029640" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic mutation</a> may cause the condition.</p><p>In addition to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> making too many <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a>, the platelets also are abnormal in primary thrombocythemia. They may form <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots or, surprisingly, cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> when they don't work well.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Bleeding</a> also can occur because of a condition that develops called <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-vwd/">von Willebrand disease</a>. This condition affects the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030009" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood clotting</a> process.</p><p>After many years, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028156" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">scarring</a> of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> can occur.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-thrm-sec2-d4e50"><h3>Secondary Thrombocytosis</h3><p>This condition occurs if another disease, condition, or outside factor causes the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> count to rise. For example, 35 percent of people who have high platelet counts also have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancer</a>—mostly lung, gastrointestinal, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021901" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">breast</a>, ovarian, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024410" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymphoma</a>. Sometimes a high platelet count is the first sign of cancer.</p><p>Other conditions or factors that can cause a high <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> count are:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ida/">Iron-deficiency anemia</a> (uh-NEE-me-uh)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ha/">Hemolytic (HEE-moh-lit-ick) anemia</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Absence of a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022189" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spleen</a> (after <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> to remove the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organ</a>)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Inflammatory or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023003" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infectious diseases</a>, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030005" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">connective tissue disorders</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022800" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inflammatory bowel disease</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024668" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tuberculosis</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Reactions to medicine</div></li></ul><p>Some conditions can lead to a high <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> count that lasts for only a short time. Examples of such conditions include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Recovery from serious <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> loss</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Recovery from a very low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> count caused by excessive alcohol use and lack of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022013" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin B12</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022009" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">folate</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Acute</a> (short-term) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022625" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inflammation</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Response to physical activity</div></li></ul><p>Although the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> count is high in secondary thrombocytosis, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a> are normal (unlike in primary thrombocythemia). Thus, people who have secondary thrombocytosis have a lower risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-atrisk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-atrisk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is at Risk for Thrombocythemia or Thrombocytosis?</h2><div id="nhlbi-thrm-sec2-d5e28"><h3>Primary Thrombocythemia</h3><p>Thrombocythemia isn't common. The exact number of people who have the condition isn't known. Some estimates suggest that 24 out of every 100,000 people have primary thrombocythemia.</p><p>Primary thrombocythemia is more common in people aged 50 to 70, but it can occur at any age. For unknown reasons, more women around the age of 30 have primary thrombocythemia than men of the same age.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-thrm-sec2-d5e37"><h3>Secondary Thrombocytosis</h3><p>You might be at risk for secondary thrombocytosis if you have a disease, condition, or factor that can cause it. (For more information, go to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062958/#nhlbisec-causes">"What Causes Thrombocythemia and Thrombocytosis?"</a>)</p><p>Secondary thrombocytosis is more common than primary thrombocythemia. Studies have shown that most people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> counts over 500,000 have secondary thrombocytosis.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Thrombocythemia and Thrombocytosis?</h2><p>People who have thrombocythemia or thrombocytosis may not have signs or symptoms. These conditions might be discovered only after routine <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bdt/">blood tests</a>.</p><p>However, people who have primary thrombocythemia are more likely than those who have secondary thrombocytosis to have serious signs and symptoms.</p><p>The signs and symptoms of a high <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> count are linked to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>. They include weakness, bleeding, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">headache</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029722" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">dizziness</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain, and tingling in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hands</a> and feet.</p><div id="nhlbi-thrm-sec3-d6e40"><h3>Blood Clots</h3><p>In primary thrombocythemia, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots most often develop in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hands</a>, and feet. But they can develop anywhere in the body, including in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022247" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">intestines</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> clots in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> may cause symptoms such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> (ongoing) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">headache</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029722" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">dizziness</a>. In extreme cases, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stroke/">stroke</a> may occur.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> clots in the tiny <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hands</a> and feet leave them numb and red. This may lead to an intense burning and throbbing pain felt mainly on the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023128" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">palms</a> of the hands and the soles of the feet.</p><p>Other signs and symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots may include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Changes in speech or awareness, ranging from confusion to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029695" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">passing out</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Seizures</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Upper body discomfort in one or both <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arms</a>, the back, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027054" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neck</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030529" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">jaw</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022602" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abdomen</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Shortness of breath and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024775" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nausea</a> (feeling sick to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a>)</div></li></ul><p>In pregnant women, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030321" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">placenta</a> can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030691" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">miscarriage</a> or problems with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028116" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fetal</a> growth and development.</p><p>Women who have primary thrombocythemia or secondary thrombocytosis and take birth control pills are at increased risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> clots are related to other conditions and factors as well. Older age, prior blood clots, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">high blood pressure</a>, and smoking also increase your risk for blood clots.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-thrm-sec3-d6e90"><h3>Bleeding</h3><p>If <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> occurs, it most often affects people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> counts higher than 1 million <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a> per microliter of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. Signs of bleeding include nosebleeds, bruising, bleeding from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023265" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gums</a>, or blood in the stools.</p><p>Although <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> usually is associated with a low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> count, it also can occur in people who have high platelet counts. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> clots that develop in thrombocythemia or thrombocytosis may use up your body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a>. This means that not enough platelets are left in your bloodstream to seal off cuts or breaks on the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a> walls.</p><p>Another cause of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> in people who have very high <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a> counts is a condition called <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-vwd/">von Willebrand Disease</a>. This condition affects the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030009" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood clotting</a> process.</p><p>In rare cases of primary thrombocythemia, the faulty <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> will cause a form of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024326" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">leukemia</a> (lu-KE-me-ah). Leukemia is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancer</a> of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> cells.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Are Thrombocythemia and Thrombocytosis Diagnosed?</h2><p>Your doctor will diagnose thrombocythemia or thrombocytosis based on your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029840" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">medical history</a>, a physical exam, and test results. A hematologist also may be involved in your care. This is a doctor who specializes in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> diseases and conditions.</p><div id="nhlbi-thrm-sec2-d7e31"><h3>Medical History</h3><p>Your doctor may ask you about factors that can affect your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a>, such as:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Any medical procedures or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bt/">blood transfusions</a> you've had</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Any recent infections or vaccines you've had</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The medicines you take, including over-the-counter medicines</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Your general eating habits, including the amount of alcohol you normally drink</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Any <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family history</a> of high <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> counts</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-thrm-sec2-d7e59"><h3>Physical Exam</h3><p>Your doctor will do a physical exam to look for signs and symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>. He or she also will check for signs of conditions that can cause secondary thrombocytosis, such as an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>.</p><p>Primary thrombocythemia is diagnosed only after all possible causes of a high <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> count are ruled out. For example, your doctor may recommend tests to check for early, undiagnosed <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancer</a>. If another disease, condition, or factor is causing a high platelet count, the diagnosis is secondary thrombocytosis.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-thrm-sec2-d7e68"><h3>Diagnostic Tests</h3><p>Your doctor may recommend one or more of the following tests to help diagnose a high <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> count.</p><div id="nhlbi-thrm-sec3-d7e74"><h4>Complete Blood Count</h4><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">complete blood count</a> (CBC) measures the levels of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022046" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">white blood cells</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a> in your blood. For this test, a small amount of blood is drawn from a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a>, usually in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arm</a>.</p><p>If you have thrombocythemia or thrombocytosis, the CBC results will show that your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> count is high.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-thrm-sec3-d7e84"><h4>Blood Smear</h4><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> smear is used to check the condition of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a>. For this test, a small amount of blood is drawn from a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a>, usually in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arm</a>. Some of your blood is put on a glass slide. A microscope is then used to look at your platelets.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-thrm-sec3-d7e90"><h4>Bone Marrow Tests</h4><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bmt/">Bone marrow tests</a> check whether your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> is healthy. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a>, including <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a>, are made in the bone marrow. The two bone marrow tests are <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030172" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aspiration</a> (as-pih-RA-shun) and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022958" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">biopsy</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Bone marrow</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030172" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aspiration</a> might be done to find out whether your bone marrow is making too many <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a>. For this test, your doctor removes a sample of fluid bone marrow through a needle. He or she examines the sample under a microscope to check for faulty <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a>.</p><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030171" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow biopsy</a> often is done right after an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030172" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aspiration</a>. For this test, your doctor removes a small amount of bone marrow <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> through a needle. He or she examines the tissue to check the number and types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> in the bone marrow.</p><p>With thrombocythemia and thrombocytosis, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> has a higher than normal number of the very large <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> that make <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-thrm-sec3-d7e108"><h4>Other Tests</h4><p>Your doctor may recommend other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022070" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood tests</a> to look for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022031" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic</a> factors that can cause a high <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> count.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Are Thrombocythemia and Thrombocytosis Treated?</h2><div id="nhlbi-thrm-sec2-d8e28"><h3>Primary Thrombocythemia</h3><p>This condition is considered less harmful today than in the past, and its outlook often is good. People who have no signs or symptoms don't need <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>, as long as the condition remains stable.</p><p>Taking <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000168" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aspirin</a> may help people who are at risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots (aspirin thins the blood). However, talk with your doctor about using aspirin because it can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>.</p><p>Doctors prescribe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000168" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aspirin</a> to most pregnant women who have primary thrombocythemia. This is because it doesn't have a high risk of side effects for the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028116" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fetus</a>.</p><p>Some people who have primary thrombocythemia may need medicines or medical procedures to lower their <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> counts.</p><div id="nhlbi-thrm-sec3-d8e44"><h4>Medicines To Lower Platelet Counts</h4><p>You may need medicines to lower your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> count if you:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Have a history of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Have risk factors for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbc/">high blood cholesterol</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">high blood pressure</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Are older than 60</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Have a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> count over 1 million</div></li></ul><p>You'll need to take these medicines throughout your life.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0010627" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Hydroxyurea</a>. This <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a>-lowering medicine is used to treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancers</a> and other life-threatening diseases. Hydroxyurea most often is given under the care of doctors who specialize in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancer</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> diseases. Patients on hydroxyurea are closely monitored.</p><p>Currently, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0010627" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hydroxyurea</a> plus <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000168" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aspirin</a> is the standard <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> for people who have primary thrombocythemia and are at high risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0008997" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Anagrelide</a>. This medicine also has been used to lower <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> counts in people who have thrombocythemia. However, research shows that when compared with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0010627" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hydroxyurea</a>, anagrelide has worse outcomes. Anagrelide also has side effects, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022960" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fluid retention</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hpl/">palpitations</a> (pal-pih-TA-shuns), <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-arr/">arrhythmias</a> (ah-RITH-me-ahs), <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">headaches</a>.</p><p>Interferon alfa. This medicine lowers <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> counts, but 20 percent of patients can't handle its side effects. Side effects include a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025769" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">flu</a>-like feeling, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024897" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">decreased appetite</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024775" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nausea</a> (feeling sick to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a>), <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024806" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diarrhea</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">seizures</a>, irritability, and sleepiness.</p><p>Doctors may prescribe this medicine to pregnant women who have primary thrombocythemia because it's safer for a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028116" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fetus</a> than <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0010627" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hydroxyurea</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0008997" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anagrelide</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-thrm-sec3-d8e107"><h4>Plateletpheresis</h4><p>Plateletpheresis (PLATE-let-fe-REH-sis) is a procedure used to rapidly lower your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> count. This procedure is used only for emergencies. For example, if you're having a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stroke/">stroke</a> due to primary thrombocythemia, you may need plateletpheresis.</p><p>An <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022191" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">intravenous</a> (IV) needle that's connected to a tube is placed in one of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> to remove blood. The blood goes through a machine that removes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a> from the blood. The remaining blood is then put back into you through an IV line in one of your blood vessels.</p><p>One or two procedures might be enough to reduce your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> count to a safe level.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-thrm-sec3-d8e123"><h4>Secondary Thrombocytosis</h4><p>Secondary thrombocytosis is treated by addressing the condition that's causing it.</p><p>People who have secondary thrombocytosis usually don't need <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a>-lowering medicines or procedures. This is because their <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a> usually are normal (unlike in primary thrombocythemia).</p><p>Also, secondary thrombocytosis is less likely than primary thrombocythemia to cause serious problems related to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-prevention"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-prevention_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Can Thrombocythemia and Thrombocytosis Be Prevented?</h2><p>You can't prevent primary thrombocythemia. However, you can take steps to reduce your risk for complications. For example, you can control many of the risk factors for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbc/">high blood cholesterol</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">high blood pressure</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>, and smoking.</p><p>To reduce your risk, quit smoking, adopt healthy lifestyle habits, and work with your doctor to manage your risk factors.</p><p>It's not always possible to prevent conditions that lead to secondary thrombocytosis. But, if you have routine medical care, your doctor may detect these conditions before you develop a high <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> count.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-livingwith"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-livingwith_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Living With Thrombocythemia or Thrombocytosis</h2><p>If you have thrombocythemia or thrombocytosis:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>See your doctor for ongoing medical care.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Control risk factors for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots—for example, quit smoking and work to manage risk factors such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbc/">high blood cholesterol</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">high blood pressure</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Watch for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062958/#nhlbisec-signs">signs and symptoms</a> of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> and report them to your doctor right away.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Take all medicines as prescribed.</div></li></ul><p>If you're taking medicines to lower your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> count, tell your doctor or dentist about them before any surgical or dental procedures. These medicines thin your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> and may increase <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> during these procedures.</p><p>Medicines that thin the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> also may cause internal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>. Signs of internal bleeding include bruises, bloody or tarry-looking stools, pink or bloody <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022162" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">urine</a>, increased menstrual bleeding, bleeding <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023265" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gums</a>, and nosebleeds. Contact your doctor right away if you have any of these signs.</p><p>Avoid over-the-counter pain medicines such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000915" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ibuprofen</a> (except Tylenol®). These medicines may raise your risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022247" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">intestines</a> and may limit the effect of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000168" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aspirin</a>. Be aware that cold and pain medicines and other over-the-counter products may contain ibuprofen.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-trials"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-trials_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Clinical Trials</h2><p>The National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute (NHLBI) is strongly committed to supporting research aimed at preventing and treating heart, lung, and blood diseases and conditions and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorders</a>.</p><p>NHLBI-supported research has led to many advances in medical knowledge and care. Often, these advances depend on the willingness of volunteers to take part in <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-clinicaltrials/">clinical trials</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Clinical trials</a> test new ways to prevent, diagnose, or treat various diseases and conditions. For example, new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for a disease or condition (such as medicines, medical devices, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgeries</a>, or procedures) are tested in volunteers who have the illness. Testing shows whether a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> is safe and effective in humans before it is made available for widespread use.</p><p>By taking part in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, you can gain access to new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> before they're widely available. You also will have the support of a team of health care providers, who will likely monitor your health closely. Even if you don't directly benefit from the results of a clinical trial, the information gathered can help others and add to scientific knowledge.</p><p>If you volunteer for a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, the research will be explained to you in detail. You'll learn about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> and tests you may receive, and the benefits and risks they may pose. You'll also be given a chance to ask questions about the research. This process is called informed consent.</p><p>If you agree to take part in the trial, you'll be asked to sign an informed consent form. This form is not a contract. You have the right to withdraw from a study at any time, for any reason. Also, you have the right to learn about new risks or findings that emerge during the trial.</p><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> related to thrombocythemia or thrombocytosis, talk with your doctor. You also can visit the following Web sites to learn more about clinical research and to search for clinical trials:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>http://clinicalresearch.nih.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.clinicaltrials.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.researchmatch.org</div></li></ul><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> for children, visit the NHLBI's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/childrenandclinicalstudies/index.php" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Children and Clinical Studies</a> Web page.</p></div><div style="display: none; width: 200px; top: -100px; left: -100px;" aria-live="assertive" aria-hidden="true" class="ui-helper-reset ui-ncbipopper-wrapper ui-ncbilinksmenu"><ul id="ui-ncbiinpagenav-6"><li><a href="#_nhlbi-thrm-sec1-d1e37_">What Are Thrombocythemia and Thrombocytosis?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-names_">Other Names for Thrombocythemia and Thrombocytosis</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-causes_">What Causes Thrombocythemia and Thrombocytosis?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-atrisk_">Who Is at Risk for Thrombocythemia or Thrombocytosis?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-signs_">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Thrombocythemia and Thrombocytosis?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-diagnosis_">How Are Thrombocythemia and Thrombocytosis Diagnosed?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-treatment_">How Are Thrombocythemia and Thrombocytosis Treated?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-prevention_">How Can Thrombocythemia and Thrombocytosis Be Prevented?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-livingwith_">Living With Thrombocythemia or Thrombocytosis</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-trials_">Clinical Trials</a></li></ul></div></div></div> |
June 11, 2014. |
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2018-02-02 05:28:04 |
Thrombocytopenia |
<div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-thcp-sec1-d1e36_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Is Thrombocytopenia?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023083" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Thrombocytopenia</a> (THROM-bo-si-to-PE-ne-ah) is a condition in which your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> has a lower than normal number of blood <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cell</a> fragments called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a> (PLATE-lets).</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Platelets</a> are made in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> along with other kinds of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a>. They travel through your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> and stick together (clot) to stop any <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> that may happen if a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a> is damaged. Platelets also are called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thrombocytes</a> (THROM-bo-sites) because a clot also is called a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023092" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thrombus</a>.</p><div id="nhlbi-thcp-sec2-d1e45"><h3>Overview</h3><p>When your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> has too few <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a>, mild to serious <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> can occur. Bleeding can occur inside your body (internal bleeding) or underneath your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> or from the surface of your skin (external bleeding).</p><p>A normal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> count in adults ranges from 150,000 to 450,000 <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a> per microliter of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. A platelet count of less than 150,000 platelets per microliter is lower than normal. If your blood platelet count <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029705" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">falls</a> below normal, you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023083" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thrombocytopenia</a>.</p><p>However, the risk for serious <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> doesn't occur until the count becomes very low—less than 10,000 or 20,000 <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a> per microliter. Mild bleeding sometimes occurs when the count is less than 50,000 platelets per microliter.</p><p>Many factors can cause a low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> count, such as:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> doesn't make enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> makes enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a>, but the body destroys them or uses them up.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022189" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spleen</a> holds on to too many <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a>. The spleen is an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organ</a> that normally stores about one-third of the body's platelets. It also helps your body fight <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> and remove unwanted <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cell</a> material.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A combination of the above factors.</div></li></ul><p>How long <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023083" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thrombocytopenia</a> lasts depends on its cause. It can last from days to years.</p><p>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> for this condition also depends on its cause and severity. Mild <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023083" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thrombocytopenia</a> often doesn't require treatment. If the condition causes or puts you at risk for serious <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>, you may need medicines or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bt/">blood or platelet transfusions</a>. Rarely, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022189" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spleen</a> may need to be removed.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-thcp-sec2-d1e86"><h3>Outlook</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023083" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Thrombocytopenia</a> can be fatal, especially if the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> is severe or occurs in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>. However, the overall outlook for people who have the condition is good, especially if the cause of the low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> count is found and treated.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes Thrombocytopenia?</h2><p>Many factors can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023083" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thrombocytopenia</a> (a low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> count). The condition can be inherited or acquired. "Inherited" means your parents pass the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a> for the condition to you. "Acquired" means you aren't born with the condition, but you develop it. Sometimes the cause of thrombocytopenia isn't known.</p><p>In general, a low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> count occurs because:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> doesn't make enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> makes enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a>, but the body destroys them or uses them up.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022189" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spleen</a> holds on to too many <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a>.</div></li></ul><p>A combination of the above factors also may cause a low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> count.</p><div id="nhlbi-thcp-sec2-d3e50"><h3>The Bone Marrow Doesn't Make Enough Platelets</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Bone marrow</a> is the sponge-like <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> inside the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022807" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bones</a>. It contains <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022023" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stem cells</a> that develop into <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022046" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">white blood cells</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a>. When stem cells are damaged, they don't grow into healthy blood cells.</p><p>Many conditions and factors can damage <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022023" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stem cells</a>.</p><div id="nhlbi-thcp-sec3-d3e59"><h4>Cancer</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Cancer</a>, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024326" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">leukemia</a> (lu-KE-me-ah) or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024410" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymphoma</a> (lim-FO-ma), can damage the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> and destroy <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022038" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood stem cells</a>. Cancer <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a>, such as radiation and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024232" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chemotherapy</a>, also destroy the stem cells.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-thcp-sec3-d3e65"><h4>Aplastic Anemia</h4><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-aplastic/">Aplastic anemia</a> is a rare, serious <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> disorder in which the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> stops making enough new blood <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a>. This lowers the number of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a> in your blood.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-thcp-sec3-d3e74"><h4>Toxic Chemicals</h4><p>Exposure to toxic chemicals—such as pesticides, arsenic, and benzene—can slow the production of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-thcp-sec3-d3e80"><h4>Medicines</h4><p>Some medicines, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025451" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diuretics</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000378" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chloramphenicol</a>, can slow the production of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a>. Chloramphenicol (an antibiotic) rarely is used in the United States.</p><p>Common over-the-counter medicines, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000168" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aspirin</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000915" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ibuprofen</a>, also can affect <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-thcp-sec3-d3e90"><h4>Alcohol</h4><p>Alcohol also slows the production of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a>. A temporary drop in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> count is common among heavy drinkers, especially if they're eating foods that are low in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022013" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin B12</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022009" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">folate</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-thcp-sec3-d3e96"><h4>Viruses</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024798" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Chickenpox</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028146" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mumps</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029650" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rubella</a>, Epstein-Barr virus, or parvovirus can decrease your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> count for a while. People who have AIDS often develop <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023083" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thrombocytopenia</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-thcp-sec3-d3e102"><h4>Genetic Conditions</h4><p>Some <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022031" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic</a> conditions can cause low numbers of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. Examples include Wiskott-Aldrich and May-Hegglin syndromes.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-thcp-sec2-d3e109"><h3>The Body Destroys Its Own Platelets</h3><p>A low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> count can occur even if the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> makes enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a>. The body may destroy its own platelets due to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022033" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">autoimmune diseases</a>, certain medicines, infections, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a>, and some conditions that cause too much <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030009" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood clotting</a>.</p><div id="nhlbi-thcp-sec3-d3e115"><h4>Autoimmune Diseases</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022033" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Autoimmune diseases</a> occur if the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025680" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune system</a> mistakenly attacks healthy <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> in the body. If an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022033" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">autoimmune disease</a> destroys the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023083" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thrombocytopenia</a> can occur.</p><p>One example of this type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022033" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">autoimmune disease</a> is <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-itp/">immune thrombocytopenia</a> (ITP). ITP is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> disorder in which the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> doesn't clot as it should. An autoimmune response is thought to cause most cases of ITP.</p><p>Normally, your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025680" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune system</a> helps your body fight off infections and diseases. But if you have ITP, your immune system attacks and destroys its own <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a>. Why this happens isn't known. (ITP also may occur if the immune system attacks your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a>, which makes platelets.)</p><p>Other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022033" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">autoimmune diseases</a> that destroy <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a> include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024510" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lupus</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024678" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rheumatoid arthritis</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-thcp-sec3-d3e134"><h4>Medicines</h4><p>A reaction to medicine can confuse your body and cause it to destroy its <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a>. Examples of medicines that may cause this to happen include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0011919" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">quinine</a>; antibiotics that contain sulfa; and some medicines for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">seizures</a>, such as Dilantin,® <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0001894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vancomycin</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0001577" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rifampin</a>. (Quinine is a substance often found in tonic water and nutritional health products.)</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0010545" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heparin</a> is a medicine commonly used to prevent <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots. But an immune reaction may trigger the medicine to cause blood clots and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023083" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thrombocytopenia</a>. This condition is called heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT). HIT rarely occurs outside of a hospital.</p><p>In HIT, the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025680" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune system</a> attacks a substance formed by <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0010545" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heparin</a> and a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> on the surface of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a>. This <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024324" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">attack</a> activates the platelets and they start to form <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> clots can form deep in the legs (<a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-dvt/">deep vein thrombosis</a>), or they can break loose and travel to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pe/">pulmonary embolism</a>).</p></div><div id="nhlbi-thcp-sec3-d3e159"><h4>Infection</h4><p>A low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> count can occur after <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027083" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood poisoning</a> from a widespread <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024516" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bacterial infection</a>. A virus, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024460" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mononucleosis</a> or cytomegalovirus, also can cause a low platelet count.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-thcp-sec3-d3e165"><h4>Surgery</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Platelets</a> can be destroyed when they pass through man-made <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valves</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a> grafts, or machines and tubing used for <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bt/">blood transfusions</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cabg/">bypass surgery</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-thcp-sec3-d3e177"><h4>Pregnancy</h4><p>About 5 percent of pregnant women develop mild <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023083" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thrombocytopenia</a> when they're close to delivery. The exact cause isn't known for sure.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-thcp-sec3-d3e184"><h4>Rare and Serious Conditions That Cause Blood Clots</h4><p>Some rare and serious conditions can cause a low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> count. Two examples are <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ttp/">thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura</a> (TTP) and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-dic/">disseminated intravascular coagulation</a> (DIC).</p><p>TTP is a rare <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> condition. It causes blood clots to form in the body's small <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>, including vessels in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brains</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidneys</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>.</p><p>DIC is a rare complication of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a>, severe infections, or severe trauma. Tiny <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots form suddenly throughout the body.</p><p>In both conditions, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots use up many of the blood's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a>.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-thcp-sec2-d3e205"><h3>The Spleen Holds On to Too Many Platelets</h3><p>Usually, one-third of the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a> are held in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022189" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spleen</a>. If the spleen is enlarged, it will hold on to too many platelets. This means that not enough platelets will circulate in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>.</p><p>An enlarged <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022189" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spleen</a> often is due to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancer</a> or severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver</a> disease, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022024" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cirrhosis</a> (sir-RO-sis). Cirrhosis is a disease in which the liver is scarred. This prevents it from working well.</p><p>An enlarged <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022189" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spleen</a> also might be due to a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> condition, such as myelofibrosis (MI-eh-lo-fi-BRO-sis). With this condition, the bone marrow is scarred and isn't able to make <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a>.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-atrisk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-atrisk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is at Risk for Thrombocytopenia?</h2><p>People who are at highest risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023083" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thrombocytopenia</a> are those affected by one of the conditions or factors discussed in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063008/#nhlbisec-causes">"What Causes Thrombocytopenia?"</a> This includes people who:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Have certain types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancer</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-aplastic/">aplastic anemia</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022033" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">autoimmune diseases</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Are exposed to certain toxic chemicals</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Have a reaction to certain medicines</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Have certain <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022086" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">viruses</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Have certain <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022031" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic</a> conditions</div></li></ul><p>People at highest risk also include heavy alcohol drinkers and pregnant women.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Thrombocytopenia?</h2><p>Mild to serious <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> causes the main signs and symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023083" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thrombocytopenia</a>. Bleeding can occur inside your body (internal bleeding) or underneath your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> or from the surface of your skin (external bleeding).</p><p>Signs and symptoms can appear suddenly or over time. Mild <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023083" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thrombocytopenia</a> often has no signs or symptoms. Many times, it's found during a routine <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bdt/">blood test</a>.</p><p>Check with your doctor if you have any signs of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>. Severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023083" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thrombocytopenia</a> can cause bleeding in almost any part of the body. Bleeding can lead to a medical emergency and should be treated right away.</p><p>External <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> usually is the first sign of a low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> count. External bleeding may cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023091" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">purpura</a> (PURR-purr-ah) or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022067" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">petechiae</a> (peh-TEE-key-ay). Purpura are purple, brown, and red bruises. This bruising may happen easily and often. Petechiae are small red or purple dots on your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figd5e47" co-legend-rid="figlgndd5e47"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063008/figure/d5e47/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figd5e47" rid-ob="figobd5e47"><img class="small-thumb" src="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063008/bin/itp_photo.gif" src-large="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063008/bin/itp_photo.jpg" alt="Purpura and Petechiae."></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndd5e47"><h4 id="d5e47"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063008/figure/d5e47/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd5e47">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Purpura and Petechiae. The photograph shows purpura (bruises) and petechiae (dots) on the skin. Bleeding under the skin causes the purple, brown, and red colors of the purpura and petechiae. </p></div></div><p>Other signs of external <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Prolonged <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>, even from minor cuts</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Bleeding</a> or oozing from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025667" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nose</a>, especially nosebleeds or bleeding from brushing your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023261" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">teeth</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Abnormal vaginal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> (especially heavy menstrual flow)</div></li></ul><p>A lot of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> after <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> or dental work also might suggest a bleeding problem.</p><p>Heavy <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> into the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022247" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">intestines</a> or the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> (internal bleeding) is serious and can be fatal. Signs and symptoms include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022162" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">urine</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022950" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stool</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022230" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rectum</a>. Blood in the stool can appear as red blood or as a dark, tarry color. (Taking <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> supplements also can cause dark, tarry stools.)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Headaches</a> and other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024541" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neurological</a> symptoms. These problems are very rare, but you should discuss them with your doctor.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Thrombocytopenia Diagnosed?</h2><p>Your doctor will diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023083" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thrombocytopenia</a> based on your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029840" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">medical history</a>, a physical exam, and test results. A hematologist also may be involved in your care. This is a doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> diseases and conditions.</p><p>Once <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023083" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thrombocytopenia</a> is diagnosed, your doctor will begin looking for its cause.</p><div id="nhlbi-thcp-sec2-d6e34"><h3>Medical History</h3><p>Your doctor may ask about factors that can affect your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a>, such as:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The medicines you take, including over-the-counter medicines and herbal remedies, and whether you drink beverages that contain <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0011919" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">quinine</a>. Quinine is a substance often found in tonic water and nutritional health products.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Your general eating habits, including the amount of alcohol you normally drink.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Your risk for AIDS, including questions about <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bt/">blood transfusions</a>, sexual partners, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022191" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">intravenous</a> (IV) drugs, and exposure to infectious <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> or bodily fluids at work.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Any <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family history</a> of low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> counts.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-thcp-sec2-d6e59"><h3>Physical Exam</h3><p>Your doctor will do a physical exam to look for signs and symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>, such as bruises or spots on the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>. He or she will check your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022602" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abdomen</a> for signs of an enlarged <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022189" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spleen</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver</a>. You also will be checked for signs of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>, such as a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fever</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-thcp-sec2-d6e65"><h3>Diagnostic Tests</h3><p>Your doctor may recommend one or more of the following tests to help diagnose a low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> count. For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022070" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood tests</a>, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bdt/">Blood Tests</a> article.</p><div id="nhlbi-thcp-sec3-d6e74"><h4>Complete Blood Count</h4><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">complete blood count</a> (CBC) measures the levels of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022046" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">white blood cells</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a> in your blood. For this test, a small amount of blood is drawn from a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a>, usually in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arm</a>.</p><p>If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023083" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thrombocytopenia</a>, the results of this test will show that your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> count is low.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-thcp-sec3-d6e84"><h4>Blood Smear</h4><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> smear is used to check the appearance of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a> under a microscope. For this test, a small amount of blood is drawn from a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a>, usually in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arm</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-thcp-sec3-d6e90"><h4>Bone Marrow Tests</h4><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bmt/">Bone marrow tests</a> check whether your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> is healthy. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a>, including <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a>, are made in your bone marrow. The two bone marrow tests are <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030172" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aspiration</a> (as-pih-RA-shun) and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022958" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">biopsy</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Bone marrow</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030172" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aspiration</a> might be done to find out why your bone marrow isn't making enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a>. For this test, your doctor removes a sample of fluid bone marrow through a needle. He or she examines the sample under a microscope to check for faulty cells.</p><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030171" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow biopsy</a> often is done right after an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030172" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aspiration</a>. For this test, your doctor removes a sample of bone marrow <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> through a needle. He or she examines the tissue to check the number and types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> in the bone marrow.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-thcp-sec3-d6e105"><h4>Other Tests</h4><p>If a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> problem is suspected, you may need other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022070" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood tests</a> as well. For example, your doctor may recommend PT and PTT tests to see whether your blood is clotting properly.</p><p>Your doctor also may suggest an ultrasound to check your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022189" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spleen</a>. An ultrasound uses sound waves to create pictures of your spleen. This will allow your doctor to see whether your spleen is enlarged.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Thrombocytopenia Treated?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatment</a> for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023083" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thrombocytopenia</a> depends on its cause and severity. The main goal of treatment is to prevent death and disability caused by <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>.</p><p>If your condition is mild, you may not need <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>. A fully normal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> count isn't necessary to prevent <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>, even with severe cuts or accidents.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023083" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Thrombocytopenia</a> often improves when its underlying cause is treated. People who inherit the condition usually don't need <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>.</p><p>If a reaction to a medicine is causing a low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> count, your doctor may prescribe another medicine. Most people recover after the initial medicine has been stopped. For <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0010545" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heparin</a>-induced <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023083" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thrombocytopenia</a> (HIT), stopping the heparin isn't enough. Often, you'll need another medicine to prevent <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030009" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood clotting</a>.</p><p>If your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025680" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune system</a> is causing a low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> count, your doctor may prescribe medicines to suppress the immune system.</p><div id="nhlbi-thcp-sec2-d7e44"><h3>Severe Thrombocytopenia</h3><p>If your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023083" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thrombocytopenia</a> is severe, your doctor may prescribe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> such as medicines, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029754" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">transfusions</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025046" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">splenectomy</a>.</p><div id="nhlbi-thcp-sec3-d7e50"><h4>Medicines</h4><p>Your doctor may prescribe corticosteroids, also called steroids for short. Steroids may slow <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> destruction. These medicines can be given through a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a> or by <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a>. One example of this type of medicine is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0011828" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">prednisone</a>.</p><p>The steroids used to treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023083" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thrombocytopenia</a> are different from illegal steroids taken by some athletes to enhance performance.</p><p>Your doctor may prescribe immunoglobulins or medicines like <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0012019" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rituximab</a> to block your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025680" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune system</a>. These medicines are given through a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a>. He or she also may prescribe other medicines, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0010088" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eltrombopag</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0012034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">romiplostim</a>, to help your body make more <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a>. The former comes as a tablet to take by <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a> and the latter is given as an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022222" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">injection</a> under the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-thcp-sec3-d7e63"><h4>Blood or Platelet Transfusions</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029754" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">transfusions</a> are used to treat people who have active <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> or are at a high risk of bleeding. During this procedure, a needle is used to insert an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022191" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">intravenous</a> (IV) line into one of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>. Through this line, you receive healthy blood or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a>.</p><p>For more information about this procedure, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bt/">Blood Transfusion</a> article.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-thcp-sec3-d7e75"><h4>Splenectomy</h4><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025046" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">splenectomy</a> is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> to remove the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022189" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spleen</a>. This surgery may be used if <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> with medicines doesn't work. This surgery mostly is used for adults who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-itp/">immune thrombocytopenia</a> (ITP). However, medicines often are the first course of treatment.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-prevention"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-prevention_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Can Thrombocytopenia Be Prevented?</h2><p>Whether you can prevent <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023083" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thrombocytopenia</a> depends on its specific cause. Usually the condition can't be prevented. However, you can take steps to prevent health problems associated with thrombocytopenia. For example:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Avoid heavy drinking. Alcohol slows the production of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Try to avoid contact with toxic chemicals. Chemicals such as pesticides, arsenic, and benzene can slow the production of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Avoid medicines that you know have decreased your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> count in the past.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Be aware of medicines that may affect your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a> and raise your risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>. Two examples of such medicines are <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000168" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aspirin</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000915" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ibuprofen</a>. These medicines may thin your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> too much.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Talk with your doctor about getting vaccinated for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022086" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">viruses</a> that can affect your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a>. You may need vaccines for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028146" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mumps</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024686" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">measles</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029650" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rubella</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024798" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chickenpox</a>. You may want to have your child vaccinated for these viruses as well. Talk with your child's doctor about these vaccines.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-livingwith"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-livingwith_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Living With Thrombocytopenia</h2><p>If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023083" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thrombocytopenia</a>, watch for any <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063008/#nhlbisec-signs">signs and symptoms</a> of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>. Report these signs and symptoms to your doctor right away.</p><p>Symptoms can appear suddenly or over time. Severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023083" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thrombocytopenia</a> can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> in almost any part of the body. Bleeding can lead to a medical emergency and should be treated right away.</p><p>You can take steps to avoid health problems associated with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023083" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thrombocytopenia</a>. Be aware of the medicines you’re taking, avoid injuries, and contact your doctor if you have a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fever</a> or other signs or symptoms of an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>.</p><div id="nhlbi-thcp-sec2-d9e40"><h3>Medicines</h3><p>Avoid medicines that may affect your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a> and raise your risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>. Two examples of such medicines are <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000168" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aspirin</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000915" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ibuprofen</a>. These medicines may thin your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> too much. Be careful when using over-the-counter medicines—many contain aspirin or ibuprofen.</p><p>Tell your doctor about all of the medicines you take, including over-the-counter medicines, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023352" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamins</a>, supplements, and herbal remedies.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-thcp-sec2-d9e50"><h3>Injuries</h3><p>Avoid injuries that can cause bruising and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>. Don't take part in contact sports such as boxing, football, or karate. These sports are likely to lead to injuries that can cause bleeding.</p><p>Other sports, such as skiing or horseback riding, also put you at risk for injuries that can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>. Ask your doctor about physical activities that are safe for you.</p><p>Take safety precautions, such as using a seatbelt while riding in a car and wearing gloves when working with knives and other tools.</p><p>If your child has <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023083" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thrombocytopenia</a>, try to protect him or her from injuries, especially <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024859" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">head injuries</a> that can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>. Ask your child's doctor whether you need to restrict your child's activities.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-thcp-sec2-d9e66"><h3>Infection</h3><p>If you've had your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022189" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spleen</a> removed, you may be more likely to become ill from certain types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>. Watch for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fever</a> or other signs of infection and report them to your doctor promptly. People who have had their <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022189" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spleens</a> removed may need vaccines to prevent certain infections.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-trials"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-trials_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Clinical Trials</h2><p>The National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute (NHLBI) is strongly committed to supporting research aimed at preventing and treating heart, lung, and blood diseases and conditions and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorders</a>.</p><p>NHLBI-supported research has led to many advances in medical knowledge and care. Often, these advances depend on the willingness of volunteers to take part in <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-clinicaltrials/">clinical trials</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Clinical trials</a> test new ways to prevent, diagnose, or treat various diseases and conditions. For example, new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for a disease or condition (such as medicines, medical devices, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref= |
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Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura |
<div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-ttp-sec1-d1e37_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Is Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023093" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura</a> (TTP) is a rare <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> disorder. In TTP, blood clots form in small <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> throughout the body.</p><p>The clots can limit or block the flow of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a>, such as the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidneys</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. As a result, serious health problems can develop.</p><p>The increased clotting that occurs in TTP also uses up <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a> (PLATE-lets) in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. Platelets are blood <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cell</a> fragments that help form blood clots. These cell fragments stick together to seal small cuts and breaks on <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a> walls and stop <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>.</p><p>With fewer <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a> available in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> problems can occur. People who have TTP may bleed inside their bodies, underneath the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>, or from the surface of the skin. When cut or injured, they also may bleed longer than normal.</p><p>"Thrombotic" (throm-BOT-ik) refers to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots that form. "Thrombocytopenic" (throm-bo-cy-toe-PEE-nick) means the blood has a lower than normal number of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a>. "<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023091" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Purpura</a>" (PURR-purr-ah) refers to purple bruises caused by <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> under the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Bleeding</a> under the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> also can cause tiny red or purple dots on the skin. These pinpoint-sized dots are called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022067" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">petechiae</a> (peh-TEE-kee-ay). Petechiae may look like a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024692" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rash</a>.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figd1e62" co-legend-rid="figlgndd1e62"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063007/figure/d1e62/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figd1e62" rid-ob="figobd1e62"><img class="small-thumb" src="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063007/bin/itp_photo.gif" src-large="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063007/bin/itp_photo.jpg" alt="Purpura and Petechiae."></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndd1e62"><h4 id="d1e62"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063007/figure/d1e62/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd1e62">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Purpura and Petechiae. The photograph shows purpura (bruises) and petechiae (dots) on the skin. Bleeding under the skin causes the purple, brown, and red colors of the purpura and petechiae. </p></div></div><p>TTP also can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> to break apart faster than the body can replace them. This leads to <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ha/">hemolytic anemia</a> (HEE-moh-lit-ick uh-NEE-me-uh)—a rare form of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-anemia/">anemia</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Anemia</a> is a condition in which the body has a lower than normal number of red blood cells.</p><p>A lack of activity in the ADAMTS13 <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022049" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">enzyme</a> (a type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>) causes TTP. The ADAMTS13 <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a> controls the enzyme, which is involved in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030009" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood clotting</a>. The enzyme breaks up a large protein called von Willebrand factor that clumps together with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a> to form blood clots.</p><div id="nhlbi-ttp-sec2-d1e81"><h3>Types of Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura</h3><p>The two main types of TTP are inherited and acquired. "Inherited" means the condition is passed from parents to children through <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a>. This type of TTP mainly affects newborns and children.</p><p>In inherited TTP, the ADAMTS13 <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a> is faulty and doesn't prompt the body to make a normal ADAMTS13 <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022049" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">enzyme</a>. As a result, enzyme activity is lacking or changed.</p><p>Acquired TTP is the more common type of the disorder. "Acquired" means you aren't born with the disorder, but you develop it. This type of TTP mostly occurs in adults, but it can affect children.</p><p>In acquired TTP, the ADAMTS13 <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a> isn't faulty. Instead, the body makes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antibodies</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022051" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">proteins</a>) that block the activity of the ADAMTS13 <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022049" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">enzyme</a>.</p><p>It's not clear what triggers inherited and acquired TTP, but some factors may play a role. These factors may include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Some diseases and conditions, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancer</a>, HIV, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024510" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lupus</a>, and infections</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Some medical procedures, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bmsct/">blood and marrow stem cell transplant</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Some medicines, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024232" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chemotherapy</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0012418" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ticlopidine</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0009687" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clopidogrel</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000494" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cyclosporine</a> A, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hormone</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a> and estrogens</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0011919" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Quinine</a>, which is a substance often found in tonic water and nutritional health products</div></li></ul><p>If you have TTP, you may sometimes hear it referred to as TTP–HUS. HUS, or hemolytic-uremic syndrome, is a disorder that resembles TTP, but is more common in children. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Kidney</a> problems also tend to be worse in HUS. Although some researchers think TTP and HUS are two forms of a single syndrome, recent evidence suggests that each has different causes.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ttp-sec2-d1e120"><h3>Outlook</h3><p>TTP is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029769" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rare disorder</a>. It can be fatal or cause lasting damage, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> damage or a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stroke/">stroke</a>, if it's not treated right away.</p><p>TTP usually occurs suddenly and lasts for days or weeks, but it can continue for months. Relapses (or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024324" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">flareups</a>) can occur in up to 60 percent of people who have the acquired type of TTP. Many people who have inherited TTP have frequent flareups that need to be treated.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatments</a> for TTP include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022198" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infusions</a> of fresh frozen <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0014603" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plasma</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024322" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plasma exchange</a>, also called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024322" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plasmapheresis</a> (PLAZ-ma-feh-RE-sis). These treatments have greatly improved the outlook of the disorder.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-names"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-names_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Other Names for Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura</h2><div id="nhlbi-ttp-sec2-d3e28"><h3>Inherited Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura</h3><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Familial <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023093" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Upshaw-Schulman syndrome (USS)</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-ttp-sec2-d3e40"><h3>Acquired Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura</h3><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Moschcowitz disease</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Microangiopathic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022026" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemolytic anemia</a></div></li></ul><p>If you have TTP, you may sometimes hear it referred to as TTP–HUS. HUS, or hemolytic-uremic syndrome, is a disorder that resembles TTP, but is more common in children. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Kidney</a> problems also tend to be worse in HUS. Although some researchers think TTP and HUS are two forms of a single syndrome, recent evidence suggests that each has different causes.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura?</h2><p>A lack of activity in the ADAMTS13 <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022049" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">enzyme</a> (a type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>) causes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023093" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura</a> (TTP). The ADAMTS13 <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a> controls the enzyme, which is involved in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030009" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood clotting</a>.</p><p>Not having enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022049" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">enzyme</a> activity causes overactive <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030009" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood clotting</a>. In TTP, blood clots form in small <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> throughout the body. These clots can limit or block the flow of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich blood to the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a>, such as the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidneys</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. As a result, serious health problems can develop.</p><p>The increased clotting that occurs in TTP also uses up many of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>'s <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a>. With fewer platelets available in the blood, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> problems can occur.</p><p>People who have TTP may bleed inside their bodies, underneath the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>, or from the surface of the skin. When cut or injured, they also may bleed longer than normal.</p><p>TTP also can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> to break apart faster than the body can replace them. This leads to <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ha/">hemolytic anemia</a>.</p><div id="nhlbi-ttp-sec2-d4e47"><h3>Inherited Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura</h3><p>In inherited TTP, the ADAMTS13 <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a> is faulty. It doesn't prompt the body to make a normal ADAMTS13 <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022049" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">enzyme</a>. As a result, enzyme activity is lacking or changed.</p><p>"Inherited" means that the condition is passed from parents to children through <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a>. A person who inherits TTP is born with two copies of the faulty <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a>—one from each parent.</p><p>Most often, the parents each have one copy of the faulty <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a>, but have no signs or symptoms TTP.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ttp-sec2-d4e59"><h3>Acquired Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura</h3><p>In acquired TTP, the ADAMTS13 <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a> isn't faulty. Instead, the body makes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antibodies</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022051" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">proteins</a>) that block the activity of the ADAMTS13 <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022049" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">enzyme</a>.</p><p>"Acquired" means you aren't born with the condition, but you develop it sometime after birth.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ttp-sec2-d4e69"><h3>Triggers for Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura</h3><p>It's unclear what triggers inherited and acquired TTP, but some factors may play a role. These factors may include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Some diseases and conditions, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancer</a>, HIV, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024510" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lupus</a>, and infections</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Some medical procedures, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bmsct/">blood and marrow stem cell transplant</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Some medicines, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024232" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chemotherapy</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0012418" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ticlopidine</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0009687" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clopidogrel</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000494" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cyclosporine</a> A, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hormone</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a> and estrogens</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0011919" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Quinine</a>, which is a substance often found in tonic water and nutritional health products</div></li></ul></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-atrisk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-atrisk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is at Risk for Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023093" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura</a> (TTP) is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029769" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rare disorder</a>. Most cases of TTP are acquired. Acquired TTP mostly occurs in adults, but it can affect children. The condition occurs more often in women and in Black people than in other groups.</p><p>Inherited TTP mainly affects newborns and children. Most people who have inherited TTP begin to have symptoms soon after birth. Some, however, don't have symptoms until they're adults.</p><p>It isn't clear what triggers inherited and acquired TTP, but some factors may play a role. These factors may include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Some diseases and conditions, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancer</a>, HIV, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024510" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lupus</a>, and infections</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Some medical procedures, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bmsct/">blood and marrow stem cell transplant</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Some medicines, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024232" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chemotherapy</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0012418" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ticlopidine</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0009687" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clopidogrel</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000494" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cyclosporine</a> A, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hormone</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a> and estrogens</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0011919" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Quinine</a>, which is a substance often found in tonic water and nutritional health products</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> clots, a low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> count, and damaged <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> cause the signs and symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023093" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura</a> (TTP).</p><p>The signs and symptoms include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Purplish bruises on the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022772" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucous membranes</a> (such as in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a>). These bruises, called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023091" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">purpura</a>, are caused by <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> under the skin.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Pinpoint-sized red or purple dots on the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>. These dots, called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022067" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">petechiae</a>, often are found in groups and may look like a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024692" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rash</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Bleeding</a> under the skin causes petechiae.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Paleness or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022140" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">jaundice</a> (a yellowish color of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> or whites of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eyes</a>).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Fatigue</a> (feeling very tired and weak).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Fever</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022345" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fast heart rate</a> or shortness of breath.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Headache</a>, speech changes, confusion, coma, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stroke/">stroke</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">seizure</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A low amount of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022162" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">urine</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> in the urine.</div></li></ul><p>If you've had TTP and have any of these signs or symptoms, you may be having a relapse (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024324" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">flareup</a>). Ask your doctor when to call him or her or seek emergency care.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura Diagnosed?</h2><p>Your doctor will diagnosis <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023093" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura</a> (TTP) based on your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029840" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">medical history</a>, a physical exam, and test results.</p><p>If TTP is suspected or diagnosed, a hematologist will be involved in your care. A hematologist is a doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> disorders.</p><div id="nhlbi-ttp-sec2-d7e34"><h3>Medical History</h3><p>Your doctor will ask about factors that may affect TTP. For example, he or she may ask whether you:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Have certain diseases or conditions, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancer</a>, HIV, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024510" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lupus</a>, or infections (or whether you're pregnant).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Have had previous medical procedures, such as a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bmsct/">blood and marrow stem cell transplant</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Take certain medicines, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0012418" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ticlopidine</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0009687" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clopidogrel</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000494" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cyclosporine</a> A, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hormone</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a> and estrogens, or whether you've had <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024232" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chemotherapy</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Have used any products that contain <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0011919" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">quinine</a>. Quinine is a substance often found in tonic water and nutritional health products.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-ttp-sec2-d7e59"><h3>Physical Exam</h3><p>As part of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029840" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">medical history</a> and physical exam, your doctor will ask about any <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063007/#nhlbisec-signs">signs or symptoms</a> you've had. He or she will look for signs such as:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Bruising and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> under your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Fever</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Paleness or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022140" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">jaundice</a> (a yellowish color of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> or whites of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eyes</a>)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022345" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fast heart rate</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Speech changes or changes in awareness that can range from confusion to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029695" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">passing out</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Changes in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022162" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">urine</a></div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-ttp-sec2-d7e90"><h3>Diagnostic Tests</h3><p>Your doctor also may recommend tests to help find out whether you have TTP.</p><div id="nhlbi-ttp-sec3-d7e97"><h4>Complete Blood Count</h4><p>This test measures the number of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022046" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">white blood cells</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a> in your blood. For this test, a sample of blood is drawn from a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a>, usually in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arm</a>.</p><p>If you have TTP, you'll have a lower than normal number of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-anemia/">anemia</a>).</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ttp-sec3-d7e109"><h4>Blood Smear</h4><p>For this test, a sample of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> is drawn from a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a>, usually in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arm</a>. Some of your blood is put on a glass slide. A microscope is then used to look at your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>. In TTP, the red blood cells are torn and broken.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ttp-sec3-d7e115"><h4>Platelet Count</h4><p>This test counts the number of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a> in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> smear. People who have TTP have a lower than normal number of platelets in their blood. This test is used with the blood smear to help diagnose TTP.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ttp-sec3-d7e122"><h4>Bilirubin Test</h4><p>When <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> die, they release a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a> (HEE-muh-glow-bin) into the bloodstream. The body breaks down hemoglobin into a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023355" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">compound</a> called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022188" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bilirubin</a>. High levels of bilirubin in the bloodstream cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022140" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">jaundice</a>.</p><p>For this <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022070" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood test</a>, a sample of blood is drawn from a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a>, usually in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arm</a>. The level of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022188" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bilirubin</a> in the sample is checked. If you have TTP, your bilirubin level may be high because your body is breaking down <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> faster than normal.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ttp-sec3-d7e131"><h4>Kidney Function Tests and Urine Tests</h4><p>These tests show whether your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidneys</a> are working well. If you have TTP, your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022162" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">urine</a> may contain <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a>. Also, your blood creatinine (kre-AT-ih-neen) level may be high. Creatinine is a blood product that's normally removed by the kidneys.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ttp-sec3-d7e138"><h4>Coombs Test</h4><p>This <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022070" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood test</a> is used to find out whether TTP is the cause of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ha/">hemolytic anemia</a>. For this test, a sample of blood is drawn from a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a>, usually in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arm</a>.</p><p>In TTP, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022026" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemolytic anemia</a> occurs because <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> are broken into pieces as they try to squeeze around blood clots.</p><p>When TTP is the cause of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022026" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemolytic anemia</a>, the Coombs test is negative. The test is positive if <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antibodies</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022051" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">proteins</a>) are destroying your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ttp-sec3-d7e153"><h4>Lactate Dehydrogenase Test</h4><p>This <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022070" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood test</a> measures a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> called lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). For this test, a sample of blood is drawn from a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a>, usually in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arm</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022026" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Hemolytic anemia</a> causes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> to break down and release LDH into the blood. LDH also is released from <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissues</a> that are injured by blood clots as a result of TTP.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ttp-sec3-d7e163"><h4>ADAMTS13 Assay</h4><p>A lack of activity in the ADAMTS13 <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022049" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">enzyme</a> causes TTP. For this test, a sample of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> is drawn from a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a>, usually in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arm</a>. The blood is sent to a special lab to test for the enzyme's activity.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura Treated?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023093" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura</a> (TTP) can be fatal or cause lasting damage, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> damage or a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stroke/">stroke</a>, if it's not treated right away.</p><p>In most cases, TTP occurs suddenly and lasts for days or weeks, but it can go on for months. Relapses (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024324" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">flareups</a>) can occur in up to 60 percent of people who have acquired TTP. Flareups also occur in most people who have inherited TTP.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0014603" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Plasma</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> are the most common way to treat TTP. Other treatments include medicines and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>. Treatments are done in a hospital.</p><div id="nhlbi-ttp-sec2-d8e40"><h3>Plasma Therapy</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0014603" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Plasma</a> is the liquid part of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. It carries blood <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hormones</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022049" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">enzymes</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023354" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nutrients</a> to your body.</p><p>TTP is treated with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0014603" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plasma</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a>. This includes:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Fresh frozen <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0014603" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plasma</a> for people who have inherited TTP</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024322" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Plasma exchange</a> for people who have acquired TTP</div></li></ul><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0014603" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Plasma</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a> is started in the hospital as soon as TTP is diagnosed or suspected.</p><p>For inherited TTP, fresh frozen <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0014603" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plasma</a> is given through an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022191" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">intravenous</a> (IV) line inserted into a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a>. This is done to replace the missing or changed ADAMTS13 <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022049" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">enzyme</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024322" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Plasma exchange</a> (also called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024322" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plasmapheresis</a>) is used to treat acquired TTP. This is a lifesaving procedure. It removes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antibodies</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022051" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">proteins</a>) from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> that damage your ADAMTS13 <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022049" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">enzyme</a>. Plasma exchange also replaces the ADAMTS13 enzyme.</p><p>If <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024322" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plasma exchange</a> isn't available, you may be given fresh frozen plasma until it is available.</p><p>During <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024322" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plasma exchange</a>, an IV needle or tube is placed in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arm</a> to remove <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. The blood goes through a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cell</a> separator, which removes plasma from the blood. The nonplasma part of the blood is saved, and donated plasma is added to it.</p><p>Then, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> is put back into you through an IV line inserted into one of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>. The time required to complete the procedure varies, but it often takes about 2 hours.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatments</a> of fresh frozen <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0014603" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plasma</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024322" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plasma exchange</a> usually continue until your <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bdt/">blood tests</a> results and signs and symptoms improve. This can take days or weeks, depending on your condition. You'll stay in the hospital while you recover.</p><p>Some people who recover from TTP have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024324" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">flareups</a>. This can happen in the hospital or after you go home. If you have a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024324" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">flareup</a>, your doctor will restart <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0014603" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plasma</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ttp-sec2-d8e87"><h3>Other Treatments</h3><p>Other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> are used if <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0014603" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plasma</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a> doesn't work well or if <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024324" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">flareups</a> occur often.</p><p>For acquired TTP, medicines can slow or stop <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antibodies</a> to the ADAMTS13 <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022049" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">enzyme</a> from forming. Medicines used to treat TTP include glucocorticoids, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0012639" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vincristine</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0012019" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rituximab</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000494" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cyclosporine</a> A.</p><p>Sometimes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> to remove the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022189" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spleen</a> (an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organ</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022602" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abdomen</a>) is needed. This is because <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> in the spleen make the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antibodies</a> that block ADAMTS13 <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022049" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">enzyme</a> activity.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-prevention"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-prevention_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Can Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura Be Prevented?</h2><p>Both inherited and acquired <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023093" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura</a> (TTP) occur suddenly with no clear cause. You can't prevent either type.</p><p>If you've had TTP, watch for signs and symptoms of a relapse (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024324" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">flareup</a>). (For more information, go to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063007/#nhlbisec-livingwith">"Living With Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura."</a>)</p><p>Ask your doctor about factors that may trigger TTP or a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024324" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">flareup</a>, including:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Some diseases or conditions, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancer</a>, HIV, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024510" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lupus</a>, or infections.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Some medical procedures, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bmsct/">blood and marrow stem cell transplant</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Some medicines, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0012418" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ticlopidine</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0009687" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clopidogrel</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000494" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cyclosporine</a> A, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024232" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chemotherapy</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hormone</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a> and estrogens. If you take any of these medicines, your doctor may prescribe a different medicine.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0011919" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Quinine</a>, which is a substance often found in tonic water and nutritional health products.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-livingwith"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-livingwith_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Living With Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura</h2><p>Some people fully recover from <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023093" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura</a> (TTP). However, relapses (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024324" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">flareups</a>) can occur in many people who have acquired and inherited TTP.</p><p>If you've had TTP, call your doctor right away if you have signs or symptoms of a relapse. These signs and symptoms include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Purplish bruises on the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022772" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucous membranes</a> (such as in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a>). These bruises, called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023091" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">purpura</a>, are caused by <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> under the skin.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Pinpoint-sized red or purple dots on the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>. These dots, called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022067" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">petechiae</a>, often are found in groups and may look like a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024692" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rash</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Bleeding</a> under the skin causes petechiae.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Paleness or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022140" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">jaundice</a> (a yellowish color of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> or whites of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eyes</a>).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Fatigue</a> (feeling very tired and weak).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Fever</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022345" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fast heart rate</a> or shortness of breath.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Headache</a>, speech changes, confusion, coma, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stroke/">stroke</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">seizure</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A low amount of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022162" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">urine</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> in the urine.</div></li></ul><p>If you've been treated for TTP, ask your doctor about medicines that may raise your risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> during a relapse, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000168" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aspirin</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000915" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ibuprofen</a>.</p><p>Also, tell your doctor about all over-the-counter medicines you take, including <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023352" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamins</a>, supplements, and herbal remedies.</p><p>Your doctor may ask whether you're using any products that contain <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0011919" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">quinine</a>. Quinine is a substance often found in tonic water and nutritional health products. Quinine may trigger TTP or a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024324" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">flareup</a> of the disorder.</p><p>If your child has inherited TTP, ask the doctor whether you need to restrict your child's activities.</p><p>Report any symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>, such as a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fever</a>, to your doctor. This is very important for people who have had their <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022189" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spleens</a> removed.</p><p>Talk with your doctor about changing medicines that may raise your risk of TTP, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0012418" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ticlopidine</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0009687" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clopidogrel</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-trials"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-trials_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Clinical Trials</h2><p>The National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute (NHLBI) is strongly committed to supporting research aimed at preventing and treating heart, lung, and blood diseases and conditions and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorders</a>.</p><p>NHLBI-supported research has led to many advances in medical knowledge and care. Often, these advances depend on the willingness of volunteers to take part in <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-clinicaltrials/">clinical trials</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Clinical trials</a> test new ways to prevent, diagnose, or treat various diseases and conditions. For example, new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for a disease or condition (such as medicines, medical devices, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgeries</a>, or procedures) are tested in volunteers who have the illness. Testing shows whether a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> is safe and effective in humans before it is made available for widespread use.</p><p>By taking part in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, you can gain access to new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> before they're widely available. You also will have the support of a team of health care providers, who will likely monitor your health closely. Even if you don't directly benefit from the results of a clinical trial, the information gathered can help others and add to scientific knowledge.</p><p>If you volunteer for a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype |
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Varicose Veins |
<div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-vv-sec1-d1e38_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are Varicose Veins?</h2><p>Varicose (VAR-i-kos) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a> are swollen, twisted veins that you can see just under the surface of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>. These veins usually occur in the legs, but they also can form in other parts of the body.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028341" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Varicose veins</a> are a common condition. They usually cause few signs and symptoms. Sometimes varicose veins cause mild to moderate pain, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022806" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ulcers</a> (sores), or other problems.</p><div id="nhlbi-vv-sec2-d1e47"><h3>Overview</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Veins</a> are <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> that carry blood from your body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissues</a> to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. Your heart pumps the blood to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> to pick up <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>. The oxygen-rich blood then is pumped to your body through blood vessels called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>.</p><p>From your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flows through tiny <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022018" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">capillaries</a>, where it gives up its <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> to the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissues</a>. Your blood then returns to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> through your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a> to pick up more oxygen. For more information about blood flow, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hhw/">How the Heart Works</a> article.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Veins</a> have one-way valves that help keep <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flowing toward your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. If the valves are weak or damaged, blood can back up and pool in your veins. This causes the veins to swell, which can lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028341" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">varicose veins</a>.</p><p>Many factors can raise your risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028341" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">varicose veins</a>. Examples of these factors include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family history</a>, older age, gender, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-obe/">overweight or obesity</a>, lack of movement, and leg trauma.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028341" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Varicose veins</a> are treated with lifestyle changes and medical procedures. The goals of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> are to relieve symptoms, prevent complications, and improve appearance.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-vv-sec2-d1e72"><h3>Outlook</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028341" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Varicose veins</a> usually don't cause medical problems. If they do, your doctor may simply suggest making lifestyle changes.</p><p>Sometimes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028341" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">varicose veins</a> cause pain, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022806" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ulcers</a>, or other problems. If this happens, your doctor may recommend one or more medical procedures. Some people choose to have these procedures to improve the way their veins look or to relieve pain.</p><p>Many <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028341" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">varicose veins</a> are quick and easy and don't require a long recovery.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-related"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-related_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Vein Problems Related to Varicose Veins</h2><p>Many <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a> problems are related to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028341" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">varicose veins</a>, such as telangiectasias (tel-AN-juh-ek-TA-ze-uhs), spider veins, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025018" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">varicoceles</a> (VAR-i-ko-seals), and other vein problems.</p><div id="nhlbi-vv-sec2-d3e31"><h3>Telangiectasias</h3><p>Telangiectasias are small clusters of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>. They're usually found on the upper body, including the face.</p><p>These <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> appear red. They may form during <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a>, and often they develop in people who have certain <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022031" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic</a> disorders, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024518" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">viral infections</a>, or other conditions, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver</a> disease.</p><p>Because telangiectasias can be a sign of a more serious condition, see your doctor if you think you have them.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-vv-sec2-d3e44"><h3>Spider Veins</h3><p>Spider <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a> are a smaller version of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028341" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">varicose veins</a> and a less serious type of telangiectasias. Spider veins involve the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022018" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">capillaries</a>, the smallest <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> in the body.</p><p>Spider <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a> often appear on the legs and face. They're red or blue and usually look like a spider web or tree branch. These veins usually aren't a medical concern.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-vv-sec2-d3e53"><h3>Varicoceles</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025018" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Varicoceles</a> are <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028341" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">varicose veins</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024448" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">scrotum</a> (the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> over the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024429" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">testicles</a>). Varicoceles may be linked to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">male infertility</a>. If you think you have varicoceles, see your doctor.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-vv-sec2-d3e60"><h3>Other Related Vein Problems</h3><p>Other types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028341" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">varicose veins</a> include venous lakes, reticular veins, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024808" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemorrhoids</a>. Venous lakes are varicose veins that appear on the face and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027054" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neck</a>. Reticular veins are flat blue veins often seen <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022359" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">behind</a> the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">knees</a>. Hemorrhoids are varicose veins in and around the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022236" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anus</a>.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes Varicose Veins?</h2><p>Weak or damaged valves in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a> can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028341" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">varicose veins</a>. After your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022018" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">capillaries</a> deliver <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to your body, your veins return the blood to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. The veins in your legs must work against gravity to do this.</p><p>One-way valves inside the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a> open to let <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow through, and then they shut to keep blood from flowing backward. If the valves are weak or damaged, blood can back up and pool in your veins. This causes the veins to swell.</p><p>Weak <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a> walls may cause weak valves. Normally, the walls of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a> are elastic (stretchy). If these walls become weak, they lose their normal elasticity. They become like an overstretched rubber band. This makes the walls of the veins longer and wider, and it causes the flaps of the valves to separate.</p><p>When the valve flaps separate, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> can flow backward through the valves. The backflow of blood fills the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a> and stretches the walls even more. As a result, the veins get bigger, swell, and often twist as they try to squeeze into their normal space. These are <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028341" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">varicose veins</a>.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figd4e44" co-legend-rid="figlgndd4e44"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063017/figure/d4e44/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figd4e44" rid-ob="figobd4e44"><img class="small-thumb" src="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063017/bin/varicose_veins.gif" src-large="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063017/bin/varicose_veins.jpg" alt="Normal Vein and Varicose Vein."></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndd4e44"><h4 id="d4e44"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063017/figure/d4e44/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd4e44">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Normal Vein and Varicose Vein. Figure A shows a normal vein with a working valve and normal blood flow. Figure B shows a varicose vein with a deformed valve, abnormal blood flow, and thin, stretched walls. The middle image shows where varicose veins might <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063017/figure/d4e44/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd4e44">(more...)</a></p></div></div><p>Older age or a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family history</a> of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028341" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">varicose veins</a> may raise your risk for weak <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a> walls. You also may be at higher risk if you have increased pressure in your veins due to <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-obe/">overweight or obesity</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-atrisk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-atrisk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is at Risk for Varicose Veins?</h2><p>Many factors may raise your risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028341" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">varicose veins</a>, including <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family history</a>, older age, gender, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-obe/">overweight or obesity</a>, lack of movement, and leg trauma.</p><div id="nhlbi-vv-sec2-d5e34"><h3>Family History</h3><p>Having family members who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028341" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">varicose veins</a> may raise your risk for the condition. About half of all people who have varicose veins have a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family history</a> of them.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-vv-sec2-d5e40"><h3>Older Age</h3><p>Getting older may raise your risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028341" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">varicose veins</a>. The normal wear and tear of aging may cause the valves in your veins to weaken and not work well.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-vv-sec2-d5e47"><h3>Gender</h3><p>Women tend to get <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028341" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">varicose veins</a> more often than men. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Hormonal</a> changes that occur during puberty, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023140" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">menopause</a> (or with the use of birth control pills) may raise a woman's risk for varicose veins.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-vv-sec2-d5e53"><h3>Pregnancy</h3><p>During <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a>, the growing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028116" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fetus</a> puts pressure on the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a> in the mother's legs. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028341" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Varicose veins</a> that occur during pregnancy usually get better within 3 to 12 months of delivery.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-vv-sec2-d5e61"><h3>Overweight or Obesity</h3><p>Being <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030700" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">overweight</a> or obese can put extra pressure on your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a>. This can lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028341" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">varicose veins</a>. For more information about overweight and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">obesity</a>, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-obe/">Overweight and Obesity</a> article.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-vv-sec2-d5e71"><h3>Lack of Movement</h3><p>Standing or sitting for a long time, especially with your legs bent or crossed, may raise your risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028341" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">varicose veins</a>. This is because staying in one position for a long time may force your veins to work harder to pump <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-vv-sec2-d5e77"><h3>Leg Trauma</h3><p>Previous <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots or traumatic damage to the valves in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a> can weaken their ability to move blood back to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, increasing the risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028341" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">varicose veins</a>.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Varicose Veins?</h2><p>The signs and symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028341" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">varicose veins</a> include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Large <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a> that you can see just under the surface of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Mild swelling of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024901" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ankles</a> and feet.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Painful, achy, or "heavy" legs.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Throbbing or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cramping</a> in your legs.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Itchy legs, especially on the lower leg and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024901" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ankle</a>. Sometimes this symptom is incorrectly diagnosed as dry <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Discolored <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> in the area around the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028341" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">varicose vein</a>.</div></li></ul><p>Signs of telangiectasias are clusters of red <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a> that you can see just under the surface of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>. These clusters usually are found on the upper body, including the face. Signs of spider veins are red or blue veins in a web or tree branch pattern. Often, these veins appear on the legs and face.</p><p>See your doctor if you have these signs and symptoms. They also may be signs of other, more serious conditions.</p><div id="nhlbi-vv-sec2-d6e60"><h3>Complications of Varicose Veins</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028341" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Varicose veins</a> can lead to dermatitis (der-ma-TI-tis), an itchy <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024692" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rash</a>. If you have varicose veins in your legs, dermatitis may affect your lower leg or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024901" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ankle</a>. Dermatitis can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022806" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ulcers</a> (sores) if the skin is scratched or irritated.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028341" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Varicose veins</a> also can lead to a condition called superficial thrombophlebitis (THROM-bo-fleh-BI-tis). Thrombophlebitis is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clot in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a>. Superficial thrombophlebitis means that the blood clot occurs in a vein close to the surface of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>. This type of blood clot may cause pain and other problems in the affected area.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Are Varicose Veins Diagnosed?</h2><p>Doctors often diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028341" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">varicose veins</a> based on a physical exam alone. Sometimes tests or procedures are used to find out the extent of the problem or to rule out other conditions.</p><div id="nhlbi-vv-sec2-d7e31"><h3>Specialists Involved</h3><p>If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028341" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">varicose veins</a>, you may see a vascular medicine specialist or vascular surgeon. These doctors specialize in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a> conditions. You also may see a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025367" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">dermatologist</a>. This type of doctor specializes in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> conditions.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-vv-sec2-d7e37"><h3>Physical Exam</h3><p>To check for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028341" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">varicose veins</a> in your legs, your doctor will look at your legs while you're standing or sitting with your legs dangling. He or she may ask you about your signs and symptoms, including any pain you're having.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-vv-sec2-d7e44"><h3>Diagnostic Tests and Procedures</h3><div id="nhlbi-vv-sec3-d7e47"><h4>Duplex Ultrasound</h4><p>Your doctor may recommend duplex ultrasound to check <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a> and to look for blood clots. Duplex ultrasound combines traditional with Doppler ultrasound. Traditional ultrasound uses sound waves to create a picture of the structures in your body, in this case the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> and anything that may be blocking the flow of blood. Doppler ultrasound uses sound waves to create pictures of the flow or movement of the blood through the veins. The two types of ultrasound together paint a picture that helps your doctor diagnose your condition.</p><p>During this test, a handheld device will be placed on your body and passed back and forth over the affected area. The device sends and receives sound waves. A computer will convert the sound waves into a picture of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-vv-sec3-d7e56"><h4>Angiogram</h4><p>Although it is not very common, your doctor may recommend an angiogram to get a more detailed look at the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow through your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a>.</p><p>For this procedure, dye is injected into your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a>. The dye outlines your veins on x-ray images.</p><p>An angiogram can help your doctor confirm whether you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028341" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">varicose veins</a> or another condition.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Are Varicose Veins Treated?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028341" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Varicose veins</a> are treated with lifestyle changes and medical procedures. The goals of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> are to relieve symptoms, prevent complications, and improve appearance.</p><p>If <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028341" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">varicose veins</a> cause few symptoms, your doctor may simply suggest making lifestyle changes. If your symptoms are more severe, your doctor may recommend one or more medical procedures. For example, you may need a medical procedure if you have a lot of pain, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> disorders caused by your varicose veins.</p><p>Some people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028341" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">varicose veins</a> choose to have procedures to improve how their veins look.</p><p>Although <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> can help existing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028341" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">varicose veins</a>, it can't keep new varicose veins from forming.</p><div id="nhlbi-vv-sec2-d8e41"><h3>Lifestyle Changes</h3><p>Lifestyle changes often are the first <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028341" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">varicose veins</a>. These changes can prevent varicose veins from getting worse, reduce pain, and delay other varicose veins from forming. Lifestyle changes include the following:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Avoid standing or sitting for long <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023146" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">periods</a> without taking a break. When sitting, avoid crossing your legs. Keep your legs raised when sitting, resting, or sleeping. When you can, raise your legs above the level of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Do physical activities to get your legs moving and improve <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscle</a> tone. This helps <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> move through your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>If you're <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-obe/">overweight or obese</a>, try to lose weight. This will improve <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow and ease the pressure on your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Avoid wearing tight clothes, especially those that are tight around your waist, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028097" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">groin</a> (upper thighs), and legs. Tight clothes can make <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028341" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">varicose veins</a> worse.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Avoid wearing high <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025819" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heels</a> for long <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023146" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">periods</a>. Lower heeled shoes can help tone your calf <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscles</a>. Toned muscles help <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> move through the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a>.</div></li></ul><p>Your doctor may recommend compression stockings. These stockings create gentle pressure up the leg. This pressure keeps <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> from pooling and decreases swelling in the legs.</p><p>There are three types of compression stockings. One type is support pantyhose. These offer the least amount of pressure. A second type is over-the-counter compression hose. These stockings give a little more pressure than support pantyhose. Over-the-counter compression hose are sold in medical supply stores and pharmacies.</p><p>Prescription-strength compression hose are the third type of compression stockings. These stockings offer the greatest amount of pressure. They also are sold in medical supply stores and pharmacies. However, you need to be fitted for them in the store by a specially trained person.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-vv-sec2-d8e78"><h3>Medical Procedures</h3><p>Medical procedures are done either to remove <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028341" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">varicose veins</a> or to close them. Removing or closing varicose veins usually doesn't cause problems with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow because the blood starts moving through other veins.</p><p>You may be treated with one or more of the procedures described below. Common side effects right after most of these procedures include bruising, swelling, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> discoloration, and slight pain.</p><p>The side effects are most severe with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a> stripping and ligation (li-GA-shun). Rarely, this procedure can cause severe pain, infections, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028156" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">scarring</a>.</p><div id="nhlbi-vv-sec3-d8e90"><h4>Sclerotherapy</h4><p>Sclerotherapy (SKLER-o-ther-ah-pe) uses a liquid chemical to close off a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028341" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">varicose vein</a>. The chemical is injected into the vein to cause irritation and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028156" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">scarring</a> inside the vein. The irritation and scarring cause the vein to close off, and it fades away.</p><p>This procedure often is used to treat smaller <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028341" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">varicose veins</a> and spider veins. It can be done in your doctor's office, while you stand. You may need several <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> to completely close off a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatments</a> typically are done every 4 to 6 weeks. Following treatments, your legs will be wrapped in elastic bandaging to help with healing and decrease swelling.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-vv-sec3-d8e103"><h4>Microsclerotherapy</h4><p>Microsclerotherapy (MI-kro-SKLER-o-ther-ah-pe) is used to treat spider <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a> and other very small <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028341" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">varicose veins</a>.</p><p>A small amount of liquid chemical is injected into a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a> using a very fine needle. The chemical <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028156" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">scars</a> the inner lining of the vein, causing it to close off.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-vv-sec3-d8e112"><h4>Laser Surgery</h4><p>This procedure applies light energy from a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022301" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">laser</a> onto a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028341" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">varicose vein</a>. The laser light makes the vein fade away.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022303" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Laser surgery</a> mostly is used to treat smaller <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028341" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">varicose veins</a>. No cutting or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022222" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">injection</a> of chemicals is involved.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-vv-sec3-d8e122"><h4>Endovenous Ablation Therapy</h4><p>Endovenous <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022200" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ablation</a> (ab-LA-shun) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a> uses <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022301" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lasers</a> or radiowaves to create heat to close off a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028341" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">varicose vein</a>.</p><p>Your doctor makes a tiny cut in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> near the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028341" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">varicose vein</a>. He or she then inserts a small tube called a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022169" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">catheter</a> into the vein. A device at the tip of the tube heats up the inside of the vein and closes it off.</p><p>You'll be awake during this procedure, but your doctor will numb the area around the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a>. You usually can go home the same day as the procedure.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-vv-sec3-d8e135"><h4>Endoscopic Vein Surgery</h4><p>For endoscopic (en-do-SKOP-ik) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>, your doctor will make a small cut in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> near a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028341" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">varicose vein</a>. He or she then uses a tiny camera at the end of a thin tube to move through the vein. A surgical device at the end of the camera is used to close the vein.</p><p>Endoscopic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> usually is used only in severe cases when <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028341" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">varicose veins</a> are causing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022806" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ulcers</a> (sores). After the procedure, you usually can return to your normal activities within a few weeks.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-vv-sec3-d8e144"><h4>Ambulatory Phlebectomy</h4><p>For ambulatory phlebectomy (fle-BEK-to-me), your doctor will make small cuts in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> to remove small <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028341" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">varicose veins</a>. This procedure usually is done to remove the varicose veins closest to the surface of your skin.</p><p>You'll be awake during the procedure, but your doctor will numb the area around the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a>. Usually, you can go home the same day that the procedure is done.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-vv-sec3-d8e154"><h4>Vein Stripping and Ligation</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Vein</a> stripping and ligation typically is done only for severe cases of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028341" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">varicose veins</a>. The procedure involves tying shut and removing the veins through small cuts in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>.</p><p>You'll be given medicine to temporarily put you to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> so you don't feel any pain during the procedure.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Vein</a> stripping and ligation usually is done as an outpatient procedure. The recovery time from the procedure is about 1 to 4 weeks.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-prevention"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-prevention_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Can Varicose Veins Be Prevented?</h2><p>You can't prevent <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028341" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">varicose veins</a> from forming. However, you can prevent the ones you have from getting worse. You also can take steps to delay other varicose veins from forming.</p><p>Avoid standing or sitting for long <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023146" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">periods</a> without taking a break. When sitting, avoid crossing your legs. Keep your legs raised when sitting, resting, or sleeping. When you can, raise your legs above the level of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>.</p><p>Do physical activities to get your legs moving and improve <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscle</a> tone. This helps <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> move through your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a>.</p><p>If you're <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-obe/">overweight or obese</a>, try to lose weight. This will improve <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow and ease the pressure on your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a>.</p><p>Avoid wearing tight clothes, especially those that are tight around your waist, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028097" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">groin</a> (upper thighs), and legs. Tight clothes can make <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028341" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">varicose veins</a> worse.</p><p>Avoid wearing high <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025819" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heels</a> for long <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023146" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">periods</a>. Lower heeled shoes can help tone your calf <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscles</a>. Toned muscles help <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> move through the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a>.</p><p>Wear compression stockings if your doctor recommends them. These stockings create gentle pressure up the leg. This pressure keeps <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> from pooling in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a> and decreases swelling in the legs.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-livingwith"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-livingwith_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Living With Varicose Veins</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028341" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Varicose veins</a> are a common condition. They often cause few signs and symptoms. If your signs and symptoms are minor, your doctor may simply suggest making lifestyle changes.</p><p>If your condition is more severe—for example, if you have pain, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022806" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ulcers</a> (sores)—your doctor may recommend one or more medical procedures. Many <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028341" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">varicose veins</a> are quick and easy and don't require a long recovery.</p><p>For more information about lifestyle changes and medical procedures, go to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063017/#nhlbisec-treatment">"How Are Varicose Veins Treated?"</a> </p></div><div id="nhlbisec-trials"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-trials_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Clinical Trials</h2><p>The National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute (NHLBI) is strongly committed to supporting research aimed at preventing and treating heart, lung, and blood diseases and conditions and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorders</a>.</p><p>NHLBI-supported research has led to many advances in medical knowledge and care. Often, these advances depend on the willingness of volunteers to take part in <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-clinicaltrials/">clinical trials</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Clinical trials</a> test new ways to prevent, diagnose, or treat various diseases and conditions. For example, new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for a disease or condition (such as medicines, medical devices, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgeries</a>, or procedures) are tested in volunteers who have the illness. Testing shows whether a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> is safe and effective in humans before it is made available for widespread use.</p><p>By taking part in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, you can gain access to new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> before they're widely available. You also will have the support of a team of health care providers, who will likely monitor your health closely. Even if you don't directly benefit from the results of a clinical trial, the information gathered can help others and add to scientific knowledge.</p><p>If you volunteer for a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, the research will be explained to you in detail. You'll learn about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> and tests you may receive, and the benefits and risks they may pose. You'll also be given a chance to ask questions about the research. This process is called informed consent.</p><p>If you agree to take part in the trial, you'll be asked to sign an informed consent form. This form is not a contract. You have the right to withdraw from a study at any time, for any reason. Also, you have the right to learn about new risks or findings that emerge during the trial.</p><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> related to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028341" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">varicose veins</a>, talk with your doctor. You also can visit the following Web sites to learn more about clinical research and to search for clinical trials:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>http://clinicalresearch.nih.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.clinicaltrials.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.researchmatch.org</div></li></ul></div><div style="display: none; width: 200px; top: -100px; left: -100px;" aria-live="assertive" aria-hidden="true" class="ui-helper-reset ui-ncbipopper-wrapper ui-ncbilinksmenu"><ul id="ui-ncbiinpagenav-6"><li><a href="#_nhlbi-vv-sec1-d1e38_">What Are Varicose Veins?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-related_">Vein Problems Related to Varicose Veins</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-causes_">What Causes Varicose Veins?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-atrisk_">Who Is at Risk for Varicose Veins?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-signs_">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Varicose Veins?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-diagnosis_">How Are Varicose Veins Diagnosed?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-treatment_">How Are Varicose Veins Treated?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-prevention_">How Can Varicose Veins Be Prevented?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-livingwith_">Living With Varicose Veins</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-trials_">Clinical Trials</a></li></ul></div></div></div> |
June 11, 2014. |
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2018-02-02 04:25:06 |
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2018-02-02 05:28:56 |
Vasculitis |
<div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-vas-sec1-d1e38_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Is Vasculitis?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015657" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Vasculitis</a> (vas-kyu-LI-tis) is a condition that involves <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022625" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inflammation</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>. The condition occurs if your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025680" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune system</a> attacks your blood vessels by mistake. This may happen as the result of an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>, a medicine, or another disease or condition.</p><p>“<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022625" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Inflammation</a>” refers to the body’s response to injury, including injury to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>. Inflammation may involve pain, redness, warmth, swelling, and loss of function in the affected <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissues</a>.</p><p>In <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015657" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vasculitis</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022625" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inflammation</a> can lead to serious problems. Complications depend on which <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a>, or other body systems are affected.</p><div id="nhlbi-vas-sec2-d1e50"><h3>Overview</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015657" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Vasculitis</a> can affect any of the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>. These include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022018" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">capillaries</a>. Arteries carry blood from your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> to your body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a>. Veins carry blood from your organs and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">limbs</a> back to your heart. Capillaries connect the small arteries and veins.</p><p>If a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a> is inflamed, it can narrow or close off. This limits or prevents blood flow through the vessel. Rarely, the blood vessel will stretch and weaken, causing it to bulge. This bulge is known as an <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-arm/">aneurysm</a> (AN-u-rism).</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figd1e66" co-legend-rid="figlgndd1e66"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063043/figure/d1e66/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figd1e66" rid-ob="figobd1e66"><img class="small-thumb" src="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063043/bin/vasculitis.gif" src-large="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063043/bin/vasculitis.jpg" alt="Vasculitis."></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndd1e66"><h4 id="d1e66"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063043/figure/d1e66/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd1e66">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Vasculitis. Figure A shows a normal artery with normal blood flow. The inset image shows a cross-section of the normal artery. Figure B shows an inflamed, narrowed artery with decreased blood flow. The inset image shows a cross-section of the inflamed <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063043/figure/d1e66/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd1e66">(more...)</a></p></div></div><p>The disruption in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow caused by <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022625" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inflammation</a> can damage the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a>. Signs and symptoms depend on which organs have been damaged and the extent of the damage.</p><p>Typical symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022625" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inflammation</a>, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fever</a> and general aches and pains, are common among people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015657" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vasculitis</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-vas-sec2-d1e79"><h3>Outlook</h3><p>There are many types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015657" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vasculitis</a>, but overall the condition is rare. If you have vasculitis, the outlook depends on:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015657" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vasculitis</a> you have</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Which <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> are affected</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>How quickly the condition worsens</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The severity of the condition</div></li></ul><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatment</a> often works well if it’s started early. In some cases, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015657" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vasculitis</a> may go into remission. "Remission" means the condition isn't active, but it can come back, or "<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024324" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">flare</a>," at any time.</p><p>Sometimes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015657" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vasculitis</a> is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> (ongoing) and never goes into remission. Long-term <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> with medicines often can control the signs and symptoms of chronic vasculitis.</p><p>Rarely, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015657" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vasculitis</a> doesn't respond well to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>. This can lead to disability and even death.</p><p>Much is still unknown about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015657" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vasculitis</a>. However, researchers continue to learn more about the condition and its various types, causes, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a>.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-types"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-types_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Types of Vasculitis</h2><p>There are many types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015657" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vasculitis</a>. Each type involves inflamed <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>. However, most types differ in whom they affect and the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> that are involved.</p><p>The types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015657" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vasculitis</a> often are grouped based on the size of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> they affect.</p><div id="nhlbi-vas-sec2-d3e34"><h3>Mostly Large Vessel Vasculitis</h3><p>These types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015657" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vasculitis</a> usually, but not always, affect the body’s larger <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-vas-sec2-d3e41"><h3>Behçet's Disease</h3><p>Behçet's (beh-CHET'S) disease can cause recurrent, painful <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022806" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ulcers</a> (sores) in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a>, ulcers on the genitals, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025360" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acne</a>-like <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022308" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lesions</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eye</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022625" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inflammation</a> called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023013" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">uveitis</a> (u-ve-I-tis).</p><p>The disease occurs most often in people aged 20 to 40. Men are more likely to get it, but it also can affect women. Behçet's disease is more common in people of Mediterranean, Middle Eastern, and Far Eastern descent, although it rarely affects Blacks.</p><p>Researchers believe that a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a> called the HLA-B51 gene may play a role in Behçet's disease. However, not everyone who has the gene gets the disease.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-vas-sec2-d3e55"><h3>Cogan's Syndrome</h3><p>Cogan's syndrome can occur in people who have a systemic (sis-TEH-mik) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015657" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vasculitis</a> that affects the large <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>, especially the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022262" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aorta</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022267" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aortic valve</a>. The aorta is the main <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a> that carries <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich blood from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> to the body.</p><p>A systemic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015657" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vasculitis</a> is a type of vasculitis that affects you in a general or overall way.</p><p>Cogan's syndrome can lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eye</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022625" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inflammation</a> called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022941" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">interstitial</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023525" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">keratitis</a> (in-ter-STISH-al ker-ah-TI-tis). The syndrome also can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024976" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hearing</a> changes, including <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024984" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sudden deafness</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-vas-sec2-d3e68"><h3>Giant Cell Arteritis</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025317" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Giant cell arteritis</a> (ar-ter-I-tis) usually affects the temporal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a>, an artery on the side of your head. This condition also is called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025317" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">temporal arteritis</a>. Symptoms of this condition can include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">headaches</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">scalp</a> tenderness, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030529" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">jaw</a> pain, blurred vision, double vision, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acute</a> (sudden) vision loss.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025317" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Giant cell arteritis</a> is the most common form of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015657" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vasculitis</a> in adults older than 50. It's more likely to occur in people of Scandinavian origin, but it can affect people of any race.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-vas-sec2-d3e79"><h3>Polymyalgia Rheumatica</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025316" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Polymyalgia rheumatica</a> (POL-e-my-AL-jah RU-ma-ti-kuh), or PMR, commonly affects the large <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022450" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">joints</a> in the body, such as the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022435" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">shoulders</a> and hips. PMR typically causes stiffness and pain in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscles</a> of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027054" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neck</a>, shoulders, lower back, hips, and thighs.</p><p>PMR usually occurs by itself, but 10–20 percent of people who have PMR also develop <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025317" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">giant cell arteritis</a>. Also, about half of the people who have giant cell arteritis may develop PMR.</p><div id="nhlbi-vas-sec3-d3e91"><h4>Takayasu's Arteritis</h4><p>Takayasu's (tock-e-AH-sues) arteritis affects medium- and large-sized <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>, particularly the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022262" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aorta</a> and its branches. The condition sometimes is called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aortic arch</a> syndrome.</p><p>Though rare, Takayasu's arteritis mainly affects teenage girls and young women. The condition is most common in Asians, but it can affect people of all races.</p><p>Takayasu's arteritis is a systemic disease. A systemic disease is one that affects you in a general or overall way.</p><p>Symptoms of Takayasu's arteritis may include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tiredness</a> and a sense of feeling unwell, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fever</a>, night sweats, sore <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022450" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">joints</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024897" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">loss of appetite</a>, and weight loss. These symptoms usually occur before other signs develop that point to arteritis.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-vas-sec2-d3e110"><h3>Mostly Medium Vessel Vasculitis</h3><p>These types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015657" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vasculitis</a> usually, but not always, affect the body’s medium-sized <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>.</p><div id="nhlbi-vas-sec3-d3e116"><h4>Buerger's Disease</h4><p>Buerger's disease, also known as thromboangiitis (THROM-bo-an-jee-I-tis) obliterans, typically affects <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hands</a> and feet. In this disease, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> in the hands and feet tighten or become blocked. As a result, less blood flows to the affected <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissues</a>, which can lead to pain and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> damage.</p><p>Rarely, Buerger's disease also can affect <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022602" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abdomen</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. The disease usually affects men aged 20 to 40 of Asian or Eastern European descent. The disease is strongly linked to cigarette smoking.</p><p>Symptoms of Buerger's disease include pain in the calves or feet when walking or pain in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023099" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">forearms</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hands</a> with activity. Other symptoms include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots in the surface <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a> of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">limbs</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-raynaud/">Raynaud's phenomenon</a>.</p><p>In severe cases, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022806" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ulcers</a> may develop on the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023112" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fingers</a> and toes, leading to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029651" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gangrene</a>. The term "gangrene" refers to the death or decay of body <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissues</a>.</p><p>Surgical bypass of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> may help restore blood flow to some areas. Medicines generally don’t work well to treat Buerger’s disease. The best <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> is to stop using <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029755" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tobacco</a> of any kind.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-vas-sec3-d3e140"><h4>Central Nervous System Vasculitis</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024762" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Central nervous system</a> (CNS) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015657" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vasculitis</a> usually occurs as a result of a systemic vasculitis. A systemic vasculitis is one that affects you in a general or overall way.</p><p>Very rarely, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015657" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vasculitis</a> affects only the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> and/or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024392" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spinal cord</a>. When it does, the condition is called isolated vasculitis of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024762" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">central nervous system</a> or primary <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015657" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">angiitis</a> (an-jee-I-tis) of the central nervous system.</p><p>Symptoms of CNS <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015657" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vasculitis</a> include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">headaches</a>, problems thinking clearly, changes in mental function, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a>-like symptoms, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscle</a> weakness and paralysis (an inability to move).</p></div><div id="nhlbi-vas-sec3-d3e153"><h4>Kawasaki Disease</h4><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-kd/">Kawasaki (KAH-wah-SAH-ke) disease</a> is a rare childhood disease in which the walls of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> throughout the body become inflamed. The disease can affect any <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a> in the body, including <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022018" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">capillaries</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023338" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Kawasaki disease</a> also is known as mucocutaneous (myu-ko-kyu-TA-ne-as) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022179" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymph node</a> syndrome. This is because the disease is associated with redness of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022772" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucous membranes</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eyes</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a>, redness of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>, and enlarged <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022179" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymph nodes</a>. (Mucous membranes are <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissues</a> that line some <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> and body <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023279" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cavities</a>.)</p><p>Sometimes the disease affects the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a>, which carry <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. As a result, a small number of children who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023338" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Kawasaki disease</a> may have serious heart problems.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-vas-sec3-d3e167"><h4>Polyarteritis Nodosa</h4><p>Polyarteritis nodosa (POL-e-ar-ter-I-tis no-DO-suh) can affect many parts of the body. This disorder often affects the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidneys</a>, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022855" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">digestive tract</a>, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022678" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nerves</a>, and the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>.</p><p>Symptoms often include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fever</a>, a general feeling of being unwell, weight loss, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscle</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022450" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">joint</a> aches, including pain in the calf <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscles</a> that develops over weeks or months.</p><p>Other signs and symptoms include <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-anemia/">anemia</a> (a low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cell</a> count), a lace- or web-like <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024692" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rash</a>, bumps under the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a> pain after eating.</p><p>Researchers believe that this type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015657" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vasculitis</a> is very rare, although the symptoms can be similar to those of other types of vasculitis. Some cases of polyarteritis nodosa seem to be linked to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022995" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hepatitis B</a> or C infections.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-vas-sec2-d3e188"><h3>Mostly Small Vessel Vasculitis</h3><p>These types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015657" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vasculitis</a> usually, but not always, affect the body’s small <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>.</p><div id="nhlbi-vas-sec3-d3e195"><h4>Churg-Strauss Syndrome</h4><p>Churg-Strauss syndrome is a very <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029769" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rare disorder</a> that causes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022625" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inflammation</a>. The disorder also is known as allergic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015657" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">angiitis</a> and granulomatosis (GRAN-u-lo-ma-TO-sis).</p><p>Churg-Strauss syndrome can affect many <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a>, including the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidneys</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025454" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nervous system</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. Symptoms can vary widely. They may include <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-asthma/">asthma</a>, higher than normal levels of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022046" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">white blood cells</a> in the blood and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissues</a>, and abnormal lumps known as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022970" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">granulomas</a> (gran-yu-LO-mas).</p></div><div id="nhlbi-vas-sec3-d3e207"><h4>Essential Mixed Cryoglobulinemia</h4><p>Essential mixed cryoglobulinemia (KRI-o-GLOB-u-luh-NE-me-uh) can occur alone or with a systemic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015657" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vasculitis</a>. A systemic vasculitis is one that affects the body in a general or overall way.</p><p>“Cryoglobulinemia” refers to abnormal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022051" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">proteins</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. These proteins form a gel when a blood sample is exposed to temperatures lower than normal body temperature.</p><p>Symptoms often include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022450" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">joint</a> aches; weakness; <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022678" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nerve</a> changes, such as numbness, tingling, and pain in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">limbs</a>; <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidney</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022625" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inflammation</a>; and a raised, bumpy, reddish-purple <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024692" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rash</a> known as palpable <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023091" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">purpura</a> (PURR-purr-ah).</p><p>Although essential mixed cryoglobulinemia can occur with other conditions, most often it’s linked to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023081" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic hepatitis</a> C <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-vas-sec3-d3e225"><h4>Henoch-Schönlein Purpura</h4><p>Henoch-Schönlein <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023091" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">purpura</a> (HSP) is a type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015657" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vasculitis</a> that affects the smallest <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022450" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">joints</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022247" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">intestines</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidneys</a>. These blood vessels are called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022018" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">capillaries</a>.</p><p>Symptoms often include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a> pain, aching and swollen <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022450" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">joints</a>, and signs of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidney</a> damage, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022162" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">urine</a>. Another symptom is a bruise-like <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024692" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rash</a> that mostly shows up as reddish-purple blotches on the lower legs and buttocks (although it can appear anywhere on the body).</p><p>HSP is most common in children, but it also can affect teens and adults. In children, about half of all cases follow a viral or bacterial upper <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022181" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">respiratory</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>. Most people get better in a few weeks and have no lasting problems.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-vas-sec3-d3e240"><h4>Hypersensitivity Vasculitis</h4><p>Hypersensitivity <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015657" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vasculitis</a> affects the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>. This condition also is known as allergic vasculitis, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cutaneous</a> (ku-TA-ne-us) vasculitis, or leukocytoclastic (LU-ko-si-TOE-klas-<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029405" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tic</a>) vasculitis.</p><p>A common symptom is red spots on the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>, usually on the lower legs. For people who are bedridden, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024692" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rash</a> appears on the lower back.</p><p>An <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">allergic reaction</a> to a medicine or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> often causes this type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015657" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vasculitis</a>. Stopping the medicine or treating the infection usually clears up the vasculitis. However, some people may need to take anti-inflammatory medicines, such as corticosteroids, for a short time. These medicines help reduce <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022625" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inflammation</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-vas-sec3-d3e252"><h4>Microscopic Polyangiitis</h4><p>Microscopic polyangiitis (POL-e-an-jee-I-tis) affects small <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>, particularly those in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidneys</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. The disease mainly occurs in middle-aged people; it affects men slightly more often than women.</p><p>The symptoms often aren't specific, and they can begin gradually with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fever</a>, weight loss, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscle</a> aches. Sometimes the symptoms come on suddenly and progress quickly, leading to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidney failure</a>.</p><p>If the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> are affected, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coughing</a> up <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> may be the first symptom. Sometimes microscopic polyangiitis occurs with a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015657" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vasculitis</a> that affects the intestinal tract, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>, and the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025454" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nervous system</a>.</p><p>The signs and symptoms of microscopic polyangiitis are similar to those of Wegener's granulomatosis (another type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015657" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vasculitis</a>). However, microscopic polyangiitis usually doesn't affect the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025667" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nose</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024561" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sinuses</a> or cause abnormal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> formations in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidneys</a>.</p><p>The results of certain <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bdt/">blood tests</a> can suggest <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022625" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inflammation</a>. These results include a higher than normal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">erythrocyte</a> sedimentation rate (ESR); lower than normal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a> (HEE-muh-glow-bin) and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021986" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hematocrit</a> (hee-MAT-oh-crit) levels (which suggest <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>); and higher than normal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022046" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">white blood cell</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> (PLATE-let) counts.</p><p>Also, more than half of the people who have microscopic polyangiitis have certain <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antibodies</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022051" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">proteins</a>) in their <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. These antibodies are called antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies (ANCA). ANCA also occur in people who have Wegener's granulomatosis.</p><p>Testing for ANCA can't be used to diagnose either of these two types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015657" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vasculitis</a>. However, testing can help evaluate people who have vasculitis-like symptoms.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-vas-sec3-d3e281"><h4>Wegener's Granulomatosis</h4><p>Wegener's granulomatosis is a rare type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015657" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vasculitis</a>. It affects men and women equally, but it occurs more often in Whites than in African Americans. This type of vasculitis can occur at any age, but it’s more common in middle-aged people.</p><p>Wegener's granulomatosis typically affects the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024561" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sinuses</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025667" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nose</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024473" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">throat</a>; the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>; and the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidneys</a>. The condition also can affect other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a>.</p><p>In addition to inflamed <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>, the affected <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissues</a> also develop abnormal lumps called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022970" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">granulomas</a>. If granulomas develop in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, they can destroy the lung <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a>. The damage can be mistaken for <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pnu/">pneumonia</a> or even <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021885" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung cancer</a>.</p><p>Symptoms of Wegener's granulomatosis often aren’t specific. They can begin slowly with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fever</a>, weight loss, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscle</a> aches. Sometimes the symptoms come on suddenly and progress rapidly, leading to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidney failure</a>. If the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> are affected, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coughing</a> up <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> may be the first symptom.</p><p>The results of certain <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022070" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood tests</a> can suggest <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022625" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inflammation</a>. These results include a higher than normal ESR; lower than normal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021986" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hematocrit</a> levels (which suggest <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>); and higher than normal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022046" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">white blood cell</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> counts.</p><p>Another test looks for antiproteinase-3 (an antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody (ANCA)) in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. Most people who have active Wegener's granulomatosis will have this <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antibody</a>. A small portion may have another ANCA known as antimyeloperoxidase-specific ANCA.</p><p>Having either ANCA <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antibody</a> isn't enough on its own to make a diagnosis of Wegener's granulomatosis. However, testing for the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antibodies</a> can help support the diagnosis in patients who have other signs and symptoms of the condition.</p><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022958" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">biopsy</a> of an affected <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organ</a> is the best way for your doctor to make a firm diagnosis. A biopsy is a procedure in which your doctor takes a small sample of your body <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> to examine under a microscope.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-names"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-names_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Other Names for Vasculitis</h2><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015657" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Angiitis</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Arteritis</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes Vasculitis?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015657" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Vasculitis</a> occurs if your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025680" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune system</a> attacks your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> by mistake. What causes this to happen isn't fully known.</p><p>A recent or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> (ongoing) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> may prompt the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024324" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">attack</a>. Your body also may attack its own <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> in reaction to a medicine.</p><p>Sometimes an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022033" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">autoimmune disorder</a> triggers <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015657" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vasculitis</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022033" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Autoimmune disorders</a> occur if the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025680" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune system</a> makes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antibodies</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022051" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">proteins</a>) that <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024324" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">attack</a> and damage the body's own <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissues</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a>. Examples of these disorders include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024510" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lupus</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024678" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rheumatoid arthritis</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024964" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">scleroderma</a>. You can have these disorders for years before developing vasculitis.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015657" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Vasculitis</a> also may be linked to certain <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancers</a>, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024326" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">leukemia</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024410" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymphoma</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-atrisk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-atrisk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is at Risk for Vasculitis?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015657" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Vasculitis</a> can affect people of all ages and races and both sexes. Some types of vasculitis seem to occur more often in people who:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Have certain medical conditions, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023081" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic hepatitis</a> B or C <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Have certain <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022033" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">autoimmune diseases</a>, such a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024510" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lupus</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024678" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rheumatoid arthritis</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024964" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">scleroderma</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">Smoke</a> </div></li></ul><p>For more information, go to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063043/#nhlbisec-types">"Types of Vasculitis."</a> </p></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Vasculitis?</h2><p>The signs and symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015657" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vasculitis</a> vary. They depend on the type of vasculitis you have, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> involved, and the severity of the condition. Some people may have few signs and symptoms. Other people may become very sick.</p><p>Sometimes the signs and symptoms develop slowly, over months. Other times, the signs and symptoms develop quickly, over days or weeks.</p><div id="nhlbi-vas-sec2-d7e34"><h3>Systemic Signs and Symptoms</h3><p>Systemic signs and symptoms are those that affect you in a general or overall way. Common systemic signs and symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015657" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vasculitis</a> are:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Fever</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024897" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Loss of appetite</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Weight loss</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Fatigue</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tiredness</a>)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>General aches and pains</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-vas-sec2-d7e59"><h3>Organ- or Body System-Specific Signs and Symptoms</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015657" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Vasculitis</a> can affect specific <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> and body systems, causing a range of signs and symptoms.</p><div id="nhlbi-vas-sec3-d7e65"><h4>Skin</h4><p>If <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015657" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vasculitis</a> affects your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>, you may notice skin changes. For example, you may have purple or red spots or bumps, clusters of small dots, splotches, bruises, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022705" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hives</a>. Your skin also may <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025767" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">itch</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-vas-sec3-d7e71"><h4>Joints</h4><p>If <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015657" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vasculitis</a> affects your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022450" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">joints</a>, you may ache or develop <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024677" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arthritis</a> in one or more joints.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-vas-sec3-d7e78"><h4>Lungs</h4><p>If <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015657" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vasculitis</a> affects your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, you may feel short of breath. You may even <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a> up <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. The results from a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cxray/">chest x ray</a> may show signs that suggest <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pnu/">pneumonia</a>, even though that may not be what you have.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-vas-sec3-d7e90"><h4>Gastrointestinal Tract</h4><p>If <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015657" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vasculitis</a> affects your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022855" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gastrointestinal tract</a>, you may get <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022806" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ulcers</a> (sores) in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a> or have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a> pain.</p><p>In severe cases, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022247" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">intestines</a> can be blocked. This can cause the wall of the intestines to weaken and possibly <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rupture</a> (burst). A rupture can lead to serious problems or even death.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-vas-sec3-d7e100"><h4>Sinuses, Nose, Throat, and Ears</h4><p>If <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015657" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vasculitis</a> affects your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024561" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sinuses</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025667" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nose</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024473" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">throat</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024836" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ears</a>, you may have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024561" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sinus</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> (ongoing) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022347" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">middle ear</a> infections. Other symptoms include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022806" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ulcers</a> in the nose and, in some cases, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024996" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hearing loss</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-vas-sec3-d7e106"><h4>Eyes</h4><p>If <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015657" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vasculitis</a> affects your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eyes</a>, you may develop red, itchy, burning eyes. Your eyes also may become sensitive to light, and your vision may blur. Rarely, certain types of vasculitis may cause blindness.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-vas-sec3-d7e112"><h4>Brain</h4><p>If <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015657" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vasculitis</a> affects your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>, symptoms may include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">headaches</a>, problems thinking clearly, changes in mental function, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a>-like symptoms, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscle</a> weakness and paralysis (an inability to move).</p></div><div id="nhlbi-vas-sec3-d7e119"><h4>Nerves</h4><p>If <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015657" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vasculitis</a> affects your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022678" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nerves</a>, you may have numbness, tingling, and weakness in various parts of your body. You also may have a loss of feeling or strength in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hands</a> and fee |
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von Willebrand Disease |
<div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-vwd-sec1-d1e34_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Is von Willebrand Disease?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022117" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Von Willebrand disease</a> (VWD) is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> disorder. It affects your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>'s ability to clot. If your blood doesn't clot, you can have heavy, hard-to-stop bleeding after an injury. The bleeding can damage your internal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a>. Rarely, the bleeding may even cause death.</p><p>In VWD, you either have low levels of a certain <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> or the protein doesn't work well. The protein is called von Willebrand factor, and it helps your blood clot.</p><p>Normally, when one of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> is injured, you start to bleed. Small blood <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cell</a> fragments called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a> (PLATE-lets) clump together to plug the hole in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a> and stop the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>. Von Willebrand factor acts like glue to help the platelets stick together and form a blood clot.</p><p>Von Willebrand factor also carries <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clotting factor</a> VIII (8), another important <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> that helps your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clot. Factor VIII is the protein that's missing or doesn't work well in people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hemophilia/">hemophilia</a>, another <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> disorder.</p><p>VWD is more common and usually milder than <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022030" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemophilia</a>. In fact, VWD is the most common inherited <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> disorder. It occurs in about 1 out of every 100 to 1,000 people. VWD affects both males and females, while hemophilia mainly affects males.</p><div id="nhlbi-vwd-sec2-d1e59"><h3>Types of von Willebrand Disease</h3><p>The three major types of VWD are called type 1, type 2, and type 3.</p><div id="nhlbi-vwd-sec3-d1e65"><h4>Type 1</h4><p>People who have type 1 VWD have low levels of von Willebrand factor and may have low levels of factor VIII. Type 1 is the mildest and most common form of VWD. About 3 out of 4 people who have VWD have type 1.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-vwd-sec3-d1e71"><h4>Type 2</h4><p>In type 2 VWD, the von Willebrand factor doesn't work well. Type 2 is divided into subtypes: 2A, 2B, 2M, and 2N. Different <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029640" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mutations</a> (changes) cause each type, and each is treated differently. Thus, it's important to know the exact type of VWD that you have.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-vwd-sec3-d1e78"><h4>Type 3</h4><p>People who have type 3 VWD usually have no von Willebrand factor and low levels of factor VIII. Type 3 is the most serious form of VWD, but it's very rare.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-vwd-sec2-d1e84"><h3>Overview</h3><p>Most people who have VWD have type 1, a mild form. This type usually doesn't cause life-threatening <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>. You may need <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> only if you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023261" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tooth</a> extraction, or trauma. Treatment includes medicines and medical <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapies</a>.</p><p>Some people who have severe forms of VWD need emergency <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> to stop <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> before it becomes life threatening.</p><p>Early diagnosis is important. With the proper <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> plan, even people who have type 3 VWD can live normal, active lives.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes von Willebrand Disease?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022117" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Von Willebrand disease</a> (VWD) is almost always inherited. "Inherited" means that the disorder is passed from parents to children though <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a>. </p><p>You can inherit type 1 or type 2 VWD if only one of your parents passes the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a> on to you. You usually inherit type 3 VWD only if both of your parents pass the gene on to you. Your symptoms may be different from your parents' symptoms.</p><p>Some people have the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a> for the disorder but don't have symptoms. However, they still can pass the genes on to their children.</p><p>Some people get VWD later in life as a result of other medical conditions. This type of VWD is called acquired von Willebrand syndrome.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of von Willebrand Disease?</h2><p>The signs and symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022117" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">von Willebrand disease</a> (VWD) depend on which type of the disorder you have. They also depend on how serious the disorder is. Many people have such mild symptoms that they don't know they have VWD.</p><p>If you have type 1 or type 2 VWD, you may have the following mild-to-moderate <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> symptoms:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Frequent, large bruises from minor bumps or injuries</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Frequent or hard-to-stop nosebleeds</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Prolonged <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023265" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gums</a> after a dental procedure</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Heavy or prolonged menstrual <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> in women</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> in your stools from <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022247" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">intestines</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022162" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">urine</a> from <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidneys</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021898" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bladder</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Heavy <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> after a cut or other accident</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Heavy <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> after <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a></div></li></ul><p>People who have type 3 VWD may have all of the symptoms listed above and severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> episodes for no reason. These bleeding episodes can be fatal if not treated right away. People who have type 3 VWD also may have bleeding into <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025666" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">soft tissues</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022450" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">joints</a>, causing severe pain and swelling.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024649" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heavy menstrual bleeding</a> often is the main symptom of VWD in women. Doctors call this <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024649" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">menorrhagia</a> (men-o-RA-je-ah). They define it as:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Bleeding</a> with clots larger than about 1-inch in diameter</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-anemia/">Anemia</a> (low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cell</a> count) or low blood <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The need to change pads or tampons more than every hour</div></li></ul><p>However, just because a woman has <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024649" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heavy menstrual bleeding</a> doesn't mean she has VWD.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is von Willebrand Disease Diagnosed?</h2><p>Early diagnosis of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022117" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">von Willebrand disease</a> (VWD) is important to make sure that you're treated and can live a normal, active life.</p><p>Sometimes VWD is hard to diagnose. People who have type 1 or type 2 VWD may not have major <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> problems. Thus, they may not be diagnosed unless they have heavy bleeding after <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> or some other trauma.</p><p>On the other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hand</a>, type 3 VWD can cause major <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> problems during infancy and childhood. So, children who have type 3 VWD usually are diagnosed during their first year of life.</p><p>To find out whether you have VWD, your doctor will review your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029840" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">medical history</a> and the results from a physical exam and tests.</p><div id="nhlbi-vwd-sec2-d5e41"><h3>Medical History</h3><p>Your doctor will likely ask questions about your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029840" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">medical history</a> and your family's medical history. He or she may ask about:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Any <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> from a small <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022139" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">wound</a> that lasted more than 15 minutes or started up again within the first 7 days following the injury.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Any prolonged, heavy, or repeated <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> that required medical care after <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> or dental extractions.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Any bruising with little or no apparent trauma, especially if you could feel a lump under the bruise.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Any nosebleeds that occurred for no known reason and lasted more than 10 minutes despite pressure on the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025667" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nose</a>, or any nosebleeds that needed medical attention.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Any <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> in your stools for no known reason.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Any <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024649" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heavy menstrual bleeding</a> (for women). This bleeding usually involves clots or lasts longer than 7 to 10 days.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Any history of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscle</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022450" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">joint</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Any medicines you've taken that might cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> or increase the risk of bleeding. Examples include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000168" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aspirin</a> and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0009687" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clopidogrel</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0012678" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">warfarin</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0010545" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heparin</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Any history of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028181" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidney disease</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> disease, or high or low blood <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> counts.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-vwd-sec2-d5e81"><h3>Physical Exam</h3><p>Your doctor will do a physical exam to look for unusual bruising or other signs of recent <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>. He or she also will look for signs of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver</a> disease or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-anemia/">anemia</a> (a low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cell</a> count).</p></div><div id="nhlbi-vwd-sec2-d5e90"><h3>Diagnostic Tests</h3><p>No single test can diagnose VWD. Your doctor may recommend one or more <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bdt/">blood tests</a> to diagnose the disorder. These tests may include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Von Willebrand factor <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antigen</a>. This test measures the amount of von Willebrand factor in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Von Willebrand factor ristocetin (ris-to-SEE-tin) cofactor activity. This test shows how well your von Willebrand factor works.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Factor VIII clotting activity. This test checks the clotting activity of factor VIII. Some people who have VWD have low levels of factor VIII activity, while others have normal levels.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Von Willebrand factor multimers. This test is done if one or more of the first three tests are abnormal. It shows the structure of your von Willebrand factor. The test helps your doctor diagnose what type of VWD you have.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Platelet</a> function test. This test measures how well your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a> are working.</div></li></ul><p>You may have these tests more than once to confirm a diagnosis. Your doctor also may refer you to a hematologist to confirm the diagnosis and for followup care. A hematologist is a doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> disorders.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is von Willebrand Disease Treated?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatment</a> for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022117" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">von Willebrand disease</a> (VWD) is based on the type of VWD you have and how severe it is. Most cases of VWD are mild, and you may need treatment only if you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023261" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tooth</a> extraction, or an accident.</p><p>Medicines are used to:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Increase the amount of von Willebrand factor and factor VIII released into the bloodstream</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Replace von Willebrand factor</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Prevent the breakdown of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Control <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024649" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heavy menstrual bleeding</a> in women</div></li></ul><div id="nhlbi-vwd-sec2-d6e49"><h3>Specific Treatments</h3><p>One <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> for VWD is a man-made <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hormone</a> called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000537" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">desmopressin</a>. You usually take this hormone by <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022222" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">injection</a> or nasal spray. It makes your body release more von Willebrand factor and factor VIII into your bloodstream. Desmopressin works for most people who have type 1 VWD and for some people who have type 2 VWD.</p><p>Another type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> is von Willebrand factor replacement <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a>. This involves an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022198" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infusion</a> of concentrated von Willebrand factor and factor VIII into a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arm</a>. This treatment may be used if you:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Can't take <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000537" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">desmopressin</a> or need extended <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Have type 1 VWD that doesn't respond to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000537" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">desmopressin</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Have type 2 or type 3 VWD</div></li></ul><p>Antifibrinolytic (AN-te-fi-BRIN-o-LIT-ik) medicines also are used to treat VWD. These medicines help prevent the breakdown of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots. They're mostly used to stop <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> after minor <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023261" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tooth</a> extraction, or an injury. These medicines may be used alone or with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000537" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">desmopressin</a> and replacement <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022065" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Fibrin</a> glue is medicine that's placed directly on a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022139" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">wound</a> to stop <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-vwd-sec2-d6e77"><h3>Treatments for Women</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatments</a> for women who have VWD with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024649" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heavy menstrual bleeding</a> include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Birth control pills. The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hormones</a> in these pills can increase the amount of von Willebrand factor and factor VIII in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. The hormones also can reduce menstrual blood loss. Birth control pills are the most recommended birth control method for women who have VWD.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0001055" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">levonorgestrel</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022835" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">intrauterine</a> device. This is a birth control device that contains the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hormone</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0011857" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">progestin</a>. The device is placed in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022603" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">uterus</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022603" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">womb</a>).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Aminocaproic acid or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0001840" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tranexamic acid</a>. These antifibrinolytic medicines can reduce <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> by slowing the breakdown of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000537" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Desmopressin</a>.</div></li></ul><p>For some women who are done having children or don't want children, endometrial <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022200" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ablation</a> (EN-do-ME-tre-al ab-LA-shun) is done. This procedure destroys the lining of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022603" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">uterus</a>. It has been shown to reduce menstrual <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> loss in women who have VWD.</p><p>If you need a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022837" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hysterectomy</a> (HIS-ter-EK-to-me; surgical removal of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022603" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">uterus</a>) for another reason, this procedure will stop menstrual <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> and possibly improve your quality of life. However, hysterectomy has its own risk of bleeding complications.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-livingwith"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-livingwith_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Living With von Willebrand Disease</h2><p>If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022117" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">von Willebrand disease</a> (VWD), you can take steps to prevent <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> and stay healthy.</p><p>For example, avoid over-the-counter medicines that can affect <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030009" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood clotting</a>, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000168" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aspirin</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000915" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ibuprofen</a>, and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Always check with your doctor before taking any medicines.</p><p>Tell your doctor, dentist, and pharmacist that you have VWD. Your dentist can ask your doctor whether you need medicine before dental work to reduce <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>.</p><p>You also may want to tell other people about your condition, like your employee health nurse, gym trainer, and sports coach. Making them aware will allow them to act quickly if you have an injury.</p><p>Consider wearing a medical ID bracelet or necklace if you have a serious form of VWD (for example, type 3). In case of a serious accident or injury, the health care team treating you will know that you have VWD.</p><p>Be physically active and maintain a healthy weight. Physical activity helps keep <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscles</a> flexible. It also helps prevent damage to muscles and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022450" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">joints</a>. Always stretch before exercising.</p><p>Some safe physical activities are swimming, biking, and walking. Football, hockey, wrestling, and lifting heavy weights are not safe activities if you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> problems. Always check with your doctor before starting any <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">exercise</a> program.</p><p>Your parents, brothers and sisters, and children also may have VWD. Talk with them about your diagnosis and suggest that they get tested too.</p><div id="nhlbi-vwd-sec2-d7e53"><h3>Pregnancy and von Willebrand Disease</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pregnancy</a> can be a challenge for women who have VWD. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> levels of von Willebrand factor and factor VIII tend to increase during pregnancy. However, women who have VWD can have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> problems during delivery. They also are likely to have heavy bleeding for an extended time after delivery.</p><p>You can take steps to lower the risk of complications during <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a>. If possible, talk with a hematologist and an obstetrician who specializes in high-risk <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancies</a> before you become pregnant.</p><p>A hematologist is a doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> disorders. An obstetrician is a doctor who provides <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> and care for pregnant women.</p><p>Consider using a medical center that specializes in high-risk obstetrics and has a hematologist on staff for prenatal care and delivery.</p><p>Before you have any invasive procedure, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030510" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">amniocentesis</a> (AM-ne-o-sen-TE-sis), discuss with your doctor whether you need to take steps to prevent serious <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> loss.</p><p>During your third <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023078" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">trimester</a>, you should have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022070" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood tests</a> to measure von Willebrand factor and factor VIII to help plan for delivery.</p><p>You also should meet with an anesthesiologist to review your choices for anesthesia (AN-es-THE-ze-ah) and to discuss taking medicine to reduce your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> risk. The term "anesthesia" refers to a loss of feeling and awareness. Some types of anesthesia temporarily put you to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a>, while others only numb certain areas of your body.</p><p>With these steps for safety, most women who have VWD can have successful <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancies</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-vwd-sec2-d7e82"><h3>Children and von Willebrand Disease</h3><p>If your child has VWD that's severe enough to cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>, anyone who cares for him or her should be told about the condition.</p><p>For example, the school nurse, teacher, daycare provider, coach, or any leader of afterschool activities should know, especially if your child has severe VWD. This information will help them handle the situation if your child has an injury.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-trials"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-trials_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Clinical Trials</h2><p>The National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute (NHLBI) is strongly committed to supporting research aimed at preventing and treating heart, lung, and blood diseases and conditions and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorders</a>.</p><p>NHLBI-supported research has led to many advances in medical knowledge and care. Often, these advances depend on the willingness of volunteers to take part in <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-clinicaltrials/">clinical trials</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Clinical trials</a> test new ways to prevent, diagnose, or treat various diseases and conditions. For example, new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for a disease or condition (such as medicines, medical devices, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgeries</a>, or procedures) are tested in volunteers who have the illness. Testing shows whether a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> is safe and effective in humans before it is made available for widespread use.</p><p>By taking part in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, you can gain access to new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> before they're widely available. You also will have the support of a team of health care providers, who will likely monitor your health closely. Even if you don't directly benefit from the results of a clinical trial, the information gathered can help others and add to scientific knowledge.</p><p>If you volunteer for a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, the research will be explained to you in detail. You'll learn about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> and tests you may receive, and the benefits and risks they may pose. You'll also be given a chance to ask questions about the research. This process is called informed consent.</p><p>If you agree to take part in the trial, you'll be asked to sign an informed consent form. This form is not a contract. You have the right to withdraw from a study at any time, for any reason. Also, you have the right to learn about new risks or findings that emerge during the trial.</p><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> related to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022117" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">von Willebrand disease</a>, talk with your doctor. You also can visit the following Web sites to learn more about clinical research and to search for clinical trials:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>http://clinicalresearch.nih.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.clinicaltrials.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.researchmatch.org</div></li></ul><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> for children, visit the NHLBI's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/childrenandclinicalstudies/index.php" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Children and Clinical Studies</a> Web page.</p></div><div style="display: none; width: 200px; top: -100px; left: -100px;" aria-live="assertive" aria-hidden="true" class="ui-helper-reset ui-ncbipopper-wrapper ui-ncbilinksmenu"><ul id="ui-ncbiinpagenav-6"><li><a href="#_nhlbi-vwd-sec1-d1e34_">What Is von Willebrand Disease?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-causes_">What Causes von Willebrand Disease?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-signs_">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of von Willebrand Disease?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-diagnosis_">How Is von Willebrand Disease Diagnosed?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-treatment_">How Is von Willebrand Disease Treated?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-livingwith_">Living With von Willebrand Disease</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-trials_">Clinical Trials</a></li></ul></div></div></div> |
June 11, 2014. |
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